Index

A Big Crunch, 226 negative curvature, 221–222 age of universe, 232–233 black holes, 108–109 positive curvature, 219–221 aliens. See extraterrestrial life board game, Kaguya-go Journey, cylindrical-shaped space, 220–221 Alpha Centauri (binary star system), 206–207 185, 205 bosons, 168 D ancient beliefs about universe, 18–19 dark energy, 109, 166, 227–228 Andromeda galaxy C dark matter, 109, 166, 226 collision with Milky Way Cannon, Annie Jump, 188 de Sitter universe, 232 galaxy, 109 capture hypothesis, 93 Democritus, 116, 120 discovery as galaxy, 144–145 celestial sphere, 19 density constant, 228 distance from Earth, 144 Cepheid variable stars, 188–189 density of matter, average, 227–228 early observation of, 120 CfA2 Great Wall, 141 disc-shaped galactic model, 117–119 annihilation, 170 China, development of astronomy distances. See measuring distances annual parallax, 126, 186–188 in, 19 Doppler effect, 147 antimatter, 169–171 closed universe, 222–223, 228, Drake, Frank, 180–181, 184 antiquarks, 169–171 230, 232 Drake equation, 180–181 aperture of telescopes, 121 clusters of galaxies, 111 dynamic universe, 222–227 Apollo space missions, 13, 67 formation of, 173, 175 Arecibo Message, 182 Local Group, 140–141, 207 E Aristarchus, 40–41, 45–47, 125 mass of, 226 Earth Aristotle, 39 number of galaxies in, 140 appearance of rotation of Sun and atoms, 168 superclusters, 111, 141, 207 Moon around, 34–39 average density of matter, 227–228 CMBR (cosmic microwave background in diagram of solar system, 64 radiation), 166, 229, 231 diameter of, 60 COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) B distance from Moon satellite, 166 Babylonian beliefs about universe, 19 baseball field comparison, Copernicus, Nicolaus, 39, 53, 69, 71 Bamboo-Cutter, The Tale of the, 61–62 corner cube 10–11 as basis for figuring distance to mirrors, 67 bar galaxy, 106 Sun, 125 prism, 67–68 barred spiral galaxies, 106 determining using corner cube Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) baryonic matter, 166, 226 mirrors, 67–69 satellite, 166 beliefs about universe, ancient, 18–19 figuring by triangulation, cosmic background radiation, 227 Bell Laboratories, 166 41–45 cosmic inflation theory, 164–165 Big Bang, 155–167 distance from Sun, 41–45, 64 cosmic microwave background radia- and antimatter, 169–171 facts about, 91 tion (CMBR), 166, 229, 231 appearance of elementary par- formation of, 163 cosmological constant, 225–227, 232 ticles, 167–168 and formation of Moon, 92–93 cosmological principle, 180, 219, 229 birth and distribution of matter orbit of, 77 critical density, 227–228 after, 172–175 radius of, 66 Curtis, Heber Doust, 144 chronology after, 163 size of curvature of space evidence supporting, 166 calculation of, 20–21 degree of, 229–232 inflation after, 231 compared to Sun/Moon, effect of returning to same place, overview, 155–159 45–49 220–221 Planck epoch, 164–165 as spherical, discovery of, 20–22 and fate of universe, 227–229 temperature after, 172 tides on, 94 general explanation, 219–220 when occurred, 161, 232 eccentricity, 74–75

The Manga Guide to the Universe © 2011 by Kenji Ishikawa, Kiyoshi Kawabata, and Verte Corp. eclipses, lunar, 46 formation of, 137, 163, 173, 175 groups of galaxies, 111 “edge” of universe, 177–178, groups of, 111, 140–141, 173, difference from clusters, 140 199–200, 209–210 175, 207 distribution of, 173 Egyptian beliefs about universe, shape of, 137 and superclusters, 207 ancient, 18 soccer game example, 133–139 Einstein, Albert, 224–227 Galaxy IOK-1, 123 elementary particles, 167–168 Galilean telescope, 121 H elliptical orbits, 71–72 Galileo Galilei habitable zone, 184 and Kepler’s First Law, 73–75 blunders of, 72 Hale Telescope, Mount Palomar and Kepler’s Second Law, 75–76 discoveries of, 56–57, 72–73, Observatory, 122 energy, dark, 109, 166, 227–228 116, 120 harvest moon festival, 11–12 Epsilon Eridani (planetary name of, 72 heliocentric model, 39–40 system), 184 overview, 54 and Copernicus, 53 Eratosthenes, 20–21, 68 game, Kaguya-go Journey, 206–207 diagram of, 54 Europa (satellite of Jupiter), 86, gamma rays, 96, 232–233 and Galileo, 57, 72–73 182–183 Ganymede (satellite of Jupiter), vs. geocentric model, 55 expansion of universe 93, 183 initial missing elements of, 71 acceleration of, 227 gauge particles, 168 significance of, 73 cone illustration of, 156–158 Geller, Margaret, 141 support of by invention of ongoing, 226–227 general theory of relativity, 224–227 telescope, 57 redshift as proof of, 146–152 geocentric model, 38–39 support of by Kepler’s Laws, velocity of, 162 disproved by Galileo’s 58, 72 extraterrestrial life, 180–186 discoveries, 57 helium, 97, 151–152, 172 closest star system that could vs. heliocentric model, 55 Herschel, Frederick William, 118–119 support, 183–184 planetary orbits according to, 70 Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 187–188 contacting, 184–185 and positions of Moon and Sun, Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram, and Cosmological Principle, 180 42–46 187–188 Fermi paradox regarding, 182 Ptolemy’s contributions to, 51–54 Hipparchus, 68 number of possible civilizations, reasons for past popularity of, 69 Hipparcos High Precision Parallax 180–181 and size of Sun, 46–49 ­Collecting Satellite, 126 and variety of life on Earth, and Tychonic system, 70–71 Hooke, Robert, 86 182–183 giant impact hypothesis, 93 Hooker Telescope, Mount Wilson gravitational forces Observatory, 122 according to general theory of F horizon relativity, 224–225 Fermi, Enrico, 181–182 curvature of, 21–22 bending of light by, 226 Fermi paradox, 182 distance to, 66 and dark energy, 227 fermions, 168 and measurement of cosmic back- and dark matter, 226 flat universe, 220, 223, 228–232 ground radiation, 231 in early universe, 173 FLRW (Friedmann-Lemaitre- H-R (Hertzsprung-Russell) diagram, law of universal gravitation, 173 Robertson-Walker) model 187–188 Newtonian representation of, 224 of universe, 227–229 Hubble, Edwin repulsive force, 224–225, 227 four-dimensional space, 209–210 brief history of, 142–143 and spaceship travel, 185 Friedmann, Alexander, 222, 225 discovery of expansion of gravitational lenses, 226 Friedmann models of universe, universe, 146–149 Great Andromeda Nebula, 120, 222–223 Hubble’s constant, 162 144–145. See also Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson- Hubble’s law, 122 Andromeda galaxy Walker (FLRW) model of Hubble Space Telescope, Great Dark Spot, Neptune's, 89 universe, 227–229 122–123, 142 Great Debate, 144 Huchra, John, 141 Great Red Spot, on Jupiter, 86 hydrogen, 97, 151–152, 172 G Great Wall, 141, 163, 207 hydrostatic equilibrium, 96–97 galaxies. See also Andromeda galaxy; Grecian explanation of universe, hydrothermal vent, 182 clusters of galaxies; Milky Way ancient, 20 hypernova, 232–233 galaxy hyperspace, 209–210, 219 defined, 140

236 Index The Manga Guide to the Universe © 2011 by Kenji Ishikawa, Kiyoshi Kawabata, and Verte Corp. I M Moon (Earth’s) Indian beliefs about universe, Magellanic Clouds, Large and Small, appearance of rotation around ancient, 18 120, 140 Earth, 34–39 inflation, 164–165, 230–231 magma, 91 distance from Earth intermediate-sized black holes Marius, Simon, 120 baseball field comparison, (ISBH), 109 Mars 61–62 IOK-1 (galaxy), 123 atmosphere of, 81 as basis for figuring distance to island universes, 120, 137, 140. See in diagram of solar system, 64 Sun, 125 also galaxies facts about, 85 determining using corner cube ISBH (intermediate-sized black no life found on, 183 mirrors, 67–69 holes), 109 orbit of, 77 figuring by triangulation, surface temperature of, 81 41–45 and Earth’s tides, 94 J mass density ratio, 228 Masukawa, Toshihide, 171 eclipse of, 46 Japan matter facts about, 92 belief of Earth and Moon as antimatter, 169–171 formation of, 92–93 spheres, 22 average density of, 227–228 harvest moon festival, 11–12 diagram of solar system to fit baryonic, 166, 226 Japanese satellite, 13 map of, 64 birth and distribution of, 172–175 mirrors on, 67–68 Kaguya satellite, 13 dark, 109, 166, 226 no life found on, 183 Jupiter elementary particles, 167–168 radius of orbit of, 62 in diagram of solar system, 64 measuring distances size of, 45–49, 62, 94 facts about, 86 based on redshift, 189 and story of Kaguya-hime, 10–11 orbit of, 77 based on supernovas, 189 US landing on, 13 satellites of, 57, 86, 93, 182–183 by comparing properties of stars waxing and waning of, 40–41 with Sun, 186–188 motion, retrograde, 52 K using period-luminosity relation- Mount Palomar Observatory Hale Kaguya satellite, 13 ship, 188–189 Telescope, 122 Kaguya-go Journey board game, Mercury Mount Wilson Observatory, 122, 143 206–207 in diagram of solar system, 64 Mt. Fuji, 11 Kaguya-hime, story of, 10–11 facts about, 83 multiverse, 217–219 Kant, Immanuel, 119–120, 140 orbit of, 77 myths about the universe, 18–19 KBOs (Kuiper Belt objects), 127 Milky Way galaxy Kepler, Johannes, 58, 72, 121 center of, 106–109 N Keplerian telescope, 121 collision with Andromeda Nambu, Yoichiro, 171 Kepler’s Laws, 58, 72 galaxy, 109 National Astronomical Observatory First Law, 72–75 composition of, 109 of Japan Hawaii Observatory Second Law, 72, 75–76 discovery that is not whole Subaru Telescope, 122 Third Law, 72, 77 universe, 144–145 nebulas, 120, 145 Kepler spacecraft, 184 early beliefs about, 116 negative curvature of space, 221–222 Kobayashi, Makoto, 171 formation of, 108, 163 Neptune, 64, 77, 89 Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), 127 number of stars in, 106 neutrinos, 109 shape of, 108, 117–119 Newton, Isaac, 224 L size of, 104–105 Newtonian mechanics, 58 structure of, 116–119 Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Newtonian representation of when most visible, 206 120, 140 gravity, 224 why appears “milky,” 99–101, Leavitt, Henrietta, 189 nuclei, 163, 172 116–117 Lemaitre, Georges, 227 Nut (Egyptian Sun god), 18 mirrors, corner cube, 67–68 lenses of telescopes, 121 mirrors in telescopes, 121–122 leptons, 168 O Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 122 light, bending of, 226 molecules, 168 Occam’s razor, 55 Local Group, 140 Olympus Mons, on Mars, 85 Local Supercluster, 207 lunar eclipse, 46

Index 237 The Manga Guide to the Universe © 2011 by Kenji Ishikawa, Kiyoshi Kawabata, and Verte Corp. On the Revolutions of the Celestial relativity, general theory of, 224–227 stellar-mass black holes, 109 Spheres (Copernicus), 71 repulsive force, 224–225, 227 Subaru Telescope, 122 Oort cloud, 127 resolution of telescopes, 121 sublimation, 90 open universe, 223, 228–230 retrograde motion, 52 Sun. See also heliocentric model; Opportunity rover, 85 Russell, Henry Norris, 187–188 solar system orbits of planets appearance of rotation around according to Galileo, 72 S Earth, 34–39 according to geocentric model, 70 atmosphere of, 96 Sagan, Carl, 181 elliptical, 71–76 core of, 96 satellite measurements, 166 and Kepler’s Third Law, 77 diameter of, 64 Saturn Original Theory or New Hypothesis of distance from Earth, 41–45, in diagram of solar system, 64 the Universe, An (Wright), 120 64, 125 facts about, 87 Otsukimi (moon-viewing) festivals, facts about, 95 orbit of, 77 12–13, 22 formation of, 96–97 Titan, satellite of, 93, 183 gravitational boundary of, 127 scientific method, 58 internal structure of, 97 P Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelli- photosphere of, 96 pair production, 170 gence (SETI) Institute, 184 size of compared to Moon and Paleozoic Era, 91 Shapley, Harlow, 144, 188–189 Earth, 45–49 parallel universes. See multiverse sister hypothesis, 93 superclusters of galaxies, 111, 141 parsec, 126, 207 Slipher, Vesto, 146, 152 supermassive black holes, 109 particles, elementary, 167–168 Sloan Great Wall, 141 supernovas, 97, 189, 227 period-luminosity relationship, soccer game example, for explaining Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission, 232 188–189 galaxies, 133–139 photons, 167–168, 170, 229 solar system. See also geocentric Planck epoch, 163–165, 230 model; heliocentric model; T planetary system, 140 planets Tale of Genji, The, 18 planets. See also geocentric model; diagram of to fit map of Japan, 64 Tale of the Bamboo-Cutter, The, heliocentric model; names formation of, 163 10–11 of specific planets; orbits of size of, 127 Tanabata star festival, 206 planets; solar system spaceship travel, 185 tardigrades, 185–186 distance between, 64 specific gravity, 87 Tau Ceti (planetary system), 184 Greek meaning of word for, 50 spiral galaxies, 106 telescopes motion of, 52, 58, 72 Spirit rover, 85 aperture of, 121 Pluto, 82, 90 Spitzer Space Telescope, 106 early, 120–122 positive curvature of space, 219–221 stars. See also Milky Way Galaxy famous, 122–123 prism, corner cube, 67–68 absolute magnitude of, 187 lenses of, 121 Proxima Centauri, 109 apparent magnitude of, 187 mirrors in, 121–122 Ptolemy, Claudius, 39, 51–54, 70 beyond solar system, distance radio telescope, 124 pulsating variable stars, 188 to, 126 resolution of, 121 Pythagorean theorem, 66 chemical composition of, support of heliocentric model, 57 151–152, 166 visibility of stars using, 118 Q color of, 187 temperature of universe, 229 distance of, measuring, 186–189 Theia (theoretical planet), 93 quarks, 163, 168, 170–171 formation of, 163 three-dimensional space, 209–210 and gravitational forces, 97 tides, 94 R luminosity of, 187 time, 165 radiation. See cosmic microwave number of in Milky Way, 106 Titan (satellite of Saturn), 93, 183 background radiation (CMBR) properties of, compared with Sun, Tombaugh, Clyde, 90 radiation pressure, 97 186–188 triangulation radio telescope, 124 variable, 188–189 to figure distance to Moon, 68 radio waves, 124, 184–185 visibility of, 118 to figure distance to stars beyond redshift, 146–152, 189 static universe, 224–225 solar system, 126 to figure distance to Sun, 125

238 Index The Manga Guide to the Universe © 2011 by Kenji Ishikawa, Kiyoshi Kawabata, and Verte Corp. tube worm, 182 V two-dimensional space, 220 variable stars, 188–189 Tycho Brahe, 70–72 Venus Tychonic system, 70–71 in diagram of solar system, 64 Type Ia supernovas, 189, 227 facts about, 84 orbit of, 77 U phases of, 57 United States, moon landing by, 13 surface temperature of, 81 universe. See also Big Bang; curva- visibility of in Western sky, 64–65 ture of space; galaxies Very Large Array (VLA) age of, 232–233 observatory, 124 ancient beliefs about, 18–19 Virgo Cluster, 140 closed, 222–223, 228, 230, 232 Virgo Supercluster, 207 discovery that Milky Way is not VLA (Very Large Array) whole universe, 144–145 observatory, 124 dynamic, 222–227 voids, 207 early beliefs about, 116 “edge” of, 177–178, 199–200, W 209–210 water bears, 185–186 expansion of, 116, 146–165 Weakly Interacting Massive Particle acceleration of, 227 (WIMP), 226 cone illustration of, 156–158 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy ongoing, 226–227 Probe (WMAP), 166, 229–230 redshift as proof of, 146–152 Wright, Thomas, 120 velocity of, 162 flat, 220, 223, 228–232 Z Friedmann models of, 222–223 Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson- Zwicky, Fritz, 226 Walker (FLRW) model of, 227–229 future of, 224–229 large-scale structure of, 140–141 multiple universes, 217–219 open, 223, 228–230 static, 224–225 Uranus, 64, 77, 88

Index 239 The Manga Guide to the Universe © 2011 by Kenji Ishikawa, Kiyoshi Kawabata, and Verte Corp.