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Area Handbook for Senegal

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Area Handbook for Senegal DOCUMENT RESUME ED 109 022 SO 008 451 AUTHOR Nelson, Harold D.; And Others TITLE Area Handbook for Senegal. Second Ed4ion. INSTITUTION American Univ., WaShington, D.C. ForeLgn Area Studies. I REPORT NO DA-Pam-550-70 PUB PATE 74 NOTE 411p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Dopuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,.D.C. 20402 =x($6.10) ,EDRS PRICE VF-$0.76 HC-$20.94 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTOR St *African Culture; African Historyi. *tea Studies; Communications; Cultural Background; Dembgraphy; *peveloping Yationg; Economics; Ethnic Groups;,_ -wFoFeign Culture; Foreign Relations; Geography; Governmental Structure; National Defense; Politics; A Religion; Social Systems IDENTIFIERS *Senegal ABSTRACT -.- This volume o.n Senegal is ore of f-a series of handbooks prepared by Foreign Area Studies (FAS) of the American University. It is designed to be useful to military and other personnel who need a convenient compilation of basic facts about the social, economic, political,t4and Military, institutions and practices of Senegal. The emphatis is on objctive description of the nation's .society and the kinds of possible or probable changes that might,be expected in the future. Major sections, of the bookcover social, political, economic, and national securityareas of Senegal's society. A bibliography and a glossay of Senegalese termsare included. (Author/VD) *******************J4k************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC includemany informal unpublished * * m'aterials not available from other sources. ERIC makeseveryeffort* * -to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often' encountered and this affects ,the quality * * of the .microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * '* supplied by EDRS are-the best that can be made from the original. ********************************************************************** _ U.S. DIPARTMENTOf HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONALINSTITUTE OF EDUCATION:2_ THIS DOCUMENT HAS= BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLYAS RECEIVED THE PERSON OR -FROM ATING IT POINTSORGANIZATION ORIGIN STATED 00 NOTOF VIEW OR OPINIONS SENT OFFICIALNECESSARILY REPRE NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF EDUCATION POSITIONOR POLICY AREA HANDBOOK for SENEGAL Coauthors Harold D. Nelson Margarita Dobert Gordon C. McDonald James Mc Laughlin Barbara Marvin Philip W. Moeller Research completed September1973 Second Edition Published 1974 (This handbook supersedes DA Pam550-70,August1963) DA Pam550-70 Libp.try of Congress Cataloging in PublicationData Nelson, Harold D. Area handbook fOr Senegal. "DA Pam 550-70." "One of -a series of handbooks prepared by ForeignArea Studies (FAS) of the Ameri- can University." Edition of 1963 prepared by the Foreign Area Studies Divisionof American University. Bibliography; pp 353 -353 I Senegal I American Um% ersite, Washington. D C Foreign Area Studies IIAmerican Linnersi4 , %Washington, I) C. Foreign Area Studies Di% ision. Area handbook for Senegal III Title DT549.N4 1974 916.6'3'035 72-600061 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402Price $6.10 FOREWORD This volume is one of a series of handbooks prepared by Foreign Area Studies (FAS) of The American University, designedto be_useful to military and other personnel who needa convenient compilation of baaic facts about the social, economic, political, and military institu- tions and practices of various countries. The emphasis ison objective description of the nation's present society and the kinds of possible or probable changes that might be expected in the future. The hand- book`seeks to present as full and as balancedan integrated exposition as limitations on space and research time permit. It was compiled from information available in openly published materiai. An extensivebibli- ography is prOvided to permit recourse to other publishedsources for more- detailed information. There has been no attempt toexpress any specific point of view or to make policy recommendations. The cstents of the handbook represent the work of the authors and FAS afia do not represent the official view of the United States government. An effort has been made to make the handbookas comprehensive as possible. It can be expected, however, that the material, interpreta- tions, and conclusions are subject to modification in the.light ofnew information and developments. Such corrections, additions, andsug- gestions for factual, interpretive, or other change as readersmay have will-be welcomed for use in future revisions. Commentsmay be ad- dressed to: The Director Foreign Area Studies The American University 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 iii A PREFACE Sedegal, an African republic that gained full independence only in 1960, owes its existence more to political action than to cultural and social forces. Foreign colonial powerthat of Francebrotight Sene- gal's various peoples together as a territorialgroup under Western influence. -In little more than a decade of sovereignty, the Senegalese government has moved with some progress toward its goal of creating a modernunified nation from the colonial past. When the first edition of the Area Handbook for Senegal was written in 1963, the continuous process of interaction between thenew and the old within the young republic was only beginning to forma coherent national pattern out of the people's differing attitudes, values, and institutions. Although Senegalese development has been gradual, Much of the specific information in the earlier handbook has been modified -b-isubsequent events. Moreover, the later publication of the rents of research by a number of social scientistspermits a more recent picture of the country and its people. The first edition of the handbook was prepared bya research team composed of Irving Kaplan, Barbara Lent, Dennis H. Morrissey, Charles Townsend, and Neda Franges Walpole under the chairmanship of 11.D. Roberts. The revised edition, in a shorter and somewhat dif- ferent form, seekslike the earlier worktd providea compact and objective exposition of the dominant social, political, and economic aspects of Senegalese society: It is designed to give the readeran understanding of the forces operating within the society. Therere- main, however, a number of gaps in information to which attention has been called. The spelling of Senegalese terms, proper names, and Arabic words conforms to current usage in the country. An exception is made in the case of words of Arabic origin that, appear in Webster's New Colle- giate Dictionary (abridged). Such words appearing in this handbook retain their anglicized spelling. Unless otherwise noted, the metric system has been used for tonnages. Currency conversion factorsap- pear in the Glossary, which is included as an appendix for the reader's convenience. = 00006 COUNTRY SUMMARY 1. COUNTRY: Formal name, Republic of Senegal; short form, Senegal; former member of Mali Federation, which negotiated independence Tfrom France on April 4, 1960; federation broke up on August 20, 1960, when Senegal seceded and proclaimed itself a republic; April 4 is cele- brated as independence day. National capital, Dakar. 2. SIZE: 76,000 square miles; maximum north-south width, 285 miles; east-west length, 360 miles. 3. TOPOGRAPHY: A flat savanna plain extending inland from west- ernmost point of Africa; elevations more than 300 feet above sea level only in southeast; long coastline on Atlantic Ocean marked by three major estuaries and Cap Vert peninsula. Major rivers are sluggish; shallow estuaries extend deep inland. 4. CLIMATE: Tropical subdesert regime with distinct wet (summer) and dry (Winter) seasons; rainfall varies from moderately heavy in south to light and erratic in north. Temperatures range from warm to hot throughout year; temperatures along northwest coast slightly re- duced by cool winds from Atlantic Ocean. 5. POPULATION: Estimated at 4 million in 1973; annual growth rate 1.93 percent. Rural densities much greater in western one-quarter of country; most major towns also located in this area; very low densities in subdesert eastern and northeastern areas. Fifteen percent of popula- tion lives in DakaOix,African ethnic groups constitute 90 percent of population; most share many similar cultural values. Europeans, mostly French, form slightly more than 1 percent of population; most live in Dakar. 6. LANGUAGES: Major languages are Wolof, Serer, Pulaar (language of the Peul), Manding, Diola, and Sarakole. Official language is French, which is dominant in government, commerce, and mass media. Wolof is widely understood. 7. RELIGION: Estimated that more than 80 percent of all Senegalese are Muslims; approximately 6 percent are Christians; remainder ad- here to indigenous religious beliefs and practices. 8. EDUCATION: an 1973 about 40 percent of school-age population attended school; roughly 25 percent of all elementary students and 13 percent of all secondary students attended private schools. Educational advancement limited by shortage of qualified teachers, especially in vocational training. Educational reforms of secondary and higher vii 00ooly educational systems underway. Number of students graduatingfrom University of Dakar increasing.In 1970 literacy rate estimated tween 5 and 10 percent for population at be- aged fourteenyears and over; lowest rates in ruralareas. 9. HEALTH: Most majorepidemic
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