SOFTBALL UMPIRES MANUAL 38761Text.Qxp Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 2

38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 1

SOFTBALL UMPIRES MANUAL 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 2

Published by Alabama High School Athletic Association

Additional Copies Available at Alabama High School Athletic Association $10.00 per copy

Printed in Montgomery, Alabama by Walker360 une, 2016 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 3

CONTENTS

AHSAA Code of Ethics ...... 5

Prerequisites for Good Umpiring...... 6

Pre and Post Game Responsibilities...... 8

Plate Mechanics...... 11

Base Mechanics...... 16

Difficult Situations...... 24

AHSAA Softball Umpires Signals ...... 27

Diagrams & Mechanics ...... 41

Spectator Management Policy ...... 62 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 4 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 5

Page 5

AHSAA Officials’ Code of Ethics

This Code of Ethics for all officials has been established by the National Federation Interscholastic Officials Association. The purpose of the Code is to establish guidelines for ethical standards of conduct for all officials. 1. An official must devote time, thought and study to the rules of the game and the mechanics necessary to carry out these rules so that one may render effective and creditable services in a fair and unbi- ased manner. 2. An official must work with fellow officials and the state association in a spirit of harmony and cooperation in spite of differences of opinion that may arise during debate of points or rules at issue. 3. An official must resist every temptation and outside pressure to use one’s position as an official to benefit oneself. Underl all circum- stances, officials must avoid promoting the special interest of any person or group of persons other than the athletes we serve. 4. An official must constantly uphold the honor and dignity of the avo- cation in all personal conduct and relations with the student-athletes, coaches, athletic directors, school administrators, colleagues and the public to be a worthy example to the athletes under one’s jurisdiction. 5. An official will be prepared both physically and mentally, dress according to expectations and maintain a proper appearance that is befitting the importance of the contest. 6. An official must remember and recognize that it is important to hon- or contracts regardless of possible inconvenience or financial loss. Every member of the officiating profession carries a responsibility to act in a manner becoming a professional person. The conduct of any official influences the attitude of the public toward the profession in general as well as toward the official in particular. Officials may be reprimanded, fined and/or suspended for any conduct unbecoming of an official registered with the AHSAA. The code of Ethics falls into this category. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 6

Page 6 Prerequisites for Good Umpiring PRE-REQUISITES FOR GOOD UMPIRING Successful umpires possess certain common qualities. They include: • A thorough knowledge of the rules • Effective communication skills: both verbal and listening • Effective game management, self control, and a current knowledge of AHSAA softball mechanics. In short, there is no substitute for game experience. The quality of judgment is only achieved through lessons learned in game situations. The game of softball demands hustle at all times by every umpire. The athletes who play the game of softball work hard on conditioning to perform at a peak level. Umpires should also! Successful umpires have to achieve physical fitness pri- or to the start of the season to be able to move at the game’s speed. Rules study and experience won’t cover up for an umpire that is out of position because they are not fit enough to match the movement of the players.

ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL UMPIRE: • Professional Appearance – a clean, pressed AHSAA uniform with shoes shined, official AHSAA cap, ball bags, indicator, plate brush and appropriate protective equipment for the game being played. A professional appearance should be a habit you never break. • Communications: • Always be business-like and professional when communicating with anyone about the game. • Support your crew throughout the entire game. If an information request comes from your partner stick to the facts and give only the information requested. • When having a discussion with a coach demonstrate good listening skills and answer the question directly using the language from the rulebook. • Verbalize loud enough for your partners to hear you when rotating to cover plays. Communication only works when it is acknowledged, therefore respond to your partner so that they know that they have been heard. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 7

Prerequisites for Good Umpiring Page 7 • Conditioning: Maintaining a good level of fitness not only helps an umpire’s movement , but also improves their ability to maintain focus throughout the game. • Game Management: Comes from leading by example. If you want players to hustle on and off the field you should hustle to your next position at the end of the inning. Use preventive umpire techniques to handle little problems such equipment left on the field or players badgering. ”Nip it” early and avoid problems later. • Judgment: Can be best described in the saying, “umpire judgment is main- ly experience, salted with cool headed common sense.”It takes years to develop good judgment. Umpires earn the respect of players by the way we render decisions. Umpire should keep a tight rein on their temperament and remember that no provocation, not even a physical attack, should cause an umpire to lose sight of their primary responsibility-keeping the game under control. The players will relax and trust the good judgment of the umpire if the call makes sense. Calls that don’t make sense put players on edge and are causes to question. To develop good judgment umpires should take time to learn common sense application of the rules during game situations. • Mechanics: They are the backbone of umpiring. The AHSAA Umpire Staff spends a large amount of time developing effective mechanics designed to give every umpire the best opportunity to judge each play. Plate mechanics begin with calling balls and strikes and end with the required movement by an umpire to complete other duties. This includes the element of stance, the set position, calling the pitch and movement from the plate when required. Base mechanics begin with the fundamentals of positioning, followed by timing, judgment, signals and a verbal call. Umpires should work on improving their mechanics during every game. • Positioning: Equals credibility. Every umpire must be a” student of the game” to prepare for every situation that may occur during a game. Suc- cessful umpiring requires complete concentration, full energies and undivided attention from the first pitch to the last out of each game. A current knowledge of AHSAA mechanics will place you in the proper position to umpire each play successfully. • Rule Knowledge: Is essential for successful umpiring. To develop a complete knowledge of the rules each umpire should study their rulebook regu- larly, attend state and district camps as well as the AHSAA State Umpire Camp 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 8

Page 8 Prerequisites for Good Umpiring in July. Umpires that are committed to becoming the very best will do this to improve. • Timing: Is essential for believable umpiring. A call made before the umpire has seen the “whole play “can be a mistake. A call made after an extended delay is often viewed as a lack of confidence in the call by the umpire. Calls made too quick or too late have the same effect on ball players…… NOT BELIEVABLE! Good timing is equally important on the bases and at the plate. A successful umpire will allow themselves to see the whole pitch or the whole play, then after a slight hesitation, make the call. PRE AND POST GAME RESPONSIBILITIES The Pre-Game preparation should begin when you receive your assignment. Record your assignment in your date book and then make sure to contact your partner or partners well in advance of the scheduled game. Arrive at the site 60 minutes prior to the starting time and inform the home team coach that you have arrived. Review the ground rules with the home coach, the find where the game balls and scorekeepers will be located. PRE-GAME WITH PARTNER(S) The purpose of the meeting is to get umpire crew on the “same page” for the game. The plate umpire should conduct the conference and encourage there crew members to participate. Do not use this conference to deviate from mechanics in this manual. The Pre-Game conference should include the following topics: A. New Rules B. Fly Ball Coverage C. Tag Responsibilities D. Umpire To Umpire Signals E. Requesting help from your partner. 1. Check Swing 2. Appeal to wrong umpire 3. Request for information NOTE: The umpire responsible for the call asks their partner for information 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 9

Pre and Post Game Responsibilities Page 9 and announces the decision after the conference is concluded. F. Special Rules 1. Time Limit 2. Run-Ahead Rule 3. Tiebreaker procedure G. Managing Umpire to Coach discussions and ejections 1. Partners should insure discussion is “one on one” 2. Partners take control of removing ejected players H. Special situations or team specific tendencies including 1. Team Speed 2. Bunting and Slapping 3. Is it a rivalry game? 4. Is there “bad blood” between these two teams? I. Entering and exiting the field 1. Always enter together 2. Exit together on side of “least resistance”

UMPIRE CREW ENTERING THE FIELD The umpire crew should perform these specific duties upon entering the field of play and prior to the pre-game coaches’ conference. A. Inspect the field/walk the perimeter of the field 1. Look for any holes in the fence or specific problems 2. Check for any hazards that may create a dead ball situation 3. Insure the field is properly marked and the bases and pitching plate are set at the proper distance. B. Inspecting Equipment 1. Inspect all equipment together 2. Communicate how illegal or removed equipment will be handled 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 10

Page 10 Pre and Post Game Responsibilities

PRE-GAME CONFERENCE WITH COACHES Keep the Pre-Game Coaches’ Conference short, but informative. Have a defi- nite agenda prepared as this is not a rules clinic. Use the following outline: A. Umpires should take proper positions as follows: 1. The plate umpire stands behind home plate facing the pitcher’s plate. 2. In the two-umpire system, the base umpire faces home plate and the plate umpires faces the base umpire, with coaches on the right and left of home plate. 3. In the three-umpire system, the first base umpire faces the plate umpire on the first base side and the third base umpire faces the plate umpire on the third base side. Both should have their backs toward the pitcher’s plate. B. Plate umpire conducts meeting C. Plate umpire should introduce himself and other umpires. Then have the coaches introduce themselves. D. Plate umpire receives the line-up from each coach. 1. Inspects for proper number of players in the starting line-up 2. Inspects for proper information, by rule 3. Returns line-up to coaches for final check 4. Accepts as “official” when line-ups are returned to plate umpire E. Review Ground Rules 1. Keep ball in play as much as possible 2. Inspect for proper information, by rule 3. When out of play lines are not visible, use “permanent objects” to determine whether a ball is in or out of play. F. Coin toss, if needed to determine home team G. WHEN THE CONFERENCE IS OVER,THE UMPIRES SHOULD HUSTLE TO THEIR RESPECTIVE POSITIONS TO START THE GAME! 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 11

Pre and Post Game Responsibilities Page 11

END OF THE GAME PROCEDURE A. Leave the field together as a team and on the side of least resistance while giving the defensive team responsible time for an appeal. Appeals are not permitted after the umpires leave the field. B. Go directly to your dressing area, but don’t run. Avoid any conversa- tions with players or fans. C. The plate umpire should return game balls to the administrator if present. D. Know your departure route before the game ends and where you want to end up. F. Have no conservation with fans or participants. If confronted, be polite and excuse yourself to get ready for your assignment.

POST GAME WITH PARTNERS A. Find a secluded place B. Plate umpire initiates open discussion over unusual situations that occurred in that game. Each umpire is encouraged to participate. C. Discuss pertinent rule and mechanic situations that happened in the game. Could anything have been done differently? D. Self evaluate! E. Be honest giving and receiving constructive advice. ALWAYS REMEMBER, AN UMPIRE IS EXPECTED TO BE PERFECT THEIR FIRST GAME AND IMPROVE EACH GAME THEREAFTER!!! PLATE MECHANICS Plate mechanics begin with calling balls and strikes and end with any required movement by the umpire to complete other duties. This includes the elements of the stance, the set position, the pitch and movement from the plate when required. A plate umpire who keeps these elements in perspective has a better chance of having a solid game behind the plate. Attention to detail in these areas will make you a better plate umpire. Let’s examine these elements one by one. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 12

Page 12 Plate Mechanics

CALLING THE PITCH IN FAST PITCH: Stance: The stance is the foundation of good plate mechanics. The elements of a good stance are as follows: • First, the umpire must set their feet with the heel of the foot closest to the batter in a straight line with the toe of the foot closest to the catcher. Do this by setting your foot behind the catcher and squaring your shoulders to the plate. Then bring in your foot behind the batter so your feet are in heel toe alignment. Both feet should be turned slightly outward so your knees are over your toes. On a right handed batter set your right foot first, then your right foot. This will provide the same stance on both a left handed batter and a right handed batter. Your feet should be at least shoulder width apart, if comfortable, keeping in mind you will have to move when needed. • Second, make sure you are not too close or too far from the catcher. Remember this rule of thumb: you must see the entire plate and then the ball from the pitcher’s hand to the catcher’s glove or the ground as it pass- es through or out of the strike zone. • Third, rotating your head and eyes toward the pitcher will assist you in seeing the ball from the pitcher’s hand to the catcher’s glove or the ground. • Fourth, be sure to bend at the knees, not at the waist. This allows your back to be as straight as possible with a slight tilt forward to bring your head into the proper position. This will reduce the pressure on your lower back and the top of your legs. Set Position: The plate umpire assumes the set position to call balls and strikes. To be in a good set position the plate umpire should follow these guidelines: • The umpire must start in the slot. The slot is defined as the position the umpire assumes prior to going set in which they are behind the catcher, slightly inside the inside corner of the plate and outside the perimeter of the strike zone. • You must have Good Pelvic Alignment, referred to as GPA. This position is achieved when the umpire has his pelvic aligned with outside corner of the plate. This allows you to look down and through the strike zone. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 13

Plate Mechanics Page 13 • In fast pitch set no lower than the top of the strike zone in relation to the batter. Your body should be locked in a stationary position to see the ball released from the pitcher’s and travel all the way to the catcher’s glove or the ground. Your hands should be placed in a comfortable position in front of your body. • Go set at the start of the pitch. The pitcher starts with both hands go together; when one hand is taken off the ball the pitch is started. Each pitcher is different and the time you go set can vary accordingly. The Pitch: Calling the pitch is where a plate umpire puts the stance and set position to work. To call the pitch, the plate umpire should follow these guidelines: • To start the game or any time after the umpire has prevented a pitch from being delivered, the umpire should direct the pitcher to play ball. When holding up play, simply hold up the hand opposite the batter with you palm facing the pitcher. When you are ready for the pitch, point at the pitcher and say “play” or “play ball.” At this point, it is imperative that the umpire pick up with their eyes while the ball is in the pitcher’s hand. • The umpire then tracks the ball from the pitcher’s hand to the catcher’s glove or to the ground. Tracking the ball is the act of watching the ball from the pitcher’s hand into the catcher’s glove using a slight movement of the head guided by the nose. Tracking is not an exaggerated head movement or just an eye movement. It is a movement of the nose which simultaneously brings the head with the pitch as the eyes are locked on the ball. • Good timing is crucial when calling the pitch. After the ball is in the glove, make sure you pause, and then call the pitch. • The verbal call should always be made in the down position and the strike signal in the up position. • From the down, the strike call should be elongated and made briskly and loud. The umpire should then rise to an upright position with out moving their feet and bring the right arm in a 90 degree angle so the elbow can be seen with the umpire’s peripheral vision. The fist should be closed with the palm facing the umpire’s ear. A strong hammer adds certainty to you call. Any swinging strike should be a signal only. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 14

Page 14 Plate Mechanics • A called strike three, both a strong verbal and signal should given. For further emphasis, verbalize the words “strike three”. • Ball calls could be short and crisp and made in the down position. Vol- ume is fine where the infielders can hear it. • On a foul tip the umpire should rise and brush the fingers of the right hand over the left hand, chest high in front of the body followed by the strike signal. • There are times when the count should be given by the plate umpire. Sig- naling the count is done by raising both hands above the head indicating balls with consecutive fingers on the left hand and strikes with consecutive fingers on the right hand. Give both the number of balls and strikes every time the count is given. Rotate the hands, not your body, so everyone can see the count. • After each pitch step out, relax, reset and restart the process. This allows the umpire the time to refocus and reset for the next pitch. • Gerry Davis Stance – The square stance may be used as another plate stance. The umpire square stance called “Gerry Davis Stance” has umpire set up in the slot with hands on the knees with his eyes at the top of the batter’s strike zone. Don’t set up too early, calling the pitch in the set position then coming out of the set position to give the strike signal. Take a step back and relax to get ready for the next pitch.

MOVEMENT FROM THE PLATE Movement: A good plate umpire realizes that they are not only required to call balls and strikes, but must be able to move to cover other responsibilities. The must be ready and able to move during the game. Let’s examine the reasons for movement from the plate. • First, the plate umpire should be ready to clear the catcher of any of the three reasons: a passed ball, a foul fly behind the catcher or a dropped third strike. The umpire dictates their movement by reading the shoulders of the catcher. On the right handed or left-handed batter, pivot and drop step to allow the catcher to take you to the ball. Once you have cleared the catcher, you must remember your other responsibilities, such as a possible catch of the foul fly, help on a throw to 1B on the batter-runner or a play at the plate. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 15

Plate Mechanics Page 15 • Second, on a batted ball, the plate umpire should always exit to the left of the catcher to trail the batter-runner. Trail the batter-runner when there are no runners or a single runner on 1st base, unless the play takes you elsewhere. Trail the batter-runner slightly inside the foul line approximately one-third of the way to 1st base to help the base umpire with a pulled foot, swiped tag or a bobbled ball. After trailing the batter-runner to 1st base you may need to move to 3rd base or the holding zone. When moving to 3rdbase move directly across the diamond in front of the pitcher’s plate to a location 90 degrees to the path of the runner, just short of the base they are trying to reach and 10-12 feet from the base. When moving to the holding zone, move directly to an area in foul ground about half way to 3rd base and read the play. • Third, the plate umpire has fair/foul responsibility on ground balls near the foul line. Position yourself on the foul line, and if the ball is foul signal raising your hands over your head and giving a verbal call of “foul or foul ball“ If the ball is fair, point toward fair territory with the arm closest to fair ground. • Fourth, on fly balls to the outfield not near the foul line, move to obtain a good angle to the catch versus straight at the fielder catching the ball. If the ball is caught give an out signal and a verbal “out” call. • Fifth, on a fly ball to the outfield near the foul line, when your partner does turn their back, the plate umpires has fair/foul and catch responsibilities. When the ball is near the foul line with no runner at 3rd base, move up the foul line to a position where you can see the ball land. If the ball is foul, give the dead ball signal followed by a verbal call of “foul or foul ball”. If the ball is, give the fair ball signal. No verbal call is given. When the ball is close to the foul line and is touched, whether caught or not, the umpire must give the ball status by pointing fair or foul. When the ball is first touched over fair territory point fair and if the ball is not caught the point is followed by a strong “fair ball” signal. If the ball is caught, give an out signal. When the ball is first touched over foul territory, point foul and if the ball is not caught, give a strong dead ball signal and strong verbal call of “foul or foul ball”. If the ball is caught, give an out signal. • Sixth, when the ball is hit over the fence in fair territory, give a home run signal by raising the right arm above the head, fist closed and rotate the fist. When a fair batted ball is touched in flight and goes over the fence in 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 16

Page 16 Base Mechanics fair territory, give the four base award signal by raising the right arm above the head, hand open with four fingers shown and verbally call “four bases”. If the ball hits the ground before clearing the fence and then bounces over the fence, give the two base award signal by raising the right arm above the head, hand open with two consecutive fingers extended and verbally call “two bases”. Movement to Third Base: Once the umpire has exited to the catcher’s left, there are several situations where the umpire should move to third base: • First, after going to the holding zone and a play develops at third base, move inside the diamond about two-thirds of the way to third base, approximately10-12 feet from the base, obtaining a 90 degree angle. Stop, read the play, then make the call. • Second, when exiting the catcher with a play immediately at third base, move up the foul line in fair territory to approximately 10-12 feet from the base, obtaining a 90 degree angle. Stop, read the play, then make the call. Plays at Home Plate:There are specific mechanics used by the plate umpire when making calls at home plate: • On throws from the outfield or the infield assume a position in foul ground, 90 degrees to the path of the runner, to approximately 10-12 feet from home plate in line with the outside deepest corner of the right handed batter’s box. Adjust as needed to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. If the ball gets away from the catcher and goes behind you, move as the play dictates to get an unobstructed view. Avoid going inside the diamond as a last resort. • When returning to home plate from a play at third base and the ball is in foul ground, remain inside the diamond and move parallel to the base line, to approximately 10-12 feet from home plate, obtaining a 90 degree angle to the path of the runner. • On a timing play where the runner does not touch the plate before the last out of the inning is made and the run will not count, give an emphatic safe signal and say “run doe not count” or ”no run.” BASE MECHANICS Base mechanics begin with the fundamentals of positioning, followed by timing, judgment, signals, and a verbal call. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 17

Base Mechanics Page 17 A. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES 1. Starting position The base umpire, with no runners on base, starts on the foul line 18-21 feet behind first base and walk the line. Walk the line by taking one or two steps toward home plate, pushing off with your foot to move off the foul line when the ball is batted. 2. Preparation Prior to the Pitch When starting off the line or starting on the line with runners on base, the base umpire will take the “ready position or stance” prior to a pitch being delivered to the batter. Do this by: A. Placing your feet at least shoulder width apart to create a firm foundation as you will have to move when the ball is put in play. B. Stand upright in a comfortable position and lean forward as the ball is delivered to the batter. This will transfer your body weight from the heels to the balls of your feet for better balance. C. Keep your hands in a comfortable position in front of the body between your upper legs and your belt buckle. D. The “Ready Position/ Stance” allows the umpire to react to a batted ball in the same manner as a defensive player. 3. General Techniques on the Bases: Umpires must be “Students of the Game” in preparation for handling decisions on the bases. The game situation will include the presence of runners on base, the number of outs and the count on the batter. These factors will dictate the base umpire’s primary responsibility as a play develops. Your complete concentration, full energies, and undivided attention is required from the first pitch to the last out. Work for the best angle on all plays and do not let the players or coach make the call for you. On a close play, sell the call, but on an obvious play use only a routine signal. Whenever possible, stop to allow yourself time to see the entire play before making a decision. See the play to its completion and give a strong verbal call, followed by a visual signal; this will help with your timing and reduce the possibility of the dreaded out/safe call. On a ball that is hit to the outfield that could possibly be trapped, go out on 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 18

Page 18 Base Mechanics It, even with runners on base. Remember to communicate with your partner(s).on home runs hit out of the park, know where and when the ball left the playing field. 4. Points governing decisions on the Bases: Base umpire decisions are governed by the game situation and the actions of offensive and defensive participants. The four elements of a play consist of: 1. Ball 2. Base 3. Offense 4. Defense The base umpire must hustle to get into the correct position to see these elements come together before making a call. Umpires should say “SAFE” and give the safe signal when a runner beats the ball to the base on a force out attempt and likewise say “OUT” and give the out signal when the ball beats the runner to the base. A good verbal call and strong signal should be given simultaneously. The volume of the voice should reflect the closeness of the play. If you think that you were blocked out on seeing the entire play and are asked to “go for help” the go to your partner for information to get the call correct. ALWAYS MAKE THE CALL AND THEN GO FOR HELP, IF NEEDED. 5. Watching the ball: Watching the ball aids a base umpire in reading where the play is likely to develop. The umpire must watch the ball as it is fielded on the infield while moving to the proper position for the primary call. Let the ball turn your head into the play as the four elements of the play come together; stop, watch the play, and make the call. On batted balls to the outfield, watch the ball and glance at the runner. As the runner gets close to the base change your focus to glancing at the ball and watching the runner to see the runner touch the base. Know where the ball is at all times, no live ball play can be made on a batter-runner without the ball. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 19

Base Mechanics Page 19 B. BASE CALLS 1. Force Plays/Plays at 1B/Tag Plays: Tags plays, force plays and plays at First Base require movement to the proper position to see the entire play. • On a play at First Base, with no runners on base and a ground ball to the infield, move parallel to the base line without taking your eyes off the ball, move no further than a 45 degree angle from the foul line and no closer than 18 feet from the base. When the runner is out on a very close play use the sell out signal. This signal is nothing more than simulating a throw by a fielder. Move your feet as if you were fielding a ground ball and give a signal followed by a strong “out” call. When the runner is safe on a very close play use the “sell safe” signal. This is made by stepping toward the play, giving an emphatic “safe” signal and a strong “safe” call. Finish the call by bringing your rear foot forward and squaring up to the play. • With a runner at First Base and a ground ball to the infield for a possible play, make two movements from the starting position. When the play goes to second base, take one or two parallel steps toward second base to watch the play and push off with the right foot and make the call while moving parallel to the baseline toward first base. With- out taking your eyes off the play let the ball turn your head to the play at first base. Stop, see the play, then make the call. • On a tag play, take a position 90 degrees to the path of the runner just short of the base they are trying to reach at a depth of 10-12 feet from the play. All four elements will be in front of you. As the play develops, move to get an unobstructed view, read the play, hesitate slightly, and then make the call. • On a routine out call, keep your feet at least should width apart and bring your body to an upright position. Raise your arm to a 90 degree angle with the fist closed, so the elbow can be seen with your peripheral vision. On a routine safe call, keep your feet at least shoulder width apart and bring your body to an upright position while bringing your hands chest high with palms down. With forearms parallel to the ground, extend your arms straight out keeping palms down. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 20

Page 20 Base Mechanics 2. Swipe Tag / Pulled Foot Adjustment from Primary position. Once you have obtained the best angle to see the play, further actions may dictate the need to move. Sometimes movement from the primary position will help the umpire get an unobstructed view of the play. • After obtaining 90 degrees to the path of the runner on a tag play, you should adjust as necessary. • After obtaining your angle on the play at first base and the throw takes the defense off the base for a possible swipe tag, move with the play to keep an unobstructed view. A slight adjustment will put you in position to see the possible tag. Once you see the tag, point with the left hand say,” TAG”, followed by an “out” call and signal. • After obtaining an angle on the play at first base and there is a possible pulled foot, move with the play to keep an unobstructed view. A slight adjustment can put you in a better position to see the foot off the base. If the fielder pulls their foot, point with the left hand and say, “OFF THE BASE” and give a strong “safe” signal and a clear “SAFE” call. 3. Working Outside the Diamond A State Adopted Softball Mechanic Generally umpires have been instructed to come inside the diamond when the ball is in the outfield and to stay outside the diamond when the ball is in the infield. The idea of this mechanic is that it will keep the ball in front of the umpire. This would be true if the diamond were a straight line but it is not. It is a diamond, and if the ball is outside the diamond on one side of the diamond and the umpire comes inside the diamond on an opposite side of the diamond, then, very often, the umpire is actually putting the ball behind him. Rather than always coming inside or always staying outside, umpires must learn to determine what position will best serve them on each type of hit. If coming inside the diamond puts the ball at your back, it is probably not the best choice. Read the ball. Know what your initial and subsequent responsibilities are. Choose the best positioning for umpiring the particular play at hand. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 21

Base Mechanics Page 21 By not automatically coming inside on every ball batted to the outfield an umpire reaps other benefits that are not at first apparent. For instance, the umpire can save many steps over the course of the game. By not pivoting inside the umpire has more time to assess the action – will the ball likely be caught, dropped, go through and roll to the fence – and thus is better able to know what will be required of him. By being still and alert, as opposed to moving inside, umpires should have more accurate judgments on tag-ups and clear views of any obstructions. Every play is unique and requires an evaluation and choice by the umpire. Some generalities that can usually be applied are: • With no one on and the ball hit center or left field – stay outside • With no one on and the ball hit right-center or right field and there may be a play on the batter-runner – stay outside • With no one on and the ball hit to right-center or right field – pivot inside • From B position and the ball hit to center or left field – stay outside • From B position and the ball hit right field – pivot inside • From C positions, since the umpire will always be responsible for the batter-runner at first, the umpire must come inside on nearly all runner config- urations and the ball hit to the outfield. Rather than trying to memorize anything, or always doing this, or always doing that, umpires should work towards making good choices of positioning no matter where they are on the diamond, no matter how many runners there are, and no matter where the ball is hit. With no one on, the ball hit left field, the umpire chooses to stay outside, and it turns into a triple: Summary On balls hit to the outfield, umpires can choose to pivot inside the diamond or stay on the outside. This choice is governed by runner configuration, where the ball is hit, and the type of hit. Umpires should take a position that keeps the ball in front of them and allows them to achieve the best angles for executing their initial and any subsequent responsibilities. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 22

Page 22 Base Mechanics 4. Fly Ball Coverage There are times when a base umpire needs to go to the outfield for fly ball coverage. When going out on a fly ball, the angle you obtain is very important. • When going to the outfield, the umpire should verbally communicate with his partner, using phrases such as “one man”, “two man” or going. • When going to the outfield, move for an angle parallel to the flight of the ball as opposed to running directly at the fielder attempting to make the catch. This allows a better view of the catch or no catch. Read the fielder so that you are stopped and set to see the play and make the call by signaling either “out for a catch or “safe” for no catch. Once the call is made, let the ball turn back to the infield to observe additional plays. Stay in the outfield and do not come back until all play has ceased. • When going out on fly balls near the foul line stay near the foul line. You are responsible for “FAIR” or “FOUL” and “CATCH” or “NO CATCH.”Position yourself near the foul line, and if it is foul, signal by raising the hands over the head and give a verbal call of “Foul” or “Foul Ball”. If the ball is fair, point toward fair territory with the arm closest to fair ground. • When the ball is close to the foul line and is touched, whether caught or not, the umpire must first give the ball status by point fair or foul. When the ball is first touched over fair territory, point fair and if the ball is not caught the point is followed by a strong fair signal. If the ball is caught, an out signal is given. When the ball is first touched over foul, point foul and if the ball is not caught give a strong dead ball signal and strong verbal call of “foul” or “foul ball”. If the ball is caught give an “out” signal. 5. Difficult Situations: A. Live Ball running violations: There are violations by runners that require a signal and a verbal call when they occur, while allowing the ball to remain alive: 1. Running out of the base path to avoid a tag: 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 23

Base Mechanics Page 23 a. Point at the runner with your left hand and verbalize” out of the base path…out”. b. Let the play continue. 2. Passing a runner: a. Point at the runner who passed their teammate and verbalize “out”. b. Let the play continue. B. Run Downs: When a player is caught in a rundown it is important that the umpire(s) responsible for the coverage move(s) to get the best perspective of both ends of the play. Most rundowns are only covered by one umpire. 1. Stay approximately 12-15 feet from the rundown and move parallel to the baseline. 2. Know where the ball is at all times. 3. Move quickly toward and around the play to achieve the best angle as the tag is applied. 4. Be alert for obstruction or interference. When covering rundowns with two umpires, each umpire should take a position at their end of the rundown. This is referred to as “bracketing”. When bracketing one umpire should be outside the diamond and the other umpire should stay inside the diamond. In all cases, communication is a must. When two umpires are covering a rundown the umpire with the clear unobstructed view of the tag should make the call. To prevent both umpires from making a call, eye contact is essential pri- or to the call being made. C. Interference: To indicate that inference has occurred the umpire should: 1. Step forward while giving a strong “Dead Ball” signal while emphatically calling “Dead Ball” 2. Point to the interference then give the strong “Out” signal and a verbal “Out” call. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 24

Page 24 Difficult Situations D. Obstruction: The base umpire should immediately: 1. Give the “Delayed Dead Ball” signal and verbally say “obstruction” The signal need not be held throughout the play, but just long enough for it to be seen. 2. When the play becomes dead, make a proper obstruction award. Be prepared to explain your ruling. 3. If the obstructed runner is put out prior the base(s) they would have reached had there no obstruction, the umpire shall call “time” and award the obstructed runner and all other runners, the base(s) they would have reached had there been no obstruction. 4. When Catcher’s Obstruction occurs, the plate shall give the “Delayed Dead Ball” signal and verbalize “Catcher’s Obstruction” 5. Be prepared to apply the appropriate enforcement. E. Collision: Contact between defensive and offensive does not necessarily mean that obstruction or interference occurred. The field is laid out in such a manner that it puts the defensive and offensive players on a collision course. Consider the following: 1. Did the offensive player alter their direction in a way to draw contact with the defensive player in an attempt to draw an obstruction call? 2. Did the defensive player alter their direction in a way to draw an interference call? 3. Could the defensive player actually make a play? 4. Did the defensive player have possession of the ball? Through knowledge of Interference and Obstruction rules and their application can assist in making a prompt and accurate decision. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 25

Difficult Situations Page 25 DIFFICULT SITUATIONS Illegal pitches/Catcher’s Obstruction: When catcher’s obstruction or an illegal is called,the umpire should giove the delayed dead ball signal. Give the dignal by extending the left arm straight out to the side of the body with the fist closed while verbalizing “obstruction”or illegal pitch. The illegal can be called by either umpire.The plate umpire calls the timing elements,stepping outside the twenty-four inch width of the pitcher’s plate.The base umpire is responsible for infractions involving the pivot foot not being in contact with the pitcher’s plate, crow hop or leap.The batter may swing at or hit an illegal pitch after it’s been called.If the batter reaches first base safely and all runners advance at least one base the illegal pitch is ignored and no option is given. If not,the coach of the offrended team is given the option of taking the result of the play,or having a ball awarded to the batter and all runners advanced one base.If an illegal pitch hits a batter,the batter is awarded first base and all runners are advanced one base. Catcher’s obstruction is the act of a catcher that hinders or prevents the batter from striking at or hitting a pitched ball. If the batter reaches first base safely and all runners advance at least one base the obstruction is cancelled. All action as a result of the batted ball stands.No option is given.Once a runner has passed a base the runner is considered to have reached that base.If all runners,including the batter runner do not advance at least one base,the coach has the option of taking the result of the play or enforcing obstruction by awarding the batter first base and advancing all runners if forced. If the catcher steps on, or in front of home plate without the ball and prevents the batter from hitting the ball,the umpire will call “Dead Ball”.The batter is awarded first base and all runners are advanced one base ,if forced. On a swing or attempted bunt,the catcher or any other fielder prevents the batter from hitting the ball,touches the batter or their bat with a runner on third base trying to score on a squeeze play or a steal,the ball is dead.The runner shall be awarded home plate and the batter shall be awarded first base on the obstruction.All other runners shall advance if forced. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 26

Page 26 Difficult Situations

Hit By Pitch: Kill the play as soon as the batter is hit,with a strong “Dead Ball” verbal call. Now review the action that just happened.Did the batter make a motion to turn away from the pitch,or was the batter in the strike zone making no attempt to avoid being hit by the pitch? If the batter was avoiding the pitch, award them first base. If they made on attempt to get out of the way,there is no award.If the ball was in the strike zone,it should be called a strike,with a strong verbal call. Hitting the ball a second time: When the ball hits the bat a second time or hits the batter, a dead ball is declared using the dead ball signal and a strong verbal call.While making the dead ball call, Review in your mind what you just saw. Then,ask yourself the question, did the second hit occur in fair or foul territory? If the answer is foul territory,the ball is foul and a strike is called on the batter. If the ball is fair,the next question you need to ask is whether the batter was in or out of the batter’s box,If they were in the batter’s box it is a foul ball and a strike is called on the batter. If the second hit occurred out of the batter’s box,the batter is out.In each case give a strong dead ball call and point to where thesecond hit took place. Then announce to all the result of the action,“foul ball,strike on the batter” or “the batter is out”. The base umpire should assist the plate umpire by making a dead ball signal and a verbal call immediately,indicating only that there was a second hit. Remember, as a plate umpire take charge of this call and SELL IT. Check Swing: When asking for help on a check swing,the umpire should step out from behind the plate,remove the mask,point to their partner and ask “did they swing” or did they go?” Batted Ball off of a batter’s foot: 1. When the batter is in the batter’s box: a. Raise both hands above the head and call “dead ball”to stop the action. b. Verbalize “foul ball”. 2. When the batter is out of the batter’s box: a. Raise both hands above the head and call “dead ball” to stop the action. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 27

Signals Page 27 SIGNALS

A – Standard Umpire Signals B – Umpire-to-Umpire Signals

A – STANDARD UMPIRE SIGNALS

Umpires are communicators, and signals are how umpires communicate. You must have good signals to be a good umpire. The univeral language of umpiring is body language, and the words of this language are signals. Signals are a form of sign language. In sign language, only the hands are used. In signal language, the whole body is used. Signal language is designed to be understood immediately by anyone at any ball park. Every signal initiates from a set or ready set position. The feet are planted in a solid, wide base at least shoulder width apart. In order for a signal to convey its message, it must be seen. The first move before giving any signal is to, without moving your feet, come to a full standing position. Nearly all signals are given up or away from the body for the express purpose of being seen. Once a signal is seen, everyone who sees it must understand what it means. Signals must always be informative, precise, dignified, structured and calculated. Signals are designed to convey strength, confidence and authority. Any movement while giving a signal is always forward at the play. The signal is held long enough to convey conviction, then the arms and hands are brought back into the body, thus completing the signal, before moving to the next position. Signals are precious and should not be used unnecessarily. The less a signal is seen the more effective it is when used. Do not draw attention to yourself by overusing or needlessly using any signal. The play does not dictate the structure of a signal. The play only dictates the emphasis of the signal or the verbal accompaniment. Do not echo a partner’s call. If there is no play, a call or signal is not needed. Some 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 28

Page 28 Signals examples of when a signal is not needed are (but not limited to): • The ball clearly goes over the fielder’s head or bounces in front of her • A pitch is fouled directly back to the backstop or fouled over the backstop or over the sides of the backstop • The ball is overthrown or completely missed by the intended receiver • A runner obtains a base or home before the ball arrives • While the batter is getting set, pitcher is showing no indication or quick pitching

OUT

From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, pull the left hand/arm into the midsection of the body. Extend the right arm straight up with the palm of the hand facing the ear. Bring the right forearm slightly forward while clenching it into a fist (this is the Hammer). The right upper arm and forearm should be at a 90 degree angle or greater. Verbally call “Out.” Bring the right arm back into the body before moving the feet or moving to the next position. Note: Left handed umpires may reverse this and use the left hand to signal outs.

OVERHAND OUT

With feet at least shoulder width apart, step at the play with the left foot. Bring the right foot over and behind the left foot while raising the right arm high in the air. Plant the right foot and step forward again with the left foot while bringing the right arm over the top of the head in a throwing motion with a closed fist. Just as the throwing motion is completed, bring the right foot forward, in line with the left foot and end in a set 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 29

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position. A verbal call of “Out” (usually drawn out – oouutt) accompanies the signal usually starting when the arm is directly overhead and finishing with the thrown fist. (reverse if left handed) It is important to have complete control of the body during and at the end of the signal. The signal should end in a balanced position with the umpire facing the play.

PUNCH OUT

Use the signal as a sell out when you are too close to the play to do a full overhand out. It can also be used if a play warrants more than a routine out but less than a full overhand out. From a standing position with feet should width apart, step back with the right foot and punch forward with the right arm at about shoulder height. The hand is in a fist. This technique brings you no closer to the play than when you started. The initial stepping back is overshadowed and compensated for by the strength and forward thrust of the punch. (reverse if left handed) 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 30

Page 30 Signals

SAFE – NO CATCH – NO TAG – NO INFRACTION

From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, bring both arms into the chest at shoulder level with the palms of the hands facing down. Extend both arms straight out horizontally with the palms down. Do not have your hands in fists. Verbally call “Safe,” “No Catch,” “No Tag.” Bring both arms back into the body (similar to a Ready Set position) before moving the feet or moving to the next position. SELL SAFE

From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, bring both arms into the chest at shoulder level, parallel to the ground, with the palms of the hands facing down. Take a step at the play with the left foot while extending both arms straight out horizontally with the palms down. Loudly call “Safe.” Complete the signal by bringing the right foot forward on a line with the left foot. Bring both arms back into the body (similar to a Ready Set position) before moving the feet or moving to the next position. DEAD BALL – FOUL BALL – NO PITCH

From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, raise both arms straight up with palms forward. Arms should be at about a 35 to 40 degree angle from the body. Verbally call: “Dead Ball,” “Foul Ball,” or “No Pitch.” If the ball is close to the line, the feet should be straddling the line. When the plate umpire signals “No Pitch,” the signal may be accompanied by movement to the open side of the plate for better visibility. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 31

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TIME

From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, raise both arms straight up with palms forward. Arms should be at about a 25 to 30 degree angle from the body. Verbally call: “Time.”

FAIR BALL

From a standing position with feet shoulder width apart, extend the arm closest to the field horizontally at shoulder height and point, with either open hand palm forward or a finger, to fair ground. Do not make a verbal call. If the ball is close to the line, the feet should be straddling the line.

FAIR/FOUL INDICATOR

The Fair/Foul Indicator signal is no longer endorsed On any fly ball close to the fair/foul line the umpire should straddle the line, feet shoulder width apart, and, depending on the resulting action, rule the ball fair, foul, or an out. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 32

Page 32 Signals

DELAYED DEAD BALL

Extend the left arm straight out at shoulder height, parallel to the ground. The hand is in a fist with the fingers of the fist facing forward.

INFIELD FLY

Fully extend the right arm above the head with the hand in a clenched fist. Verbalize: “Infield fly. The batter is out.” If the ball is close to a line say: “Infield fly. The batter is out, is fair.” The plate umpire is responsible for making this call. Once the plate umpire makes the call, it should be echoed by the bases umpires using the same signal but verbalizing only: “Infield fly.” If the plate umpire does not make the call (forgets or is not certain of the call) and a base umpire, after eye contact communication with the plate umpire, is certain the ball is an infield fly; the base umpire may make the call. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 33

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POINT

The right or left arm extended straight out at the play or player. Only the index finger is extended on the hand. The other arm should be under control in close to the body. Use the Point to indicate an abnormality in a play. (e.g. a tag, a missed tag, a pulled foot) or to reference a player who committed some act. This signal is followed be another signal, usually ‘out’ or ‘safe.’ The Point signal must be finished (bring the arm into the body) before another singal is started.

HOME RUN

Fully extend the right or left arm above the head with the index finger pointed skyward and make a clockwise motion with the hand and arm.

DOUBLE

Fully extend the right arm above the head with the index and middle finger showing on the hand. Do not circle the arm. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 34

Page 34 Signals

EJECTION

It is imperative when making this signal than no aggressive move or gesture, real or perceived, is made toward the person being ejected. The signal should be moderately animated after increasing the physical distance between the umpire and the ejected person as needed. This signal does not have to be exact, but it must be clearly understood (that someone has been ejected) and should not be overly demonstrative. Two options are offered:

While facing the person to be ejected, step back with the left foot (this opens the body and will allow it to turn/open to your left as you make the arm signal). Bring the right arm with the index finger extended, up, across the body and point skyward to your left. Your arm should be at a 45 degree angle to your body. You will be facing away from the ejected person now and the right side of the body will be facing him/her. Reverse if left-handed.

Hold up the right arm with the palm open and forward (like calling Time but only half the signal – just one arm and slightly lower). This indicates the discussion is ended. Draw the right hand back to the right ear and redirect it skyward at a 45 degree angle away from the body. The index finger should be extended. Reverse if left-handed. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 35

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THE RUN SCORES

Stand at a plate and emphatically point down at the plate while saying, “The run scores!” “Score the run!” Establish eye contact with the score tabel while signaling and make sure the run goes up on the scoreboard. If necessary, us a deliberate pumping motion with the arm while pointing at the plate and repeat, “The run scores.”

THE RUN DOES NOT SCORE

Stand at the plate. Raise both arms above the head like a Foul Ball signal. Cross the arms back and forth (not too quickly) while saying, “No Run!” “The run does not score!” Establish eye contact with the score table while signaling. Watch the scoreboard to make sure a run is not recorded.

PLAY BALL

Any of a variety of hand motions use by the plate umpire to indicate the ball is in play. With arm extended toward the pitcher, the umpire may use a beckoning motion with an open hand, a pointing motion with one or two fingers extended. The signal may be accompanied with the verbal call: “Play ball.” The verbal call may be used without any signal. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 36

Page 36 Signals

Do Not Pitch

Either arm of the plate umpire extended straight out directly at the pitcher with the hand open and the palm of the hand facing the pitcher. Using the hand opposite the batter gives this signal better visibility. STRIKE

The verbal call of “Strike” is made in the down/set position. The signal is made in the “up” or “going to the up” position. The feet do not move during the signal. The left hand/arm is pulled into the midsection of the body. The right arm is 1) extended straight up with the palm of the hand facing the ear then following by bringing the right forearm slightly forward while clenching it into a fist (this is the Hammer), 2) extended up and forward as the hand closes in a fist. In eithere style, the right upper arm and forearm should be at a 90 degree angle or greater. The signal is held long enough to convey the decision with conviction. The signal is finished by bringing the right arm back into the body before stepping back or moving the feet. FOUL TIP

This is an optional signal. It may be used every time the ball is a foul tip or used only at times when the ball being a tip is not completely obvious. Bring the left hand in front of your body, mid chest or higher, with the palm or back of the hand facing you. With an upward motion, brush the fingeers of the left hand with the fingers of the right hand. This signal is always followed by a strike signal. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 37

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Count

Raise both arms up and in front of the body. Each arm/hand should be seen peripherally when the umpire is looking at the pitcher. Balls are shown with the fingers of the left hand. Strikes are shown with the fingers of the right hand. Consecutive fingers should be used in displaying the count. A verbal call may accompany the signal and, if used, should be as follows: “2 balls, 2 strikes.” Do not say: “2 and 2,” or “22.” The count is given to the pitcher and held long enough for any other player to see it. The hands may be turned to increase visibility.

B – UMPIRE-TO-UMPIRE SIGNALS

Whereas most signals are used to convey information to everyone in the ball park, umpire-to-umpire signals are meant to convey information between umpires. These ar not secret signals. It does not matter if anyone other than an umpire sees them. It is just that no one else needs to see them other than other umpires. Because of this difference, unlike most signals that are given up and away from the body, umpire-to-umpire signals are given lower and closer into the body. Like all signals, these signals are vital to good communication within the crew. These signals should be precise, dignified and used consistently. To enhance visibility and recognition of the signals should always be given against a contrasting background such as the shirt or pant leg. INFIELD FLY SITUATION ON

The right hand, palm open, on the left chest indicates the infield fly situation is in effect. The infield fly signal should be initiated by the plate umpire just prior to the batter stepping in the box. Each base umpire should acknowledge, to the plate umpire, by returning the same signal. The signal should be given before every batter when an infield fly situation is possible. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 38

Page 38 Signals

INFIELD FLY SITUATION OFF

The right hand used in a wiping motion from the left elbow to the left wrist indicates the infield fly situation is no longer in effect.

HOW MANY OUTS?

To verify or determine how many outs there are, the umpire looks to a partner and clenches the right fist against the right thigh. There is nothing wrong with verbalizing the request: “Partner, how many outs do you have?” This, however, draws attention to the umpire and, if it is not necessary, umpires should avoid drawing attention to themselves. If sush a request needs to be made more than once during a game, it gives the impression that the umpire is not concentrating.

HOW MANY OUTS – RESPONSE

The responding umpire should indicate the number of outs by puttinng the appropriate numbere of fingers against the right thigh. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 39

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WHAT’S THE COUNT?

To request the count from a partner, place both opened hands against the chest. There is nothing wrong with verbalizing the request: “Partner, what count do you have?” This, however, draws attention to the umpire and, if it is not necessary, umpires should avoid drawing attention to themselves. Also, if the count is being lost on a regular basis, it gives the impression that the umpire is not concentrating.

WHAT’S THE COUNT – RESPONSE

The responding umpire should indicate the correct count by the fingers on the chest.

THIRD STRIKE IS CAUGHT

The elbow of the right arm is held at the side of the waist with only the forearm extending out from the body at a 90 degree angle. The hand is clenched in a fist. This signal is used by the base umpire to indicate to the plate umpire that the third strike was caught by the catcher. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 40

Page 40 Signals

THIRD STRIKE IS NOT CAUGHT

The elbow of the right arm is held at the side of the waist, with only the farearm extended out from the body, at a 45 degree angle to the body. The index finger is pointing at the ground. This signal is used by the base umpire to indicate a third strike is not caught. It alerts all umpires to a possible play on the batter-runner.

TIME PLAY

Tap the left wrist, where a watch is normally worn, with the fingers of the right hand. This alerts all umpires to the possibility of a time play. Usually used with two outs and runners on first and/or second. TIME PLAY RESPONSE

Responsd with the same signal to acknowledge awareness of the situation. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 41

The Base Umpire Page 41 DIAGRAMS AND MECHANICS FOR VARIOUS UMPIRE SYSTEMS

THE ONE-UMPIRE SYSTEM Between-inning Mechanics Plate umpire assumes a position approximately 10 feet from home plate, near the line in foul territory and facing the infield. Alternate foul lines according to the following policy: Take a position on the foul line that is on the side of the field the team coming off the field crosses to enter the bench area. The one-umpire system is being used in only a very few areas of the nation today. It is used only when necessity demands. It is not considered efficient nor adequate and is generally unsatisfactory. It is anticipated this system will be discarded by schools as soon as feasible. This has been so recommended by the NFHS Softball Rules Committee. One umpire cannot do an adequate job officiating a softball contest. It is the opinion of most softball authorities that when only one umpire officiates a game, the best location throughout the game is behind the plate prior to the pitch. If he takes a position behind the pitcher with a runner on first base only (some believe he/she should in this one case), his/her vantage point for ruling on pitches is poor, and he/she cannot reliably determine whether sharply hit line drives down the foul line strike fair or foul. There is no excuse for calling a play from behind or just in front of the plate. In the following diagrams, “U” will designate the umpire. Position: Situation:

A. Ground ball — no runners on B. Ground ball — runner on first base or runners on first and second bases C. Ground ball—bases loaded 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 42

Page 42 The Base Umpire Fly Ball Situation A. No runners — fly ball to infield or outfield and not near the foul line, or B. Runners on first base, or C. Runners on first and second or second only, move to a possible call at third or to foul territory ahead of the lead runner for a possible play at home if necessary after the catch, or D. Runner on second and third or first and third. NOTE: On all fly-ball situations where the ball is near the foul line, the umpire must stay on the foul line to determine whether the ball is fair or foul. Then move into the infield to pick up runners and plays.

No Runner on Base Situation A. No runners — single out B. No runners — double C. No runners — triple D. No runners — home run

NOTE: On all base hit situations, the umpire must watch runners tag bases and be aware of position of the ball. THE TWO-UMPIRE SYSTEM The most widely used umpire system in interscholastic softball is the two-umpire system. Following is a series of diagrams and procedures on umpire mechanics for this system of coverage. The positioning described in the illustration on the following pages is recommended for normal routine situations encountered. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN UMPIRES IS ESSENTIAL IN ALL SITUATIONS. Fly Ball Tag-up Responsibilities The PLATE UMPIRE has tag-up responsibilities under the following situations: 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 43

Communications and Signals Page 43 1. All runners at third base, and 2. The runner at second with runners at first and second base. The FIELD UMPIRE has tag-up responsibilities under the following situations: 1. All runners at first base. 2. The runner at second base with runners at second and third or second only. 3. Runners at first and second when the bases are loaded. NOTE: These tag-up procedures should be followed at all times. KEY TO DIAGRAMS: P — plate umpire; B — base or field umpire; R — runner or runners No Runners on Base PLATE UMPIRE: 1. On outfield ground balls close to foul line, as long as time permits, the plate umpire should move up the line to make the call. 2. On infield hits, move up the first-base line obverving the play and be prepared to help your partner. 3. Refer to the PLATE MECHANICS. FIELD UMPIRE: 1. Basic position is 18-21 feet beyond first base in foul territory. 2. Refer to FIELD MECHANICS. Runner on First Base PLATE UMPIRE: 1. On batted balls to the infield, move to the left of the catcher and up the first-base line to observe the play, then fade toward third base to cover the advancing runner. 2. On steals where there is a wild throw at second base, pick up the runner advancing to third base. 3. Refer to PLATE MECHANICS. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 44

Page 44 Basic Positions FIELD UMPIRE: 1. Take a set position outside the baseline off the second baseman’s left shoulder. This position will normally place the umpire two or three steps behind and to the left of the second baseman. 2. If the runner attempts to steal second, move toward the base, staying behind the fielder parallel to the baseline. If the throw is wild, move inside the base paths and be prepared to pick up the runner to home plate. The PLATE UMPIRE covers third base. 3. On a double play, take one step toward second base parallel to baseline, follow the flight of the ball and move toward first base as the ball turns you into the play. 4. Refer to FIELD MECHANICS.

Runner on Second Base Only PLATE UMPIRE: 1. On hits to the outfield, move toward third base. Be ready and in position to make a call by going down the left field foul line in foul ground. When a play is about to occur, move about 18-21 feet from third base, quickly move into the infield to make the call. 2. If the first play is at first base, and there is a throw to third, the plate umpire has the call at third. 3. Refer to PLATE MECHANICS.

FIELD UMPIRE: 1. Take a set position two or three steps behind and off the left shoulder of the shortstop. Be cautious so as not to interfere with the out- fielders view of the batter or play by the infielders. (See diagram) 2. On any ball hit to the infield, take the first play unless it is to home plate. If the first play is to first or second base, any subsequent play 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 45

Basic Positions Page 45 to third base is covered by the plate umpire. 3. On all balls hit through the infield or to the outfield that you do not go out on, watch the batter-runner touch first base and take the batter-runner all the way to third base. 4. On routine fly balls to the outfield, move to the infield to a position between the pitcher’s plate and the base line. You are responsible for the tag-up of the runner. 5. On an attempted steal of third, move toward third base and be prepared for a call. 6. Refer to FIELD MECHANICS. Runner on Third Base Only PLATE UMPIRE: 1. If a fly ball is hit, move to position to see the catch and the tag-up. 2. On base hits with a possible play at home, move to first-base foul line extended, watching the runner. If the runner goes home, watch the runner touch home base. 3. Refer to PLATE MECHANICS. FIELD UMPIRE: 1. Take a set position off the left shoulder of the shortstop. 2. If a ball is hit to the infield, wait until the fielder commits, then move quickly into position to make call. Let the throw turn your head. 3. Call all plays made on the first play unless it is to home plate. Take the batter-runner into third base and see that all bases are touched. 4. Refer to FIELD MECHANICS. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 46

Page 46 Basic Positions Runner on First and Second Base PLATE UMPIRE: 1. On base hits to the outfield, take lead runner into third base and home. On steals where there is a wild throw at second base, pick up the runner coming into third base. 2. Be ready and in position to make a call at third base by going to the holding zone 10-12 feet off of foul line, from the holding zone quickly HOLDING move into the infield for good posi- ZONE tion to make the call. If There is an Overthrow at 3rd Base: 2a.In returning to third base, and the ball is in foul territory, the plate umpire should stay inside the diamond, moving parallel to the baseline and assume a position 10 to 12 feet from home plate and 90 degrees from the path of the runner. On a play at third that allows the runner to advance, the ball for the most part, will wind up in foul territory. You remain inside the diamond as you move to home plate. All four elements will remain within view – the ball, the defense, the offense and the base. 3. On hits, move toward third base. If the lead runner comes home and there is no play made on the runner, drift toward third but watch the runner touch home plate. 4. You are also responsible for tag-up at second base. 5. Refer to PLATE MECHANICS. FIELD UMPIRE: 1. Take a set position two or three steps behind and off the left or right (optional) shoulder of the shortstop. 2. On any ball hit to the infield, take the first play unless it is to home plate. If the first play is to first or second base, any subsequent play to third base is covered by the plate umpire. 3. If the runner attempts to steal third, move toward the base to make the call. 4. On routine fly balls to the outfield, move into the infield to a position between pitcher’s plate and base line. You are responsible for the tag-up of the runner on first. 5. See that the runner and batter touch second and first bases. When 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 47

Basic Positions Page 47 the ball is in the outfield, take a position deep enough in the infield to allow you to move in for a play at either base. 6. Refer to FIELD MECHANICS. Runner on Second and Third Base PLATE UMPIRE: 1. If a fly ball is hit, line up the runner on third base and watch the tag-up. 2. On base hits, move toward third base. If the lead runner comes home and there is no play made on her, drift toward third, but watch the runner touch home plate. If there is a play at home, move back to a position in first-base foul line extended. 3. If the play is at first base, watch the lead runner touch home plate, then go to third for a possible play on the second runner. 4. Refer to PLATE MECHANICS.

Page 48 Basic Positions Runner on First and Third Base PLATE UMPIRE: 1. If a fly ball is hit, get out from behind home plate and line up the runner on third base and watch the tag-up. 2. On base hits, move toward third base. If the lead runner comes home and there is no play made, drift toward third, but watch the runner touch home plate. If there is a play at home, move back to a position toward the first-base foul line extended. 3. Refer to PLATE MECHANICS.

FIELD UMPIRE: 1. Take a set position two or three steps behind and off the left or right (optional) shoulder of the shortstop. 2. On any ball hit to the infield, take the first play unless it is to home plate. If the first play is to first or second base, any subsequent play to third base is covered by the plate umpire. 3. On a base hit, watch the runner on first touch second base and be alert for a play at that base, take the batter-runner as far as third base and make certain that each base is touched. 4. On fly balls, line up the runner on first base. After checking the runner tagging at first base, take the runner into second. 5. If the runner attempts to steal second, move toward the base, staying behind the fielder parallel to the baseline. If the throw is wild, move inside the base paths and be prepared to pick up the runner to home plate. The PLATE UMPIRE covers third base. If a runner on 1st base attempts to steal 2nd base, move toward the 2nd base, getting in the best position to view the play parallel to the baseline. 6. Refer to FIELD MECHANICS. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 49

Basic Positions Page 49 Bases Loaded PLATE UMPIRE: 1. If a fly ball is hit, get out from behind home plate, line up the runner on third base and watch the tag-up. 2. On base hits, move toward third base in foul territory. If the lead runner comes home and there is no play made, drift toward third, but watch the runner touch home plate. If there is a play at home, move back to a position toward the first-base foul line extended. 3. If the play is at first base, watch the lead runner touch home plate, then go to third for a possible play on the second runner. 4. Refer to PLATE MECHANICS. FIELD UMPIRE: 1. Take a set position two or three steps behind and off the left or right (optional) shoulder of the shortstop. 2. On any ball hit to the infield, take the first play unless it is to home plate. If the first play is to first or second base, any subsequent play to third base is covered by the plate umpire. 3. Line up runners at first and second base on fly balls. 4. If a ball is hit to the infield, wait until the fielder commits then move quickly toward that base. Let the ball turn your head. 5. On any ball hit to the outfield, be prepared to make a call at first, second or third base. 6. Refer to FIELD MECHANICS. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 50

Page 50 Basic Positions WORKING BETWEEN PITCHES: 1. Refer to Field Mechanics Page 21, Item 3. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 51

Basic Positions Page 51 WORKING BETWEEN PITCHES: 1. Refer to Field Mechanics Page 21, Item 3. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 52

Page 52 Basic Positions THREE UMPIRE MECHANICS

• Starting Positions There are only three different positions you will ever be in at the start of the pitch 1. Standard position 2. Rotated position I 3. Counter-rotated position

1. Standard Starting Position A. Use when no runners are on P: Behind the plate

U1 & U3: On the line in foul territory, 18-21 feet from the base, standing, facing the plate

B. Use when there is a runner on third base only

P: Behind the plate

U1: On the line in foul territory, 18-21 feet from the base, standing, facing the plate

U3: On the line in foul territory, 10-12 feet from the base, set position, facing the plate

2. Rotated Starting Position A. Use when there is a runner on first base only

P: Behind the plate U1: On the line in foul territory, 10-12 feet from the base, set position, facing the plate

U3: On an imaginary line extending from third base through second base and straight out towards right cen- terfield, 12 feet beyond second base, set position, facinq the plate 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 53

Basic Positions Page 53 3. Counter-rotated Starting Position A. Use in every runner configuration other than no one on, runner on first only and runner on third only

P: Behind the plate

U1: Depending on where the runners are, somewhere in the 30 feet between 15 feet from first base and 15 feet from second base, optimally no more than 15 feet behind the baseline, set position, facing the plate

U3: Depending on where the runners are 10-12 feet from third base, in foul territory, set position, facing the plate

• When and How Umpires Rotate Solid line is Initial Responsibility. Dashed line is Subsequent Responsi- bility. Lines DO NOT indicate umpire movement path, only umpire base responsibility

1. From the Standard Starting Position A. No runners on base

P: Responsible for third base.

U1: Initially responsible for first base and subsequently responsible for home plate

U3: Initially responsible for second base and subsequently responsible for first and second base

B. Runner on third only - if R3 does not commit to home plate, this rotation will not occur

P: Initially responsible for home plate, subsequently responsible for third base 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 54

Page 54 Game Situations U1: Initially responsible for first base and subsequently responsible for home plate

U3: Initially responsible for third base, subsequently responsible for second base and first

2. From the Rotated Starting Position

P: Responsible for third base

U1: Initially responsible for first base and subsequently responsible for home plate

U3: Initially responsible for second base, subsequently responsible for first and second base

3. From the Counter-Rotated Starting Position with either a runner on second only or runners on sec9~d and third only – in either configuration, if R2 does not commit to home plate, this rotation will not occur

P: Responsible for home plate, subsequently responsible for third base if U3 rotates to second base

U1: Responsible for first base, subsequently responsible for second base unless U3 rotates into to second. If U3 rotates into second base, U1 is subsequently responsible for home plate

U3: Responsible for third base, subsequently may be responsible for second base unless U1 is taking second base 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 55

Three Umpire System Page 55 • Tag Up Responsibilities Lines indicate the base or bases an umpire is responsible for. The lines do not indicate umpire movement or positioning. A. No umpires chases

Runner on First  U1 has Tag at First Runner on Second  U1 has Tag at Second Runner on Third  U3 has tag at Third Runners on Fisrt & Second  U1 has Tag at First & Second Runners on First & Third  U1 has Tag at First·U3 has Tag at Third Runners on Second & Third  U1 has Tag at Second·U3 has Tag at Third Bases Loaded  U1 has Tag at First & Second· U3 has Tag at Third Fly Ball Coverage – Chasing 1. From the Standard Starting Position Chase when: • Ball is close to fence • More then one fielder is going for the ball • It looks like trouble: • Short hop • Back pedaling • Diving 2. From the Rotated Starting Position Chase parallel to the flight (path) of the ball UNLESS you will need to judge fair/foul. If you will need to judge fair/foul, chase down the line. Always be stopped to see the catch/no catch and to render your judgment. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 56

Page 56 Three Umpire System 3. From the Counter-rotated Starting Position When an umpire chases, we are working with two umpires. Usually, but not always, we revert to the two umpire system. For instance, when 1U chases with no one on, P covers 1st and 3U rotates into 2nd. When the BR advances to 2nd, P goes back to the plate and 3U takes the runner to 3rd if needed.

Runners on 1st & 3rd • 1U Chases • P has 3rd • 3U has 1st

Runners on 1st & 3rd • 3U Chases • P has 3rd • 1U has 1st

Runners on 2nd & 3rd • 1U Chases • P has 3rd • 3U has 2nd

Runners on 2nd & 3rd • 3U Chases • P has 3rd • 1U has 2nd 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 57

Three Umpire System Page 57

B. When an umpire chases 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 58

Page 58 Three Umpire System

B. When an umpire chases continued 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 59

Three Umpire System Page 59

B. Umpire Responsibilities for Runners Leaving Before the Pitch is Released 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 60

Page 60 Two and Three-Umpire Between Inning Mechanics

TWO AND THREE-UMPIRE BETWEEN INNING MECHANICS

PLATE UMPIRE: The plate umpire shall stand between home and third or home and first. Alternating foul lines by taking a position on the foul line extended 6 to 8 feet from the plate that is on the opposite side of the field where the team is coming off the field.

BASE UMPIRE: The base umpire shall clean the pitcher’s plate after the conclusion of each half inning prior to jogging to the outfield grass. 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 61

Spectator Management Policy Page 61 SPECTATOR MANAGEMENT POLICY Officials are only responsible for team personnel (Players, Coaches, Non-Play- ers, Team Attendants) relating to the game. Game management is responsible for everyone else. If someone not under the official’s jurisdiction is to be justi- fiably removed, you must stop the contest, locate home game management and ask them to handle the situation. Resume play once it is handled. If game management does not handle or refuses to handle the situation, then you give them one more opportunity. If they still do not handle or refuse to handle the situation, the contest may then be forfeited. The forfeiture and cause for forfeiture must be reported to the state office within 12 hours of the contest.

Four Questions to be asked to determine the justification of having someone removed: 1. Did the spectator use profanity or offer personal threats of bodily harm against the official? 2. Did the spectator ever leave the stands and come on the playing surface? 3. Did the spectator do or say anything to disrupt the game in any other way besides intimidating the official? 4. Did this situation have to be handled in this manner or could this situation have been handled in a better way? 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 62

Page 62 NOTES 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 63 38761text.qxp_Layout 1 6/20/16 2:06 PM Page 64