A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Vol. 30, No. 52 Dec. 28, 1987-Jan. 3, 1988 Bishop Ting on Protestantism in China

/987 r-3W

BeijingRevie w VOL. Ml NO. S2 Dr:c, t^W7-.IAN. 3, I9KS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK CONTENTS NOTES FROM THE EDITORS Developing Democracy at Basic Units Developing Democracy at the Grass Roots EVENTS/TRENDS 59 Time is Ripe for Press • The Village Law. approved by the NPC Standing Reform Cortimittee and promulgated last November, laimches the 800 Shoddy Goods Cause a Stir million Chinese farmers on the road to exercising their Actress Assailed for democratic rights according to law. and helps them raise their Tax Kvasion ability to run village, township, county and finally state affairs Acupuncture Link to so that China's socialist democracy can develop (p. 4). MDS Denied Peace Campaign Moves f'orward Township Products Hit World Market Records at 6th National Games Suidcnl F'onnd Cuiill\ Weekly Chronicle • At the 6lh National Games which ended earlier in (Dec. 14-20) December. 17 world and 48 Asian records were broken, proving INTERNATIONAL 10-13 that China is beccfming a force to be reckoned with (p. 2.^): ASEAN Summit: Regional Co-operation i'lirthcr Strengthened South Korea: Violence. Cries or.I'rjHid T'oUow National Music Thriving l:lcctioijr> l-edcrai Germ;in\ Fx-onoinic • China's traditional music has gone be>ond standard playing Moves Ciei MiKcd Welcome techniques and traditional folk tunes. Chinese composers are France-Africa: Debt Problems returning to the traditions for inspiration - - producing modern Dominate I'alks music with a strong Chinese tlasour. Traditional instruments, Growth of Protestant Church loo. feature vsidely in their old and modified forms (p. 27). In China 14 Mt. Wutai—Symbol of Religious Freedom 16 A Roman Catholic Church tn Wuhan 21 National Games, a Show Religious Belief Is Free in China Of Sports Muscle 23 Traditional Music Thriving • There are three to four million Protestant Christians in With the Reform 27 China, says Bishop K.H. Ting. In this interview the Bishop Old-Age Care in Reform 30 discusses the work of the China Christian Council and the Index for Nos. 27-52 Centrefold future relations between churches in Hong Kong and on the BUSINESS/TRADE 32-33 mainland (p. 14). A report on religious activities at Wutai CULTURE/SCIENCE 34-35 Mountain (p. 16); and a report on a Roman Catholic chmx-h in FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 36 Wuhan (p. 21). TOURISM 38 COVER: The Sixth National Games

Puhl(shf;tl evHry Mondav l^v Subscription rates (1 year): USA US$24.00 General Editorial Office Tel: 893860 BEIJING REVIEW English Dept Tel: 831.5599 Ext. 546 Australia A.$24.00 Canada Can.$23.00 ?4 Saiwanzhuang Road, Distributed by China International Book New Zealand N2.$33.00 Beijing 100037 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) The People's Republic of Chifio P O. Box 399, Bailing, China UK £13.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS Developing Democracy at Basic Units by Li Li

ccording to the Village Com• which decided to abolish the conveying the masses' opinions Amittee Law (for trial imple- production brigades and establish and demands to the government mcnlation) of the People's Repub• village committees whose self- and offering suggestions. lic of China, approved by the management is clearly defined. In order to ensure that the Standing Committee of the Over 900,000 such village commit• villagers effectively exercise their National People's Congress tees have since been established in democradc rights, the Village (NPC) and promulgated in late many rural areas. Experience over Committee Law stipulates: November, village committees, the last five years has proved that 1. The village conference, which self-managing mass organiz• the village committee is indeed a includes villagers over 18, enjoys ations, will be established good tool for grass-roots units to the highest status and power. throughout rural China. This is a exercise direct democratic rights. Anything concerning the village's major event in the development of interests should be discussed by democracy in the countryside. the village conference. On the In his report to the 13th Party basis of majority rule, the Congress, Party General Secretary conference will decide what Zhao Ziyang said, "The essence of he Village Committee should be done, what should not socialist democracy is that the be done and what should be people are masters of the Law, promulgated in late postponed. It will also decide how country." This is expressed on two November, specifies the to deploy the workforce, and how important levels: one is the NPC major tasks for these to raise funds. These things must and the local people's congresses committees as: handling not be decided by members of the elected by the people, which village committee or by any other exercise state power; the second is the public affairs of the small grouping. village, mediating in disputes, direct democracy at the grass• 2. The village committee will be roots level, which will help the helping maintain public responsible to the village confer• masses handle their own affairs order, and serving as a ence. In line with the village according to law. Promulgation of channel between the conference's decisions, the village the Village Committee Law government and the masses committee works for the interests launches the 800 million Chinese of the villagers and accepts the farmers on the road to exercising by conveying the people's village conference's supervision. their democratic rights according feelings to the higher levels. 3. In making a decision, the to law. village committee must accept Since the founding of the majority rule, overcome bureauc• People's Republic in 1949, the ratism and the tendency to use rural grass-roots organizations The Village Committee Law administrative decree; the com• have been an administrative organ specifies the major tasks for these mittee must not use coercion and subordinate to the next level up. committees: commandism or become For example, the administrative • Handling the public affairs and revengeful. villages in the early post-liberation utilities of the village (rebuilding Feudal influences are deeply days and the production brigades bridges, repairing roads, operat• rooted in China and there is not administrative committees set up ing nurseries and homes for the much democratic tradition. When after the establishment of the aged, improving public hygiene, the village committee is well run, people's communes in 1958 were and organizing mass cultural and the farmers, through the practice usually charged with transmitting recreational activities); of self-management, will heighten the higher level's instructions • Mediating in disputes among their sense of democracy, cultivate down to the villagers. The villagers, promoting unity and democratic habits, learn the skills committees led the villagers in family harmony; of democratic management and fulfilling these tasks. They had • Helping the people's govern• gradually raise their ability to little autonomy and were not ment and the public security administer the affairs of a village, instruments for the villagers to organizations with maintaining a township, a county and finally exercise their democratic rights. public order and security; the affairs of the state so that In 1982 the Chinese government • Serving as a channel between China's socialist democracy can promulgated the new Constitution the government and the masses by develop. ^

4 BFLllNCi RFViFW. DFC. 2S. I9h7-JAN, 19SS m EVENTSARENDS ——

veteran journalist said. Time Is Ripe for Press Reform Li Ji, editor-in-chief of Workers' Daily, said the main task of press reform is to satisfy the demands of he Chinese media have covered ation in an open press. Fan readers and produce newspapers Ta lot of stories about the expanded on this idea, saying that that are "readable and reliable." reforms taking place in every the press should also let the world Li said the old idea that the press sector of society, but the reform of know more about China and should be tightly controlled the press itself has lagged far China know more about the should be broken down. A senior behind. The time has come to world. editor at the Shanghai seminar catch up, leading journalists say. In the past, the openness of the said the old view of the press as "The present period is the best Chinese press has been limited. At purely a propaganda tool should one for press reform since such times, ordinary people could learn be changed too. reform was first proposed in about some big decisions by the Li Pu, former deputy head of 1956," said Fan Jingyi, editor-in- central authorities or what Party Xinhua News Agency, said that chief of Economic Daily. His and government leaders told the reform of techniques of news opinion was echoed by other foreign visitors only by listening to writing and reporting, which was veteran journalists who attended foreign radio stations or reading discussed in the past, involves only recent seminars held in Beijing and the foreign press. The Chinese technical improvements. "We Shanghai to discuss the question even have a saying to describe this should focus now on the reform of of media reform. odd phenomenon. It is known as press systems and press legisl• The 13th Congress of the "selling exports in the domestic ation." Many journalists agreed Communist Party of China, which market." It was common in the that a press law is needed as part of took place at the end of October, 1960s and 1970s for people to the media reform, saying that called for political reform, includ• learn that a meeting of the central without a press law, journalists ing more discussion of key issues authorities was being held only cannot protect their rights. among the people. The congress when the meeting wound up. Li Senhua, deputy director of seemed to pave the way for press Today's media should help the Shanghai People's Radio reform, and the immediate and heighten people's consciousness Station, said that when mass detailed information provided about participating in poHdcal life media play their role of supervi• about the congress itself was seen and enhance their ability to do so, sion, administrative interference as a successful trial move into the said Hu Jiwei, president of the must be prevented. "Passing a area. Capital Journalism Society and press law can contribute to that," Gong Xueping, director of the former director of People's Daily. Li said. • Shanghai Broadcasting and TV He criticized some top leaders' Bureau, said it is obvious that the past practice of giving more pace of press reform has been interviews to foreign reporters slow. One of the major reasons, he than to local ones, thus forcing Shoddy Goods said, is that the specific policies for Chinese people to get their news Cause a Stir the reform are unclear. It did not from abroad. He suggested that come up when other reform the state should provide more and ie unexpected cancellation ol policies were being formulated. faster information about political the country's first exhibition of affairs, except in cases where T Now, Chinese journalists are shoddy light industrial secrecy is necessary. Hu also considering what direction the products — orginally scheduled advocated more on-the-spot press reform should take and what for mid-December in Beijing — coverage of important events so it should involve. According to was a shock to many consumers that they are subject to public Zeng Jianhui, deputy head of but a relief to several producers, scrutiny. Xinhua News Agency, the reform Beijing newspapers reported. should advance towards the goal Xinhua reporter Wu Jincai said of openness. Newspapers should speak for both the leadership and the in a highly critical commentary on Du Daozheng, chairman of the people, Hu said. "This is one of December 13 that the cancellation Media and Publications Office, the basic principles of proletarian of the exhibition is a significant said one aim of the press reform is journalism." But because of some event in the history of the Ministry to inform people about vital specific historical factors, especi• of Light Industry and the issues, act as a forum for ally the influence of the "left" line, endeavour to build up a planned discussion, and communicate the emphasis in the past has been commodity economy in China people's opinions, proposals and on speaking for the leaders; and through reforms. complaints to the authorities. This the press has been regarded as a According to Wu, 4,000 letters would lead to popular particip• "textbook" for the people, the of complaint about the poor

BEIJING REVIEW. DEC. 28. I9S7-JAN, ^. 1988 • EVENTSARENDS

quality of light industrial pro• Still, it is clear that some factory ing her income form the shows. "If ducts, which poured into' the directors put pressure on the you think I've received the money, ministry in the four months prior ministry. They said, "let Zeng show me the evidence, otherwise I to the date of the show, have been Xianlin be the director of the won't pay any taxes," she said. kept secret. factory and have a try," Econiomic It was not until recently, after A department of the ministry Daily reported. • her studio's authorities applied even tried to ferret out the pressure, that Hong reluctantly "informer" after television re• admitted to earning some money porters filmed a warehouse where from the shows and paid 1,400 shoddy and inferior goods were Actress Assailed yuan in taxes and fines for tax kept, Wu said. For Tax Evasion evasion. Zeng Xianlin, minister of Light Economic Daily commented Industry, has admitted that some that it is not a bad thing for show people at the ministry were ax evasion by show business business personalities to become resentful of the exhibition. To Tcelebrities has drawn severe rich quickly by charging higher protect their favourite factories, criticism recently and China is fees for their professional services, Zeng said, they deleted letters of implementing nationwide inspec• but their incomes must be legal. complaint about the factories' tion in, a bid to eliminate the State law should not be ignored, products from the computerized problem. the paper said. files. Economic Daily, a leading Hong is not the only tax evader Chinese consumers lack legal Beijing-based newspaper, criti• in show business. Others, includ• protection and officials are under cized several film stars — ing two stand-up comics who no legal obligation to pay including one by name — in a enjoy a nationwide reputation, a attention to letters of complaint front-page story on November 26 famous female singer with the from consumers. As a result, headlined. "Comrades, you can• China Broadcasting Art Troupe officials often regard the handling not ignore your duly to pay tax." and an actress in the Nanjing of a complaint letter as bestowing The star mentioned in the article Modern Drama Troupe, have a favour on the sender, Wu said. is Hong Xuemin, an actress who created problems for the Revenue The ministry's original decision to rose to fame for her roles in several Bureau by refusing to pay income hold the exhibition reflected its award-winning features including tax. desire to protect consumer Legends of Tianyiin Mountain and interests, he added. Happiness Knocks at the Door. "Actors and celebrities in show business are expected to play an According to a rule introduced important role in raising social On December 16 Economic at the beginning of this year, morality," Economic Daily said. Daily reported on a press individuals with monthly incomes "They should set a good example conference held by the Ministry of exceeding 400 yuan (about for observing the law." Light Industry to explain the US$108) must pay personal cancellation of the show. The income tax. But most people There are people who pay their ministry said that after consumers ignore this rule, intentionally income tax on their own initiative. were told to hand in their letters of evading tax payments without Dong Wenhua, a famous singer complaint and the shoddy items realizing it is illegal. with the Shengyang Military they had purchased three months Region Song and Dance Troupe, before the scheduled exhibition, The sialc collected 13 million reported her income as soon as she the factories concerned sent yuan in personal income tax in the discovered she should pay per• hordes of repair teams to Beijing first 10 months of this year, far sonal tax, and paid 3,200 yuan. to try to remedy the consumers' below the expected amount. Jiang Kun, a stand-up comic with problems. Fearing that these According to Economic Daily, the China Broadcasting Art teams would be withdrawn, the much of the shortfall was due to Troupe, regularly pays his income ministry cancelled the exhibition. tax evasion. tax. Leaders of the ministry also said It was verified that from From .lanuary to September, that as long as the markets are in February 4-15, Hong earned at high-ranking Party, state and the hands of the producers, least 8,400 yuan from musical army leaders living in Beijing, with supervision over product quality productions in Sichuan Province. a monthly income of over 400 should be a lengthy and careful Not only did she fail to pay any yuan, paid tax. process. The officials also ex• taxes on her return to Beijing but "Laws embody the will of the plained that China's light industry she also denied she had received state with authority and solemn• has just started to gather the money when, three months ity. Once put into effect, they momentum and the reputation of later, the Beijing Revenue Bureau should be followed strictly by all products that may be destined for made enquiries after receiving citizens without exception," export must be protected. documents from Sichuan report• Economic Daily said. "The

Bl MINCi RFA'IRW. DFC. 2S. I9S7-.IAN. 3. I98S concept that citizens pay taxes places where sterile conditions are Peace Campaign according to the r.ule and that it is not assured. glorious to pay tax. should be It also quoted the Canadian IVIoves Forward fostered." • Health Ministry as saying the woman "did not belong to any of he past two years have seen the known high risk groups" for Tachievements in launching a Acupuncture Link AIDS, which include homo• peace movement in China and sexuals, drug addicts and further efforts will be made to To AIDS Denied haemophiliacs. safeguard world peace, said Ou Tangliang, vice-president of the hinese doctors defended acu• "Although we cannot be Chinese People's Association for Cpuncture safety procedures absolutely sure about the exact Peace and Disarmament. and criticized as •"medically source of the infection, circum• The comments were made at a unsound"" foreign press reports stantial evidence tends to incrimi• meeting of the association's alleging that a case of AIDS was nate acupuncture procedure un• member organizations held on transmitted through acupuncture. dertaken about 20 months December 17 in Beijing. The In a story on December I, the before," the circular said. meeting was called to exchange Renter news agency quoted the The Canadian Embassy refused information and experience Canadian Embassy in Beijing as to disclose the name of the gained in the course of peace and saying that a Canadian woman, woman, where she worked or disarmament work and to en• who died as a result of acquired where she received treatment in courage Chinese people to take immune deficiency syndrome Beijing. initiative in the global peace soon after recently returning home It said, however, that the movement. from Beijing, appeared to have Canadian Health Ministry state• "Peace and development are the caught AIDS from acupuncture ment was issued to all overseas most vital and urgent issues facing treatment 20 months before in the embassies to warn against all the world today," Ou said. Chinese capital. unsafe skin penetrations including "Safeguarding world peace is the ear-piercing and tattooing. It does fundamental goal of our inde• The Associated Press carried a not exclude the possibility that the pendent foreign policy." similar report on December 2. woman ftiight have contracted Referring to the current intern• Officials from the Administr• AIDS elsewhere, before coming to ational situation. Ou said that the ation Bureau of Chinese Medicine China. treaty to scrap intermediate-range said they were shocked by these Prof. Hong Jiping, an expert in nuclear forces recently signed by reports and had never heard of infectious diseases at the Beijing- Soviet Union and the United similar cases before. Acupuncture based Sino-Japanese Friendship States has eased to some degree needles and other skin-penetrating Hospital, said a person can be an the tensions between East and injectors are strictly sterilized AIDS virus carrier for five or six West. But she pointed out that the under high pressure as ordered by years before AIDS is detected. He pact is only the first step on a long China's Ministry of Public Health, said his hospital offers AIDS virus and tortuous road to nuclear they said. Foreigners are urged to tests for foreigners who wish to disarmament. The achievement of have acupuncture treatment in stay in China for a year or more. this goal will require unremitting designated hospitals and clinics in Such tests are requiced under efforts by people all over the Beijing which abandon used Chinese law. world. needles and injectors to prevent Hegemonism must be opposed cross infection. He said the report of the to effectively maintain world Zhang Ruxin. a senior doctor at acupuncture-transmitted AIDS peace . Ou said. "Encroaching on Beijing's Hospital of Chinese case is medically unsound, adding a nations independence and Medicine, said that all doctors in that the first AIDS case in China, sovereignly means jeopardizing his hospital observe these rules, an Argentine tourist, was only world peace. Therefore, the and in his 34 years of practice, he discovered in the summer of 1985. struggle to maintain world peace has never encountered a case of Other cases of AIDS found in must be closely integrated with the' cross infection caused by un- China have mainly involved struggle to eliminate regional sieriiizcd acupuncture needles. foreigners and overseas Chinese conflicts." According to the Reuter report, who lived in the United States for The international peace move• the Canadian Embassy distributed many years. A few haemophiliacs ment reflects the global trend a circular to Canadian citizens in were infected with the AIDS virus towards opposing war. Ou said, the Chinese capital on December I after treatment with blood "It is clear that people are the and cited the AIDS case to warn of products imported from the basic safeguard for world peace." the dangers of acupuncture in United States. • The Chinese People's Associ-

RUING RHVinVV. Df.C. :s. I9S7-.I,AN. v I 9XS ^ EVENTS ARENDS

ation for Peace and Disarmament, circumstances. 15 million village and township established in 1985, is a non• China has fulfilled the promise enterprises were employing 80 governmental organization spon• it made in 1985 to reduce its armed million people. Annual output sored by and composed of 24 forces by 1 million troops. The reached 354 billion yuan 1986, organizations and prominent country's cuts in military spend• accounting for 19.1 percent of the public figures from various ing, the transfer of some military total output for the country and 48 nationalities and sectors. These facilities to civilian use and the percent for rural areas. In Jiangsu include the Chinese Association training of servicemen in a variety and Zhejiang provinces, where for International Understanding, of skills are also conducive to village and township enterprises the All-China Federation of Trade economic development. are more developed, the annual Unions, the All-China Federation The Chinese are a peace-loving output amounts to half the total of Youth, the All-China Women's people. The association receives industrial output value of the two Federation, the Chinese People's many letters from ordinary provinces. Association for Friendship with citizens expressing their longing As their production capabilities Foreign Countries, the China for peace. increase, village and township Association for Science and A young worker in Tianjin enterprises are looking to the Technology, the Chinese Red wrote a play called Save Mankind. world market. There were 11,000 Cross Society, the Soong Ching In a letter to the association, he export-oriented enterprises in Ling Foundation, the Chinese said, "Although at the age of 23 I 1986, compared with 8,500 in 1985 Buddhist Association and the haven't experienced war, I know and 1,500 in 1980. Chinese Patriotic Catholic all the same the destruction that Exports from rural enterprises Association. war wreaks on mankind and the have changed from the handicrafts The group's objective is to work value of a peaceful life. I want to and low-grade garments of the together with people from other use my pen to express my views on past to products such as high- and countries in a joint effort to war, peace, life and development, medium-grade garments, machin• safeguard world peace, strive for and to describe people's hopes for ery and household electrical total disarmament and prevent a peace." appliances. In the past three years, new world war. Its activities have The association will continue to 16 exports products have won included holding an exhibition encourage its member organiz• gold or silver awards, and a large showing the horrors of the atom ations to carry out various number of products enjoy bomb explosions in Japan; domestic peace actions and to inspection-free privileges. sponsoring a forum entitled develop international exchanges, He Kang, minister of Agricul• Talking Peace in the Year of Ou said. The group will also pay ture, Animal Husbandry and Peace, at which representatives more attention to research and to Fishery, said the state will adopt a from every sector in Beijing spoke improving the quality of its series of new policies, including out on the issue; publishing a leaders. priority loan approvals, to magazine in English called Peace by Chen Qiuping encourage rural enterprises to as a medium for exchanging become export-oriented. He said information and developing links that export-oriented rural enterpr• with non-governmental peace and ises can play an active role in disarmament groups and spokes• China's foreign trade, and efforts men in other countries; and Township Products should be geared towards earning holding a Peace Cup youth Hit World Market the targeted US$8 billion from football match, jointly sponsored exports in 1990. • by the State Physical Culture and illions of China's township Sports Commission. M enterprises with their high- The association has established quality products have entered friendly ties with 170 peace world economic and trade mar• organizations in more than 40 kets. A total of US$4.5 billion in Student Found countries. foreign exchange was earned by China is committed to disarma• exports from township enterprises Guilty ment. The country's top leaders in 1986. It is estimated that 1987 stress that the Chinese people's export earnings will reach US$5 interest lies in peace and that billion. he Shanghai Iniermediate China opposes and will never take Since 1978. the number of T People's Court on December part in the arms race. China has township enterprises in China has 21 sentenced \g Wei. a sludenl always made it clear that it will not increased dramatically at an who has rcUirned from the United to be the first to use nuclear average rate of 20 percent each Stales, lo a fixed prison term of weapons under any year. By the end of 1986, a total of two years and depri\ed him of his

BI.I.IING REVIEW. mC. 2S. 1W7-.IAN. .\ political rights for one year for Weekly Chronicle encourage technical personnel to conducling •"demagogical propa• (December 14-20) contract, lease or launch rural ganda foi' counter-revolutionary enterprises and other economic ends." entities in remote areas, areas and Yang was tried in open court. POLITICAL impoverished areas. Court in\csiigalions showed that Yang went to study in the December 16 December 15 United States in 1983, and in 1985 • The second plenary meeting of • China's steel production for joined the Chinese Alliance of the Political Bureau of the- CPC 1987 is expected to exceed 55 million tons, about 70 percent Democracy. an organization Central Committee is held in higher than in 1978. aimed at "abolishing the "Four Beijing. Cardinal Principles" in the Chinese Members discuss and approve Constitution" and ""fLuidameni- in principle plans for the reform of ally changing tlie present autocra• the departments under the CPC CULTURAL tic system in China." Central Committee and State The Four Cardinal Principles in Council. The plan for the reform December 16 the Constitution refer to adhere• of departments under the State • More than 400 tourists from nce 10 the socialist road, the Council will be implemented by Hong Kong, Macao and foreign people's democratic dictatorship. the council after it is approved by countries have visited the Shenz- Communist Party leadership, and the National People's Congress. hou Canine Park, the first of its Marxism. Leninism and Mao • At the closing meeting of the kind in China, which opened Zedong Thought. sixth session of the Hong Kong recently in the city of Linfen, Basic Law Drafting Committee, Ji Shanxi Province. The court heard that Yang Pengfei, the committee chairman, The 93-hectare park features wrote articles for the says, "We've made a lot of 400 dogs of various fine breeds. organization's Journal China progress, but the committee still Spring in which he attacked the faces some hard work." people's democratic dictatorship He calls on subcommittees to SOCIAL and the socialist system. revise drafts of chapters and After he returned to Shanghai in articles, drawing on the opinions December 14 May 1986, the court was told, of members, the advisory commit• • Two suns are seen side by side Yang was active in collecting tee and other individuals and over the sea in the early morning information about student unrest groups. near Laoshan Mountain, a tourist at the end of 1986 and secretly sent The committee decides to hold resort in the port city of Qingdao, material back to the headquarters its seventh session in April. Shandong Province. of the alliance. He was found to • At a weekly news briefing, a The two suns are similar in size have put up reactionary slogans Chinese Foreign Ministry spokes• and about 10 metres apart, one on the campus of Fudan man says the Chinese government minute later, the sun on the right University on December 22, 1986. and people greatly appreciate the gradually dwindles and dims. Yang sent letters from the efforts of the Association of Witnesses say the phenomenon alliance to students in Beijing and Southeast Asian Nations to urge lasts for about five minutes. Guangzhou which called on Viet Nam to withdraw its troops Similar unusual phenomena students to expand the dis- from Kampuchea so as to achieve have appeared before, but only at tubances. He also incited others to a political settlement of the the South Pole, Chinese publicize the letters and to defy Kampuchean conflict. meteorologists say. government decrees, the court was Told. Yang was represented by ECONOMIC FOREIGN RELATIONS lawyers Li Guoji and Song Xiaohong. Yang's parents were December 14 December 18 present at the trial. The court • China will set up special offices • At a meeting in Beijing, ruling was the first under Articles in provincial capitals and other Chinese President Li Xiannian 102 and 52 of the Chinese major cities in the coming year to and Vanuatu President Ati Criminal Law. handle the transfer of technical George Sokomanu express satis• Meanwhile, an official of the personnel. faction with the development of Shanghai Public Security Bureau Guo Shuyan, vice-minister of bilateral ties since 1982, when the denounced the Chinese Alliance the State Science and Technology countries established diplomatic for Democracy as a reactionary Commission, says the state will relations. Sokomanu is on an organization. • 1 adopt preferential policies to official goodwill visit to China.

BF,i.llNG REVIEW. DEC. 2X. 1987-JAN. 3. 1^88 INTERNATIONAL

ASEAN SUMMIT on ASEAN industrial joint ventures; and — an agreement for the pro• Regional Co-operation Further Strengthened motion and protection of intra- ASEAN investments. The agreements call for higher The most obvious objective of the recent ASEAN summit was tariff discounts, the phasing-out to strengthen solidarity and co-operation among its members. and eventual elimination of non- tariff restrictions, and protection and promotion of investments.

he two-day third summit of the In closed-door sessions the Ecnomically, ASEAN as a TAssociation of Southeast Asian participants in the summit also whole has registered one of the Nations (ASEAN), which ended approved four documents drafted fastest annual economic growth in Manila on December 15, by their economic ministers to rates by world standards, ranging adopted the Manila Declaration promote economic co-operation. from 5 to 7 percent a year. of 1987. Described by ASEAN The achievements of the summit in ASEAN countries, which ex• leaders as a declaration of the economic field, which are ported mainly raw materials two ASEAN's resolve, the document characterized by new directions decades ago, now account for 22,5 states that ASEAN shall pursue and initiatives for closer economic percent of manufactured exports regional solidarity and co• co-operation, are embodied in the from developing countries. With a operation under all circumstances, four documents: combined population of almost especially when pressures and — a protocol on the tariff 300 million, ASEAN countries tension of any kind, arising from scheme under the ASEAN produce about 95 percent of the within or outside the region, preferential trading arrangement; world's abaca (Manila hemp), 77 challenge the capacities, resource• — an agreement on halting and percent of its natural rubber, 83 fulness and goodwill of the lifting of non-tariff barriers; percent of its palm oil, 44 percent ASEAN nations. — the revised basic agreement of its tin, 59 percent of its coconut

The six ASEAN leaders at the opening of the IVIanila summit. AN HEADS OMEETMF GOVB

DECEMBER 1987 MANILA.

Hri.MN(i Rrvif.W. OF.C. 2,N. I9.S7-JAN. .V im and 64 percent of its copper. They six member countries constitute declaration of Southeast Asia as a also produce substantial quant• the highest authority in ASEAN. nuclear-free zone. They failed to ities of sugar, coffee, timber, They meet as and when necessary sign a resolution on the issue as tropical fruits and minerals. But to give policy directions to the expected and decided to hold progress in regional economic co• various ASEAN organs. So far further discussions and conduct a operation has nevertheless been there have been three summit thorough study on the proposal. slow. Intra-ASEAN trade, for meetings hosted in rotation The fruits of the summit mainly example, constitutes only 18 according to the alphabetical hinge on how the declaration and percent of the group's total trade. order of the member countries. agreements will be carried out. As The new agreements are expected The summits have been held in Thai Prime Minister Prem Tinsu- to increase regional co-operation. Bah, Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur lanonda pointed out in his closing and Manila. statement: "Much remains to be In the politicial field, the At the recent meeting dif• done to translate these agreed summit participants only discus• ferences arose between summit objectives into actions, and herein sed major issues affecting peace participants on thorny regional lies the challenge ahead of us." and stability in the region. The security issues such as the heads of member governments all by Zhai Shuyao agreed that the peace and stability of the region had been disturbed by the Vietnamese invasion and SOUTH KOREA occupation of Kampuchea since 1978. They urged the Vietnamese government to hold "serious discussions" on the Kampuchean Violence, Cries of Fraud Follow Election problem and demanded the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops. In the Manila declaration, they The victory of Roh Tae Woo in South Korea's first direct stressed the need for "a durable presidential election in 16 years was greeted by riots and comprehensive political solution" allegations of electoral irregularities. to the problem. The issue of Indochinese refugees, which has placed a heavy burden on some oh Tae Woo, candidate of the ASEAN countries, was also The protesters said they were ruling Democratic Justice underlined. R holding fake ballot papers to stop Party (DJP), has been elected election workers destroying South Korea's 13th president. evidence of fraud. The police The summit leaders reaffirmed Roh won 36.4 percent of the votes made more than 900 arrests. The their commitment to the realiz• cast in South Korea's first direct day before, some 1,000 students ation of Southeast Asia as a zone presidential election in 16 years, and others in Kwangju staged a of peace, freedom and neutrality which was held on December 16. rally demanding nullification of despite obstacles presented by the the election. Vietnamese occupation of The outcome of the voting, Kampuchea. which had been expected by many Roh, a 55-year-old former army analysts, was immediately challen• Born out of the Bangkok man, took part in the military ged by opposition parties. They Declaration or ASEAN Consti• coup led by Chun Doo Hwan after accused the regime of rigging the tution on August 8, 1967, ASEAN Park Chung Hee was killed in election and hiring thugs to beat expanded its original membership 1979. Roh also had a hand in up neutral observers. The two of Indonesia, Malaysia, the putting down the Kwangju major opposition leaders, Kim Philippines, Singapore and people's uprising in 1980. Young Sam of the Reunification Thailand to include Brunei as its For eight years, Roh has been Democratic Party and Kim Dae sixth member in 1984. an important supporter of Presi• Jung of the Party for Peace and dent Chun, serving as minister of Founded in Bangkok with the Democracy, vowed that they home affairs, minister of sports, principal objective of accelerating would unite against Roh. and chairman of the Seoul economic growth in the region, Meanwhile, on December 18 Olympic Organizing Committee. ASEAN has grown into the most hundreds of people, protesting In 1985, he was appointed as a stable and united regional group against the alleged rigging of the representative of the DJP. His in the third world and one of the election fought pitched battles power within the party was second most successful examples of with a huge force of riot police in only to that of Chun. Chun named South-South co-operation among central Seoul. Clashes erupted Roh the DJP's presidential developing countries. after police evicted some 2,000 candidate last June 10. The heads of government of the protesters from a voting centre. Because of Roh's military

Bnn\(i Rr,\ii-\v. nic. 2,s. igsy-.i.w. 3. ivxs INTERNATIONAL background, especially his role in will strive to gain independence in the opening of the Olympic backing the future military commanding South Korean Games, which are scheduled to dictator Chun in the 1979 coup, troops. This, however, involves take place in Seoul this summer. Roh was unpopular among the strategic interests of the The Olympic Games are viewed by students and many potential United States in the Far East. It South Koreans as an important voters. The two Kims, long-time will be difficult for Roh to keep his opportunity to expand the in• fighters for freedom and democ• promise without hurting the fluence of South Korea and to racy, seemed to have an edge over interests of the United States. boost the tourist industry of the Roh. It is widely believed that if It is also a big question whether region. Ii> a word, it is clear that a the two Kims had settled their Roh can calm down the political bumpy road lies before Roh. differences and chosen one of situation in South Korea before by She Duanzhi them as the sole opposition candidate, the results of the election would have been in the opposition's favour. Together, FEDERAL GERMANY two Kims won a higher percentage of the votes than Roh, with Kim Young Sam taking 27.1 percent Economic Moves Get Mixed Welcome and Kim Dae Jung 26.3 percent. Yielding to both internal and external pressure. Federal Apart from the split between the two Kims, Roh's advantages as Germany's cabinet has adopted a plan to stimulate the the candidate of the ruling party country's economy. played an important role in his victory. Reports say the government-controlled media de• he state-owned Credit Re• federal debt, said the discount rate liberately slighted the opposition Tconstruction Bank of Federal cut should be larger and should candidates while treating Roh as Germany will provide low-interest have been adopted much earlier. major news. An aide to Kim Dae loans totalling 21 billion marks Several economic research in• Jung complained, "We never see a (US$12.6 billion) between 1988 stitutes said the measures will be picture of Kim Dae Jung smiling." and 1990 to finance urban and ineffective in boosting the township reconstruction projects economy, with rich towns already There were also many alleged and the development of small and suffering no lack of funds and incidents of fraud in the election. medium-sized enterprises. others unable to borrow because An 18-member US delegation of The decision, adopted by the of their straitened circumstances. academics and congressional Kohl government on December 2, A leading member of the Bonn aides, who went to Seoul to was followed on December 4 by a government's five-member monitor the election, said, "We 0.5 percentage point cut in the economic advisory council said believe there were abuses. There central bank's discount rate — the group does not think a were violations. We believe they from 3 to 2.5 percent. The move recession is coming, and believes should be investigated." Members was quickly matched by interest that boosts are needed only when a of the delegation said they had rate cuts in Britain, France, the recession is on the way. interviewed people who claimed Netherlands, Belgium and These opposing views reflect the they had received, or were offered, Switzerland. predicament the government was money and other gifts to buy or The West German moves in before deciding to act. The withhold their votes. triggered strong reactions both question was whether there was a The question in South Korea is inside and outside the country. US need to stimulate the economy whether the legitimacy of Roh's Treasury Secretary James Baker and, if so, how big the interest rate election will be recognized by welcomed the interest rate cut, cut should be. South Koreans and whether he although he could not say much The Federal German economy can form a cabinet that will have because of the failure of his own is faring well, as evidenced by the support of the majority of the country to take action to stabilize booming sales as Christmas people. It also remains to be seen the world economy. The New approaches. But the forecast of a whether Roh will keep his election York Times was critical of the slower growth rate of 1.5 percent promise to replace the military move, calling it snail-paced. This next year and the rising unemploy• dictatorship with democracy. criticism corresponds to remarks ment suggested that stimulative Another thorny issue facing voiced by its opponents inside measures could be needed. Roh is the relations between South Federal Germany. The principal pressure, how• Korea and the United States. Roh Franz Josef Strauss, chairman ever, came from abroad, parti• promised in his campaign that he of the Christian Social Union, cularly the United States. Wash• will readjust the relationship and while calling for an expansion of ington holds Federal Germany

BR1.IING REVIEW. DEC. 28. 1987-JAN. 3. 1988 responsible for the stock market Washington's scapegoat and take strategies of trying to persuade the crash in October and has been the blame for fluctuations in the African debtor countries to co• urging Germany to contribute stock markets and the weakening operate to improve their more to the world economy by of the US dollar. economies, and at the same time serving as its "locomotive." Stabilizing the dollar and the calling on the developed countries France also joined in that call. stock markets cries out for joint to increase aid to the third world. Domestically, the Bonn govern• actions by the major Western An earlier suggestion by some ment is gripped by the fear that the countries and the United States in French leaders that part of the plunge of the US dollar, if not particular. But so far such actions debts of the poorest African halted, will upset the European have been few and ineffective. The countries be forgiven was not financial system and thus affect its Louvre agreement signed in followed up at the meeting. trade. Trade with the rest of February, which called for joint Mitterrand emphasized that Europe absorbs half of West efforts to stabilize the US dollar France prefers united action by all Germany's exports. Some analysts and boost economic growth, is developed countries to independ• think the dollar could drop below today little more than a useless ent action. He noted that among 1.6 marks. scrap of paper. the seven major industrialized Since the government of Given the lack of energetic countries, France is the only one Chancellor Helmut Kohl took measures by the other six whose aid to developing countries office, it has done a fine job in industrial powers that signed it, is close to 0.7 percent of its gross fighfing infiafion, reducing the 7 the current moves by the Federal national product, a target set by percent infiation rate in the days of German government, if not the United Nations Conference on the former government to zero accompanied by international Trade and Development in 1983. inflation today. Radical stimula• collaboration, will do little to quell Mitterrand said he believes that tive measures could revive infl• the storms plaguing the stock most of the problems could be ation. Moreover, Federal Ger• markets. settled if other developed coun• many does not want to be by Hu Yongzhen tries follow France's example and set aside more money for the third world. Exports of primary products FRANCE-AFRICA are African's main source of income. Statistics show that prices for these products have dropped Debt Problems Dominate Talks an average of 2 percent a year for the past 25 years, while the prices of manufactured products have Debt problems and the drop in prices for primary products been steadily mounting. Today the were high on the agenda of the 14th French-African summit. prices of many African exports are at their lowest levels in the past 50 years. Mitterrand noted that the elegations from France and 37 serious debt problem in the world. nosedive in prices for primary D French-speaking African The enormous maturing debts and products between 1980 and 1986 countries met for their annual stagnating economies of African deprived African countries of summit in the southern French countries have drawn worjdwide US$90 billion. town of Anlibes from December attention and many special President Mobutu Sese Seko of 10-12. The meeting, which was meetings have been held to discuss Zaire pointed out that the plunge attended by 14 heads of state the problems. A recent extraordi• in primary product prices on including French President Fran• nary session of the Organizadon world markets and the accumulat• cois Mitterrand, discussed the of African Unity demanded the ing debt of African countries are situation in southern Africa and deferral of some debt payments closely related problems. He said Chad and other problems. High and the conversion of some loans the rich countries are indebted to on the agenda was the African into grants. the poor countries because the participants' biggest headache — France is among the countries benefits rich countries get from the external debt and the drop in which have tried to help find a low prices of raw materials far primary product prices in the solution to Africa's debt pro• exceed the benefits they offer poor international markets. blems. The former colonial power countries in return. African nations are plagufed by maintains extensive political and The summit participants agreed US$200 billion in debt. Relative to economic interests in the conti• that an international conference its total gross national product, nent. The French delegation at the on Africa's debt problems should Africa is burdened with the most summit pursued the parallel be held in the near future. •

BRMINCi RF.VIFVV. DHC\. I9S7-,IAN. 3. 19X8 1.^ Growth of Protestant Church in China — Interview with Bishop K.H. Ting by Rev. Ewing W. Carroll, Jr.

Question: How many Protestant includes and serves all non- Christians are tliere in Cliina Roman Catholic Christians in today? China no matter where they meet Answer: Tlicrc are three to four and worship. Church buildings million. They include baptized and ordinary houses are different Protestants who worship in over only in locality, without spiritual, 4,000 church buildings and tens of theological or political sig• thousands of homes or meeting nificance. The structure and style points — frequently inaccurately of Chinese government and referred to abroad as "'house society ' neither requires nor churches." provides any process whereby Q: How have these figures been Christian groups must be derived? registered. A: The national China Christian Council office receives figures Q: How do you react to the label from provincial Christian councils "government-approved chur• who in turn collect their figures ches?" from local councils. Some local A: Our churches in China are figures also include inquirers. certainly not any more Q: How does this national total Bishop K. H. Ting. government-approved than chur• compare with that of 1949 when ches in North America or many the People's Republic of China other places. The church's work was founded? distant telescope to do accurate aims at the proper maintenante of A: A growth at least tw ice as fast as counting. These big figures must Christian worship and witness and our nation's population growth. have been derived by choosing a the nurturing of the spirituality of But we are still fewer tiian half of 1 small area with a large con• its members in the Body of Christ. percent of the total population. centration of Protestants and then It is not our aim either to win the Q: What comments have you projecting this high proportion government's approval or its regarding those abroad who onto the whole of China. disapproval. \ it highly claim that there are 30-100 If there are indeed 100 million dangerous to use government million Protestant Christians Protestants in China, it means approval or disapproval as a who form an underground force their numbers have been doubling criterion for the nature and in China? every four to five years for 38 existence of the church of Jesus A: Our work of Christian witness consecutive years. If the total is 50 Christ. tells us that a gospel which million, it means the numbers Q: What then is the task of the convicts women and men of sin doubling every six years over the government's Religious Affairs and demands their repentance is same period. I find it interesting Bureau? not so easy to accept as a TV that those statisticians far away A: It handles only state affairs programme: an increase at least stick to using the same old figures regarding religion. Mainly, the twice that of the population for so many years. In giving implementation of the principle of growth is already a huge miracle figures, I think we should be sober religious freedom. It is not for which wc humbly thank God. and honest, resist sensationalism permissible for the Religious It is highly unlikely for some• and exaggeration, and shun all Affairs Bureau to meddle in our one looking at China through a political considerations. church affairs. As 1 have just said, Q: Some critics suggest the China has no system whereby K.H. Ting is Principal of Nanjing Union China Christian Council and the Christians must register with any Theological Seminary. Rev. Carroll, Three-Self Movement represent government agency or any other Executive Secretary for China Related only what they call organization. Areas and General Board of Global "government-registered chur• Q: Are there not many Christian Ministries, interviewed him last October in ches." Is this true? New York. Bcijiiiif Review publishes this groups and individuals within iniervieu with the agreement of both. A: Certainly not. Our work China who oppose the Protest-

14 Mi:i.llN(i RrVinW. DFC. 2,S. I9,S7-.1,'\N. .\X ant Three-Self Patriotic Q: Can Bibles be secured by Christian Council and the Three- Movement? Christians not .actively suppor• Self IVIovement as regards the A: Three-Self (self-government, tive of the China Christian future of the churches and self-support and self-propagation) Council and the Three-Self Christian groups in hlong Kong? is such an obviously good IVIovement? A: It is not Hp to us to adopt any principle that those who oppose it A: Certainly. We serve all polic\r churches and Christian are bound to be few in number. Christians. Why should we groups in Hong Kong because, When established in the early discriminate on ground such as the according to the "one country, 1950s it was a new thing in China place where Christians meet? We two systems" principle, religious and not everything it did was good Chinese Christians know better groups on both sides should not or welcomed by all Chinese than anyone the problem of interfere with the life and work of Christians. I suspect that is true of insufficient availability of God's one another. all human organizations. But written word. We are pleased that We respect the jurisdiction and Chinese Christians are not so in addition to the 2.5 million integrity of the churches and unloving and so unforgiving as to copies of scripture we have printed Christian groups in Hong Kong want to stand against Three-Self over the past few years, the recent and their right to do evangelistic, Movement even to this day. Of opening of the Amity Printing educational, medical and social course there are those who are Press in Nanjing enables approxi• welfare work in their own society very active in the movement mately 2'00,000 more copies of the and under their own system. a|id others not particularly Bible to be printed by the end of We hope we may be able to enthusiastic over it. That, to me, 1987. strengthen our bonds of fellow• seems quite normal. Q: What is the policy of the China ship with Hong Kong Christians

The Shanghai International Church. Photos by ZHENG ZHENSUN

HKLiiNCi RP-Vli:\V, Df.( . 2S. I9S7-.1AN. 1 yxs 1,5 ARTICLES so that we can learn from their China as under its own on us? Missionary work directed faith and witness. Membership in jurisdiction. at the mainland from groups in the China Christian Council and Hong Kong would be in violation the Three-Self Movement, how• Q: Do you see any place for of the Sino-British Joint Declar• ever, is not open to individuals and undercover missionaries who are ation which stipulates that, in groups in Hong K'ong. Hong Kong Chinese or matters concerning religion, the foreigners? two sides are to adhere to the Q: Do Christians on tiie mainland A: Certainly not. Christian work principles of nonsubordinalion, object to tlie treatment of must be open and above-board, non-interference and mutual China's mainland as a mission have the full support of Christians respect. field for groups in Hong Kong? within China and enjoy the favour Q: How do ysu visualize the A: Yes, very much so. Pre-1949 and goodwill of the people in future state of relationships missionary history in China has general. We do not want anything between the chus'ihes in Hong amply shown how counter• resembling religious colonialism Kong and on the mainland? productive outside-based efforts in China. We do not see why A: Relationships will be main• were for church-building and Christian evangelism should be tained within the framework of the evangelism. On the other hand, done in a secretive or underhand "one country, two systems" the history of the church in China way. The China Christian Council formula. I hope there will be a lot since 1949 has shown how and the Three-Self Movement of mutual exchange. 1 prefer to see important self-government, self- should not be expected to give things done openly, honestly and support and self-propagation are persons or groups from Hong above-board for all to see, so that to church growth. Kong or elsewhere any protection it is a witness to Christ and riot a The church is alive and well in under the guise of religious stumbling block. The result will China. Under God's care it has freedom. We refrain from export• then be the strengthening of the grown phenomenally in the last 38 ing a Three-Self Movement to work God calls each of us to do, years without outside help. It is Hong Kong. with heightened praise and more more united than ever. It sees the Why do those persons in Hong thanksgiving. Secret infiltration, evangelization of the Chinese Kong, Chinese or foreigners, Bible smuggling and the like are people on the mainland as its own engaged in "China ministries" harmful to the work and witness of responsibility, and ministry in wish to impose their will and ways the church in China. •

Mt. Wutai—Symbol of Religious Freedom by Our Correspondent Yang Xiaobin

he first thing one notices on town is at an altitude of 1,700 Anhui Province and the Putuo T arriving in Taihuai Town in metres), making Wutai Mountain Mountain in Zhejiang Province). central Shanxi Province would the "roof of northern China." Due Buddhist temples started to have to be the many Buddhist to the high altitude, the climate of appear on Wutain Mountain in temples and the monks attired in the area is cool and pleasant even the middle of the first century. One grey kasayas and lamas in purple in summer, so Wutai Mountain is of them, the Xiantong Temple, kasayas wandering amidst the also called Qingliang (Cool and still stands after quite a few crowds on the streets. Pleasant) Mountain. renovations and reconstructions. According to records in the The NancbcUi Temple became well Avastamsaka Sutra, Manjusri, known for its Tang Dynasty style Buddhist Centre known to the Chinese Buddhists Hall of the Great' Buddha built in as the Bodhisattva of Wisdom, the eighth century. The hall is one Taihuai Town rests in a small began to preach Buddhism in of the oldest, most magnificent basin Hanked on all sides by five Wutai Mountain early in the first wooden structures still well platform-shaped peaks, after century. This association with the preserved in the country. which Wutai Mountain was place made Wutai Mountain one Despite some changes through named. The area covers a total of of the four most famous Buddhist history, Wutai Mountain has been 250 square kilometres; the tallest shrines in China (the other three worshipped by faithful Buddhists peak, the Northern Platform, is are the Emei Mountain in Sichuan for more than 1,900 years. In its .\058 metres above sea level (the Province, the Jiuhua Mountain in heyday, the mountain boasted

6 BFLflNG RF.VirW. DEC. 28. |y87-.[AN. .V 198S area. By the end of 1985, all existing temples and monasteries on Wutai Mountain had been restored. .According to Liu Zhimin, an official from the Shanxi Provincial Administration of Nationalities and Religious Affairs, most monks and nuns who had turned to secular lives initially adopted a wait-and-see attitude to the state's policy on religious freedom. The vast changes that were later brought about persuaded them to cast aside all doubt. In 1980, the local government called a mem• orial meeting for the eminent Wutai Monk Nenghai, former vice-president of the Chinese Buddhist Association, and other monks who were hounded to death during the "cultural revo• lution." A wooden pagoda was erected in their memory. The meeting had strong repercussions among Buddhist followers. Since A bird's-eye view of Wutai iVIountain. the government openly declared that monks and nuns could once, again take up their calling, over more lhan 200 temples and over Wutai Mountain were driven from 200 former Wutai monks have 10,000 monks and nuns. The their temples and monasteries returned. This number includes 93 temples hosted exchanges in which were either turned into monks over the age of 60. The Buddhism with Japan, Indonesia, warehouses or allowed to fall into provincial government issues Nepal and Sri Lanka. disrepair. Buddhist statues were monthly allowances to cover their After the founding of the pulled down and smashed. food and clothing. People's Republic of China in It was no easy task to 1949. Wutai Mountain came completely restore religious life in Master Monk Qingfo, president •under the protection of the all the 47 temples. Take the of the Wutai Mountain Buddhist government's religious freedom Xiantong Temple for example. It Association, said monks and nuns policy, a few dozen of the temples covers an area of eight hectares at Wutai are now satisfied that were named historic relics under and has some 400 halls and rooms they can conduct regular Buddhist state protection and due respect in perfect symmetry. Most of the activities. During the prayer was accorded to the monks and rooms had been totally neglected gatherings, drums, cjing (a sus• nuns. However, during the chaotic for years. pended metal chime with a definite ten years of the "cultural The Shanxi Provincial Admini• pitch) and wooden fish are used to revolution," religious life on stration of Nationalities and beat out the rhythm for the Wutain Mountain was severely Religious Affairs and the Wutai monks' incantations. Every fort• affected. It was not until 1979 that Mountain Bureau, an agency of night, each temple holds a Buddhist ceremonies were gradu• the provincial government, re• congregation at which Buddhist ally restored. Two years ago,- peatedly stressed state decrees to sutras are recited and the Wutain Mountain was listed as a eliminate vandalism and damage behaviours of all the monks are key.tourist attraction and one of to the temples and monasteries. scrutinized, either through self- the cities and places open to Short of funds as it is, the examination or mutual assistance. foreign economic and cultural provincial government has appro• When Buddhist festivals are exchanges. priated 12 million yuan for their celebrated or when new temples renovation and reconstruction. and pagodas are built, several Religious Activities Including the investments in temples will hold joint gatherings. bridge and road construction and This year five such gatherings During the "cultural revo• other projects, more than 30 have taken place, each with an lution," monks and lamas on million yuan has been spent in the attendance of more than 100

Bi:i.llNG RliViFW. DliC. 28., 19

Bi:i.iiN(, Ri:\'ii;w\x . 2s. 1W7-.1AN. ;v lyss month, the abbots hold regular The individual temples have the Self-sufficient meetings attended by all monks right to punish monks who violate the Buddhist disciplines. For during wJiich new jobs are The Buddhist monks and nuns instance, the abbots and senior assigned. at Wutai Mountain, in solving monks can cri|icize offenders or. Every temple has a management their economic problems, have ask them to perform sundry duties committee composed of three to adopted the principle called "from and carry out self-exanriination seven monks^ivho take care of the. the temple to the temple." The 68- through redting sutras. However, temple's administrative affairs, year-old Abbot Ci Yin of in accordance vvjth state policies such as financing, security and Nanshan Temple said that they on religion, capital punishment hygiene. Members of the commit• had a very good life and ate rice has been abolished in the temples. tee are elected by all the monks. and wheat flour all year around. Serious violations of the Buddhist Incompetent members of the Electricity has been introduced disciplines may be punished by committee can be removed at any to the temples. Candle-like bulbs expulsion from the temples and time with the presentation of have replaced real candles in the the return to secular life. demand by monks and nuns to niches housing Buddhist statues. Qther members or the Wutai There are now obvious dif• Abbot Ci Yin attributed their Mountain Buddhist Association. ferences of opinion between the improved living standards to the The Wutai Mountain Buddhist veteran and young monks and monthly allowances issued by the Association is an organization of nuns with regard td temple government and the hard work of all the monks and nuns at the management. For exartiple, the the temple's monks. Pointing at mountain. Its director, deputy senior monks and nuns strictly the terraced fields on the directors and executive members adhere to Buddhist disciplines mountain slopes behind his are elected by the monks and nuns. while the young ones are more temple, Ci Yin said that he and his A subsidiary under the national careless and undisciplined. The fellow monks had planted spinach and provincial Buddhist associ• young monks and nuns want to and Chinese cabbage there. In ations, the association is respo• buy some sofas and TV sets to addition, Ci Yin also led the nsible for the planning of the make their lives a little more monks in the planting of more development of Buddhism at comfortable, but their elders than 10,000 almond trees, for Wutai Mountain and is also consider this an extravagance. The vvhich he was elected a model tree empowered to supervise the old monks in temples which have planter in the Wutai district. various temples in'implementitig bought TV sets think it would be The Puhuachan Temple has had the Buddhist disciplines. Every better to spend less time watching outstanding success in its year, the association organizes TV programmes while the young economic development. In 1985, elections and the commendation people want more time for this the temple set up a 150-bed hostel of outstanding monks and nuns. recreation. for tourists and pilgrims. The hostel, simple and tidy, provides convenient boarding and lodging services to people and has been A grand summons. widely appreciated. When the hostel was first opened, some people held that it was improper for monks to engage in such a business. However, the temple's abbot Zang Ming said, "Person• ally, I don't think there is anything wrong in it. We monks want to make our own contribution to the development of tourism. In addition, Buddha teaches us to serve all living creatures and we operate the business in his favour, as the income raised through running the hostel goes mainly to renovating the temple." Zang Ming also knows tra• ditional Chinese medicine, in particular treatments for diseases of the nervous system and fractures. He receives no payment

19 BEI.UNG REVIEW. DEC. 28. 1987-JAN. 19X8 •i ARTICLES from the patients he treats and only asks that they donate some money for the renovation of his temple. The living standards at Zang Ming's temple are now quite high. The temple has a clean and tidy canteen and a spacious bathroom. Temples derive their income from three main sources: tickets, incense and candles sold to pilgrims and alms. With the development of tourism, more and more people visit Wutai Moun• tain, which in turn brings a considerable income through tickets sold. In 1986, some 248,160 domestic visitors and 481 foreign tourists went to Wutai Mountain. Pilgrims do not have to buy tickets but they must pay for Three nuns pray before beginning their meal. Photos by XUE CHAO incense and candles. In addition, five of the larger temples at Wutai Mountain sell Buddhist books and replicas of Buddhist instruments stance, the Wutai Mountain with locals, only a small and statues. It is said that another Buddhist Association has sent proportion of the population at temple plans to set up a restaurant some outstanding young monks to Wutai Mountain accept to serve vegetarian meals. study in the Nanjing Qixia Buddhism. Buddhist College. As only a Recently more than 1,000 limited number of monks have Tibetan pilgrims gathered in Lack of Successors such an opportunity, actual needs Taihuai Town, which has a are still far from being met. population of only 5,700. A young Although Master Monk Hong Therefore, short-term training Tibetan from Qinghai Province Yi held that developing tourist classes have been set up to teach said that he had heard of Wutai undertakings would not affect young monks and nuns the Mountain a long time ago, but Buddhist practices, he admitted rudimentary knowledge of had never had the chance to visit that the fact that monks were kept Buddhism, state religious policies it. This year when he heard that a busy running hotels and restau• and protocol for social exchanges. Living Buddha would pay a visit rants was not conducive to As expected, the teaching pro• to Wutai, he went together with tackling the problem of the lack of gramme is not very systematic. his family of six. He said they monks and nuns well versed in The government and the would stay in Wutai Mountain for Buddhist classics. Buddhist association are prepar• sometime. Though the trip cost Liu Zhimin also said that the ing to establish a Buddhist college the lion's share of their savings, serious problem now facing the at Wutai Mountain. The only they were happy because the visit temples in Wutai Mountain is the difficulty will be to find qualified settled a matter which had lack of qualified monks. In the teachers. The Wutai Buddhist weighed on their minds for some past, these temples relied on Association is contacting research time. • veteran monks to teach young workers in religion and inviting ones. Today most veteran monks them to take up teaching posts at were among those forced to leave the college. The plan for this year the temples during the "cultural is to open two classes for the revolution" and are advanced in intake of 40 students. age. As they may forget some of Many Buddhist pilgrims travel• the Buddhist scriptures, it is ling to Wutai Mountain hail from difficult for them to train younger as far away as Guangdong, monks. Heilongjiang and Gansu. Some The government and the are even from Japan, the United Chinese Buddhist Association States and Southeast Asia. What is have adopted some measures to interesting is that although the remedy this situation. For in- monks and nuns communicate

2(1 Ur.I.IING REVIEW. DEC. 2S. I9X7-JAN. .\8 BEIJING REVIEW Subject Index

(Nos. 27-52, 1 987) B E I J I N G REVIEW Subfect Index

(Nos. 27-52, 1 987)

Jssue.Page' Issue Page No. No. No. No. I. Domestic China Cracks Down on Bureaucracy 37: 7 1. Political Trend of Popular Will Irresistible 38: 4 Why Deng Stresses Political Restructuring 38: 14 The Role of Private Enterprises 39: 4 Division of Power Begins With Enterprises 32: 4, Deng's Ideas on Political Restructuring 39: 14 Socialism Is Not Egalitarianism 39: 16 Open Policy Boosts Technical Growth 39:18 1) General Opening Up: the Lessons of History 39:22 The Fight Against Bureaucracy 40: 4 Learn From History to Preserve Peace 27: 4 f*remier Zhao Interviewed by NBC 40: 5 Past Experience — Guide for the Future 27:14 China Opposes Dalai's Statements 40: 6 Resistance War Museum Inaugurates 28: 5 Study of Economic Theory: Socialist Deng Speaks for Political Reform 28: 6 Countries biversify Ownership 40:19 Forest Fire Scorches Bureaucratism 28:23 The Tibet Myth Vs. Reality 41 : 4 Reform: Progressing at Faster Rate 29: 4 Helping Tibet Train Its People 42: 4 Population Policy Key to China's Future 29: 5 A Dialogue on Tibet (I): Our Differences Bureaucratism Under Heavy Fire 29: 6 With the Dalai Lama 42:14 Zhao on Reform and Anti-Bourgeois Hainan Province Has Big Plans 43 : 7 Liberalization 29:14 Travelogue: Open Policy and Cultural Historic Significance of Anti-Japanese Ferment 43:14 War 29:17 History Says Tibet Is Part of China 43 : 19 Democracy Booms in Guangzhou 32:22 Blueprint for Political Restructuring 44: 4 Why Illegal Publications Have Been Deliberations on China's 2nd Revolution Banned 33: 4 (I) : Choice Based on History and Socialism and Planned Commodity Reality 44:14 Economy 33:14 Travelogue: Open Policy and Cultural Competition Boosts Industrial Contract Ferment (II) 44:20 System 34: 4 China Fights Bureaucracy in Earnest 44: 24 Deng Calls for Speedup in Reform 34:13 An Important Thesis on Building •Cultural Revolution' Not to Be Repeated 35: 4 Socialism 45: 4 Breakthroughs in Traditional Economic Deliberations on China's 2nd Revolution Theory 36:15 (II) : Breaking the Ossified Mentality 46:21 Officials Promoted on Staffs Advice 37: 6 Open Policy and Cultural Ferment (III) 46: 23

II Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

Implementing Regional Autonomy Law 47: 4 4) People's Liberation Army Deliberations on China's 2nd Revolution (III) : New Conflicts Emerge With For Peace & National Security 31 4 Development 47 14 Achievements of PLA Streamlining 31 6 A Dialogue on Tibet (III): Regional War Industry Turns Out Civilian Goods 31 14 Autonomy and Special Policies 47 21 'Gfenerals Are Trained Here' 31 16 Deliberations on China's 2nd Revolution China Celebfates Army's 60th Anniversary 32 5 (IV) : Different Interest Groups PLA Promotes Overseas Contacts 32 6 Under Socialism 48 14 PLA Top Officers Appointed 49 9 A Dialogue on Tibet (IV): Government Aids Tibet's Development 48 20 Overcoming Ossified Thinking a Major 5) Democracy and Legal System Task 49 4 A Dialogue on Tibet (V): Culture, Zhao Answers Non-Communists 48: 7 Education and Health Care 49 18 Productivity and Ideology 50 4 Zhao Reaffirms Role of Reform 50 5 6) Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan On Separating Party From Government 50 14 Consultation and Dialogue 51 4 Trend of Popular Will Irresistible 38: 4 Developing Democracy at Basic Units 52 4 Mainland Awaits Taiwan Visitors 43: 6 Mainland Greets Taiwan Visitors 46: 5 Time Is Ripe for Press Reform 52 5 Student Found Guilty 52 9 7) National Minority 2) Chinese Communist Party Questions and Answers on Tibet 28:14 13th Party Congress Plans in Full Swing 37 5 Traditional Tibetan Culture on Display 28: 16 Chinese Leaders to Become Younger 38 6 What I See on the 'Roof of the World' 28 :21 CPC Set to Step Up Reform 43 4 Scattered Minority People 28 : 27 For Your Reference Review of Past CPC Minority Languages in Full Use 31 : 8 National Congresses 43 27 Inner Mongolia: 40th Birthday 33 : 6 Party Congress Highlights Reform 44 5 Tibet's Population Develops 33:20 13th CPC Congress Closes 45 5 Inner Mongolia Scores Historic Progress 36:20 CPC Elects New Leaders 45 7 Demonstrations Disrupt Peace in Lhasa 41 : 5 General Secretary Zhao Meets the Press 45 12 Helping Tibet Train Its People 42: 4 A New Generation of Chinese Leaders 45 16 Panchen Lama Condemns Riot 42: 5 Advance Along the Road of Socialism With Great Changes Seen in Tibet 42: 6 Chinese Characteristics 45: Centrefold A Dialogue on Tibet (I): Our Differences Profiles of Top Party Leaders 46:14 With the Dalai Lama 42:14 Political Bureau Veterans and Their Profile of Tibet (I): Tibet Opens to the Resumes 47:25 Outside World 42:16 Revision of Some Articles of the Consti• Lhasa: Facts About Rioters Uncovered 43 : 7 tution of the Communist Party History Says Tibet Is Part of China 43 :19 Of China 46:30 A Dialogue on Tibet (II): Religion, Crime Biographical Notes 46:32 And Citizens'Rights 43:21 Zhao Answers Non-Communists 48: 7 Profile of Tibet (II): Lamaism Flourishing In Tibet 43 :23 The Many Rooms of the Forbidden City 46: 37 3) National People's Congress and the Implementing Regional Autonomy Law 47: 4 Chinese People's Political Consul• A Dialogue on Tibet (III): Regional tative Conference Autonomy and Special Policies 47: 21 Profile of Tibet (III): Cultural Relics: NPC Session Passes Documents 27: 6 Repair & Surveying 47 : 23 NPC Standing Committee Meeting A Dialogue on Tibet (IV): Government Fruitful 38: 5 Aids Tibet's Development 48: 20 Li Peng Named Acting Premier 49: 5 Profile of Tibet (IV): Traditional Culture

HI Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

Developed 48:21 Shoddy Goods Cause a Stir 52: 5 A Dialogue on Tibet (V): Culture, Education And Health Care 49: 18 The Korean Autonomous Prefecture 51 :27 2) Industry, Communications and City Construction

8) The Legal System China's Three Railway Construction Projects 29:23 Finance Ministry's Measures for the Im• Facts & Figures: Changes in Industrial plementation of Preferential Tax Ownership Structure 29 : 27 Terms 32; 26 Water Power Pays Off 30: 7 Interim Provisions of the State Administra• China to Fill Gaps in Car Industry 31 : 5 tion for Industry and Commerce on Desertions Weaken 'Front-Line" Work 31 : 8 Proportion of a Sino-Foreign Joint War Industry Turns Out Civilian Goods 31 : 14 Venture's Registered Capital and CAAC Reforms in the Works 32: 8 Total Investment 32:27 Energy Shortage: Big Headache 35 : 9 Shanghai Pioneers Youth Protection Nuclear Industry to Develop Steadily 36: 7 Legislation 33:24 Nuclear Talks Focus on Safety 38: 7 Efforts to Improve Legal System Bear Antaibao Coal Mine Goes into Action 38: 8 Fruit 34:20 Bridge Construction Flourishes 38 :27 Bank of China Regulations on Providing China Revives Its Post Code Project 41:6 Loans to Foreign Investment New Plans to Ease Energy Problem 41 : 7 Enterprises 35:25 China Constructs Six Expressways 44:27 New Ministry Fights Corruption 39: 8 Starting Point in Highway Network 47 : 5 Provisions for Supervision and Control Over the Quality of Import Com• modities 42:25 3) Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Sideline Production 9) Others A Banner Year for Summer Crops 27 8 Good Government Needs Fewer Officials 28 27 Family-Run Enterprises in Rural Areas 30 28 Cadres Applaud Policy of Reform 29 8 Grain Problem Remains to Be Solved 30 28 Government Spending Remains High 31 7 Facts & Figures: Economic Changes in Shanghai People Like Reforms 34 23 Rural Areas 42 23 Reform Alters Personnel System 35 7 China Expects Bumper Harvest 44 8 China Simplifies Protocol Formalities 36 8 China's Booming Rural Industry 44 26 The Nature of China's Reforms 37 28 Officials Explain Farmland Plan 46 6 Reform and Liberation of Chinese Mind 48 28 Business Owners See Bright Future 49 7 Migration Ends Farmers' Poverty 50 7 Afforestation Greens the Loess Plateau 50 17 2. Economic Irrigation System in Central Shaanxi 50 19 Township Products Hit World Market 52 8

1) General 4) Finance and Trade Forecast for China's Auto Industry 30: 14 Facts & Figures: Sustained Economic Reform Benefits Grain Sales 33 : 7 Development 30:26 Markets Flourish Under Reform 33 : 8 Opinions on China's Car Industry 35:27 Guangxi Valves Sell WeH Abroad 33 : 31 More Investment in Fixed Assets 39 : 5 Price Rises Cause Popular Concern 34: 7 Planning to Rule Only 30% of Economy 45 : 6 China Strives to Export More Goods 34: 7 What Do the Tour Doubles' Mean? 49:28 Sino-Soviet Border Trade Booming 34: 8 Shenzhen Holds Land Use Sale 50 : 9 Foreign Exchange Reserve Increases 34: 25

IV Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

Shashi Exports Thermos flasks 34:25 Great Wall Hotel Promotes Business 30:30 Fight Against Price Rises to Continue 36: 5 US$129 Million in Premiums 30: 30 China's Balance of Payments in 1982-86 36:28 China Exports Rubber Products 30:31 New Investment Corporation Opens 52:33 Foreign-Funded Firms Make Profits 30:31 Mobil Oil Corp. Returns to China 30: 31 China Sees Sharp Rise in Export 31 : 29 Joint Ventures Grow in Number 31 :29 5) Tourism CAAC Expands External Services 31 : 29 Hubei Holds Exhibition in N.Y. 31 :30 Desert Tour on Camelback 28 :34 China-Schindler Co. Makes Profits 31 : 30 New Tourist Sports in Northwest Sichuan 28 : 34 China Decides on Maritime Cases 31 :30 Stone Forest in Yunnan Province 28 : 34 Chrysler, Changchun Make a Deal 32: 30 Roof of World Under Foot 28: 34 Metal Exports Being Expanded 32 : 30 Luoyang's Ancient Tomb Museum 31 : 34 International Rice Research Exchange 32: 30 Touring Hunan's Wulingyuan 31 : 34 Shenzhen Enjoys Investment Boom 32:31 Enchanting Scenery Around Yichang 32 : 32 Guangzhou Extends Co-operation 32:31 Ancient Buildings in Shanxi Province 33 : 34 Wuhan Imports More Foreign Funds 33 : 30 More Tourists Come to See China 35: 34 Chinese Software to Be Sold Abroad 33: 30 Strict Ban on Tips and Commissions 35: 34 Focus on Electronic Imports to Shift 33 : 30 More Chinese Touring at Home 38 :24 China, Japan Plan Cultural Village 33 : 31 Historical Sites in Henan 41 :33 Satellite Piggyback Service to Foreign Tibet: Need for Balanced Presentation 41 :34 Firm 34:24 No Change in Tourist Costs 42: 34 Steady Growth of Sino-British Trade 34:24 Beijing Issues New Hotel Rules 44: 9 Sino-US Lawyers Meet to Promote Trade 35: 8 Beijing Sets Up Travel Service Centres 44:29 The ABC of Investing in China (VII): Hong Kong Disabled People in Beijing 44:29 Shareholders, Directors and Tiananmen Rostrum Open to Tourists 44:29 Managers 35:23 Relics, Resources and People — Notes on World Co-operation in Nuclear Energy 35:29 A Trip to Hubei Province 47: 15 China Exports More Aircraft 35: 29 1988: The Year of the Dragon 48 : 30 France to Renovate Shanghai Houses 35:29 Providing Consulting Services for Tourists 52 : 36 China, Japan Swap Food Technology 35 : 30 Xiyuan Hotel Pays Back Loans 35 : 30 Ancient Rock Paintings Found 52:36 The ABC of Investing in China (VIII): Trade Union and Party Organiza• tions 36:25 China's Balance of Payments in 1982-86 36:28 Hammer to Discuss Two More Mines 36:29 6) Opening to the World China to Expand Iron, Steel Industry 36 : 29 Measures to Attract Foreign Investment 37 : 30 1 St Offshore Oilfield Begins Operation 27: 30 Shoes Exports Make US$300 Million 37 : 30 Heilongjiang Gets Assistance From WFP 27 : 30 Hubei Exporting Welding Rods 37: 30 Yantai Named World Wine City 27: 30 Heart Pacemaker Available on Market 37:31 First China-Aided Project in Surinam 27 : 30 China's Burgeoning Contracting Business 38:19 Foreign Loans for Shanghai Projects 27:31 90 Firms Come to Telecom Show 38:28 China, Libya Establish a Joint Co. 27 : 31 China Cuts Imports of Telecom Devices 38 : 29 China Expands Machinery Experts 28 : 28 Beijing Softens Investment Policies 38 :29 France Develops Chinese Business 28 :28 Developing Foreign Technology Market 39 : 30 Export Commodities Trade Fair in China Offers Arbitration Services 39: 30 DaHan 28:28 Hebei Export Talks Prove Successful 39:31 France's Group Bull Holds a Symposium 28 :29 China Expands Trade With L. America 40:28 Beijing Modernizes Transport Control 28 :29 Hebei to Invite More Foreign Experts 40:28 New Japanese Loans to China 29: 29 Auto Exports Show 57"(, Up in Value 40:28 Yantai Helps Its Foreign-Aided Firms 29 : 29 China Benefits From Ship Scrapping 40:29 The ABC of Investing in China (VI): The ABC of Investing in China (IX): Preparations Before Start-Up 30: 16 Astor Hotel Opens in Tianjin 30: 30 " How to Hire and Dismiss Employees 41 :24

V Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

China, USSR Team Up in Fishery 41 28 Trial Housing Programme Tested 33.' China Seen as Prime Growth Area 41 2i Socialism and Planned Commodity Tobacco Exhibition Held in Beijing 41 28 Economy 33:14 Know-How Import for Clothing Export 41 28 Competition Boosts Industrial Contlhct- i*i * Rules for Checking Import Goods System 34: 4 Quality 42 32 Shantou SEZ Orientated Towards Export 34--: iZ China, Switzerland Set Up Hotel 42 32 breakthroughs in Traditional Economic Book Binding for Export 42 .33 Theory • 36:15 China Exports Wild Plant Products 42 33 Price Reform Makes Its Impact Felt 37:14 Foreign Aid Boosts Gansu's Agriculture 43 30 Study of Economic Theory: Socialist China, Britain Set Up Joint Venture 43- 30 Countries Diversify Ownership 40:19 China Repairs Ships for Other Countries 44 30 China Tries Out Shareholding System 40:22 Xiantao Expands Its Exports 44 30 Stock-Buying Craze Hits Shanghai 40:24 Lanzhou Imports Chemical Facilities 44 31 Facts & Figures: Changes in Ownership Snuff-Bottles Auctioned in US 44 31 Structures 40:26 New Association for Joint Ventures 46 38 Discussions on Economic Theories: New Customs Rules for Import & Export 46 38 Unifying Planning and Marketing 41:17 China Hurt by 'Toshiba Incident' 46 38 Reform Spurs Economic Developnaent 42:21 Lanzhou Exports Pumping Units 46 39 Guiding Enterprises Through Market 46: 4 Hainan Opens Wider to Outside World 47 30 New Trends in Private Economic Sector 46:36 Japanese Truck Below Par 47 30. Facts & Figures: Improving Industrial SAE Will Stay in China for Long 47 30 Structures 50:25 Philips Expands Business in China 48 27 Prospects for Economic Structural Aircraft Maintenance Centre Planned 48 27 Reform 50; 28 A Baby Conglomerate in Shenzhen 49 21 Changing Agricultural Investment 52 ; 32 The ABC of Investing in China (X): New Economic Laws Pending 52: 32 Investment and Loans 49 23 Technology Export Fair Held in HK 49 30 A Service Centre Opens in Beijing 49 30 China Limits Bus Imports 49 30 8) Environmental Protection Beijing to Host 53 International Fairs 49 31 Credito Italiana Comes to China 49 31 Rich Fauna on Qirfghai-Tibet Plateau 27: 34 China Exports New Techniques 50 33 Environmental Protection: Much to Do 28:26 New Regulation on Imported Materials 50 33 Abnormal Weather Threatens China 30: 6 What Shanghai Can Offer Joint Protecting Natural Resources & En• Ventures 51 14 vironment 37: 4 Booming Foreign Ventures in Shanghai 51 17 China Builds 4 Types of Parks 37:28 More Bank of China's Operations Rare Animals Need Help, Not Talk 39: .8 Abroad 51 34 Pollution Prevention Must Come First 41:26 Jiuquan Exports Luminescent Cups 51 34 Acid Rain Harms Southwest Forest 42: 7 Johnson and Johnson in China 52 32 Features of the Technological Market 49:29 Soft Science Services—Solid Success 50: 31

7) Economic Reform 9) Otiiers

Progress in Economic Reform (1979-86) 27 20 Facts & Figures: Development of Lcasiiii: Invigorates Small Businesses 27 24 Chinese Cities 27 27 Reform: Progressing at Faster Rate 29 4 Cfiinese Consultants Find a Niche 33 7 Zhao on Reform and Anti-Bourgeois Facts & Figures: Collective and Private Liberalization 29 14 Services in China 35 22 Factories Adopt New Work System 30 8 Water Saving Urgent and Feasible 40 ,7 Director Responsibility System in Full Confucianism's Relevance to Contem• Swing 32 14 porary China 50 22 In the Wake of Director's New Power 32 17 New State Library Set Up in Beijing 50 30

VI Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No. Stock Crashes Impinge on Mainland 51: 8 Traditional Music Thriving With the Reform 52:27 3. CULTURE China.International Acrobatics Festival 52:34 1) General 3) Education State Announces Research Awards 30: 6 Gulangyu: An Island of Pianos 27:32 Ancient Cultural City: Qufu-Hometown Exams Spoiling Happy Childhood 29: 7 Of Confucius 31:23 Cradle of Scientists and Technologists 30:22 Springtime of Art 36: 4 Science and Engineering Education 30:23 China's Voice Heard All Over the World 37:22 China's Institutions of Higher Learning 32:28 Meeting Discusses Third World Science 40: 9 Scholarship System Set for Schools 34: 6 Actress Assailed for Tax Evasion 52: 6 Universities to Tighten Discipline 34:23 10 Million More No Longer lUiterate 37: 9 School Dropouts a Major Problem 42: 8 China's Education Is Not Regressing 48: 4 2) Art and Literature 4) Science and Teclinoiogy Yungang Grottoes China's Largest 27:34 Australian Ballet Back irt China 28:32 Artificial Insemination Saves trane 31:31 Painter Fan Zeng—Talented and Chinese Teens Join US Space Project 32: 7 Diligent 29:30 Changes in the Loess Plateau 33 :29 Dragon-Boat Race Offers Something Golden Monkeys Studied in Yunnan 36:31 For All 30:32 Applying Computers in Chemical Field 36:32 Folk Drama Enjoys Popularity 31:32 Test-Tube Maize Attracts Attention 39: 33 Zhang Chengzhi the Gallant Writer 33:32 Science Plan Matches Goals 46: 7 Pipa Music Evokes Distant Past 34:26 Science Firms Forge Ahead 47: 7 Bainqen Lama's Journey to the East 35:31 Electron Collider Comes Up to Ancient Drums Beat Again 35:32 Expectation 49:32 What's at the First China Art Festival 36:17 Minority Artists Impress Beijing 36: 30 Guizhou Papercuts Attract Spectators 37: 32 Graphic Art Reflects Spirit of Yunnan 37: 33 5) Medicine and Heaitli An Art Festival for the Young 38:32 Folk Arts Shows: More Charm Than Chinese Originate From 2 Groups 29: 31 Beauty 39:25 Five Diseases Seen as Top Killers 29: 31 New Drama Looks at Social Change 40: 32 AIDS: Will It Spread in China? 32: 7 Beijing Opera —Rise or Fall? 41 ; 8 Local Ails Cured by Salt Medicine 38 :26 'Prince Cao Zhi' — A Play About Quarantine Service Plays Key Role 39: 32 Fratricide 41:30 China Makes Efforts to Prevent AIDS 39: 32 'Dance in Gold & Silver' Shows Beauty 41: 31 Private Doctors Much Appreciated 40:30 Traditional Acrobatics Shed New Light 43:32 Endemic Diseases Under Control 46: 8 East and West Meet in Dreams 44: 32 Acupuncture Link to AIDS Denied 52: 7 China and Canada Hunt Dinosaurs 44: 33 Co-operation Among Smaller Enterprises 52: 33 Ballets With Chinese Characteristics 45:20 Chinese Paintings in Western Style 45 :21 Zhang Ding and His Artistic Achieve• ments 46:40 6) Sports Pop Music Leaves Crossroads 48: 8 Tragicomic Drafna on Rural Life 48: 32 China Excels at University Games 31: 32 Great Cellist Draws Audiences 48: 34 Gymnasts Go All Out at Tourney 33 : 33 Music Craze in Guangzhou 49: 33 People to Swim Across 35-km Strait 40: S A Chinese Serenade Chosen for Textbook ' 50: 32 Coaching Footballers to 'Go for Goal' 48 :33 Tibetan Artists Perform in Beijing 51: 32 Modern Pentathlon—China's New Sports 49:33 vn Issue Page Issue Page No. No, No. No.

National Games, a Show of Sports Muscle 52:23 Ten Manifestations of Intellectual Waste 42: 30 Modernize People's Thinking First 42: 31 Heartless Conduct Shocks People 43 : 8 7) Archaeology and Cultural Relics Poll Indicates More Confidence in Reform 46: 5 Archaeology: Relics Unearthed in Xian 35 :18 People's Mediation Unique to China 48:15 Samples of Rare Ancient Porcelain 38 :30 Measures Aim to Cut Poverty 49: 6 New Archaeological Discoveries Dis• As China Sees the World 49:27 played 47:32 Changing Attitudes to Occupations 49:28 Teachers' Wages to Be Increased 50: 6 High Consumption Must Be Halted 50: 6 8) Books Different Views on Urbanization 50 : 29

60 Years of Devoted Friendship 28: 33 Oppressive Imperial Life Disclosed 29:32 2) Youth PLA Publishes Winning Works 35: 33 Collection of Deng's Speeches Published 36: 6 Shanghai Pioneers Youth Protection Profiles of PLA Marshals and Generals 37:34 Legislation 33:24 Deng on China's Present-Day Issues . 38:33 What Young People Do After Work? 33 :28 China, Britain Publish Dictionary 43:31 Young Workers Voice Concerns 38 :26 'Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion' 44:28 College Students Seek Well-Paid Jobs 44:27 'Making Good — Private Business in Beijing Youth Seek Night Life 47: 8 Socialist China' 45:19 Hainan Attracts Talented People 51 : 7 'Stage Design of China' Comes off Press 47:29 Major Work on Population Published 49:27 3) Senior Citizens

9) Others Probing the Secrets of Longevity • 27: 33 Men in Their 60s Prone to Diseases 32:29 Chinese Characters and Intelligence 28:26 Remarriage Still Causes Controversy 38 :16 Ancient Architecture: Origin and Evolu• Beijing Fetes Senior Citizens 49: 8 tion of Pagodas in China 28 :30 Old-Age Care in Reform .52:30 'Shanghai and Me' 30:34 Developing Trends in Chinese Ethics 32: 28 4) Women Chinese Language Gains World Interest 35: 7 Ancient Kingdom to Be Exhibited 35: 9 Female Graduates Left on the Shelf 35 :28 China — Land of the Dragon 35:28 Times Change for Female Students 37:29 Initial Achievements of Reform 37:16 Career Woman.. .Obedient Wife... or 41:20 Magazine Sets Fine Example 50:30 Facts & Figures: High Employment Rate Among Urban Women 41 :23 Most Women Support Reform 44:26

4. SOCIAL 5) Children 1) General Stepping Up Immunization 51 : 6 Middle-Aged Intellectuals in Poor Health 28: 8 6) Disabled Students Protest Factory on Campus 28: 9 China to Monitor Public Opinion 35 : 6 China Surveys the Handicapped 51 : 7 College Graduates to Be on Probation 37: 8 More Chinese Touring at Home 38 :24 7) Population and Life Parents' Education and Young Criminals 40:30 changes in China's Marriages 41:26 Population Policy Key to China's Future 29: 5

VI n Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

One Billion and Five Billion — Beijing Causes and Impact of the Stock Market Rally for 'The Day of the 5 Billion' 29 16 Crash 46:29 Mankind Must Control Its Own Expan• Prospects for US-Soviet Disarmament sion 30 4 Talks 49:14 Tibet's Population Develops 33 20 China Welcomes INF Treaty 51: 5 Features of China's Ageing Population Peace Campaign Moves Forward 52: 7 33 28 Youngsters Mature in Practice 36 5 China Faces a New Baby Boom 38 26 2. China and the United Nations Improved Living Standards for Farmers 41 27 Population Grows 6.36% in 5 Years 47 6 UNCTAD: Seventh Session Faces Uphill Mayor's Night Crusade 48 29 Battle 29 : 11 United Nafions: Worries About the Gulf Situation 31:10 8) Religion China's Position on Iran-Iraq War 31 :27 UNCTAD: Calling for North-South Profile of Tibet (II): Lamaism Co-operation 32:10 Flourishing in Tibet 43 23 UN: Noble Arms, Arduous Tasks 39:12 Growth of Prolestanl Church in China 52 14 China's Position on Major World Issues 40:14 Ml. Wutai — Symbol of Religious Freedom52 16 UN-Kampuchea: Another Diplomatic A Roman Catholic Church in Wuhan 52 21 Defeat for Viet Nam 43: 10 South Asia: SAARC Continues Its Move Forward 46:11 9) Others 3. China's Foreign Relation, Summer Leaves Beijingers Cold 30: 7 Countries and Regions More Than 200 Million Wear Glasses 30:29 Chinese-Foreigner: Intermarriage 32:29 'Shanghai and Me' 30: 34 Amateur Writers Emerge in Shanghai 33 :29 1) Asia Traffic Accidents on the Rise 38 :27 A Town at the Source of Changjiang 42: 31 ASEAN: Key to Settlement of Refugee Five Historic Human Migrations 46:36 Problem 27:10 Lives improved for Mongolian People 46 : 37 Towards a Fair Solution in the Middle Education Behind Bars 48 :18 East 28: 4 Beijing's Dwelling Compounds 48 : 28 Mecca: Bloodshed Rocks Holy City 33:13 Pork Shortage Hits Big Cities 50 : 7 ASEAN: Regional Co-operation Leads to Poverty Drops in Guizhou 51: 9 Progress 34:10 The Gulf: Hot Spot Draws Superpowers 37: 11 Iran-Iraq: Agreement on UN Resolution Elusive 43:12 Commonwealth: Britain Rejects Anti- II. INTERNATIONAL Apartheid Moves 44: 11 Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf Situation 44: 16 Arab Summit: Leaders Work to Promote 1. General Arab Unity 47:10 .'\SEAN Summit: Regional Co-operation OPEC: Seeking Oil Market Stability 28 :11 Further Strengthened 52: 10 Arms Talks: Hopes Rise for Missiles Pact 35:11 Towards a Better World 35:15 Meeting Discusses Third World Science 40: 9 Afghanistan A Look at Gorbachev's Asia-Pacific Indirect Talks on Afghanistan Fruitless 38:22 Policy 41 : 14 World Bank-IMF: Difficult Tasks Lie Bhutan Ahead 42:10 Joining the Modern World 27:10

IX Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

Israel South Korea Chun Accepts Demands of Dissidents 28:10 Chinese & Israeh Communists Renew Ties 28: 5 Roh Fae-Woo Woos Washington 40:13 Four Main Contenders Vie for Presidency 48:10, IndiaIndin Newspapera s Spread Lies About Violence. Cries of Fraud Tibet 32 25 Follow Election 52 : 11 Sri Lanka Iran France-Iran: Relations Severed Amid Future of Peace Pact Uncertain 36:12 Rows 31 12 Thailand Japan Thailand-Pakistan: Leaders Share Stand Learn From History to Preserve Peace 27 4 On Invasions 45: 9 Chinese Leaders on Sino-Japanese Ties 27 5 Turkey Past Experience — Guide for the Ruling Party Loses Votes, Gains Future 27 14 Seats 50:13 Japan Duty-Bound to Observe Treaties 27 1.8 Minister Woos South Asian Nations 35 14 Viet Nam USSR-Japan: Expulsions Follow Cooling Leaders on No-Win Course 29:10 In Relations 36- 11 Sincerity Lacking on Kampuchean Issue 35: 14 Japan-US: Nakasone Visits Washington 41- 11 Nakasone Passes Reins to Takeshita 44 10 Putting Profits Before Principles 45 10 2) Africa Zhao Meets Japanese Journalists 47 5 Japan: Takeshita Creates a Balanced Dakar Meeting: Important Step to Ending Cabinet 47 11 Apartheid 30:13 OAU: Summit Tackles Common Problems 32:11 Kampuchea Southern Africa: Working for Economic Barrier Obstructs Political Solution 32 12 Independence 33:12 Vietnamese Troop Pullout Key to Peace 49 10 China, Africa Talk on Unions' Role 39: 7 Sihanouk Affirms Stand in France 51 12 Aftjca: Industrialization at the Crossroads 44:13 Africa: OAU Seeks Help to End Debt Korea Crisis 50:10 DPRK: A Valuable Proposal 31 11 Pretoria Remains on Treacherous Koreans Long for National Reunification 36 14 Road 51:30 France-Africa: Debt Problems Dominate Mongolia Talks 52:13 Big Strides Made in Animal Husbandry 27 13 Angola Nepal Seeking Peace in Southern Africa 41:10 Nepalese Visitors Warmly Received 39 6 Angola: Pretoria Takes Dangerous Step 48 :' 11 Exemplary Foreign Policy Pursued 39 11 Burundi Oman 3!-Member Military Council Formed 37: 13 Thinking About a Future Without Oil 41 12 Egypt Pakistan China, Pakistan Good Neighbours 27 7 Renewed Ties Foster Arab Unity 49 :11 40 Years of Independence and Progress 33 10 Thailand-Pakistan: Leaders Share Stand Guinea On Invasions 45 9 Reform Programme Brings Changes 49: 13

Pliilippines Aquino to Visit China 34 9 Namibia Aquino's Army Crushes Coup Attempt 37 10 Pretoria Must Be Forced to Get Out 37:12

X Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

South Africa The United States Black Miners Make Their Power Felt 36:10 China Objects to 2 US Amendments 27: 6 Jimmy Carter Sees Truth About Tibet 28 : 7 , Tunisia USA: Democrats' Budget Challenges Reagan 28:13 Power Shift Wins Approval 47:12 USA: Irangate Inquiry to Tackle Legal Issues 30:10 Uganda Birth Control Allegations Absurd 35:12 Troubles Fading Into the Past 40:12 Latin America: US Influence Growing Weaker 36:13 3) Latin America Arms Talks: INF Agreement Spearheads Disarmament 40:10 Central America: Turning Point Reached US-Poland: Relations to Be Fully Nor• In Peace Process 34:11 malized 41:10 Latin America: US Influence Growing Japan-US: Nakasone Visits Washington 41:11 Weaker 36:13 United States: Stock Market Shows Central America: Prospects for Peace Look Resilience 41:13 Promising 43:11 China Rejects US Senate Move 42: 5 Latin America: Summit Opens New Era of United States: Fear Grips Wall Street 44:10 Integration 50:11 Canada-USA: Free-Trade Deal Goes All The Way 44:12 Argentina Spain-US: Defence Treaty Not to Be Gonzalez's Visit Raises Great Expecta• Renewed 48:12 tions 47: 13 US Amendment Protested 51 : 5 US-Soviet Union: Disarmament and Bolivia Detente 51:10 Inflation Brought Under Control 38: 12 5) Europe Brazil Getting Closer to the Soviet Union 42: 13 Comecon: Co-operation Takes- a New US-Brazil: Trade Friction Heats Up 48: 13 Tack 40: 11 Balkan Peninsula: Multilateral Co• Colombia operation Urged 46: 12 Economy Adjusted for Development 45: 11 Li's European Tour Successful 48: 5 European Community: Summit Fails to Mexico Reach Accord 51 : 13 39 13 Promising Trends in Economy France-Africa: Debt Problems Dominate Talks 52: 13 Nicaragua US Urged to Change Its Attitude 49 11 Albania The Balkans: Greece, Albania Panama Strengthen Ties 49 12 Peace Seems to Be Coming Late 29 13 Denmark - New Government Formed 38 13 4) North America Federal Republic of Germany Canada France-FRG: Idea of Joint Combat Unit Canada-USA: Free-Trade Deal Goes All Discussed 27: 12 44 12 The Way FRG Chancellor Visits Beijing 29: 8 USA-USSR: Soviets Bite the Bullet in Bonn-Moscow: High-Level Contacts 46 . 10 Arms Talks Restored 29: 12 United States: Economy Continues to Kohl Comes for Closer Relations 30: 5 46 : 13 Grow GDR-FRG: Bonn Visit Aims to Improve US-Brazil: Trade Friction Heats UP 48 13 Relations 34. 12

XI Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.

GDR: First Visit by Top Leader to Bonn 38- 10 United States: What's Behind the Huge France-FRG: Visit Aims to Spur West Trade Deficit? 38 11 European Unity 45: 9 Chinese Journalists Look at Soviet Li Peng Meets Siemens Visitors 49: 6 Reforms 38' 20 Federal Germany: Economic Moves Get Arms Talks: INF Agreement Spearheads Mixed Welcome 52: 12 Disarmament 40 10 Arctic Plan Gets Mixed Reception 42 11 Soviet Puppet Show at China's Art France Festival 43 34 France-FRG: Idea of Joint Combat Unit USA-USSR: Soviet Bite the Bullet in 27: 12 Discussed Arms Talks 46 10 Significance of the Barbie Trial 30: 11 Soviet Union: 70 Years After the October France-Iran: Relations Severed Amid Revolution 46 12 Rows 31: 12 UN: Soviet Union Suffers Diplomatic France-FRG: Visit Aims to Spur West Blow 47 10 European Unity 45: 9 Soviet Union: Afghan War Oppsed at Home 48 10 Hungary US-Soviet Union: Disarmament and Speeding Up Technological Development 42: 12 Detente 51 10 Kadar in China: A Historic Tour 43: 5

Norway Sweden Looking to the European Community 27: 11 US Visit Is First in 26 Years 39: 12

Poland US-Poland: Relations to Be Fully Nor- 6) Oceania mahzed 41 10 Radical Reform Plan Mapped Out 43 13 South Pacific: No Longer a World of Government Still Committed Seclusion 33 11 To Reform 50 12 Australia Soviet Union Australian Ballet Back in China 28 32 Radical Reform Under Way 28 12 Australia: Hawke Wins His Third Term 31 13 Bonn-Moscow: High-Level Contacts Restored 29 12 New Zealand Arms Talks: Gorbachev Keeps the Ball Labour Party Wins Parliamentary Rolling 32 13 Election 35 12 Sino-Soviet Border Trade Booming 34 8 USSR-Japan: Expulsions Follow Coohng New Caledonia: In Relations 36 11 A Contentious Referendum 39 10

XII A Roman Catholic Church in Wuhan

by Our Correspondent Han Baocheng

n a solemn hall of a Catholic gives us spiritual sustenance." She Seminary, is another young man I church in central China's said, "Everybody makes mistakes who became a Catholic through Wuhan city, believers piously say and feels sorry at times, and it is the influence of his family. Wu Mass against the background then that they look for a bosom said his parents are noble-minded hymns from a choir. Most of them friend; if such a friend is not Catholics who are on good terms are old and middle-aged people available in real life, they can with the people around them but there are also the young. speak their minds to God." Du's because they embody the spirit of 60-year-old. aunt is a sister at the Christ's love. He said that he A girl in a red dress sitting in the church and obviously an influence hoped he would continue to have back row, though ill at ease at first, in her attendance of Mass. But Du cornpassion for other people. He finally answered my questions. Du said she has not yet decided about said, "I can set my mind towards Fang. 24 years old this year, is a accepting baptism. cultivating myself according to the student of the Wuhan Workers Twenty-four-year-old Wu Catholic doctrine; I owe this Medical College. "Religion is Quanping, now a student at the opportunity to the state policy on idealistic," she admitted, "but it Central-Soiith China Theological religious freedom." All 82 stu-

A church Mass.

BEIJING REVIEW. DEC, 28. I987-JAN. 3, 1988 21 m ARTICLES

dents were accepted to the Guangqing, a 70-year-old bishop, seat to Dong Guangqing while he seminary after passing an who showed me around the himself knelt on the ground. At a examination. century-old, Italian-style church. reception, the local bishop played Among the congregation, only Bishop Dong's family has been the piano to add fun to the 28-year-old Liu Running comes Catholic for many generations- He •occasion, Dong found that foreign from a non-religious family. He is Was baptised three (^aysaftei' he religious believers knew little a student of the library inforrri- was bom, attended a missionary about China's Catholics. When he ation department of Wuhan school at four and was brdairied to told them that China now has 50 University. His parents, brothers be a priest at 24. Before New bishops, over 1,000 Catholic and sisters are all Communist China was born in 1949, Dong was churches and 11 monasteries and Party members. He said he the principal of a middle school.- convents, they were very much previously knew little about He did not enter the church until moved. religion. By chance, he came after the founding of the People's Speaking about the tremendous across a Bible at the university and Republic. In 1955 Dong served as changes to the church, Dong said had a keen interest in its content. an acting bishop; in 1958 he that churches in old China were of He started attending Mass became a self-chosen and self- a colonial nature; church property frequently and contacted clergy consecrated bishop, the first in and religious affairs were placed in and fellow believers at.the church. China to break away from the the hands of foreigners, The Moved by the fraternity between Vatican. church is now independent a,'nd believers, he was baptised in the During the "cultural revo• Easter of 1985. His choice had not rightfully administers its own lution," Dong said he and all other been obstructed, though it puzzled affairs. It has been proven that clergy were persecuted. The his schoolmates and family self-administered churches not church was turned into a members. When his schoolmates only can be well managed but are warehouse and he was ordered to asked why he had developed a nourishing. Each day a con• grow trees in a garden. It was religious belief, he answered: "I tinuous stream of believers comes rumoured among religious Circles know spirit is not a solid thing. I to the church from 5:30 in the abroad that he had died. After believe in religion because I want morning to 11:00 at night.; On religious activities resumed in to rely on my own thought and Christmas Day and during Easter, China in 1979, a French priest of soul for guidance." Liu beheves the church is packed with Chinese origin paid a special visit that the Catholic creed teaches worshippers. This indicates! that to China and inquired about people to be helpful and treat one the state's policy on religious Dong's whereabouts. He was very another with love, so it does not freedom is real and has taken root surprised to find Dong still living conflict with the culture and ethics in the hearts of the people, toong and in good health; Dong said that advocated by the Communist said, "The state protects the after repairing in 1980 the church Party. Both doctrines aim towards believers' legal rights and interests was re-opened. By now, most of a better society. and does not interfere in|legiti- the property, including church mate religious activities; religious real estate confiscated during the believers in their respective posts Li Jun, a clergyman with the **5ultural revolution," has been have also contributed to China's church, said that young people in returned. The money expended on sjDcialist modernization." the Hankou parish currently make religious activities can be raised up about a quarter of the total totally by the church itself. Funds Since 1979 the Vatican has sent baptised believers. Most of them mainly come from rent and some many representatives to.' China. come from religious families, social welfare undertakings, such They admitted what thei' did to others are university or secondary as foreign-languages training Chinese Catholic churches was school students or young workers classes and remedial classes. wrong and hoped to restore who have an interest in religion or relations with the churches and suffer setbacks in daily life. Li said Since the implementation of even provide financial iid. "The he himself is from a religious China's open policy, exchanges Vatican is still trying to create 'two family. Before he came to the between the Wuhan Roman Chinas' though," Don^ stressed, church in 1983 he worked at a Catholic Church and its foreign "This rules out any possibility for state-owned housing construction counterparts have increased. Over contact. But it will not affect our company. He said, "In that work the last few years there have been efforts to develop fijiendly ex• unit, I was free to take part in regular religious delegations and changes on an equal footing with rehgious activities and nobody friendly visits. When Bishop Dong Catholic organization? around the restricted me or discriminated visited the United'States last year, world. On the contrary, such against me. T was allowed holidays he was given a warm reception exchanges will grow with the on Christmas Day and during everywhere he went. During further implementation of China's other religious festivals." prayers at a church in New York policy of opening tcj' the outside After the Mass, I met Dong City, a local bishop gave up his world." . •

BEIJING REVIEW. DEC. 28. 1987-JAN. 1988 National Games, a Show of Sports Muscle by Our Correspondent Zhang Wei

he month-long 6th National Weimin, vice-minister of the State mer world weightlifting gold T Games which ended in Guang• Physical Culture and Sports medalist, said, "We've not seen in zhou, Guangdong Province, on Commission, "has produced ex• previo'us national games so many December 5 saw 12,400 athletes cellent results, representing new world and Asian records set in competing in 44 events and three improvements in China's sports." such quick succession." exhibition matches, undoubtedly President of the International He Zhuoqiang, a 20-year-old the largest of its kind in China Olympic Committee Juan lifter from the host province of both in number of competitions Antonio Samaranch who atten• Guangdong, broke the 52 kg-class and of participants. ded the games said, "I see sports world record in a snatch of 117.5 Altogether 17 world and 48 have already become an important kg, and with a jerk of 147.5 kg he Asian records were broken at the part of Chinese people's lives. topped the world record of 262.5 games, proving that China is China has become the No. 1 sports kg with his total of 265 kg. In the becoming a sports force to be nation in Asia. Your sports are top 56 kg weightlifting class, his reckoned with. The performances class, and so are your people and teammate. He Yingqiang. broke in China's traditionally strong your organizers." the 133 kg world record in a snatch events — table tennis, badminton, of 133.5 kg. diving and gymnastics — were Chinese 75 kg-class weight- easily up to standards. Much Shooting and Weightlifting. lifters lifted their way into the progress was also seen in the world's top six. Others in the 52 kg Olympic events of Judo, wrestling, Highlights of the 6th National to 75 kg categories did well. For rowing and synchronized swimm• Games were the shooting and example, Zhang Shoulie from ing. Football, basketball and weightlifting events in which three Guangxi, Liu Shoubin and Qiu volleyball are growing stronger, people broke three world records, Yuanfu from Sichuan, Cai while China is catching up in the four people chalked up eight new Yanshu from the People's Liber• track and field and swimming Asian records and 15 people set 20 ation Army, and Li Jinhe from the events, where its showing has new national records. host province made powerful traditionally been poor. "The 6th Commenting on these new assaults on the world and Asian National Games."" said Yuan achievements, Chen Jingkai, for• records. China is clearly rising to become one of the world's weightlifting powers. Chief coach of the China National Weightlifting Team, Ma Xiangjun, China's first worid champion archer. CHEN XIAOVING Huang Qianghui, attributed these new successes to the way the team has drawn on foreign experience and the improvements in training methods. He said that China began training teenagers late in the 1970s, a break with the old practice of starting to train lifters only in their twenties. China also adopted some of the methods of East European countries by training lifters in "tenacity and strength." Training in the uncom• fortable conditions of high altitudes is imposed on some lifters. Huang added that for the present China is better in the lightweight brackets than in heavyweights, better in the

BEIJING REVIEW, DEC. 28. I987-.IAN. 3. 19X8 23 China's 6th National Games

CHENG ZHISHAN Gymnast Lou Yun from Zhejiang Province wins four gold medals in ttie individual all-round events.

HUANG ZHENZHONG Guangdong's weightlifter, He Yingqiang, breaks a world record.

HUANG JINGDA Huang Xiaomin from Heilong- iiong Province sets a new Asian record in the 200-m breast- stroke finals, putting tier second in the world.

Liu Huajin from Fujian (in front), breaks the Asian record in the women's 1 00-m hurdles.

JIANG ENYU m ARTICLES

snatches than the jerks. In the swimming events have tradition• future attention should be focused ally brought poor results for on improving the heavyweight China. At the 6th National lifters in China. Games, performances were much In the shooting event, one improved, breaking many na• .marksman broke a world record, tional and Asian records. Nine 17 broke 12 Asian records, and swimmers set 12 new Asian two set two new national records. records, and 29 new national In the men's small-bore 60-shot records were also set. Huang prone rifle shooting, a Chinese Xiaomin, from Heilongjiang Pro• shooter set the national record vince, set Asia's new 200-metre with the maximum score of 600, women's breaststroke record at 2 equalling the world record set in minutes 28.39 seconds, a time only 1983. This time Shaanxi marks• 0.38 seconds behind the world man Li Zhaoyang not only met record. Two other women set new national and world records but Asian records. Yan Ming broke topped the world llnal-stage the Asian 400-metre mixed-style record of 704.9 with 705.3 points. record and Zhuang Yong the All the top six marksmen Asian 100-metre free-style time. surpassed 700 points, thereby Tianjin's Zhan Jiang set a new coming ever closer to the world national record in the men's record. butterfiy. Shanghai's Shen Jian- In the normal-run 60-shot pistol qiang gave the swimming event a event, Anhui's marksman Tang touch of international standards Qingao secured top place with a by pocketing seven golds. score of 556 out of a possible 600, Mei Zhcnyao. executive mem• equalling Xu Haifcng, the Los ber of the International Swimming Angeles Olympic gold medalist. Association and vice-chairman of Liaoning's shooter Wang Yifu the China Swimming Association, HUANG JINGDA beat the world record with a total sees these achievements as "a giant of 665 after a tie-breaker. In the step forward,"- putting China in Guangdong Province's Tan Liangde wins rapid-fire pistol event, Liaoning's the top 25 in 12 swimming events. the gold medal in men's springboard Zhang Xiaodong broke the Asian Two years ago, China hardly diving with 715.83 points. record of 595 by one point. figured in the top 50. Since Xu Haifeng took the gold Mu Xianghao. chief coach of metre hurdles, a record which has medal in the free pistol event al the the China Swimming Team, said been held by Taiwanese runner Ji 1984 Olympics, shooting has that Japan's domination of the Zheng for 17 years. Wang Xiuting- become much more prominent in swimming events would be soon outran her rivals to make three China, and many provinces in brought to an end by Chinese new Asian best times in the 3,000- western China have chosen to put swimmers. He attributed the metre, 5,000-metrc and 10,000- shooting at the vanguard of an all- progress to the application of metre events. round development of their scientific methods in strength sports. At this 6th National training. But he warned Chinese Al the 6th National Games, Games, many new shooters from swimmers of the gap which still regional distinctions became more Shaanxi, Guizhou. Gansu and remains between them and the obvious. For example, Shandong Qinghai outdid their rivals, posing world's top swimmers. and Yunnan provinces dominated a threat to shooting veterans. For China leads Asia but lags far the long- and medium-distance example, PLA markswoman Su behind the world's best in track running for both men and women, Lin ranked 17th in the June and field. However, China's Guangxi the women's sprints and preliminaries. This time, only athletes may soon be catching up. Jiangxi the men's discus event. several months later, she finished Chen Yaoling and Xu Yongjiu Sports experts believe that if this top. winning two firsts and one beat the world record in the trend continues, these specialized second place and breaking three women's 10,000-metre walk. Li regions will become good "breed• world records. Meisu set a new Asian women's ing grounds" for China's break• shofput record with a put of 20.79 throughs in track and field. metres, putting China seventh in The men's performances were Swimming, Tract< and Field the world shotputting ranking. less accomplished than the Fujian's Liu Huajin broke the women's, and no man set new The .track and field and Asian record for the women's 100- Asian records.

Rr 26 UKLIING .VIF-,W. DHC. 2S, I987-.1AN. v 1988 Hopefuls Wanted five members who are married and from being a world-level sporting have toddlers at their knees. With power despite its prominence in this in mind, coaches have put out certain events especially women's It is heartening to see young the call that the most pressing need volleyball. If China wishes to talent emerging in weightlifting, is to accelerate the training of achieve such a status, say the shooting, diving and high jump. future talent. Xu Jifa, chief coach experts, it is necessary to make a However, it is discouraging to find of the China Table Tennis Team, clear analysis of the strong and little of it in other events, where said his team will not be able to weak points, and put a great deal the veterans continue to dominate. keep its top position but would into such Olympic events as track In gymnastics, for example, the slip unless China begins right now and field, swimming, rowing and first three all-rounders were still to train new blood for the team. yachting even though China has Lou Yun, Li Ning and Xu Coaches Hou Jiachang and already made its mark in some of Zhiqiang who were top at the 5th Chen Fushou of the Chinese these events. In addition, China National Games four years ago. Badminton Team also present a should work harder to improve its They met no match this time. worrying picture, saying they have basketball and football teams even Their performances are perfect no contingent of top quality though these two teams have but lack novelty. Few of their youngsters to pin their hopes on. already qualified for the 1988 movements improve on the world Zhang Jian, a famous gymnastics Olympic Games. level, while the other gymnasts coach, said watching the gymnas• "Breaking out of Asia and suffered too many faults. tics finals, "The lack of young going world-wide," said Li Meng- The shortage of new arrivals talent is more acute among boys hua, minister of the State Physical forced many sports veterans, some than the girls. We should devote Culture and Sports Commission, even in their thirties, once again to everything possible to training "is the long-term goal of Chinese don their team colours in young talent." sports." He hopes Chinese competition. The Jiangsu Men's As was demonstrated at the 6th athletes will strive harder to win Volleyball Team, for example, has National Games, China is still far more in international matches. •

Traditional IVIusic Thriving With the Reform by Our Correspondent Hong Lanxing

preserve, and develop its national works with a strong Chinese s the famous conductor Peng fiavour. They go out among the A Xiuwen lifts his baton, the music. During the art festival, a galaxy people to- collect folk music. The powerful chords of the Muss variety and authenticity of these Eiisenihle of Traditional Instru• of artists gathered in Beijing and presented 44 shows. Seven of them influences come out in the ments rise to open the first China composers' new works. Art Festival. were national music concerts. This grand piece performed by A Japanese reporter said, "My This is particularly true of the over 1.000 players is made up of impression of the art festival is erhu (two-stringed fiddle) music of three pieces of famous Chinese that for China, 1987 is the year of the Great Wall Capriccio which music: the first A General's Orders; orthodox national music." has impressed audiences with its the second, a tune adapted from a power and grandeur. The music folk song by the modern composer begins with the unfolding of a Nie Er; and the third is Looking Creation vigorous erhu melody, accom• Into the Distance from the Great panied by the gong and drum, [Vail Capriccio, a new work by Liu The various national music drawing the listener, as it were, to Wenjin. performances at the festival the top of the Great Wall. Then This gigantic opening event showed that this music has gone the theme tune is sounded in lively demonstrates the main purpose of beyond standard playing techni• rhythm, praising the springtime the first China Art Festival—^to ques and traditional folk tunes. In scenes on either side of the wall. review the achievements of the past, the creation of traditional The mood of the piece should give China's national music (i.e. all music was confined to in• the audience a feeling of pride in recognizably Chinese music pro• strumentalists and folk artists. But our nation and stir up faith in the duced in China). It also reflects now many professional composers prospects of our motherland. China's constant efforts to are showing an interest in creating This work was the top prize

BEI.IING REVIEW. DEC. 2K. I9X7-JAN. 3. l9XSi 27 kind that depicts a scene or a chorus. The story is an ancient story), but the forms of expression ethnic legend. The soloists' music are not the same as in Western is in fact complex and demanding, music, and so Peng creates an but retains a folk flavour of unmistakably Chinese sound, but remarkable purity. one that is, nonetheless, new. In recent years, China has seen the emergence of a number of Performance young composers who use modern techniques to write modern music The tenor Wu Yanze ,of the with national characteristics. One Wuhan Theatre of Opera and example is Mountain God, a Dance Drama is a very popular concerto for winds which was artist, and at the end of his written by the fledgling composer performances must always expect Li Bingyang, a 1985 graduate of to return for repeated curtain calls the- Central Conservatory of to the sound of deafening Music. Based on folk music it uses applause. This happened at the art modern intervals and achieves a festival loo. richness which was impossible in Audiences were overcome with the pentatonic scale of traditional admiration not only for his bright, wind music. Wang Guotong, resonant voice, but also because of director of the conservatory's his technique which incorporates National Music Department, says the ingenious use of hcl canto. This Liu Dehai performs on tlie "pipa." that experimentation is helpful to gives his singing and thus the the development of national songs a welcome freshness. He winner at the 1984 Third National music, and enriches instrumental has taken his voice to a peak of Musical Works (Traditional musical creation. expressiveness and musicality, and Music) Competition. It is now the Composer Tian Feng, who has mastered faultless dynamics, most popular and inHuential erhu works with the Central Phil• rhythm and emotion, making all work. harmonic Orchestra, created a the music he sings his own. Peng Xiuwen's fantasia, — the whole new style of vocal music in During the festival, singers from Ternicotia Warriors, is another his Li'i^end of Love, where he all over the country gathered in good example. Peng incorporates blends Chinese style with Western Beijing to perform. They present• modern composing techniques style coloratura singing accom• ed a variety of styles; some into his programme music (the panied behind the scenes by a remaining within their natural

Inner Mongolian soloist playing the "matouqin," the scroll Is always carved In ahorse's "Liuqin" player Wang Hongyi from Shandong Province. head.Photosby VANG LIMING

1488 BlIJIXG RTA IFAV. DFC. 2S, I9S7-.1AN, voice; some deceptively clever in their use of techniques, such as breath control and hel canto; others combining sophistication, passion and a natural ease in both spoken voice and falsetto singing. Simple traditional singing techni• ques have given way to a variety of singing arts enchanting their local flavour. Li Huanzhi, chairman of the China Association of Musicians, says that the development of Chinese vocal music calls for more difficult techniques and varied styles without losing its special pleasing quality. The development of national orchestras started after 1949. They only use traditional instruments. Each instrument has its own history, its repertoire and playing Jilin Province players on tlie "suona" (cliinese cornet). techniques. So far, more than 10 national music ensembles and about 100 traditional music The conductor Seiji Ozawa has In a programme of 22 pieces of orchestras with various speci• called him "China's Paganini," At music presented at one concert, alities have been set up. the art festival, he performed his five were from the traditional The Central National Music pipa piece Spring Silkworms, the repertoire, and eight others were Ensemble, enjoys a high reput• title taken from a line of an ancient adapted from traditional music. ation. It was the organizer of the poetry, saying that "silkworms Famous erhu instrumentalist mass orchestra at the art festival spin silk until they die." The pipa Wang Guotong performed The opening ceremony and its 100 music eulogizes the fortitude of Moon Over a Fountain and The musicians were the ones who the people in pursuit of their Wind Sighing in the Pines, both by played the erhu concerto of the ideals. Based on his long Hua Yanjun (1893-1950), who Great Wall Capriccio. experience, he developed his pipa made outstanding contributions playing, to a level unseen by any of to China's folk music. Whether Chinese traditional his colleagues hitherto. Some years ago, a series of music should be played in performances and linked studies symphony form has been a entitled "The Voice of China" was controversy for some time. Some Ancient Music sponsored by the China Conserva• people believe that traditional tory of Music, with the aim of instrumental music should follow displaying the conservatory's the characteristic monophony of China is an ancient country with achievements in carrying forward Chinese traditional music, that it a 5,000 year-old cultural tradition. traditional music. For example, is inadvisable to force national A great deal of folk music has the first performance was of pieces music into a large-scale sym• come down the generations, but based on classic poems including phonic form. However, the much of it is in danger of being ei*. Another focused on instru• Vanguard Song and Dance lost. Since the People's Republic mental music recorded in the Ensemble has successfully perfor• was founded, musicians have ancient music notation system med seven symphonies using devoted great efforts to explonng, involving characters and other traditional instruments after collecting and collating this great symbols. At the end of last year, overcoming the problems of nuisicaf legacy. Now many pieces the conservatory introduced a part opaque tone colour, fick of of traditional music which were volume of stringed instruments, under threat have been written and the uncompromising idiosyn• down, performed, and recorded. *r/is poetry written to eertain tunes. It has crasy of plucked instruments. The revival of aniccnt and folk strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes, music was clearly evident through and a fixed number ol' Hnes and words, it Liu Dehai, vice-president of the originated in the Tang Dynasty {61S-907) China Conservatory of Music, is many and varied performances at and reached a peak in the Song Dynasty well known for his pipa playing. the art festival. (960-1279).

BELIING REVIEW. DEC. 28. 1987-JAN. .\8 29 •i ARTICLES

of the great folk masterpiece. audiences were highly impressed According to the book. History Twelve Mukam. which is popular by a new tone quality produced by oj Musical Instruments of China's in the northwest of the Xinjiang the erhu, gaohu and zhonghu, all Minority Nationalities published Autonomous Region, to Beijing two-stringed fiddles, which are early thij year, the 55 minorities audiences. In June this year, they regarded as the soul of traditional have 502 kinds of instruments. re-staged Xian's ancient Tang music. The effect was achieved by They are divided into five Dynasty style drum music. changing the sound-board's front categories — wind, bowed-string, from skin to wood. The result is a plucked-string, percussed string, Music workers, veteran musi• much improved sound projection, and percussion instruments. cians, folk singers and in• and brighter, richer tones. With• The first China Art Festival's strumentalists throughout the out losing the character of musical content shows that the country are being encouraged to traditional instruments, these development of national music collect materials for two monu• reinvented instruments are open• has entered a new positive stage. mental books: A Complete ing up a whole new playing realm. The depressing state of national Collection of China's National The Ministry of Culture held an music before the reform has made Music Played on Traditional exhibition of 25 prize winning people doubly aware that it is Instruments and A Complete improved musical instruments in worth the effort to rejuvenate Collection of China's Folk Songs. Shenzhen last March. national music. The last few years The compilation of the songs is have borne the fruits of the almost complete. The publication Five months later, the ministry labours of musicians in the field of of the two books is seen as very and the State Nationalities Affairs traditional music. significant in the retaining of Commission also convened a Traditional Chinese instru• China's musical legacy. national working meeting on ments have found markets minority nationality musical in• abroad. The sales of instruments struments in Chifeng in Inner at home are also up. National Traditional Instruments Mongolia. At the meeting, more music ensembles throughout the than 60 newly discovered and country are constantly producing Enthusiasm for improved and reinvented traditional instruments new works with rich modern modified traditional instruments from 17 minority nationalities flavour. Their audiences are was revealed in the art festival. were exhibited, many of them after growing and diversifying. When the Central National being improved are manifestly The first China art festival is a Music Ensemble presented A superior to their originals in tone good beginning for a great new Glimpse of Taklimakan Desert. quality or expressiveness. fiowering of national music. •

Old-Age Care in Reform

by Our Correspondent Wu Naitao

ccording to international con• workers in the urban areas China's welfare can not meet Avention, if 7 percent of a increased at an average annual the needs of an "old-age society." country's population is over 65 rate of 1.63 million. In 1990 it will Therefore, China is reforming the years old, or 10 percent over 60, have increased by 8 million and existing retirement welfare system the country is considered an "old- early next century the average and is working hard to introduce a age society." increase will be about 130 million new one. The reform aims at a new Although only 5 percent of the people a year. form of social security and is Chinese population is over 65 concentrated on state enterprises. today, it is predicted that by the Number of Retired Employees > end of this century, the number of people of 60 or older will have Year Number of retired Present Policy reached 130 million, or 10.7 employees (millions) percent. 1957 2.8 After the establishment of the With the ageing of the 1978 3.14 retirement system in 1951, every population, the number of retired 1980 8.16 state enterprise was given the employees increases. During the 1984 14.58 money to pay its retired em• Sixth Five-Year Plan period 1986 16.37 ployees' pensions, medical ex• (1981-85), the number of retired penses, heating allowances, food

Bi.l.ll\(. Ri:Vli;\V. Die. 2X. I4S7-,IAN, 3. 1'>SX subsidies and funeral expenses. other welfare funds suffer. This nized to provide retirees of state The money, called the "retirement causes resentment among the enterprises with allowances in fund" in China, was about 3 working part of the workforce, accordance with state stipulations, percent of the labour expenses and while the retirees, having devoted including pensions, severance pay, controlled centrally by the All- a lifetime of their labour, do not subsidies for rises in food prices; China Federation of Trade feel properly rewarded. subsidies for heating and other Unions. living expenses, nursing fees, This system lasted until 1966 funeral expensses, pensions for the when the"cultural revolution" Social Insurance disabled and for the famihes of the paralysed the federation. In 1969 it deceased, and relief payments for was decided that state enterprises In February 1985, Zhao employees' dependents. Meanw• should support their own retired Ziyang, then premier of the State hile, medical expenses and lump• employees. With the ageing of Council, said that social security sum relief payments are still paid their workforce, however, most of should be part of the economic out by the original units. them saw double-digit increases in structural reform. So the state The amount of money the local these expenses. departments concerned got tog• insurance company takes from ether to discuss the problem and state enterprises is fixed by the put forward their preliminary local government in accordance Unfair Enterprise Burden programmes. The government has with local conditions and the written social insurance into the enterprise's tax payments. Since 1979, the number of Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986-90). In Anyang, Henan Province, China's retired employees has The Economic Research Centre each state enterprise contributes increased rapidly. affiliated to the State Council is the equivalent of 10.5 percent of its working on social security, its total wages bill to the municipal In 1957, the total cost of the function and its administration. insurance company as well as an retirement fund was less than 1.4 The Ministry of Labour and additional 30 percent of the sum. billion yuan, but in 1986. it was Personnel, the China Labour 14.6 billion yuan. By the year 2000 Institute, the Chinese Academy of These payments amount to 14 there will be 40 million retired Social Sciences and some univers• percent of the city's total wages employees and the funds will top ities have held discussions on bill: 11.67 percent is for pensions 50 billion yuan. social security at home and and related expenses; 0.83 percent There are places where the abroad. for necessary adjustments ac• unfair burden is very obvious. In In fact, the reform of the social counts; 0.5 percent as manage• Shanghai in 1985, the retirement security system began in 1983, ment fees; and I percent as the fund accounted for 19.3 percent of when the Ministry of Labour and accumulation fund of the insur• the wages. But in Gansu, it Personnel tried a pilot system in 17 ance company. This level of accounted for only 6.8 percent. In provinces and municipalities. contribution is fixed on a yearly Shanghai's No.21 Cotton Mill, the Under the system, each enterprise basis, when it is reconsidered and 1985 retirement fund accounted pays a certain percentage of its adjusted. for 79.2 percent of its total wages employees' wages before taxes to The policy of enterprises giving, bill; but the new Baoshan Iron and the local labour insurance depart• the money for the retirement fund Steel Co.'s retirement fund ment, which will then pay out to the local labour insurance accounted for only 0.4 percent. pensions for all retirees at local company helps the enterprises to Generally, the ratio of retirement enterprises. Today, nearly 200 compete and is more efficient. fund to total wages in coastal cities and counties have im• Since 1985, 1,997 enterprises in areas is higher than in mountain plemented this new system, the Fujian Province have carried out areas, in commerce higher than in majority of provinces, municip• the policy, 660 have found their industry and in light industry it is alities and autonomous regions pension burden has lightened. higher than in heavy industry. have worked out and made public Although the pensions are now The unfair burden affects an their own methods for the the responsibility of the labour enterprise's development. In some implementation of this new insurance companies of local old enterprises and those working system. at a loss, there are delays of several governments there are still many months in pension payments. This Under the new system, the problems to be settled. Since it is bad not only for the life of the retirement fund should cover all involves many sectors, financial old people, but for society's the expenses for the retirees. The policy and the local government's stability as well. system, however, is implemented economic considerations, the As some enterprises need a very in a different way in different Ministry of Labour and Personnel large retirement fund, their places. In most places, labour is working out interim regulations retained profits, bonuses and insurance companies were orga• governing the work. •

31 BtlJlNCi RfA II.W. DVX:. :s. U)S7-.IAN. v I9SX m BUSINESSARADE

economic affairs. They consisted mostly of the provisions on Sino- Changing Agricultural Investment foreign joint ventures, wholly foreign-owned enterprises, co• operative offshore oil exploit• ation, taxation, contracts, tech• n order to make better use of the This kind of investment is low in nology imports, customs, foreign funds allotted to agriculture by efficiency; the investors do not I exchange control and bank credit. the Chinese government and the bear risks and the users bear no international funding for agricul• responsibility. This has also The promulgation and imple• ture, the Chinese government and inhibited the use of international mentation of these laws and its agricultural experts are opening loans. regulations have protected the the China Agricultural Construc• The prospects of the company rights and interests of foreign tion Inventment Co have aroused great interest among investors in China and promoted The new company, which has international financial organiz• international economic co• been approved by the State ations and agricultural investment operation. Council, like the China Intern• groups. At present, the World In addition, China has con• ational Trust and Investment Bank is holding talks on a long- cluded bilateral investment pro• Corp., (CITIC), the Everbright term low-interest loan of US$300 tection agreements with Sweden, Industrial Corp., the China million with the company. Romania, Britain, the Federal Industry and Commerce Develop• Opening special investment Republic of Germany, Italy and ment Corp., and Kanghua companies is a part of the reform 13 other countries, and signed Development Corp., enjoys a of the Chinese investment system. agreements on avoiding double ministry-level status. Acting Pre• China expects in the future to taxation and preventing tax mier of the State Council Li Peng establish three state investment evasion with the United States, recently allocated 200 million companies for energy, raw Japan and 16 other countries. • yuan from the central government materials and communications in funds for the company's registered order to strengthen control of capital. investment. Johnson and Yue Haitao The president of the company's Johnson in China board is Du Runsheng who is also chief advisor to Deng Xiaoping on New Economic arly this month, Johnson and agricultural policy, director of the E Jehnson, the American health rural policy research office under Laws Pending care products company, opened a the Secretariat of the Party joint venture, Shanghai-Johnson Central Committee and director hina is perfecting its legislation and Johnson, in Shanghai's of the rural policy development on foreign economic affairs in Minhang development zone. research centre of the State C order further to protect the legal The company, which involves Council. rights and interests of foreign US$5 million in investments, will The company is beginning with investors. manufacture sterilized plasters for a trial period. Its job is to handle According to Liu Chu, deputy medical use. Its products will-be the administration of the state's director of the legislaUon depart• sold in China and abroad with the agricultural investments and pro• ment of the Ministry of Foreign Johnson and Johnson trademark. ject targets, organize relevant Economic Relafions and Trade, Ralph B. Larson, deputy research and regional administr• China will enact more than 150 president of the board of the US ation, attract international invest• sets of laws and regulations company, said at the opening ment and loans, and participate in concerning foreign economic ceremony that his company put in all agriculture-related economic affairs in the next five years. Some 60 percent of the total investment activities. The company is ex• are now being formulated, includ• and will provide the technology, pected to play an important role in ing a foreign trade law, a copyright equipment and management skills the transformation of the state's law, a Sino-foreign co-operation which it has gained over 100 years agricultural investment from fin• law, a company law, a commercial of manufacturing and marketing ancial allocations to loans with paper law, a maritime law and an health care products. The high- interest. insurance law. quality products which the In the last five years the Chinese Since it promulgated its first venture will market will benefit government spent 15,000 million provisions on utilizing foreign Chinese people greatly, he said. yuan annually on developing investment in 1979, China has This company is the first joint agriculture. Of this sum, 3,000 enacted more than 200 laws and venture in China to use the name million yuan goes to irrigation. regulations covering foreign "Johnson." Earlier, two Johnson

BFLIiNCi REVIFW. DF.C. 28. I987-.1AN. 3. 1988 and Johnson subsidiaries sel up foreign-funded enterprises in and foreign exchange guarantees; two joint ventures in China which China are also small or medium- the corporation will act for use different names. One is the sized and have all been performing MFERT in handling fransfer Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical satisfactorily. loan, and management and repayments on loans supplied by funded jointly by Janssen Phar• The centre, since it was maceutical N.V. of Belgium, the foreign governments to China. established in 1986, has dealt with Shanxi Pharmaceutical Industry enterprises, governmental With time, says Wang, the Co., and the Hanjiang Phar• organizations and non• corporation will set up branches in maceutical Factory. This venture governmental organizations from China and abroad to meet any will soon go into operation and over 20 countries and regions produce over 30 kinds of Janssen expansion in the scope of its pharmaceutical products. including the United States, business. Japan, Britain, France, Federal The new corporation has The other is between Johnson Germany, Italy, Canada and aroused a great deal of interest in and Johnson in Federal Germany Hong Kong. It has arranged visits, foreign financial circles. Already and the Beijing No. 3 Textile Mill information and personnel ex• some foreign financial organiz• which will co-operate in produc• changes, economic co-operation ations have signed co-operative ing o.b. tampons. and trade talks. agreements with the corporation. US Johnson and Johnson also Other Chinese departments and Talks are also being held with plans to set up a plant in Tianjin enterprises such as CITIC have companies from France, Federal for manufacturing Tylenol anti• also established special sections Germany and Switzerland. pyretic products. The feasibility providing services for Sino- Yao Jianguo study is being made at pre.sent. foreign small and medium-sized Liu Jianjun enterprises. Special legislation and business terms for such ventures are in the offing. Co-operation Among Yao Jianguo News in Brief Smaller Enterprises New Investment • Another four subsidiaries of he Foreign Co-operation and Corporation Opens the China International Trust and TCo-ordination Centre for Small Investment Corp. (CITIC) went and Medium-Sized Enterprises into operation on December 5: under the State Economic Com• hina's first financial organiza• CITIC Trading Inc. Technology mission recently offered 52 Ction forhandling foreign funds Inc., Tianjin Industrial Develop• possible co-operative projects to subordinate to the Ministry of ment Inc., and Travel Inc. To dale smaller Italian businesses. These Foreign Economic Relations and the corporation has 16 branch projects are being discussed at Trade (MFERT), opened in present. Agreements and con• companies and enterprises and has Beijing last December. tracts are expected to be signed a combined registered capital of 3 The China Trust and Invest• soon. billion yuan. It is soon to be ment Corp. for Foreign Economic renamed "CITIC (Holdings)." Before this, the State of Baden- Relations and Trade was set up to Wuerltemberg in the Federal meet the needs of the reform of the Republic of Germany, through financial system and international • Eleven Sino-foreign joint this centre, established long-term business and trade. It has 150 ventures in Beijing held their first co-operative ties with the cities of million yuan and US$15 million in "Rainbow" fashion show on Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou. registered capital. The December 10 at the Great Wall Co-operative contracts for about corporation's ability to raise funds Hotel. On show were over 200 a dozen projects in machinery and is considerable. suits and other pieces from their electronics have been signed so latest collections. far. There are already over 60 trust These companies have been Zheng Zhaoqiao, who heads the and investment corporations in funded by knitwear and clothing centre, said that 90 percent of China. Deputy general manager firms from the Federal Republic China's 400,000 industrial and Wang Wenli says that his of Germany, Spain. Japan. communications enterprises are corporation had two distingush- Singapore, the United Slates. Italy smaller businesses. With many ing features: funds raised will be and Hong Kong. The garments, different technologies and more used mainly in China's export- jewelry, shoes and other products managerial flexibility, they have a oriented enterprises and foreign- made by these joint ventures are great potential for technological funded enterprises, foreign cur• exported to a dozen countries and co-operation. Most of the 9,300 rency investment, loans, leasing regions.

Bl: ;i.iiN(. Ri.vinw. one. 2s. iys7-.iAN. 3. lyxs • CULTURE/SCIENCE

China International Acrobatics Festival

hina's first International in the county, show a variety of Since the founding of New CAcrobatics Festival was held in acrobatic tricks such as "hand• China, Wuqiao has provided more Shijiazhuang, a city south of stands," "belly-supports," than 1,600 acrobats for troupes all Beijing, between October 25 and "horsemanship" and so on. over the country. Even before November 1. Artists from six Acrobatics is very popular in liberation, Wuqiao acrobats had foreign countries and 15 Chinese Wuqiao County. Every town and visited more than 30 countries and troupes presented their best force village has acrobats. In some regions to give performances. In to appreciative audiences and villages, all the villagers, young some parts of the world, there are representatives of acrobatic and old, can perform amazing still many popular acrobats who circles. acrobatic skills. The Wuqiao are descendants of Wuqiao Li Wenshan, chairman for the people love acrobatics and people. festival's organization committee, consider it a great ancestral -There are some 3,000 acrobats said the aim of the festival was to treasure. It is a part of their in Wuqiao County today. Apart "promote communication be• everyday life. Tables, chairs, jars, from a county-run acrobatic tween artists and deepen the dishes, ropes — any thing available troupe and an acrobatics school, understanding and friendship at hand can be their props. It is not there are 58 private amateur between peoples all over the unusual to see a peasant carrying a acrobatic troupes scattered world. We hope the festival will wheel-barrow to the field on his around its 20 townships. contribute to the development and lower jaw or a pupil balancing an prosperityof acrobatics," he said. umbrella on his nose to shelter himself from the rain on the way to Chinese acrobatics date back school. When small boys go to the A Meeting of tlie Elites about 2000 years. Since the shop for a bottle of vinegar or founding of the People's Republic cooking oil, they like to balance During the festival, artists from in 1949, China has sent scores of the bottle upside down on their acrobatic troupes to perform in both China and abroad performed little finger and try to go back 30 programmes in an exhibition of more than 100 countries and home without spilling any of the the recent developments in world regions and Chinese acrobatics contents. Turning somersaults or acrobatics. has been praised as the "pearl of forming human pyramids are as The act called "High Bar Oriental arts." Since 1982, easy as pie for the local people. Chinese acrobats have taken part Swing" was devised by Zhou in 13 international competitions Balancing on a unicycle LAI HAILONG and won 23 gold medals. In 1982, China entered the Circus of Tomorrow Festival for the first time in Paris and since that Chinese acrobats have won the Award of the President of France five consecutive times. As one westerner commented, "In terms of acrobatics only, China is worthy of the title of a great country." Home of Acrobatics Wuqiao County in Hebei Province is located 173 kilometres east of Shijiazhuang, the capital city of the province. The county is well-known for its acrobatics and this festival is named after the county. The murals on the walls of an Eastern Wei Dynasty tomb (about 1,500 years ago) excavated

34 BF Liqing, a young acrobat from the The act displays the optimistic and The Experts' View Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe. It humorous character of the features combined acrobatics and Xinjiang people. Experts spoke highly of the gymnastics. On a horizontal bar One act which deserves a special festival. Lu Yi, manager of the ten metres above the ground, three mention is "Feet Juggling" by two Nanjing Acrobatic Troupe and performers — one female and two sisters of the Jiang family, an vice-chairman of the China males — each uses rubber bands to acrobatic family from Wuqiao Acrobats' Association said: "The form giant swinging arcs. Under County. The elder sister displays six acts performed by the overseas the stage lights, the acrobats are her "tossing" skills with a big jar artists have one common like shooting stars in the sky. Such spinning at very high speed. The characteristic — the pursuit of feats are extremely difficult and younger sister sits, crawls, stands, difficulty, rhythm, entertainment hair-raising and require not only handstands on top of the jar as her and national character. The skill but also courage. elder sister tosses it. Her lovely dexterity of the Russians, the level "Balancing on a Plank," poses and gestures greatly impress of difficulty in the Mexican acts performed by the Wuqiao Acro• the audience. The act won first such as ^Ball Tricks,' and the batics School, displays the.potent- prize in an acrobatics competition rhythmic skills of the performers ial of the students aged between 9 in Hebei Province in 1985. from the DPRK, are an example and 13 years.-On a pyramid of to us all." Xia Juhua, chairwoman three planks, they adopt various During the festival, foreign of the China Acrobats' Associ• postures. The act received one of artists also exhibited their talents ation said: "Compared to the the five Golden Lion Awards and skills. An actress from the overseas artists, we have much presented at the festival. Soviet Union showed off the room for improvement in acts like "Jumping Through Hoops" is a talents of her performing dogs. animal taming and high-air traditional piece in the Heilong- The end of this act is especially acrobatics." jiang Acrobatic Troupe's re• intersting: all the dogs walk off the The art director of the Sun pertoire. Precisely and skilfully, stage, except one who is still busy Acrobatic Troupe of Canada, Mr. seven acrobats jump through performing. He is so deeply lost in G. Caron, and some other foreign stacked hoops. One even somer• his artistic presentation that he experts said that Chinese acro• saults through the highest hoop, simply refuses to heed the orders batics should attach more im• 2.42 metres above the ground. given by his master to leave the portance to the comprehensive Fu Xiuyu, a young acrobat with stage. The audience applauds for artistic beauty of stage lighting, the Changchun Acrobatic Troupe, him once more and he seems a costume, props and music as a captivated the audience with her little satisfied and walks off the whole. difficult balancing feats. She rides stage in a rather elegant and proud on a 1.7-metre-high unicycle on a manner, leaving the audience in The first China International red wooden ball 1.06 metres in fits of laughter. Acrobatic Festival set a new target diameter. She has to use one foot for China's acrobat. It is true that Chinese acrobatics are at an to keep the unicycle balancing on "Rope Callisthenics" perform• the moving ball and the other to advanced level in world terms. ed by an Australian acrobatic However, it is important to look to throw bowls onto her head. With troupe also attracted the audience. apparent ease she kicks one tea pot new ideas and skills as world On a rope suspended from the acrobatics develops at a rapid on top of the bowls on her head ceiling, a ten-year-old girl forms and then kicks its lid into place. pace. Xu Shue, an official from the various acrobatic poses and ends Ministry of Culture who is In January 1987, Fu Xiuyu's in a high speed spin on the rope. responsible for acrobatics, said: performance of this act won her The Pyongyang Acrobatic "To create new concepts and new the Award of Monaco City and a Troupe of the Democratic skills on the basis of our national Monte Carlo TV station award in People's Republic of Korea characteristics is the key to the 12th Monte Carlo Intern• presented an act with strong advancing our acrobatic art." ational Acrobatics competition •national fiavour, "Spring• by Hong Lanxing held in Monaco. board." In one act, the "Handtricks." performed by performers leap from the sprin• the Xinjing Acrobatics Troupe is a gboard and fall to form a four- vivid and lively act. Two Uygur man deep human pyramid. One nationality acrobats play musical performer then makes a triple pieces on their traditional per• backward somersault keeping a cussion instruments — the sahayi perfectly straight posture and and hand-drum — while perform• landing squarely on his feet. This ing acrobatic acts and movements won high praise from the to the rhythm of their folk tunes. audience.

BRLllNt, Rl \. DIX'. 28. I9S7-.IAN. .v l^SX •i FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

business with their growing funds. Co-operative organization is a good solution for them. But, the Individual & Private Enterprises Encouraged alignment of the co-operative sector of the economy requires the balancing of different interests and establishing of standardized contract relations. It is difficult to the publicly owned sector. It cover all regions and all fields in a "NONGMIN RIBAO" would have been impossible for short period of time because the (Farmers' Daily) Wenzhou to provide jobs for co-operative economy needs a 800.000 additional labourers in process of preparation under the only eight years and quadruple the given conditions. Therefore, the nder the socialist system, gross value of industrial and current emergence of private individual and private enterpr• U agricultural output if it did not ises are closely tied to the mighty enterprises based on the individual develop family industry and seek socialist economy. They are legal ones is impossible to avoid. It to provide about 0.027 hectares of and allowed to exist in our would get us nowhere to develop cultivated area per capita. Similar• country, and can certainly play a individual enterprises and not role in developing China's socia• ly, Fuyang Prefecture, which used permit private ones to exist. to be poor and backward, could list commodity economy. In some areas, individual and never have increased its annual These comments were made by private enterprises account for a output value from 30 million yuan Zhao Ziyang, general secretary of large proportion of the total. in 1978 to 1.5 billion yuan in 1986 the Communist Party of China Many people who agree with the if it did not make great efforts to and the country's former premier, development of such enterprises develop village- and township-run during a discussion with a group still consider that this is not in the enterprises. of farming entrepreneurs. They spirit of maintaining the pre• Although the rationale for sum up the legal status and the dominance of public ownership. individual and private enterprises positive role of individual and This poses the question of what is has been explained in recent years, private enterprises in China today. meant by public ownership some people still have reservations China is in the primary stage of remaining predominant. The con• or even adopt a negative attitude socialism. Its productive forces are cept applies to the whole country towards them. Apart from not backward. To quickly accomplish and the departments that are knowing the advantages outweigh the objective of making our important to the national the disadvantages in developing country prosperous and powerful economy. In specific economic individual and private enterprises, and the people well-off and to fields and localities, the propor• these people do not understand satisfy the people's ever-increasing tions of different types of that in a socialist country, private material and cultural needs, no ownership should be allowed to enterprises are controllable and one or two single types of vary. adaptable. The predominant role ownership will do. In the primary Considering the rural areas of of publicly owned enterprises has stage of socialism, the initiative of the country as a whole, especially been established in China. The diverse sectors of the economy the predominantly agricultural private sector can not but develop including individual and private regions, individual and private economic relations with the public enterprises should be encouraged, enterprises are far from adequ• sector. The state can use economic provided that public ownership ately developed. So we should and administrative means to exert remains dominant. Experience in work on the principle of its influence on individual and Wcnzhou City, Zhejiang Pro• continuing development. This is private enterprises and to promote vince, and Fuyang Prefecture, not counterposed to strengthening what is beneficial and eliminate Anhui Province, has proved that management and guidance, for the what is harmful so that the private the development of individual and aims of management and guidance sector will be developed in a way private enterprises to a certain are to help individual and private degree is conducive to promoting that is advantageous to the enterprises develop in a healthy production, stimulating the mar• national economy and people's way, not to make things difficult ket, providing more jobs and well-being. for them. helping to meet people's needs. Some naive people think Cljina Thus, these enterprises provide a Besides eliminating what is may stop at developing indivi• necessary and useful supplement harmful, different methods of dual enterprises. In the process of to the public sector of the management and guidance will developing the commodity economy, although individual and promote what is beneficial. From private enterprises run counter to economy, some individual house• this point of view, management holds are bound to expand their should include providing service.

}0 Bri.llN(, RHVirW. DVC. 2S, |0S7-,1AN, I4S,S The departments concerned the ties between the socialist women's further hberation. It is should add services for individual economy and individual and pushing the women's movement and private enterprises to their list private enterprises. to a new level. of responsibilities to strengthen (September 18, 1987) 2. More and more Chinese women take an interest in the affairs of state and are conscious of the need to discuss and participate in government and New Vistas Open Up for Cinemas political affairs. They are con• cerned with the Party's general and specific policies, and the "JINGJI RIBAO duced to small and medium-sized construction of the legal system (Economic Daily) cities and towns, where people and socialist democracy, as well as need more public places of with reform. They often report entertainment, even though many their opinions on various matters cinemas are left unused except to the relevant departments of the f 15 cinemas in Guangzhou on when films are being shown. With women's federations at all levels China's southern coast, 12 O slight alterations, the cinema can and they support the Party and have been reconstructed to become the recreational centre of government in the reform and varying degrees to provide added a locality. Thus, its business will open policies. facilities and services. These take a favourable turn and the include video tape projection 3. Under today's conditions of local residents, especially the studios, dance halls, art and music reform and competition, Chinese young people, will have a place for rooms, billiard rooms, electronic women in both rural and urban their spare-time activities. games rooms, shops, restaurants areas realize that only by raising and small cafes. While continuing Additional services attract new their educational level can they to centre on fdm showing, these audiences and bring in more meet the needs of social develop• cinemas provide varied and income for the cinemas. In ment. The reform,- economic comprehensive services which Guangzhou, for example, cinema development and social progress appeal strongly to a range of incomes from showing films alone have shaken women out of their audiences. increased by 29.8 percent last year quiet life and spurred them to With the growing popularity of compared with 1984. increase their educational stan• television, the number of people Of course, turning cinemas into dards and learn work and going to the movies decreased in multi-purpose centres does not management skills. recent years, resulting in a decline mean allowing them to develop in 4. The dull and backward way in business for cinemas. If the a haphazard way. Cinemas should of life of women is changing. Not cinemas continue to simply show still give priority to showing films. only women in urban areas, but films, they will not attract many The cinema authorities should do also an increasing number of people. By adding facilities for their best to promote diversific• women in rural areas are seeking other recreational activities, the ation suited to current needs and healthy cultural and scientific cinemas will become multi• trends in the development of ways of life. Since the reform purpose places of entertainment. cinemas. started, and especially in the past This innovation may be intro- (October 4, 1987) few years since they no longer have to worry about having enough food to eat and warm clothing, women have been expanding their knowledge and participating in Chinese Women Are Changing various kinds of cultural activities. They are being lifted out of ignorance and backwardness, and are putting their faith in science, "ZHONGGUO FUNU BAG " 1. Large numbers of Chinese paying attenfion to hygiene, (Chinese Women's News) women have entered the arena of transforming social traditions and commodity production and have finding-new ways of doing things. become a vital new force in its 5. Women's sense of inferiority hang Guoying, vice-president development. The development of and dependence is changing and Zof the All-China Women's the commodity economy has new ideas about women, marriage Federation, recently spoke on the helped raise women's economic and the family are being great changes that women have status and social position, and lay developed. undergone in the past nine years. the material foundation for lOclohcr 26. 1987)

BRMINC; REVIEW. DEC. 28. 1987-JAN. -\8 ,17 TOURISM

Beijing Year of International Travel. The centre will gladly offer tourists with the times, places and relevant information on various celebration activities. by Han Guojian

Ancient Rock Paintings Found

large painting called "ghost Ashadow" was found on a sheer precipice along the Mingjiang tributary of the Zuojiang River, more than 100 kilometres away from Nanning City (capital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region). The painting, 40 metres high and 220 metres long, dates back to about 200 BC. It features over 1,800 clear brown drawings of people, animals and utensils. There are 178 such rock paintings on the banks of the Zuojiang River, which stretches for more than 200 kilometres. ie things one isTnost concerned — Addresses, telephone num• These paintings are mostly Tabout when getting off a plane bers and brief introductions to between 50 and 120 metres above in a strange country are how to scenic spots and recreational ground or water level. How the organize food, and find lodging centres. ancient people painted on the cliffs and transportation. The Beijing near the river is still an unsolved Tourist Information Centre on the — Names, addresses and tele• riddle, and it is amazing that the first floor of the Beijing Airport phone numbers of government colours still survive after being provides this information. departments, the press, higher exposed to the elements for 2,000 The centre was set up last learning institutions and years. November and mainly serves hospitals. foreign tourists, overseas Chinese — Names, addresses and tele• The Guangxi Travel Service has and compatriots from Hong phone numbers of foreign em• now started guided tours enabling Kong, Macao and Taiwan. bassies, consulates, and business foreign travellers to see the According to Bo Xicheng, head and trade, news, aviation and paintings. of the Beijing Travel Service, in its tourism organizations stationed in by Yang Xiaobing search for staff the centre invited Beijing. applications from people with a — Addresses and telephone good command of English and a numbers of taxi companies; wide range of knowledge. The scheduled flights and arrival times centre is equipped with two sets of at the Beijing Airport, and main micro-computer systems, provid• train numbers and arrival and ing the following information on the Beijing area. departure times at the Beijing — Names, addresses, telephone Railway Station. numbers, number of available Anyone requiring the above rooms and prices for various information will be given a list travel services and hotels. containing the data printed in English or Chinese. — Names, addresses, telephone numbers and business features of Bo said 1988, the year of major restaurants and department dragon, is designated by the stores. Beijing Travel Service as the

BFUING REVIEW. DHC. 28. 19X7-.1AN. 3, 19X8 Raining in town.

Engravings by Zhao Xiaomo

Zhao Xiaomo, born in Zhejiang Province in 1 949, now works at the Beijing People's Fine Arts Publishing House. Her intricate engravings seek to unite folk style with modern art.

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