MIEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO AFRICAN STATES

MIEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO AFRICAN STATES AND OTHER SELECTED DELEGATIONS TO THE FIFTEINTH GENTRAL ASSEYBLY (RESUMD) SESSION) BY THE IEOPIES ORGANIZATION (SWAPO) ON THE NECESSITY FOR POLITICAL INTERVENTION IN SOUTH WEST AFRICA CONTENTS: Tcgound to the Crisis...... Page 1. PART II Tue 8cUth African Government in South West AfriOa (Brief Comments on European Politics in South Webt Afrioa)...,...... &g 4 PART III TlieT777ii-nistrd ion of Law and Policies by Terror - THE MOBILE F(RCE .... E Aims and Objectives for ImmediateFuture of South West AfriOa,,,.,,...... Page 16. PART V Dra -tResolution on Political Intervention in South West AfrioaPage 17, PART VI UjnII Assembly Resolutions.,.. .PaIp19. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial countries and Peoples.Page 2( * @@@WQe@@eOe

Page I PART I THE BACKGROUND TO THSEPRESENT CRISIS' The question of South West A.frica, 'as the United Nat'ions'faces' it today, is .tho legacy of three wars: the German 'Colonial War of Conquest of Africa,, and the two imperial triba' w&k' the Firzt World War and&the Second World War. This vital question is both', an affront and a challenge to the entire internatlIol commiuiity. But it poses'a -particular challeng,6 :to the Independent States of Africa -tho are pledged 'to. the complete liberat ion of Africa from colonial domination and exploitation. This has' bcoimfe the essential supreme political condition for the establishment of world peace and tranquility. Although 'one of the most extreme expression of modern colonialism is practiced by :th Union Government in South West Afri*ca, this problem offets great 'op'ortunitieg for a beginning toward the., solutioIn of Se tomplex problems that exist in European.' Settlers dominated southern Africa'. By preventing o the in~oprLtion of South West' Africa into :the Union 15 years ago' the Un'ited Nations asserted its reiponsib'ilites for South West. Afrioa's political Tfu re. But 15 years of' South. African defiance of the United Nations authority has allowed its de facto incorporatiobT &the territory," The WesItern' Co'onrial Powers have given both open and overt subbort for the mainte n ce ofthe South African regime irn Sut'h West Africa. At this crliical loent when direct political Intervent14' is requiid their'real'int.ntitonp in Africa are being put to the test. Will international responsibility and the' rule of law be upheld in the question of South West Africa? What course of action will th'ose whose interests are already intrenched in the' present state of afairs follbw? Will they try to bolster the present system? Will they ifiake a few gradual chmges to alter the appearance but nbt the basis of the* system? Or wiLl they arise to the challenge which demands"'immediate, complete and radical chwnges in the entire political, economic and sdcial system? Will the African States 'ga thee rest of: the international community recognize that the :only Immediate political intervention by the United"Nations can°ave South Wes t Africa from chaos? The Union Government's 40-year. 'record Of administration'in South West Africa is retrograde in every respect. The Union Governmett has done absolutely. nothing to promote justice in South West Africa In fact, its presence in our" country is the very negat'ion of justice, Legislation is systeimtically' designed to deny justice and has. created an efficient' police state'capabld of extending its absolute control ov~r-pe ery' aspect of the 'lives of: the African pqople. Human existence'und'r its reign of terror &s intolerable. 'Any restorstion of'African sovereignty is inconceivable under th'is. regIme The mass acre of. Deomber 10th, 1959, Was a logical consequence or, Apartheid policy, The explosive aftermath of that tragedy expose athe real nature of 'th'e Suoh Afrtcan. regime an& what it has done since that time 6ive usa predictable pattern for future developments. When Sbuth Africa Government representatives and European leaders met priva&tely follwoing the Windhoek massacre 'there were neither expressions,&f regret for what had happened nor any interest in the underlying reasons for the African opposition. Whatever anxiety they felt was caused by the fear of possible repercussiona from abroad particularlyfrom the United Nation-6, They wished only to absolve themselves of any guilt for the brtine by.trying to present a' facade of justice, The fake one-man Coii*mmission of Inquiry headed by 2bhe now retired JudgPre Peident Hall. tP establish the causes. The findingd of this so-calied Inquiry were a mockery of Justice., The South African Administration in South Wst Africa h's -become obsessed with the de'termination, to break the will of the peple by ruthless suppresison of all forps. of African opposition, and ' 'N particularly to, paralyze and destrOy SWAP04. This t]bey are accomplishing by mas' deportatins, arbb'trary a-nrets, and.detention, the 4lling of. innocehtAfriban civilians and SWAPM-... leaders. They are"ixLso using "edono sb:reprisals and Intimidation,' such as was the case in Walvis Bay whbre"African municitpAl truck " drivers were fired and replaced by White Belgian refugees from the Cong*e The Africans were told to seek jobs from the UN.

Page 2 It- is ironic that at about the same time a United Natidns resolution was pass ed in December, 196O calling for the trial and punishment of offtqials responsible for the Windhoek massacre, seventeen Africans present dt the scene of the shooting in 1959 were arrested by the South African Government. 'They are being held and awaiting trial, In -the 'past European Lawyers, in South West Africa have refused to defend Africans charged with what they consider to be political nffences. There areof course, no African Lawyers to defend them, and if past experiences are repeated then government will refuse to admit African Lawyers from into South West Africa. It is not surprising to-Africans that following the Windhoek massaorc not one ,ingle European spoke out publicly to condemn the governmant' action. We have never experienced the mitigating circumstances of having avon .afew progressive minded European settlers with whom it has been posaible too cmmunicato SWAPO rejects European racism dnd asserts that no positive changes can be expected to originate from within South West Africa as long as these Europeans enjoy the ,protection of South Africa's political and military presence and tension increases.. only inmediate political intervention by the United Nations will remedy the situatione The Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia and other Independent African States have taken strong initiative on the case of South West Africa by_ placing the question of South Africa's administration of SouthWest Africa before the International Court of Justice. This action was taken as a means, among others, of reaching an early solution of the South West Africa question which would advance 'the South West Africa peoples toward Sefl-Determination. Fox! the first time in over* a decade of United Nations debates the South African Government faced one of the consequences of its refusal tp acknowledge and uphold its obligations' toward the people of South West Africa. But' knowing that legalprocesses are slow,hhe Unlon Government and its staunch suppor er and accomplice in the exploitation of.South West Africa, the tnited Kingdom Government, seized upon the legal fiction of subjudiCe to forestall concurrent political action in the General Assegly, Both the United Kingdom and the South African Governments referred proudly to their single case in point, the Anglo- Iranian Oil dispute as a matter of policy and discretion. On this point, an iminent legal authority has stated,::,, As a matter; of law and Charter, no such rule applies to the General AsSembly. Article 10 of the Charter confers S upon the Asembly the power to dislouss -any question or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs .provi ded for in the present Oharter,,,"The only exception to the generality of this power is found in Article 12p and relates to the- circumstance in which the Security _Council might be exercising its functions with respect to 'the dispute or situation. Under Article 1 of the S tatutes of. he Intei'natiob~l'Court, of Justice the Court is desoribe4 as the. "principil Judicial organ of the United Nations". Hence , the Assembly, if it wished, not only has the power to discuss the question of South West Africa but', in addition, It has the right to discuss "the powers and functions" of the Court itself..." ,"In his intervention on November 16, 1960, Mr. Louw referred to the Anglo-Iranian dispute. As a matter of -policy and discretion - not as a matter of law-, the Security Council In that case decided not to discuss the question of competence to deal with the subject, since the Court itself had ben asked to pav pon the jurisdictional question. The United Nations has long since deemed that it has competence to deal with the question of South West -Afric, and the Court itself in its advisory opinion of 1950 expressly affirmed the International Status of the Territory and the "supervisory powers of the United Nations with respect to it4 Hence no room remains to question the right of the United Nat ionsto deal with thip question, a fact'which ditinguishes this situation from the Ango-Iranian disputet"

' Page It is obvious therefore that the position the colonialpowers and their supporters have taken ia neither legally sound nqf yan act of good fsith. Indeed, this is the first time that the Union Government has demonstrated any regard for the application of legal pr~nciples in regard to the subject. peoples of S outh West Africa. The General Assembly would allow South Africa to make a mockery of bot#-1 its wn v.se agaihst South Africa and the proceedings In the International Court of Justice if it Al ,owed South Africa's deplorable actions* in South West Africa to cIontinue unabated Under the flimsy pretexts that South Africa and the #nited Kingdom have advanced. Above all, however, it must remain clear that legal action and political action are not contradictory, but complimentary and must be pursued concurrently. There is no inherent inconsistency in this fact because ultimatsely a political solution will prevail. South Africa's refusal to admit the Committee on South West Africa to the territory under the terms of the General Assembly resolutian -1568 (XV) is a clear indication that South Africa will never co-opes'ate with United Nations efforts. Statements in the f ollowing pages will indicate the critical nature of the situation in South West Africa and the extent to wich the Union Government is absolutely determined to maintain Its regime in South West Africa at any costo It is therefore incumbent upon the General Assembly to pursue urgent action toward achieving the following implicit objectives of that resolution, namely to establish, . " (a)" the condItions for estoring a climate of peace And -'s cyrity; (b) the steps which would, enable the indigenous inhabitants of South. West Africa to achieve a wide measure of internal -self-government designedto lead them to complete independence as soon as possible." SWAPO asserts that the South African Governteft's presence in South West Africa violates the- peace and security of all South West Africans and threatens to erupt into a bloody race war which envelop all of Southern Africa. The United Nations using the collective resources of essentially African States, must intervene in South West Africa to prevent further violence and to help make it possible for us South West Africans to establish the basis for non-racial democratic self-government in our country. This is the only foundation upon which peace can be restored and the security of all South West Africans guaranteed. SWAPO calls upon all countries who, supported the General Assembly's De6labiat ion on the Granting of,-Independence to Colonial Peoples along with others who abstained but pa y lip-service to the principles of independence for Colonial Peoples, to give prabtical expression to those principles and to extend the United Nations "New Frontier" to the peoples of South West Africa. t .4

PART II Page 4 THE S 0UTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT IN SOUTH WEST AFRICA Brief Comments 6n European Politics in South West Africa The zkarainal fact of. South West Africa 'politica is that racism Is the Omnipresent basis of all politi a.l.doctrine.. Themaintenance :.-Jef 'white supremacy is underlying objective of aft political for-.mulqtiona or the future ,of South West Africa whether they be advaioed by the Nationalist Dart of Du Ilesies and Van der Wathp the Nat ional TTnioh of Zapie" 'sg6n or the United .atibnl South West Party of Adv. Niehaus, *Whatever differences exist among them are diffsevences only of the degree to which the yra6 6aecf ". .: indifinite and unristricted economic exploitation and second class citizenship of the African majority would be applied. They all know that South West Africa is a richtountry with great econom w potential and they wish to keep its wealth under their control indifinitely. But quite apart from the economic aspects of our suffering at the hands of the European Settlers there i s a ,rabid ingrained racism which permeates the attitudes of all the leaders and administrators of the European community. South WeSt Africa has never produced a single European leader who has ver! advocated even multi-racill democracy in South West Africa. To- nderstand the reason for this one must realize thatSouth West Africa was f irst settled by predecessors. of Gerian Nazism. The German population has been increased by the immigration of large numbers of'Nazism and NeoNazis befo e and since World War II. South West Africa has also ,a haven for poor refugees from British rule South.Africa and more recently the Nationalist Gpvernment of South Africa has encourad and subsidized the immigration, of lIage numbers, of poor Nationalist Boers from the Union into South -Wet Africa to increase their .'influence and electoral majority and to facilitate the de facto Integration of South West Africa Into the Union. The dominant European p&litical group in South West Africa is the Nationalist Party, ' This group supports Apartheid and has always maintained that outright incorporation or inetegration by the closest possib2e relationship with South Africa is the only hope Ior thesurvival of European domination in South West Africa and an absoiute necessity for the protection of the Union. Japie Basson, who represents a small dissident Nationalist Party "faetion (The National Union') in the South African Parliament has activated an effort to establish a federation of South Africa and South.West Africa. This ,ould be a first step in the creation of a European dominated Federation of' Soithern Africa. The United National South West Party represents a few Europeans who haVe advocated the -maintsftnce of South West Africa's identity as a separate entity. They have not accepted the Nationalist z& vieW .that the Mandate has lapsed and have resisted outright incorporttion of South West Africa into the Union. T 'Xoy have always .desired to exert greater influence over South West Africa's internal affairs and more control over the exploitation,of its resources. They do not differ significantly from the Nationalists in their outlook toward race relations. Most of these have strong interests in the maintenance of the status quo in so far as the exploitation of Afrivans is concerned. Under strong external pressure this group might appreciate the wisdom c making small concemsions for sake of keeping a lion's share of the control and wealth of the country in European hands. They are likely to press their case for local autonomu in close association with South Africa now that it has become openly acknowledged that South Africa's days in South West Africa are numbered. This is a small minority view. VIEWS ON INCORPORATION AND FEDERATION OF SOUTH WEST. AFRICA AND SOUTH AFRICA Statement by Van der Wath - eader of nationalist Party in SWA "o..South West Africa will refuse to be placed under the trusteeship of the United Nations organization*.There we found a basis for agreement between our two parties. We differ from each other with regard to certain matters, but on the following few points there' is no difference between us. firstly# that we refuse to allow South West Africa to be placed under trusteeship; secondly, we recognize the sovereignty of the Union over South West Africa, thirdly, we seek closer association with the ... to cooperate and co-operate actively in order to get-SWA removed once And -for all from the international arena,

Page 6 STATEMENT BY Dr. H.J.Steyn, SENATOR PROM SOUTH WEST AFRICA TO THE UNION PARLIAI-eNT - I7th June, 1959 .We in South West Africa are basing our plans for the future on the' understanding that we shall bee ome part of the Union of South Africa as a fifth province..." STATEMENT BY VAN DER WATH - LEADER - NATIONALIST PARTY, SWA. March 9th, 1960 " That Act (No.23 of 1949). theref ore gave South West Africa a new status, and that could not be the mandate status, but the status of an integral part-of the Union. our view therefore is that. South West Africa today although it has not been formally incorporated, in practice has the same status as the Transvaal or the Free State 'or the Cape, Province or Natal. What then is the practical effect of that Act? As we view it, this is the practical effect: (1) That "iho mandate no longer exists; '(2) that South West Africa has outgrown its mandate shoes and has become sovereign by at least sharing equally in the sovereignty of the Union; (3) that the Union and South West Africa have become a unity, i.g. one nation nad one territory; (4) that the financial arrangements between the Union and South West Africa are such that they contain mutual advantages although the benefits South West Africa derives from the Union are greater than those the Union derives from South West Africa'. We admit that, And then. (5), that the mutual arrangements between South West Africa and the Union will contdtne to be determined by mutual consultation. between the two territories if and, when it becomes necessary to do so. We stand by that agreement arrived at in 1948, and we stand by the 1949 Act. We maintain h that position, and if ever we want to get away from those provisions, if a' chege had to be made, it should be closer to the Union and * not an inch further away from the Uniono.." _1".,.Can anyone blame me and my c0-Nationalists in South West Africa if it is our deep desire to want to assist in making South Afriea a republic? It is. not true that many of us migrated to South West Africa years ago because we were not prepared to live under British flag. I i6 not a fact that many of the Angola Boers who are in South West:Africa today fled the Transvaal years ago to go to AngOla because they were not prepared to subject themselves to monarchy? Is it not, true that many of us presently living in South West Africa were born under the republican flag, and is it not a fact that even the German speaking people. in south West, wban they still lived in Germany, overthrew their own monarchy in exchange for a republic? Is it wrong of us if we in South-,Weat Africa regard ourselves as belonging to the Union, and we refuse to vote with the Unitad Party there who want no part in the establishment of the republic in"South Africa? t..Noow I have already stated the standpoint: of the Nationalist Party that South West Africa belongs to the Union, that we form part of the Union. But we realize that if the Union abandons us today, we will be in precisely the same position in which the Congo and Kenya find themselves. We do not want to be set adrift from the Union. We wish the day will dawn, as soon as possible, that also in so far as the outside world is concerned there will be no idea that South West Africa stands apart or can be separated from the Union of South Africa. "...Where does the United Party in South West Africa stands now. in regard to the future of South Vwest Africa? They want to develop to independe, and thep they' want to ask NO to recognize that independence, and then they want to link up with their, neighbouring states, Angola, or Bechuanaland or Rhodesiaj or, if need be, wibh the Union. But I have just received this latest inspiration of the leader of the United Party in South West Africa Die SuidwesAfrikaner - Adv. Niehaus went further and said: we must develop our onstitution in such a way that we will have our own cabinet with ministers who will be responsible at all timea for their departments, and also a Prime Minister. I want to ask hon. members opposite whether they agree with that. Do they agree with the United Party in South West that they should have their own Cabinet &nd their own prime Minister? But they go further and they want their own railway board and their own police service. They want to be completely self-supporting and independent. Mr. Speaker,

Page 6 their independence will only be 6rantdd by ViO provided they are prepared to apply equality in South West Africa...I want to say that we will never be able to asociate ourselves with those *Views o the Unit9d Party in South VWest, and I am thankful that the United Party here, through the words of their leader...differs from them totally," STATEMENT BY Mr. Von Molt-ke - LFADING CERMAN MEMBER - NATIONALIST PARTY IN SWA -March 9th,. 1960 "...1 want to say this that South West Africa, together with the Union, exercise the sovereign power of our people - I emphasize the word ,exercisel because I shall return to it at a later stage without disqualifying the representatives of South West Africa In any way. The conclusion whioh we as a party have drawn from thAt is that with the Union, form one country and one nation, in other words, a politioal entity." (2) FEDERATIO NEW YORK TIMES - 12th February, 1960: "South West s-Afica's Whites Hopes to Join South Africa and Southern Rhodesia The political future of South West Africa is becoming a matter Cf growing concern to the territoryts dominant white manority. At present "South West," as it is called here, is administered by the Union of South Africa under a mandate. The African majority has no voice In the Government. Yet even many whites ore dissatisfied with the South African administration. The federation would have jurisdiction over such common interests as currency, external affairs and defense. Each member State would retain control of its internal affairs. This plan assumes that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland will fail and that Southern Rhodesia then will be free to join a loose union with her Southern neighbours, The federation idea envisions the continued whote control of the southern part of Africa.ll CAPE TIES - November 2nd, 1960 Mr. Van der Wath said that he considered a new agreement should be undertaken whereby South West Africa became a full province of the Union, " I warn the United National-Sodth West Party that we shall follow th&s direction and if necessary we will, do it without them." RHODESIA HERALD - December 1st, 1960. (Conf4dedation of States is Urged) The future of Southern Africa lies in a confederation of States, including the Rdodesias, the Protectorates, the Provinces of the Union, and South West Africa, said Mr, Japie Basson last night at a meeting in . Natives are not yet ready for direct representation but should be represented by whites in Parliament. CAPE ARGUS- January 2nd, 1961: Mr. Japie Basson, M.P. for the South West Africa constituency of Namib, said in Durban today that voters in the territory were nit over-worried about the move at the United Nations over the trusteeship. Speakihg as Aeader of t he National Union. Mr. Basson said that his party in South West Africa favoured a federation with the Union, which would allow as much autonomy as was practicamly poslible for a territory which could not afford full independence. page 7 CAPE TIM - gist January, 1961 (Motion Submitted in the House of Assombly of the Union of South) Africa by Mr. Japie Basson Mr. J.du P. Basson (Indep. Namib - SWA) gave Jnotice of a motion requesting the Government, in consultation with all interested parties and the established mouthpieces of the different population groups of South West Africa, to review the Constitution Act of the territory with a view towards-Iink the Unionts relations -towards SoU7t West Africa on a feera -ts. r PART III THE ADMINSTRATION OF, LTAW AND APARTHEID POLICIES BY T2RROR C, t "The Mobile Force" The South African Government and Euroean racist i South West Africa are determined to remdin in our country as master with the Africansas their slaves. They are inexorably dedicated to the use of force. It is an irrefutable fact thapt South African laws and policies, which Africans have no voice in making and which they eontinuallyoppose, must be physically imposed upon them by all manner of European intimidation, brutality and violence* The Europeans are determined to carry out their policy of Apartheid and incorporation of the territory regardless of what the world community thinks. They use every moment remaining to thus consolidate their position'by physically eliminating African eadership and strengthening their armed striking forces. To understand the operation of the Union Government in enforcing its oppressive policies in South West Africa, one must first realiz that there is no clear distinction between oivilian and military armed forces in either South West Africa or in South Africa. Whenever African opposition becomes overt, even if it is only a peaceful protest demonstration, any armed forces, civilian or military are called into action to suppress the activity. There is no other means whereby the present South African Government can .temporarily secure itseif and consolidate its position than by building up and employing strong, modern, well equiped armed forces. No. less thani a military occupation has been imposed upon South West Africa.. Under this regime it is the police foroe which functions as the executor of government policy. The police force is fully equiped with all weapons of modern waif are - aitomatic firing weapons, saracer tanks, armoured cars and trucks# To augment these there are military aicraft available and ready for use against African civilians; European bands of skietKomandos are armed and trained; and others are kept in reserve for call into action. A large propot on of the,regular police are brutal criminals and very young minors. In a ddIton to these organized armed groups, individual European civilians are dir&cted to equip,themselves with firearms and to maintain a store at least 100 bullets. These arms are al for the ,exclusive use of European police, troops and civilians. African constables (police) do not carry or use firearms. They are equiped with batons only. African civilians are prevented, by law, from owning or using firearms. Practically the entire palice force is mobilized and a special pseudo-military Column known as the Mobile Force or Mobile Column has been expressly fashioned for dealing, in a particular way, with the African opposition. The numerical strength of this Mobile Force varies with the circumstances under which it operates at a given time and place. Its personnel can be taken from the local area police force, from nearby police stations, from the reserve forces or any nearby military post. It is stationed strategically tbroughout the country in a rather loose confederation of patrols,

Page A and can be shifted qu'ickly from one place to anotheriunder local authority or on order from the Union of South Africa, to arrive unexpectedly and in full strength to quell any opposition by force, wherever they are sent. " The Mobile Forces have been used extensively in 'urban areas such as -in Windhoek after. the massacre of Doecember 10th, 1959, They are particularly well fashioned to serve the purposes of South Afriba- oppression: and inftimidat Ion -in the rural areas and in the reserves aa is their 'function at this very_,momentIn Ovambqland from where, incidentally journalists and other observere are excluded. Here the tanks and armoured trucks are free to speed about from village to village and up and down paths, frightening and shooting residents, to carry out noctural raids, to arrest and assault the African people and particular:.y the leaders of SWAPO., The forced removal of Africans from their traditional places of residence in urban areas to'.places-where there are 500 yard "buffer zone" between them and the closest Europeans has militay as well as political reasons. The high fences aOund locations also facilitate isolation and patrol by armoured military vehicle, The fact that Journalists and other European observers are pro prohibited from entering these areas is also part of the overall suppression of information about military operations in the territory. Even local European reporters are prohibited from entering 'and reporting conditions and atmosphere in African areas. Many cases of European assault, brttality and killing of Africans are officially sup)pressed. Most of these Europeans are'never. charged or brought to trial, but the African victim is often jailed, fined or deported. Even when the information is available .. European Journalists are reluctant to publish even the barest facts for fear of intiwidtion by the government and exclusion from ,official gatherings and news sources.as ,has been the case partioulary. since the Windhoek massacre. Censorship of all mail from Africans within South West Africa to places, beyond, even to the Union of South Africa, is complete. It is sometimes 'delayed for long periods (from a few weeks to several months) and often simply confiscated. Incoming mail from overseas is handled in. the same manner. Official documents sent routinely by the Secretariat to those who have 'transmitted petitions from the country to the United Nations have been eonfiscated. At least a score of SWAPOleaders and: members who are known to have corresponded with your petitioners have been. Jailed and deported or have.completely disappeared following arrest. Under these cirojmstances and with teghtening of pass laws restricting movement it becomes impossible for more than a small fraction of speoific and detailed information to reach the outside world on the i oppression and terror which reign over the lives of the Africans in South West Africa. To mention their names would only expose their families and assciated to unnecessary intimidation. The following are selected texts of laws, statements by various European leaders and communications from Africans: MOCIAHATION BY THE GOVERNOR*GENERAL sNo. 94 2nd April, 1960 Under the powers vested in me by sub-section (1) of Section ninety-two of -the' Defence Actj .1957- (Act No. 44 of 19 7), I hereby call out and mobilize the units of the Citizen Force named in the subjoined scheduler for service in the prevention of life, health or property or the maintenance of essential services and I hereby eommandevery member of each of such Citizen Force units to report personally for° such service at .a time and place detoermined and appointed by the commandant-General, South African Defence Force, or any pther officer authorized by him, but not before ,such time and place have been so determined and appointed God save the Queen

Page 9 Right Rev. Bishop Ambrose Reeves of Johannesburg " It might be ... honest and just to compare the happenings at Sharpeville with what happened at Windhoek on December 10th, 1959. Although at VWindhoek it was the threatened removal of the Location to another site which precipitated the demonstration, the circumstances were in some respects strikingly similr. In both cases those present declared that the demonstration was a nonviolent expression of disapproval. In both cases the police were present in large numbers. In Windhoek it is claimed that the crowd did not hear the order to disperse, At Sharpeville many of those inJured denied that any order was ever given to disperse: if i.t was given, they did not hear it. In Windhoek many alleged that they went to the Police Station because they were curios to see why such a large body of Police had come int6 the Location. Some of the injured at Sharpeville declared that they had gone be1cause they wanted to see the Saracens, As one injured women told me, with a wry smile, 'I had never seen a Saracen. But I was shot before I saw one." "The demonstration at Windhoek and Sharpeville were both dispersed by the use of fireams with a consequent killing of some of the crowd and the wounding of many others. Such a show of force, it is claimed, was necessary for the restoration of law and order. Certainly order has been restored, but it is dubious if, at a time when the normal process of law were suspended under the South African Emergency Regulations, anyone could claim that the ruleo of law had been restored. And it is even questionable how far the mounting use of force, the arrest of most of the responsIble Africans Indian and Coloured political leaders, and the dislocation of commerce and industry by the calling up of a number of regiments can be termed the restoration of order. The probability is that such a use of force will ensure that no further demonstrations *ill take place in the near future. But it would be a great mistake to equate such a calm with a restoration of order in South African society. Beneath the outhavd calm, there is growing resentment not only of the government, but of the dominant white group as a whole - and a firm resolve on the part of many Africans to carry on the struggle as and when it becomes possible for them to do so. Many people will be inclined to dismiss the events at Sharpeville as just another incident in the long and growing series of rdisturbances that have marked the attempt to put the theory of apartheid into practice. Their only desire will be to get back to normal as soon as possible. Superficially, this may easily be achieved; but underneath the external calm, dangerous fires will continue to smolder, fires that can never be extinguished Iy a show of force, however invieble that force may appear to be." SUIDES-AFRIKANER - 2nd December, 1960 Adv. Simeon Frank alk of shooting wit' fire arms: A member of South Westts Executive Committee, Adv. Frank, will s shoot. According to publication in the Windhoek Nationalist newspaper Adv. Frank said Saturday when he addressed the Boers at Ozona that in case of necessity we will fight with fire arms to preserve the country for the European posterity. It is not clear from the information at whom Adv. Frank will shoot. He should have also said that the whites of South West Africa- are attacked today at the United Nations by those countries which were built up with the culture and capital of the white man. According "to the Information ,Adv. Frank said that he did not make a challenge about the Ahooting but that he only wants to state it as a fact so that the world should know. "We are prepared to defend the authority of the white man here and any country which wants to sd&&e this authority must do it by force." A census is being taken now of all fire arms in South West Africa and we have received information from farmers in South West who assert that the police requested that each one of them at Is ast should buy one hundred bullets. There are talks. in certain circles that Adv. Frank is in the meantime busy considering to bring on foot a civil force.

Page l0 ý Windhoek Adver.tiser: 23rd December, 196ö. Mr, A.J.Niewouldt,y. principal of the kroab School was the main speaker at, the Dayof the Covenant function held at Aroab last week. le spoke on "Die, Boodskap van Blöedrevlier," (The Message of Boodriver) and appealed to all Europeans, whether they were English, Afrikaans or German speaking to atand together to save White .ldvýiization from perishing In South West, Africa and South Atrica,,-, The bat-tle was not completely wtn at Uood, River but is still continuing, said Mr. Niewouldt.Ha po Intd ed txdthe Congo and said. that. thia could alsö. happen here if all the Ev3eopeane did notstgnd together and co- operate. Th, the Europeans, bought South West Africawith blood and tears ä it ! herefore preclous. iThe motto of "Eendragmaak mag, maap' tweedrag brek krag" is still applicable here especially with a;,view to present#ýat conditions. * .,Reljgion was like a silver thread through the lives of the old Voortrekkers. Can we say the same today, asked Mr. Niwwbuldt. The children must be educated to follow the footsteps of the Voortrekkers and we maut teach our children to: carry out the Day of the Covenant. "We must awaken here on the Southern point of Africa as this is the last stronghld of Whlte. civilization," Qmluded Mr. Ni*wouldt. C0MICATIONS RECEIVED FROM SOUTH WEST AFRICA PkRTAI ING TO RECMET DEVELOPMENTS IN SWA. . Communicat ien dated 15th December, 1960: ...There Is a common slogan, and 1even heard some European police * saying to people that: "We want you people toastte.every bitter element öf apartheid before your United Nations come to take over South West Africa, I heard one of the Criminal -nvestigatiön Dept. * Police saying to a friend of mtne Mr. X, that, i aust want to re repeat What he sald in tIe Afrikaans language- '1u116 dink Julle -sal ons begrawe, maar ons saal Julle begrawo voor die V.V.0. ons kom begrawe." YoU think you will byry US, but wee shall bury you 'fir t before the United Nations come to bury us." Communication dated 17th Februery, 1961: ".,01 would like o ask this: What a±'é the leäders ö'! various countries discussing at the United Nations? What is their stand on oir- case? Looking around here we see nothing but misery, pov poverty, dirt, ignorance and starvation weages. 'hunion Government is killing us. We have no proteoticn Bring the UNO to our country to stop this killing..." Communication dated 26th February, 196h:, V.. ,It has been brought to my at'tention that Mr. Reinhardt Maekopo, one of,.the leading figures åmong our peoples was attacked by a Boer farmer with a rifle. On reaching Mr. Maekopo, the Boer sad: "You are the man who want to drive white people out of this country?" and then started for him with his rifle. Many people gathered and gripped the rifle out of the Boers.. hands. The UNO must come to South West Africa to stop these murders at once,

Page 11 Communication dated 22nd December. 1960 1.. Your people want to get their liberty thropigh the United Nations. No influence can ditract us from that magnitude. We atrongly believe that our African brothers can bring this about together with their other friends in Asia. Our cause is not to do any harm to any one in our country. We want freedom now..." Communication dated 25th December, 1960. ?, We have just received a report that a Herero woman was shot and killed in Okaokoveld near a place called Otjekondo. She was shot through the head by European school children, She was thirty six years of age. She worked at the school as a servant. It is stated that the matter was reported to the police but nothing has bben done about it. There is another report of a Damara man who is said to have been shot with a cattle slaughtering pistol in Windhoek. A European shot the man.with this weapon. Two African women helped him to reach his house. He lived only five days and died. This case has been reported to the police and nothing has been done about it. Another report reached us from the !aterberg East Native Reserve that a certain Boer Farmer shot one of his African boys. We do not know what to do in the face of these lawless troops and Police." Communication dated 20th January. 1961. "...Today, in your country of South West frica, we are living under the shadow of the so-called "Mobile ForCe" with arrnoured cars. Since our people have waited for such n long time for help from the United Nations, the fear of these troops, Police and armoured cars is growing rapidly among our people. A large number of them have fled to for fear of intimidation where they innocently think they will be not harmed. It is a pity that we are powerless to protect ourselves. Please ask the United Nations to intervene soon. We are dying a slow and painful death..." Communication dated 5th December. 1960. The Secretary-General United Nations Sirs We wish to draw your attention to some new developments in South West Africa. !s from the 21st November, 196( armed P61ice are patrolling the old Windhoek Location day and night. On the 1st December, 1960 the Vindhoek Chief 1agistrate declared that he had reasons to apprehend that the public peace would be seriously endagered by the assembly of public gatherings of '.fricans groups in public places (we enclosed a copy of this declaration). "On our prrt re :avo no intention of bre)oking te peace or of creating violence of any-sort. On the contrary, the Government is creating dangerous situation which t:.e Chief ' agistrate interpreted as being created by frican gatherings. The patrolling of the Police in the location and around the location is very dangerous and 'threatening to the African public. a a result, the Africans are so restless vhd are expecting the same shootings as that of last December at any moment. AIs we cnn sauge from the momement of the Police nnd 'rmed Forces of the Union Government in the territory, the siturtion is exolosive. For many times we have been asking the United Nations to take sme immediate steps to rescue us from being killed - but the killint of .fricans by Europeans and the Government is continuing day by Oy...'

Page 12 Communication dated 20Yth February. 196l. ...Brother, we want'ito-1nform you of the serious incident$ now occurring in Ovamboland, Oukuanjama tribal area. Today iArmed Police and Troops have occupked Ovamboland with the intention of 'destroying the harmless people who have nothing to :.,pretect themselves with. The Government. of the Union finds excuses every day whereby it sends these armed police and troops to Ovamboland. and all over our country. We appeal to the United Nations to help us out of this.terrible si tuation in our country. The people have no amunitions tb protectthemselves. The Police arerecruited from the Union and many Otcor places in oUr countryo Please help us. Communication dated Ist November', 1960 0 An i:frican iady (Herero) born in 1936, has been murdered by Europeans on October 1st, 1960, zt ! farm of a certain Mr.' Dannie Rolstuyzen near .BuuIrman School; c distance -of 5 miles. The lady and two of her younger- sisters w4lkeo to a piace' to fetch water with the' deceased in,'front of others.. Thret Europeans, all o,one'with rifle, walked alongside'these ladies. One of the ,Europeans-pbinted with his rifle to the lady who was not aware of what was being done. One of her sisters stopped'her saying that the Europe-amA pointed with a: rifle to her. When she turned to look to 'the thl'ee Europeans a shot went off striking her through the head. She -fell dead.." "..On 20th October, 1060; Chief Hosea Kutako went to the *hief of of the C.I. D. in Windhoek who called him (Chief Ku.tako) in connexion with. another murder, case which has already been. reported to the United 'ations. The, murder of :n African lady with her two children in Grootfontein district.,.." ",,,On 28th October, 1960, two i.frican ladies, sisters (Herero) walked from n farm Teufelspach to z railway stat'ion of same name, a distance of about 3'hiles. On crossing the big Windhoek-Okahandja highway they were met by a car with Europeans all men. The car stopped. xhd distinguished lights. A, European man came out of the car and came to the two ladies. Seeing him coming 'hey started running away. The elder sister was not so swift .as the other one. She fell into the hands of this man. The man took her behind a bush, assaulted her and raped her, then left her..." "...Sir, the above murders and criminal acts give us nothinglbut the impression that the talks that Europeans will exterminate ifricans before the United Nations take over the territory, spoken by so many irresponsible elements among Europeans, are no mere talks. 1so the fact that so many Europeans, even women and youths are allowed to handle firearms, creates in us the fear, and we think that that fear is justified, that the longer this question is delayed by the United Nations,' the more we nre exposed to brutal acts and murders'such as these. ' To detay the question of South West .frica for a year without guaranteeing the lives of the Africans by the United Nations will be a great danger. We request the United Nations to send to S.W. Africa a Supervising Commission, while the case is discussed at the United Nations and the International Court of Justice. We trust and hope that the United Nations will consider steps °towards this end..." Communication dated 14th Septem~er. 1960.. "Sir, "In continuance of our petition of 19th 11ugust, 1960, we wish to inform you that an /frican woman of the Bushman tribe and her two children were shot'and killed by a European farmer . The incident occurred between !bancb and Tsumeb in the north of South West A frica. "The situation demands effective measures and this can only be done by bringing the United Nations presence to South Uest Africa."

Page l3 A PETITION FROM CHIEF KUTAKO, CHI'F WITBOOI AND S. W, A. P. O* ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL DATED 22nd FEBRtUARY.4!961. Sir: Africans in the old Location in Windhoek are not allowed to build or to eilarge their houses. They are not allowed to build houses on the-plots where there were hbuses of those people who moved to IKatutura" or on new plots which had been intended for the construction of houses in the old Location or to build additional houses or houses on one's existing plots, or yen to renovate the existing houses in the old Location. This is an indirect pressure to force the Africans to move to the new segregated Location- "Katutura". Refuse in the old Location has not been cleared since the killing of the twelve Africans by Union Government in December 1959, although they pay taxes. The Government says that those Africans who do not want to move do not want cleanliness that is why they refuse to move to Katutura. The Government says further that a person who does not want the refuse should go to "Katutura". Africans who built houses as from 1958, have been told demolish their houses failing to do that would be an offence. The Government says that the removal is not compulsory. Our deaire is that those people who do not want to move to Kattura be allowed to build houses or to enlabge or renovate their houses in the old Location in accordance with their desire. The construction of new houses in new segregated Locations is continuing in all the towns in South West Africa. This is bound to have serious consequences as the.Africans are opposed to the removals based on racially discriminatory laws. The present practice in Windhoek is that when the Pass Offices are closed and 4Africans want to go-to attend funerals at a place outside Windhoek, they have to obtain Travelling passes from the Charge -Office. Nowadays, Africans who live in the Old Location are not provided with such passes. Such Travelling passes are only issued to Africans who live in the new segregated Location-Katutura. This is an indirect compulsion to force the Africans to move to Katutura. According to The Windhoek Advertiser of the 27th January, 1961, seventeen Africans who were present when the police opened fire and killed twelve innocent Africans on the 10th December, 1959, are to be charged in the Windhoek Magistratel's Court with public violence as you will see from the attached newspaper cutting. This is an attempt by the 'Government to put the blame for the killing on the Africans. AT GOBXABIS African graves at Gobabis in an old cemetry which is adjacent bo the European cemetry are in the process of being disintered and the remains are collected into sacks and buried in one mass grave in a new African oemetry, This is done without informing the relatives of the deceased. The European coemetry and the old African cemetry were close to each other. The African cemetry was the first there. We are under the impression that the African cemetry is being removed there to facilitate the implementation of the Apartheid Policy. It is clear from the action of the Government that the A-p-Heid Policy is applied to the living as well as to the dead. HOACHANAS NATIVE RESERVE The Hoachanas Native Reserve is regardedby the Government as a black spot in a white area which has to be moved away. The inhabitants have refused to be moved. The Government has now resorted to indirect methods to move those Africans. The Africans who live in Hoachanas are not allowed to leave the Reserve to seek work or to leave the Reserve under any cirsumstances despite the fact that many of them suffewd stock losses as a result of the long drought. This is 'tantamount to a house arrest.

Page 14 THE NATIVE RESERVES Africans in the reserves pay grazing rees.. Large stock is paid 6d per head per month. SWall stoc id paid 2d per head per month. This money iS intended to.provide water, fuel and services. But. the Africans are often cfpel ed to- pay.for.-the.-'f-u-1 ndeervices. This means that Africans pay double tax for the same purpose. Large stook such as donkeys and .oxen are.. often used to pump water from the wells. Some. AfricanS have been:'compelledby c,ircumstancea to buy their own water Engines, yet they are compelle'd to'pay grazing fees and sei!vice#. . I . AmixIIIS .,NATJ#E' RESE1AVE:' Several years "ago the' Government cold the, inaabitants '.of Amiius that there were no funds in Aminius Reserve Fund foZr the mainte.. nance of the Government school.in Amnthus.,,=, The school therefore had to be closed. oThe peope 'of the Aminiup'did .ntwabt 'the school to be. 6losed and they I'her6fore deci'ded that-oeac4iperson !* who was a brand owner in ;the Aininius Re, r ve shou., pay One pound Four shillIng's, ]er annum for- the' maintendpce of the s chool." The above sum was later reduced tq !2t- per' annUm. This was a temporal ta:;, pending the in crese of' f undo I A, th__,reseorve fu nd.- Whem the reserve fund, became strong, the Aric4ho requested tleGovernment to discontlnue this additional tax, - but 'the Governmrnf refus.ed and this has now become a -permanent dohool tax. Owing to the drought which prevailed in the territory the Africans find it, ve .....di....cuit .op Nowadays, many Africans find it very difficult to find .employment. When thyy seek work they are told by Europeans firm that they should go and seek work at the Uinted Nations. They are also told that Chief Hosea Kutako, and our othei. reprE6entatives8 should provide employment for theAfiikcans: in South West Africa: THE OPPRMESsIVE_ tAWS The Pass Laws have become more oppressive.. An African must have a pass in his possessin . It is an 'offence if an African left his pass in his Qoat.'whicis six feet away from him. If an African cannot produce his pass on demand by 'the police he, will be convited and even if he tells the police that the pass -is in his coat. which is beyond six" feet' away f om hinim e wiill be *arrested nd , convictedand fined from three pounds to' six p5und9' or' 14 'days.. to one iiohth in jail. Mr. Reihhardt Maebopo O .the 'tjitiuuo NativeReserveand a promin'ent member of Chief Hose4',, Council- was assaulted by a uropean farmer on the 24th Deceimbe rp 1960, a't his house. The iuopean farmer came into the reserve armed with 'a rifle ad said *o Mr. Maekopo: "You and Hosea are the people who rWb port 'or 'doings to the United Nations." He (farmer) struck Mr. Maekopo in the face. .t Africans who were present prevented the fight and took away his rifle. The matter was reported to the&Grooffontein police. The European farmer never appeared in court.' In 'our pr'e'ious petition and cables, to the United, Nations we. reported the killings of Africans by European5 in South West 'Africa. 'These murders have also been reported to thepolice in, South West Africa. jp to now no European has been punished for killing an African. SITUATION INOVAM3OLAND The situation. in Ovamboland is so explosive, that it is bound to hqve far reaching consequences if the Uhited Nations does not 'act in time. A" police force' has already been sent to that arba. The Government is trying to suppress .the .political movement in Ovamboland by placing politica*.l'leadersj-n detent.io and by refusing to renew their trading licences. The' uppression of Ipolitical movements is carried in territory. SCHOOL FOR THE OVAIBO TRIBE AT kTUTTUR4 Although the Hereros and 0vambos are two sister, trib s an have been attending the same Ischools in harmony for years, the 'Goverhment decided to build a school for the Ovambos at Kattura, so aS to separate the Ovambos from the Hereros. This move is intended to bring about disunity and discord between the two tribes, and to facilitate the implementation of Bantu Education.

Page 15 Bantu Education was to have been introduced into all African schools in South West Africa in January, 1961, but owing to atrong opposition,*from the Africans, it was postponed until in 1962. The object of Bantu Education is (a) to indoctrinate African children from childhood that'Africans are inferior to Europeans, (b) that that inferiority is a God created status.which no man has the right to change. Dr. Verwoerd, the then Minister of Native Affairs in Union of South Afriaa in his book on Bantu Education Policy In 1954, "By blindly producing pupils trained on a European model, the vain hope was created among Natives that they could occupy posts within the European community despite the country's policy of Apartheid. This is what is meant by the creation of unhealthy white colour "ideals" and the causation of widespread frustration among the so-called educated Natives." When he introduced the Bantu Educatipn Bill in the house of Assembly in 1953, Dr. Verwoerd said that when he had control or Native Education Oe would reform it so that Natives would be taught from childhood to realize that equality with the Europeans was not for them. In the light of statements made by Dr. Verwoerd, former Minister of Native Affairs in the Union of South Africa which form the basis of Bantu Education; We appeal to the United Nations to place South West Africa under the United Nations s6 as .to prevent the entry of -Bantu -ducation into the territory. BEALTH The death rate among the Africans in South West Africa is still very high owing to the shortage of Medical doctors. When the Africans asked the Government to provide doctors the Government replied that it could not obtain doctors. It added that the Government gets 1ledical Doctors only from certain selected countries. The Government is of course indifferent to the health of the Africans. Such a Government is unsuited to continue as a Mandatory Power. CORTIDOR The disputed Corridor (the area between Aminius Native Reserve and Bechuanaland) is now inhabitted by Europeans without cunsultation with the Africans although it was proclaimed as paht of Aminilus Native Reserve. ARMS A dangerous situation exists in-South West Africa owing to the fact' that the Europeans are armed while the Africans are unarmed. This resulted In the Africans being shot and killed by Europeans such, as the Africans who were killed by Europeans recently of whom we informed the United Nations by cable. W request the United Nations to disarm all the inhabitants of South West Africa, and to remove all Union Government oroes from South West Africa immediately. These forces are a great danger to the Africans. The real object of these forces being stationed here is to suppress the Africans. VISIT OF UNITED NATIONS C-01iISSION The visit of the United Nations Committee on South West Africa was refused permission to visit South West Africa, because the Union Government feared that the Commission might see the shocking and shameful conditions under which the Africans are compelled to ltve. It also feared that the Commission might see the Union Government forces which are stationed in a Mandhted territory. Finally we ask the United Nations to 'protect the Africans in Sotth West Africa while the case is pending at the International Court of Justice. Europeans in the country say that they will exterminate the Africans before the United Nations take over the country. What they say is being done, judging from the many Africans they kill in the country. Signed: Chief Hiosea Kutako Chief Witbooi The South Wes-t Africa Peoples Organization

Page 16 TART IV SWAPI's AIMS AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA We) the people nf South West Africa, demand Self-Government now. We have suffered acentury pf alien political domination, physia physical and mental oppression and economic 'exploitation4 We shall take no mobe. Our ancesters knww freedom. 0r fathers .have resisted oppression. It is our task to reconquer freedom for pour children. In December, 1959,our brot1e6is and sisters were murdered because they demanded Self-Determination - the right to deoide their desliny according to their wishes. Since then scores of our -broqhers and sisters have suffered arrests, deportations and more killings be6ause they dared oppose -the Union Government. In December, 1966, the world formally declared the right for which we have suffrred - Self-Determination - the rightof -all men to resist and rid themselves of oppression and to' determine their own future. The historic"Declaration en the Granting of IndepeAidence to Colonial Peoples has rejected colour, education, economic status and the nature of sooalachievements as criteria for SelfGovernment. A peopleIs readiness to assume 'the responsibilities of making their own choices for their own developmentsa is the single accepthble standard, SWAPO declares that the people of South West Africa are ready to make whatever'sacrifices are necessary to achieve a non-racial democratic self- government based upon the principle of "one man, one vote"., We shall not accopt gradual or' piece-meal procedures. Undiluted political democracy is SWAPOs aim. South West Africa citizens black' and white mus work together to make it succeed, Those who would impede our progress toward the 'complete economic and social reconstruction of our country have no place in Soth West Africa0 Let them ieturn to where they came from or let them flee to another -temporary haven where they can await the next wave in the onrushihg tide of African nati0halism. SWAPOdeclares that-in a free, non-racial democratic South West Africa all peoplewill enjoy;,equality of rights- and responsibilities attached to South West Africa citizenship wi.thout any discrimination or special pliviledged based on race dr olour, iSWAPO recognizes that, our country!s basic problems are racism and colonialism. These problems have been'imposed upon every aspect of our lives and t~ey w!1l continue to plague our efforts toward peace and harmony unless we attack their very source now. .EvXry manifestation of apartheid and discrimination in our country must be abolished at the outsit. This includes SWANIA,._Native Affairs Dept., pass laws, Group Areas Act, political and economlc inequities based upon racist doctrines must be eliminated at the source. We are not interested in treating symptoms of racism but in eliminating its roots. Thersoref first and foremost. South Africa must go. South African disruptive military and political presence in South West Africa must be.: expelled so that the restoration of law and order can be attained. United Nations authority must beplace the present regime for a short interim period during which democratic institutions shall baotestabliihed and internal self-government begin to function. A target date for independence for South West Africa must be set otr the granting of complete independence. The United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human A Rights, the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Peoples and the various recommendations contained in recent reports of the Committee pn South West Africa shall provide the theory behind this program. A commission ofmposed of African States shall execute United Nations policy and be directly responsIble to the General Assembly during the interim period of Self-Government. Neither the people of South West Africa nob the international c4mmunity can tolerate fidrther South African defiance of the United Nations. Sanctions provided for in Article 42 of the Charter must be applied until such time that there is complete South African compliance with the United Nations resolutions and until South Africa's co-operation is obtained in the withdrawal of all its police and military forces from South West Africa, rage r PAR~TI DRAFT RESOLUTION ON UNITED NATIONS POLITICAL ACTION IN SOUTH WEST 'AFRICA The General Assemblyt-# DeeplZy onerned bYr~th~ tragic situation in the International Territory or South West Africa; ! 4i th 'ivexhelifing demad o the peoples of outh. We st Africa rBWthe cessatidn ot 'Unio Gdvernment AdmniMtr4t6in,,w ithdrawal of its' troopst and armied:poiceand e batldn off elf;-dovernment in their country; Noting. that the Union Government',"by is fta$lure to connclude a trusteeship agreement, to ar ange' for t.tahewthdraa-1 of unlon,' troops and 'ax'med police* -' nd--to'cf! 'the "abi~ary arr~s imprisenme a:ts -an-. dpertation o Ledders 6f emiers of the outn West Africa Peoples Organization and other African civiliangis responsible ,ffor the' statbe:of 'in ehlly as' I tesltf 'in-wid espread violence, partieularly by- ,Europeans- against A-fricas,' and Is preventing the emergence of peaceful condition6'- in the 'Teriitory 'of South West Africa; Recognizes that the United Nations has direct responsibilities in the International Territory of South West Africa; Recognizes the imperative need for the United Nationspresence in, Terriory of South West Africa to restore peace and security and maintain law and order; Regnizes the inalienable right of the peoples of South West Africa 'Sef-Determination and Independence and by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely persue their economic, social and cultural development; Convinced that military and other armed action and oppressive measures against the indigenous peoples of South West Africa have prevented the evolution of peace and security in the Territory and constitute a serious threat to the peace and security in Africa and the world; Declares that inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness shall not serve as a pretext for delaying independence for South West Africa; Declares its firm conviction that the best interests and freedom of the peoples of South West Africa can only be guaranteed by the presence of a United Nations Police Force in their country; Decides that a United Nations Police Force momposed essentially of - ltary personnel drawn from the Independent African States be sent to the International Territory of South West Africa immediately: (a) to protect the lives of all inhabitants in the territory, (b) to free all political detainees and imprisoned leaders and members of the South West Africa Peoples Organization, (c) to disarm all South African military and paramilitary personnel and to arrange for their immediate repatriation to the Union of South Africa, (d) to disarm all organized and individual civilian elements, (e) to assist in the restoration of peace and security, and (f) to maintain law and order;

Decides to entrust the administrative powers to an Administrative Commission composed of representatives of Independent African States appointed by the General Assembly, with a view to arranging free GeneralElections in the Territory immediately and to creating as speedily as possible the conditions necessary for South West Africa to accede: (a) to Self-Government by October 1961, through the establishment of a non-racial democratic government based on the principle of Universal Adult Suffrage irrespective of race, religion or sex, (b) to Independence not later than January 1963. (c) that'the Administrative C'ommisieon of ihe African Siates report regularly to the General Assembly on its supervision of the Territory, ece hat action upon the implementation of the aforementioned objectives commence 'immediately and to this ,end authorizesi if necessary, the use of force, in the last resort.

PART IV T GENERAL ASSE::DLY RESOLUTIONS a) Question of South West .frica - 1960 A/Ce4?L.662 The Genernl Assembly, Having recommended, in previous resolutions, that the Territory of South West Africa should be placed under the International Trusteehhip System, and having repeatedly invited the Government of the Union of South Africa to propose, for the consideration of the General Assembly, a trusteeship agreement for South West African Having accented. in resolution 449 A (V) of 13th December the Advisory Opinion of llth July, 1950 of the International Court of Justice on the question of South West frica, Takino note with deen roret of the refusal of the Government of the Union of South Africa to modify its administration of the Territory in conformity with the Purposes and Principles of the Charter and to enter into negotiations with the United Nations, through the Committee on South West .frica, with a view to plating the Mandated Territory under International Trusteeship System, Noting with grove concern that the administration of the Territory, particularly in recent years, has been conducted in a manner increasingly contrary to the Mandate, the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Advisory Opinions of the International Court of Justice and the resolutions of the General "ssedbly, Considering that all efforts of the United Nations to induce the Union Government to modify the present principles and practices of that administration and to ensure the well-being and security of the indigenous inhabitants of the Territory have been to no avail, Considering with concern that the present situation in South West Africa constitutes a serious threat to international neace and securitv. Considering that most of the Mandated Territories which were placed under the International Trusteeship System have acceded or will soon accede to national independence, Recognizing that the Territory of South West Africa has an inalienable right to independence and to the exerdise of its full national sovereignty, I0 Regrets that the Government of the Union of South I.frica has so far failed to respond to the repeated appeals of the General Assembly tsking it to revise a policy which infringes the fundamental rights and freedom of the indigenous inhabitants of South West Africa and imposes upon them disabilities of various kinds, hindering their political, economic and socicl advancement; 2. Deplores and disannroves the policy pfactised by the Government of the Union of South.Africa contrary to its obligations under the International Mandate of 17th December, 1920 for South Dest Africa; 3. Denrecates the application, in the territory of South .:ist Africa, of the policy of anartheid, and calls unon the Government of the Union of South 'frica to revoke or rescind immediately all laws and regulations based on that policy; 4. Invte the Committee on South West -frica, in addition to its normal tasks, to go to South West .,frica immediately to investigate the situation prevailing in the Territory and to ascertain and make proposals to the General Assembly on$ (a) The conditions for restoring a climate of peace and security; (b) The steps which would enable the indigenous inhabitants of South West Africa to achieve a wide measure of internal selfgovernment desighned to lead them to complete independence as soon as possible; 5. Ure the Government of the Union of South Africa to facilitate the mission of the Committee on South West Africa; 6. Reauests the Committee on South West 'frica to make a preliminary report on the implementation of this resolution to the General !ssembly at its fifteenth session; 7, Reauests the Secretary-General to provide facilities for the execution of this resolution.

(b) 1514 (XV) DECLAR!TION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES :,FD PEOPLES The General g ssemblv; Mindful of the determination proulairped by the peoples of the world in the Charter of the United Nations to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small and to promote social progress and better stcndards of life in larger freedom, Conscious of the need for the creation of conditions ,of stability and well-being and peaceful and friendly relations based on respect for the principles of qqual rights and self-dete~rdination of all peoples, and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction-as to race, sex, langua or religion, Recognizing the passionate yearning for freedom in all dependent peoples and the decisive role of such peoples in the attainment of their independence, Aware of the increasing conflicts resulting from the denial of or impediments in the way of the freedom of such peoples, which constitutes a serious threat to world peace, Considerino the important role of the United Nations in assisting the movement for independence in Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories, Recoanizing that the peoples of the world ardently desire the end of colonialism in a-ll its manifestations, Convinved that the continued existence of colonialism prevents the development of international economic co-operation, impedes the social, cultural and economic development of dependent peoples, and militated against the United Nations ideal of universal peace, Affirmina that peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth nnd resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mytual benefit, and international law, Believing that the process of liberation is irresistible and irreversible and that, in order to avoid serious crises, and end must be put to colonialism and all prattices of segregation and discrimination associated therewith, Welcoming the emergence in recent years of a large number of dependent territories into freedom and iodependence, and recognizing the increasingly powerful trends towards freedom in such territories which have not yet attained independence, Convinced that all peoples have an inalienable right to complete freedom, the exercise of their sovereignty and the integrity of their national territory, Solemnly proclaims the necessity of bringing to a speedy and unconditional end colodialism in all its forms and manifestationsi And to this end - Declares that: 1. The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation coostitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations Und is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and co.op~ration. 2. All peoples have the'-right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence. 4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in oredr to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence, and the integrity of their national territory shall be respected. 5. Immediate steps shall be taken, in Trust and Non-SelfGoverning Territories or all 6ther territories which have not yet attained independence, to transfer all powers to the peoples of those territories, without -ny conditions or reservations, in accordance with their freely expressed will and desire, without any distinction as to race, creed or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy complete independence and freedom.

6. 1,ny attempt aimed at the partial disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nctions. 7. All States shall observe ftithfully and strictly the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the present Declaration on the basis of equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of all States, cnd respect for the sovereign rights of all peoples and their territorial integrity.