Land use in the Wine Region Bihari Zoltán Tokaj is made unique by the cultivation of vines. The development of the landscape can be described practically by the history of vineyard cultivation. •

• 16-18 Century: • The 10 to 25 degrees sloping in the South sides were reported the best productive areas. • Protection against erosion : -Unregulated planting, which blocked the runoff water path. • -20 thousand trunks /ha (today 3-5 thousand) -terraced cultivation -water drainage trenches (to collect the soil) -soil reclamation • During the use of the roads, the runing rainwater has created deep roads. They are 6 to 8 m deep dirt roads on the Tokaj mountain

The rows in the vineyards were very rare.The estate consisted of irregularly located trunks. 17. Century We already see different buildings in the vineyards: -buildings for pressing and storage of wine -stone-walled huts, shelters -cellars -The vineyards were usually surrounded by a hedge called "garád" (mostly plum, sour cherry, syringa, quince), and a gate served to walk in. -The tall shrubs still reflect to the boundaries of the past. -The vineyards were bordered by roads, and the roads were bordered by various kinds of fruit trees and bushes. -The roadside quince bushes are still to be found at many places.

-Often were pastures, and grassy boundary baulks, where the animals could grase between, over and below the vineyards. -The vineyard was protected by hedge against grazing animals. Vineyards were often irregular in shape, following the features of the relief. -Often apple or plum trees were at the ends of the vineyards. -Walnut, apples and cherries were common among vineyards at the harvesting or resting site at the end of the vineyards. The parcels were separated by grassy fields.

János Nagyváti wrote in 1792: "Fruit trees .... they hurt the vines. Which, as observed by the people in Tokaj, have been eradicated from their most famous Vineyards” Typical constructions of stone mounds called „obala”. Local people are also called "dam" or "bastion".

In the 17th century, the parcels were cultivated on the south side of the mountains at 300-350m altitude. By the end of the 18th century arable lands appeared in the upper areas, and this process continued in the 19th century. -Vineyard are only to the height of 180-210m on the map of in 1865. 19th-20th century -The territory of the arable areas further increased by the phylloxera (mite). -Some orchards have been created in the place of extinct vineyards. -The nature of the landscape changed where the small parcels were joined to a large-scale cultivation in the '60s. -The extent of vineyards has changed hectically in the past: 1873: 6494 ha 1895: 1032 ha 9000 1913: 4395 ha 8000 1935: 4706 ha 7000 6000 1965: 5703 ha 5000 1990: 6602 ha 4000 3000 2017: 5500 ha 2000 1000 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Extent of vineyards in Tokaj Name of vineyards often refer to the plant is cultivated or live in the wild in a given vineyard.

Plant species Name of the vineyard Settlement Wild plants Ternoak Cserfás Grass Gyöpös Tokaj Hawthorn Galagonyás Abaújszántó, Bodrogkeresztúr, Tállya, Tokaj Hornbeam Gyertyános Linden Hársas Tokaj Peanut Nagymogyorós, Mogyorós Erdőbénye, , Tokaj Maple Juharos Mád Bearch Nyírjes Tállya Cornel Somos, Somosalja , Elm Szilvölgy Tarcal Oak Kerektölgyes Rátka Cultivated plants Quince Birsalmás Mád Beetroot Céklás Tállya Sorghum Felsőcirok Lens Lencsés Tokaj Alfalfa Lucernások Poppy Mákhegy Erdőhorváti Almond Mandulás Sárospatak, Tarcal, Tolcsva Sour cherry Meggyes, Megyesek Monok, Tállya Carrot Répás Mád • We know that number of plum trees are twice the amount of apples, pears and cherries according to the census of 1895. • Among the plum trees the Besztercei ("Bercenci") was the most popular, while among the apples the sóvári, mosánszki, arany renet and angol parmen were comon. • Among the pears, it is worth mentioning the „neck pear” (nyakas körte), which is considered by many as a local variety.

• The „vineyard management” (szőlő rendtartás) mentions in some settlements that they also planted crops in the vine rows, for example cabbage, corn, beetroot.

• The fruit production has risen in the 18th century when the arable fields were replanted with fruit trees.

• The dominant apple and plum plantations took place after the phylloxera epidemic. The vineyards that remained without vines were often planted with fruit trees in the hope of replacing the lost profit.

• The number of cultivated fruit species reached 40, while today it is hardly half of them. Fresh fruit was provided from the early summer to late spring by mixing species and varieties -Among the oldest apple varieties still survived: Leány-csecsű (first mark from 1590) and Fontos (1632), and later varieties were Sóvári (Sóvári, Red Sóvári, Csíkos Sóvári, Nemes sóvári) and Batul , as well as the winter golden apple. (aranyparmen) - Beszterce is dominant among the plums, but the presence of Durko, Bógyi, Veres and White Plum is also very significant. -Also typical species is the pear (Barley, Wheat, Blood Bowl, Muskotály, Kiefer), -apricot (Rose, Sea), -cherry (eg. hajag) -and the sour cherry. -There are plenty of places to find almonds and peaches (parasztbarack) on the southern mountain sides. -As walnuts are usually seedling -origin, can be found in numerous varieties (paper shavings, shingles, pumpkin, etc.) -The rowan berry is more and more rare.

Our selection of fruit species and varieties represent a huge genetic reserve even the extensive or very unfavourable conditions. -Intensification is responsible for the disappearance of many landscape elements - not just stone walls or dirt roads - but also the natural flora.

-The grassy spots, the natural vegetation on the edges disappear or they far removed from the inner parts in case of huge vineyards .

-The huge vineyards start to function as an ecological barrier, restricting populations, preventing their mobility.

• To maintain high biodiversity, it is recommended to cultivate extensively the vineyards in Tokaj. • Essential to leave existing stone terraces, or to plant or retain native species on them, such as mulberry oak -molyhos tölgy (Quercus pubescens), tatár juhar (Acer tataricum), mezei juhar (Acer campestre), vadkörte (Pyrus pyraster), vastaggallyú körte (Pyrus nivalis) húsos som (Cornus mas), csepleszmeggy (Prunus fruticosa), törpemandula (Amygdalus nana) etc. Also possible to plant such species as almond (Prunus amygdalus), (Sorbus domestica), (Pyrus salicifolia), etc. • It is expected that several native plant species can be spontaneously settlement, and many bird and rare insect species can appear again in the vicinity of these trees. • Vineyards with trees are much more valuable visually than absolute monocultures, but it is clear that we have to avoid planting of alien plant species in the vineyards, because their uncontrolled extermination is probable. • For this reason, we do not tolerate white acacia (Robinia pseudo-acacia), silver tree (Eleagnus angustfolia), idol tree (Ailanthus altissima), silkworm (Asclepias syriaca) and pine (Pinus spp.) in the vineyards. Level of vineyards figs

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