DOCSLIB.ORG

Running Head: LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 1 Double Standards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Running Head: LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 1 Double Standards Running head: LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 1 Double Standards in Perceived Traits of Women Labeled Victims vs. Survivors Aanchal Setia1, Michael Marks2, and Sieun An1 1 Ashoka University, India 2 New Mexico State University, USA Address correspondence to: Sieun An, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Ashoka University [email protected] LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 2 Abstract Media reports on sexual assaults are omnipresent in today’s societies. Applying the labels “victim” and “survivor” to women who have been sexually assaulted influences their identities by evoking certain stereotypical images. However, the use of these labels is possibly affected by double standards in contemporary society. Certain traits are viewed more positively for men than women. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of the double standard phenomenon in the labelling of women who have been sexually assaulted. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 examined differences in character traits attached to the labels. Results showed significant differences for 13 of 15 adjectives in the victim vs. survivor label conditions. Study 2 consisted of two sub-studies that examined the double standard nature of these character traits using explicit (2a) and implicit measures (2b). Study 2a did not show pronounced effects of the double standard. However, findings of Study 2b demonstrated that the character traits attached to the label “survivor” suggest a double standard. The findings underscore the impact of labelling on women who have been sexually assaulted. Further implications are discussed. Keywords: sexual assault, double standard, sexual stereotypes, explicit bias, implicit bias LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 3 Double Standards in Perceived Traits of Women Labeled Victims vs. Survivor Labels such as victim and survivor reflect the experiences and recovery of the women who have been raped (Hockett & Saucier, 2015). However, these labels themselves are associated with multiple connotations (Thompson, 2000), which may contribute to the stigma attached to the sexual assault. Our research aims to elucidate the character traits associated with these labels. Additionally, there exists a discrepancy regarding the behavioral expectations between men and women, which is termed as the sexual double standard phenomenon (Sakaluk & Milhausen, 2012). Therefore, it is plausible that the character traits associated with labels could also possibly exhibit the double standard, i.e. certain character traits are favourable for men and unfavourable for women due to these traditional gender based expectations of behaviour. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of double standard in the labels (victim vs. survivor) associated with women who have been sexually assaulted. To our knowledge, this is the first study to link the labels with double standards. This is important to study, as it helps us understand how these labels evoke sexual stereotypes and reinforce the trauma as well as shape the identity of the women who have been sexually assaulted. Labelling of Sexually Assaulted Women Women who have been sexually assaulted are typically labelled as victims and/or survivors in contemporary society. The labels victim and survivor have different connotations attached to them (van Dijk, 2009). For example, a victim is associated with perceptions of passivity and vulnerability, whereas a survivor is associated with those of strength and recovery (Thompson, 2000). These labels not only carry these different connotations, but also influence the identities of the woman who have been raped (Hockett & Saucier, 2015). In addition, it affects the way people respond to women who have been sexually assaulted, LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 4 which may further affect their recovery. Therefore, there is a need to better understand these labels and their possible consequences on women who have been sexually assaulted. Victim and survivor encapsulate different experiences of the women who have been raped. The label victim elicits sympathy and support from others, and the label survivor elicits a positive self-identity respected by others (Thompson, 2000). However, the findings of Hockett, McGraw, and Saucier (2014) suggest that people associate the label victim with more negatively valenced characteristics such as having fewer coping characteristics compared to the label survivor. McCarthy (1986) also explained that the internalization of the label “victim” frames sexual assault as the dominant event in the assaulted person’s life. The victim label might elicit compassion for women who have been assaulted; however, it also assigns them with restraining connotations attached to the term itself, like passivity or forgiveness (Hockett & Saucier, 2015). Hence, recently, people use the label “survivor” rather than “victim” in an attempt to break free from the negative stigma associated with the label “victim” (van Dijk, 2009). Such a transition in the choice of labels raises an important question: whether this transition has entirely positive outcomes. Double Standards Exhibited by the Labels There are prevalent differences in the traditional gender-based expectations of the behavior from both men and women (Sakaluk & Milhausen, 2012). For example, men are rewarded for multiple sexual activities whereas women are derogated for the same behavior (Barash & Lipton, 2001). Such discrepancies in the expectations on which men and women are held in the society are labelled as the sexual double standard (Crawford & Popp, 2003). The sexual double standard is evident in three broad areas: sexual fidelity is expected from women more than men, and both sex without affection and initiation of sex is deemed appropriate only for men compared to women (Bordini & Sperb, 2013; Marks & Fraley, LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 5 2005). It is important to study as it continues to influence behaviors and perceptions of people (Bordini & Sperb, 2013; Mark & Miller, 1986; Milhausen & Herold, 2000). The sexual double standard also contributes to miscommunication and sexual assault (Muehlenhard, 1988). It has perpetuated the notion that women engage in token resistance to sex (Muehlenhard & Rodgers, 1998); i.e. they reject sexual advances with an intention to engage in them. Osman (2006) found that male participants who had a weaker belief in token resistance to sex understood that coitus occurred non-consensually when women said ‘No’ compared to participants who had a stronger belief in token resistance. This implies that the prevalent sexual double standard has trivialized the value of women’s consent. Additionally, the sexual double standard significantly influences the acceptance of rape myths (Choi & Kim, 1998; Lee, Kim, & Lee, 2010). People with a strong belief in the sexual double standard hold the belief that rape occurs spontaneously due to the uncontrollable sexual desires of men (Cowan & Quinton, 1997; Lee, Kim, & Lee, 2010). Further, rape is also trivialized and justified due to social perceptions of traits such as dominance and submissiveness attributed to men and women, respectively (Warner, 2000). Certain character traits associated with the labels might also be deemed desirable for men but undesirable for women. For example, findings related to double standards suggest that the connotation of the traits associated with these labels applies differently for women as compared to men due to the prevalent double standards in contemporary society (Marks & Fraley, 2005; Prentice & Carranza, 2002; Zaikman & Marks, 2015). For women to be perceived as emotionally healthy, they need to have conventional feminine traits such as submissiveness, reduced competitiveness, and sensitivity (Seem & Clark, 2006). Indeed, adjectives such as “extroverted,” “dominant,” “confident,” “active,” and “strong” are classified as agentic traits that are undesirable for women but desirable for men (Eagly & Carli, 2012; Nass, Moon, & Green, 1997; Rudman & Glick, 1999; Zaikman & Marks, 2016). LABELS & DOUBLE STANDARDS 6 Additionally, the adjective “loud” is an acceptable stereotype for men in society, but is viewed as aggressive when associated with women (Thomas, Witherspoon & Speight, 2004). Therefore, we believe it is plausible that the character traits attached to the label survivor might be negatively valenced. The sexual double standard phenomenon represents the notion that men have more sexual freedom compared to women (Milhausen & Harold, 2001). Therefore, women who perform sexual actions that are inconsistent with the sexual norms of society are perceived in a negative light. Few traits associated with the labels such as dominance and extraversion might also defy the conventional restrictions of freedom posed by society on women. Therefore, the objective of the research is to examine the sexual double standard effect in the labels (victim vs. survivor) that are used to address women who have been sexually assaulted. These labels might extend the trauma of the assaulted person by socially victimizing them and influencing their identity (Hockett & Saucier, 2015; Marks & An, 2019). Study 1 Framing of the descriptions of sexually assaulted women via the use of labels may hold positive and negative consequences for said women Papendick and Bohner’s (2017) Study 1 suggested that positive traits are more strongly associated with the label “survivor” compared to the label “victim.” However, they did not measure the valence of these traits that were associated with the labels. Therefore, we suspect that the traits associated with the label survivor
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Sexual Double Standard: Fact Or Fiction?
    Sex Roles, Vol. 52, Nos. 3/4, February 2005 (C 2005) DOI: 10.1007/s11199-005-1293-5 The Sexual Double Standard: Fact or Fiction? Michael J. Marks1,2 and R. Chris Fraley1 In contemporary society it is widely believed that men are socially rewarded for sexual activ- ity, whereas women are derogated for sexual activity. To determine whether a sexual double standard exists, both undergraduate (n = 144) and Internet (n = 8,080) participants evaluated experimental targets who were described as either male or female and as having a variable number of sexual partners. Targets were more likely to be derogated as the number of sexual partners increased, and this effect held for both male and female targets. These results sug- gest that, although people do evaluate others as a function of sexual activity, people do not necessarily hold men and women to different sexual standards. KEY WORDS: double standard; sexuality; sex partners; attitudes toward sex; gender norms; gender differences; sexual activity; gender equality; promiscuity. In contemporary society it is widely believed that behavioral scientists have documented the dou- that women and men are held to different standards ble standard extensively and elucidated many of the of sexual behavior (Milhausen & Herold, 2001). As mechanisms that generate and sustain it. Despite Barash and Lipton (2001, p. 145) noted, “a man who much systematic research, however, there is virtu- is successful with many women is likely to be seen as ally no consistent evidence for the existence of this just that—successful ... [whereas] a woman known allegedly pervasive phenomenon. to have ‘success’ with many men is ..
    [Show full text]
  • The Twenties Woman
    The Twenties Woman MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Terms & Names American women pursued Workplace opportunities and •flapper •double standard new lifestyles and assumed trends in family life are still new jobs and different roles major issues for women today. in society during the 1920s. One American's Story When Zelda Sayre broke off her engagement with would-be writer F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1919, she told him that he would have to become successful on his own. Later, she wrote about how a woman can achieve greatness. A PERSONAL VOICE ZELDA SAYRE FITZGERALD “ Rouge means that women want to choose their man—not take what lives in the next house. Look back over the pages of history and see how the loveliness of women has always stirred men—and nations—on to great achievement! There have been women who were not pretty, who have swayed hearts and empires, but these women . did not disdain that thing for which paint and powder stands. They wanted to choose their destinies—to be successful competitors in the great game of life.” —“Paint and Powder,” The Smart Set, May 1929 Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald Zelda Sayre and F. Scott Fitzgerald married one week after Scott published his first novel, and Zelda continued to be the model for Scott’s independent, uncon- ventional, ambitious female characters. He even copied from her letters and other writings. Ironically, Zelda’s devotion to her marriage and to motherhood stifled her career ambitions. Nevertheless, she became a model for a generation of young American women who wanted to break away from traditions and forget the hard- ships of the war years.
    [Show full text]
  • Male Privilege, Sexual Double Standard
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2014 Male Privilege, Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Scripts: College Students' Perceptions and Influences of Hooking Up Mary Ellen Hunt University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Community-Based Research Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation Hunt, Mary Ellen, "Male Privilege, Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Scripts: College Students' Perceptions and Influences of Hooking Up" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2189. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2189 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Male Privilege, Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Scripts: College Students’ Perceptions and Influences of Hooking Up Male Privilege, Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Scripts: College Students’ Perceptions and Influences of Hooking Up A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Community Health Promotion by Mary Hunt Kansas State University Bachelor of Science in Family Studies and Human Services, 2012 August 2014 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________ Dr. Kristen Jozkowski Thesis Director ____________________________ _____________________________ Dr. Bart Hammig Dr. Jean Henry Committee Member Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Anna Zajicek Committee Member ABSTRACT Approximately three-fourths of young adults in college hook up at least once by their senior year (i.e., engage in a casual sexual encounter outside the context of a committed relationship).
    [Show full text]
  • Bowling Green State University the Center for Family and Demographic Research Phone: (419) 372-7279 [email protected]
    Bowling Green State University The Center for Family and Demographic Research http://www.bgsu.edu/organizations/cfdr Phone: (419) 372-7279 [email protected] Working Paper Series 2009-03 IDENTITY, PEER RELATIONSHIPS, AND ADOLESCENT GIRLS' SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONTEMPORARY DOUBLE STANDARD Heidi Lyons, Peggy Giordano, Wendy Manning, and Monica Longmore Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 [email protected] *This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, HD36223, and by the Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, which has core funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD050959-01). 1 Abstract The idea of a sexual double standard emphasizes that men have more freedom regarding their sexual behavior, while women are subject to social sanctions for the same behaviors. The current research uses a contemporary sample of adolescent women to examine social concomitants and consequences of reporting a greater number of sexual partners. A social deficit hypothesis emphasizes low self-esteem and social costs associated with a greater number of sexual partners, while a social network hypothesis focuses on the norms and behaviors of girls' friends as significant predictors. The cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of quantitative data (n=600) provide support for the social network hypothesis: friends' attitudes and behaviors were significant predictors of respondents' own levels of sexual experience, while those reporting a higher number of sexual partners did not report a lack of popularity, desire for more friends, or lower self-esteem.
    [Show full text]
  • Double Standards?
    christian joppke Double Standards? Veils and Crucifixes in the European Legal Order Abstract Comparing the treatment of Islamic veils and Christian crucifixes by the European Court of Human Rights, this paper re-examines the charge of “double standards” on the part of this guardian of the European legal order, which is seen as disadvantaging Islam and favoring Christianity. While this is proved partially correct, the paper calls for a more differentiated treatment of the issue. For one, there is a modicum of consistency in the European Court’s decisions, because they are all meant to further “pluralism”. Only, Islam and Christianity fare differently in this respect, as “threat” to and “affirmation” of pluralism, respectively. This distinction hinges on Islam’s compatibility with the liberal-secular order, on which the jury is out. A possible way out of the “pluralism v. pluralism” dilemma, I argue, is signaled in the European Court’s recent decision in Lautsi v. Italy (2011), which pairs a preference for “culturalized” Christianity with robust minority pluralism. | downloaded: 2.10.2021 Keywords: secularism; religion; liberalism; sociology of law; Islam; Christianity; Europe. O N BOTH SIDES OF THE A TLANTIC, the role of religious symbols in the public sphere has become subject to protracted conflict. This is one way in which “public religion” has had a mighty comeback, if it ever was out (see Casanova 1994). Veils and crucifixes are of particular salience, both having been dealt with in legislation and legal rulings by national high courts and the European Court of Human Rights, the apex of the European human rights order.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Double Standard in All Areas of Female Life
    01 Boss(y) Exploring the double standard in all areas of female life Table Of 02 Contents: 3- Goal of this Zine 4-Background Info 5-Professional Life 6-Physical Appearance 7-Romantic Life 8-Sex Life 9-Celebrity Experiences 10-Taylor Swift 11-Elizabeth Moss 12-First-Person Account 13-One-On-One Interview 14-Sara's Jewish Identity 15-Sara's Experiences 16-The Gender Equity in Hiring Project 17-Positive Examples in Media 18-Movies and TV 19-Works Cited 20-About Us 21-Thank You! Goal of this Zine 03 EDUCATION To teach about the unrealistic pressures of common tropes AWARENESS To call attention to the pervasiveness and depth of the double standards in place APPLICATION To show you how to recognize and fight double standards in your own life! 04 Background Info WHAT IS A DOUBLE WHEN DID THEY START? STANDARD? Double standards have been around for a long time A double standard is a rule or in some capacity, but the sexual double standard principle which is unfairly (SDS), which leads to a more negative assessment applied in different ways to of women than men when they exhibit the same different people or groups sexual behavior, was first talked about in relation to flappers in the 1920's. 05 Professional Life In a 2019 Forbes article on Credit: women and likeability, it is https://mymoder nmet.com/daisy- reported that "When asked to bernard- evaluate the hypothetical contradictory- onboarding of a new manager, advice-for- women/ volunteers evaluated a high- powered woman as more Art by: Daisy Bernard unlikable than a man with Art originally identical qualities and published by Tab Media background.
    [Show full text]
  • (Miss) Representation: an Analysis of the Music Videos and Lyrics of Janelle Monae As an Expression of Femininity, Feminism
    Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Honors College Theses Pforzheimer Honors College 2019 (Miss) Representation: An Analysis of the Music Videos and Lyrics of Janelle Monae as an Expression of Femininity, Feminism, and Female Rage Amy Dworsky Pace University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses Part of the Communication Commons, and the Music Performance Commons Recommended Citation Dworsky, Amy, "(Miss) Representation: An Analysis of the Music Videos and Lyrics of Janelle Monae as an Expression of Femininity, Feminism, and Female Rage" (2019). Honors College Theses. 218. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/218 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Pforzheimer Honors College at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RUNNING HEADER: (MISS)REPRESENTATION (Miss) Representation: An Analysis of the Music Videos and Lyrics of Janelle Monae as an Expression of Femininity, Feminism, and Female Rage Amy Dworsky Communication Studies Advisor: Emilie Zaslow Dyson School of Arts and Sciences, Communications Department May 2019 Pace University MISS(REPRESENTATION) 1 Abstract Women in music videos have long been portrayed as sexual objects. With movements such as #MeToo and #TimesUp, artists are challenging the the construction of femininity and feminism. Some artists are using their artistic expressions to challenge the sexualization of women in music videos and are giving voice to the rage they experience in a misogynist culture that endorses a misogynist president. The shift in societal norms, taking into account the politically charged atmosphere, has created a new wave of feminism through popular music and popular culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Research Briefing Series
    DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ~ TUFTS UNIVERSITY STUDENT RESEARCH BRIEFING SERIES VOLUME II, ISSUE I SPRING 2012 THE CRYING DOUBLE STANDARD: ADDRESSING THE ISSUES OF GENDER AND CONTEXT IN THE EFFECT OF CANDIDATES TEARS ON VOTER AFFECT KIRA HESSEKIEL The Student Research Briefing Series is designed to publish a broad range TABLE OF CONTENTS of topics in American Politics, Comparative Politics, Political Theory and Philosophy, and International Relations. The briefings are intended to en- ABSTRACT 1 hance student appreciation of student research completed in the Depart- ment of Political Science. In addition, the publication hopes to serve as out- reach to interested undergraduates and prospective students considering a ABOUT THIS PAPER 2 major in Political Science. If you are a student interested in contributing to the Student Research Briefing Series or a professor, within the Department of Political Science, INTRODUCTION 3 and have a student paper you would like to highlight, please contact jean- [email protected]. This publication is student-produced and the research was conducted dur- LITERATURE REVIEW 5 ing their undergraduate studies. In The Crying Double Standard Hessekiel seeks to prove here hypothesis: In scenarios where the voter perceives the source of a candidate’s tears as HYPOTHESES AND 16 EXPERIMENTAL emotional instability, a male candidate will be more penalized for crying DESIGN than a female candidate, but when compassion is used to explain a candi- date crying, a female candidate will be more chastised. CONCLUSION 26 About the author Kira Hessekiel, T ’13, is a Political Science major. Her interests in the field of political science are wide-ranging, but it is American politics and politi- REFERENCES 30 cal psychology that she is most drawn to.
    [Show full text]
  • Men's and Women's Implicit Sexual Double
    MEN’S AND WOMEN’S IMPLICIT SEXUAL DOUBLE STANDARDS: AN APPLICATION OF SEXUAL SCRIPT THEORY By Sarah R. Londo Although sexual encounters occurring with a non-committed partner are fairly common among young adults (Bisson & Levine, 2009; Puentes, Knox, & Zusman, 2008). research reveals a sexual double standard in attitudes toward CSRs, with women being judged more harshly than men (e.g., Crawford & Popp, 2003). However, recent studies have demonstrated inconsistencies in the sexual double standard, with some researchers suggesting that these findings are a byproduct of biased responding in survey paradigms used in sexual double standard research. As a result, researchers have encouraged innovative methodological procedures to assess the sexual double standard. Thus, the current thesis employed the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a gender priming task to evaluate the endorsement of the sexual double standard among 138 U.S young adults (60 men, 78 women). Overall, results from the IAT revealed that participants endorsed a small implicit sexual double standard, as evidenced by their ability to more efficiently and accurately pair sexual images with pleasant words after receiving a men priming procedure as compared to a women priming procedure. In addition, gender differences in the endorsement of an implicit sexual double standard were revealed, with the gender prime influencing men participants to a greater extent than women participants. The current thesis has generated new information related to our understanding of the sexual double standard in today’s society and demonstrates the importance of incorporating the IAT (and other innovative measures). Several important implications stem from this thesis, particularly those related to the promotion of gender equality in sexual contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sexual Double Standard: Cultural Myth Or Influential Script in Relation to The
    The Sexual Double Standard: Cultural Myth or Influential Script in Relation to the Sexual Assertiveness of Men and Women in Two Generational Cohorts? by Carol Anne Austin A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology Carleton University Ottawa, Canada ©2011, Carol Anne Austin Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your We Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-81647-9 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-81647-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lntemet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin Personality and Social Psychology
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin http://psp.sagepub.com/ What Motivates the Sexual Double Standard? More Support for Male Versus Female Control Theory Laurie A. Rudman, Janell C. Fetterolf and Diana T. Sanchez Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2013 39: 250 DOI: 10.1177/0146167212472375 The online version of this article can be found at: http://psp.sagepub.com/content/39/2/250 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Additional services and information for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin can be found at: Email Alerts: http://psp.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://psp.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Feb 5, 2013 What is This? Downloaded from psp.sagepub.com at RUTGERS UNIV on October 16, 2013 PSPXXX10.1177/0146167212472375Person 472375ality and Social Psychology BulletinRudman et al. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin What Motivates the Sexual Double 39(2) 250 –263 © 2012 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc Standard? More Support for Male Versus Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Female Control Theory DOI: 10.1177/0146167212472375 http://pspb.sagepub.com Laurie A. Rudman1, Janell C. Fetterolf1, and Diana T. Sanchez1 Abstract The present research uniquely compared male control theory (MCT) versus female control theory (FCT) to illuminate motives for the sexual double standard (SDS), whereby men gain status from engaging in casual sex or having many sexual partners, but women are stigmatized for it. Consistent with MCT, men were more likely than women to endorse the SDS and to give sexual advice in ways that reinforce it—gender differences that were mediated by hostile sexism (HS) and endorsing the SDS, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Harassment Carrie N
    Masthead Logo Smith ScholarWorks Study of Women and Gender: Faculty Publications Study of Women and Gender 2007 Sexual Harassment Carrie N. Baker Smith College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/swg_facpubs Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Baker, Carrie N., "Sexual Harassment" (2007). Study of Women and Gender: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/swg_facpubs/6 This Book has been accepted for inclusion in Study of Women and Gender: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected] “Sexual Harassment,” Encyclopedia of Women in World History (Oxford University Press, 2007) By Carrie N. Baker Feminists in the United States coined the term “sexual harassment” in 1975 to describe men’s sexual coercion and exploitation of women in the workplace. The term, in general use, has come to encompass a broad range of unwelcome sexual and gender-based behavior in a variety of contexts, including the workplace, at educational institutions, in housing, and on the street. At its core, sexual harassment is the use of legal, economic, or social power to impose unwelcome sexual advances or to create an environment that is intimidating, hostile or offensive based on sex. Sexual harassment is gendered in that women are more likely to be targets of sexual harassment because of legal, economic, and/or social dominance of males over females in most societies. Men have rarely been held accountable for sexual harassment because of stereotypes that blame the victim by characterizing women as sexually promiscuous.
    [Show full text]