IEEE History Center

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Signals from the Director ...... 2 Center Activities ...... 4

New Oral Histories on the ETHW History Committee Activities ...... 3 This special print newsletter, RCA’s Fabulous 45s Exhibit History Committee Chair’s Message By focusing our eﬀorts on w REACH Gains Momentum IEEE Organizationals Units Invited to History Center Social on Twitter and Tumblr Become Active in IEEE History Staff Notes ...... 4 “Donor Honor Roll ...... It . .is . .these . . . . . 6gifts that, at Mary Ann Hellrigel Joins the Staff Donor-Advised t Funds Help the History Center New Research Assistant Jeffrey Huber IRA Charitable Rollover Law 2015 Donor List Bibliography...... 12 IEEE History Center SIGNALS FROM THE DIRECTOR

The newsletter reports on the activities of the IEEE History Center and on By Michael Geselowitz, Ph.D. years, History Center Research Coordinator new resources and projects in electrical Robert Colburn. and computer history. It is published First of all, let me welcome you to 100th issue This year in particular we expect to have three times each year—once in hard copy of the IEEE History Center Newsletter. From a (March) and twice electronically ( July and a lot to put in these pages; 2016 promises to November) by the IEEE History Center. twice-a-year mimeograph in the 1980s to be a banner year for the IEEE History Center. our current three-times-a-year mix of laser- IEEE History Center We have just welcomed a new staff member, at Stevens Institute of Technology printed and electronic editions, we have kept Dr. Mary Ann Hellrigel, and a new History rd Samuel C. Williams Library 3 Floor our supporters and other interested parties Committee Chair, Dr. Allison Marsh. Among 1 Castle Point on Hudson apprised of our activities while also reviewing Hoboken, NJ 07030-5991 the many exciting activities we will be carrying Telephone +1 732 562 5450 books and websites, showing mystery photos, out are: continued enhancement of the Engi- Fax +1 732 562 6020 and revealing historical insights. I hope you neering & Technology History Wiki; a project E-mail: [email protected] have enjoyed reading it as much as we have URL: www.ieee.org/history_center to document the institutional history of IEEE enjoyed writing it. Special kudos to the since the centennial in 1984 (at that time a managing editor for the past almost twenty IEEE History Committee 2016 history from 1884 to 1984 was commis- Allison Marsh, Chair David Kemp, Vice Chair Subscription Information to [email protected] Martin Bastiaans Current and past issues of the newsletter can David Burger The IEEE History Center newsletter is available free be accessed at www.ieee.org/about/history Hyungsub Choi to all persons interested in technological history _center/newsletters.html Irving Engelson – whether engineers, scholars, researchers, hob- Paul Israel The IEEE History Center is a non-profit byists, or interested members of the public. It is Kartik Kulkarni organization which relies on your support to published in hard copy in March, and in electronic Norberto Lerendegui preserve, research, and promote the legacy of Juan Miguez form in July and November of each year. electrical engineering and computing. To support Antonio Perez-Yuste To subscribe to the IEEE History Center’s the Center’s projects – such as the Engineering Roland Saam free newsletter, please send your name, postal & Technology History Wiki, Milestones, and Oral Antonio Savini mailing address, e-mail address (optional if Enriqe Tejera History Collection, please click the "Donate you wish to receive the electronic versions), John Vig Online" tab at www.ieee.org/donate_history or and IEEE member number (if applicable – non- www.ieeefoundation.org/ members are encouraged to subscribe as well) IEEE History Center Staff Michael Geselowitz, Senior Director [email protected] Mary Ann Hellrigel, Archivist/ NEWSLETTER SUBMISSION BOX Institutional Historian [email protected] The IEEE History Center Newsletter welcomes submissions of Letters to the Editor, as well as articles Alexander Magoun, Outreach for its Reminiscences and Relic Hunting departments. “Reminiscences” are accounts of history of a Historian technology from the point of view of someone who worked in the technical area or was closely con- [email protected] nected to someone who was. They may be narrated either in the first person or third person. “Relic Kelly McKenna, REACH Hunting” are accounts of finding or tracking down tangible pieces of electrical history in interesting or Program Manager unsuspected places (in situ and still operating is of particular interest). Length: 500-1200 words. Sub- [email protected] mit to [email protected]. Articles and letters to the editor may be edited for style or length. John Vardalas, Senior Historian [email protected] Nathan Brewer, Digital Content Administrator The IEEE History Center Newsletter Advertising Rates [email protected] The newsletter of the IEEE History Center is published three times per annum; one issue (March) Robert Colburn, Research Coordinator in paper, the other two (July and November) electronically. The circulation of the paper issue is [email protected] 4,800; the circulation of the electronic issues is 22,500. The newsletter reaches engineers, retired engineers, researchers, archivists, and curators interested specifically in the history of electrical, electronics, and computing engineering, and the history of related technologies. IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment and bullying. Cost Per Issue For more information visit Quarter Page $150 www.ieee.org/nondiscrimination Half Page $200 © IEEE information contained in this Full Page $250 newsletter may be copied without permission, provided that copies for direct commercial Please submit camera-ready copy via mail or email attachment to [email protected]. advantage are not made or distributed, and Deadlines for receipt of ad copy are 2 February, 2 June, and 2 October. the title of the IEEE publication and its date appear on each copy. For more information, contact Robert Colburn at [email protected]. 2 SIGNALS FROM THE DIRECTOR Issue 100 March 2016 sioned; look for more details in the July newsletter); and an even closer collaboration with the IEEE History Committee to expansion of the oral history program. Also in 2016, the matu- achieve our mutual goals. ration of our relationship with our host and strategic education Finally in 2016, the IEEE Foundation has committed itself partner, Stevens Institute of technology, is leading to all sorts to increasing its fundraising activities in order to better support of opportunities (see Center Activities, beginning on p. 4). Of our activities as well of those of other organizational units course, as already hinted at last issue, our major focus this year supporting IEEE’s public imperative. We will be working ex- will be launching REACH, our new high-school history initiative tremely closely with them. Therefore, it is my pleasure, in that is a Signature Program of the IEEE Foundation. REACH, this annual honor roll issue of the newsletter, to once again ex- along with our other programs, is a major contributor to one of press my appreciation to you, our current loyal supporters who the “Core Values” on the new IEEE Strategic Plan: “Promoting made all this possible in 2015. Thank you, and best wishes for public awareness and understanding of the engineering pro- 2016. We look forward to continuing to partner with you and fession.” We also hope to fulfill the IEEE Professional Staff Com- keep you apprised of our results through our newsletters and mitment to “increase operational efficiencies” and to work in other mailings. HISTORY COMMITTEE ACTIVITIES HISTORY COMMITTEE CHAIR’S MESSAGE

By Allison Marsh achievements. At its heart, the Milestones program is a grass- roots effort where local sections identify and propose sites of As both an engineer and a public historian, I am very excited to achievement. There is a lengthy list of suggested Milestones take the reins of the History Committee this year. Keeping track on the Engineering & Technology History Wiki (http:// of our history as an organization and sharing engineering ac- ieeemilestones.ethw.org/List_of_Achievements_Suitable_for complishments with the world helps everyone understand the _Milestones). I encourage IEEE members in all regions to re- importance of technology in everyday life. view this list and acknowledge their place in history. One of the best conduits for marking IEEE achievements is The bronze plaques identifying IEEE Milestones allow ca- the Milestone program. With more than one hundred and fifty sual passersby to learn that history happened on that site. They Milestones dedicated around the world, the bronze plaques can learn and be inspired by inventions and innovations. The and accompanying information on the web tell amazing stories Milestones website expands on the plaque citation and offers of engineering success. supplemental information, creating a wonderful resource for This year the History Committee is working to process all students who are researching electrical history. of the Milestone nominations that are currently in the pipeline The public outreach of the Milestones program helps and trying to cut down the time between nomination and final shape positive opinions on the role of engineers in society. Pro- approval. Additionally, I will be reaching out to various section mote your history today! chairs to consider the possible nomination of some high profile IEEE ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS INVITED TO BECOME ACTIVE IN IEEE HISTORY

IEEE organizational unit officers are invited to appoint their etc.), or by other organizations. historians, chairs of history committees, or milestone chairs For information on appointing corresponding members, as corresponding members of the IEEE History Committee. The please email [email protected] intention is to foster communication across all of IEEE’s history IEEE organizational units are invited to use the Engineering activities. Corresponding members receive History Committee & Technology History Wiki (http://ethw.org) website to research agendas, minutes, and updates. Corresponding members are and to collect their history. Each organizational unit has a page for welcome to attend History Committee meetings and to partic- its history on the ETHW. A good example is the IEEE Benelux ipate in all discussions as non-voting members. However, the section history http://ethw.org/IEEE_Benelux_Section_History. IEEE History Committee regrets that it does not have the budget IEEE members can easily log on using their IEEE web accounts. to reimburse travel expenses for corresponding and other non- Members can share their past experiences in designing, de- regular members. Travel expenses for liaison and correspon- veloping, testing, manufacturing, and commercializing new prod- ding members must be reimbursed by the corresponding ucts and services by writing topic articles and first-hand histories. member’s sponsoring organizational unit (e.g. Region, Society, A third form of historical activity is for organizational units

Continued on Page 4 3 IEEE History Center HISTORY COMMITTEE ACTIVITIES

to propose IEEE Milestones in Electrical Engineering and Com- ETHW has a number of features to assist with the proposal of puting to honor technical achievements in IEEE’s fields. The IEEE IEEE Milestones in Electrical Engineering and Computing, in- Milestone Program http://ieeemilestones.ethw.org/Main_Page cluding a list of historical achievements suitable for proposal is one of the most visible ways that IEEE celebrates the heritage http://ieeemilestones.ethw.org/List_of_Achievements_ of its profession. There are suitable achievements in all Suitable_for_Milestones technical areas of IEEE worthy of such recognition. The

HISTORY CENTER STAFF NOTES MARY ANN HELLRIGEL

The History Center is pleased to welcome Dr. Mary Ann Hell- Mary Ann has widely published and presented papers on rigel as its newest staff member. She will serve as the Institu- Edison and early electric power, and has consulted on related tional Historian/Archivist, the position previously held by exhibits and documentaries. She is also active in the Society Sheldon Hochheiser. for the History of Technology, having served on several prize Mary Ann has a bachelor's degree in History from Rutgers committees. University, a Master's degree in Public History from UC-Santa It also turns out that Mary Ann was the 1993 – 1994 recip- Barbara, and a Ph.D. in History of Technology and Science from ient of the IEEE Life Members’ Fellowship in Electrical History, so Case Western Reserve University. She has served as a Research her return to IEEE is particularly appropriate. She will report to Associate at the Thomas A. Edison Papers Project, and has the Center’s Senior Director, Dr. Michael Geselowitz and be based taught history of technology at a number of universities around at the Stevens office in Hoboken, NJ, USA. However, she will also the country, including at our current strategic partner, Stevens be working closely with Digital Content Administrator Nathan Institute of Technology. Brewer on projects at the IEEE Archives, which are held at the IEEE Operations Center in Piscataway, NJ, USA. RESEARCH ASSISTANT JEFFREY HUBER JOINS THE HISTORY CENTER

Jeffrey Huber is a fifth-year undergraduate student in the Engi- Engineering with a concentration in Engineering Management, neering department at Stevens Institute of Technology. He is at to be completed in December 2016. Following graduation, he the tail end of his undergraduate career, expecting to earn a will be working in BAE System’s Electronic Systems Research & Bachelors of Engineering in Electrical Engineering in May 2016. Development arm. Additionally, he is pursuing a Master of Engineering in Systems

CENTER ACTIVITIES DEEP KNOWLEDGE: NEW ORAL HISTORIES ON THE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HISTORY WIKI

The Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW) was as the other oral history collections on the ETHW, can be viewed launched in January of 2015 as a partnership between IEEE and here: http://ethw.org/Oral-History:List_of_all_Oral_Histories six other major engineering societies to document the history of Additionally, the site is beginning to further harness Se- all disciplines of engineering and technology. The ETHW re- mantic Mediawiki’s (SMW) capabilities. A series of extensions, branded the IEEE History Center’s former wiki, the IEEE Global SMW enables the creation of a semantic database using cus- History Network, and it has several new oral history collections. tom-defined properties of any piece of data available in articles. The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum As History Center staff continues to process the collections, the Engineers (AIME) has recently posted sixteen oral histories de- SMW tools will display various relevant pieces of data in each tailing the history of the mining and metallurgical profession, and article, allowing for easy browsing of similar articles and pow- the IEEE Robotics and Automation society has posted more than erful queries. For more information on SMW, see: eighty of its oral histories. These oral history collections, as well https://www.semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Semantic_MediaWiki

4 CENTER ACTIVITIES Issue 100 March 2016 RCA’S FABULOUS 45s EXHIBIT

Last September through January, retired engineer and the world’s leading collector of 45-rpm visitors to Stevens Institute’s Samuel record changers. Vourtsis’ wonderful book on the subject con- C. Williams Library found perhaps tains Magoun's dissertation chapter on the 45-rpm record, a topic the most colorful display ever Magoun pursued because of his record-collecting and DJ activi- mounted in the lobby. “RCA’s Fabu- ties. The subject was ideal for Stevens because the innovation of lous 45s” (an exhibit of RCA’s 45- the 45 record and changer system involved mechanical, electri- rpm record changer and records) cal, and chemical engineers as well as marketing, music, and ex- appealed to people who grew up ecutive managers. The story shows how engineering is shaped by stacking records, making cassette market demand, inventive choices, unexpected events, compe- mixtapes, loading CDs, or streaming tition from established and new alternatives, corporate promo- MP3s. An expanded version of an tion, consumer response, and popular culture. It also involves a exhibit staged at the David Sarnoff practically infinite array of music on discs of all colors, a tiny sam- Library more than ten years ago, it ple of which from the 1940s to the 2000s was also displayed. was based on a productive collaboration between outreach his- Magoun looks forward to developing a new exhibit later this year torian Alex Magoun of the IEEE History Center and Phil Vourtsis, on “Something from Nothing: The Many Uses of Vacuum Tubes.”

REACH GAINS MOMENTUM (Raising Engineering Awareness through the Conduit of History)

Significant progress has occurred over the past four months is completed, the program with the development of REACH. REACH was extremely well will expand to schools across received at the 2015 National Council for the Social Studies an- the country, according to nual conference as well as at the 2015 New Jersey Council’s REACH program manager annual conference where Kelly McKenna, REACH Program Man- Kelly McKenna.” In addition ager, and Michael Geselowitz, Senior Director of the IEEE History the article highlighted that Center, presented REACH to Social Studies teachers from across REACH will also be available the country. The end result was a substantial increase in the worldwide. “Although the number of participants on the REACH academic advisory panel, Center is developing REACH which now boasts seventy-five members from twenty-two to meet U.S. National Council states. Participants include Social Studies teachers as well as for the Social Studies stan- Social Studies Coordinators and Education Administrators. dards, the resources will be Educators strongly believe in the value of REACH and in available to instructors Michelle Lilley, Supervisor of the free lesson resources it will provide. Evidence of this can be around the world.” As Kelly Social Studies, and Principal found in new alliances formed between the IEEE History Cen- McKenna states, “The re- Adam Angelozzi of Manalapan ter and two New Jersey high schools, Manalapan High School sources will be accessible on High School, look forward to and Madison High School. The educators and administrators the REACH website, which is using IEEE History Center REACH materials in their curricula. of these schools will provide insight and guidance on the design currently in development. A format and focus areas for two REACH pilots. As revealed in beta version of the website is expected to debut in April.” the last newsletter, the first pilot will highlight the technologies The positive response from the education community has tied to early maritime navigation and how these technologies aided in the momentum of REACH and certifies REACH fills an pushed forward global exploration. The second will focus on educational gap and provides a valuable resource to teachers. technologies associated with mass communication, such as the More importantly REACH offers to students, as well as teachers, printing press, radio, the internet and social media, and how an opportunity to gain a broader understanding of the relation- such technologies affected social change at certain times in his- ships among science, technology, and society and develop an tory. Adam Angelozzi, Principal of Manalapan High School ar- appreciation of how engineers and creative problem solving have ticulates, “The IEEE History Center at the Stevens Institute of played a role throughout history. It’s an exciting time for REACH Technology has engaged in a thoughtful and collaborative effort and the IEEE History Center. A Video About REACH can be seen to develop curriculum resources that provide guidance to edu- here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vmMxJrt3F4 cators in helping students to understand the impact that tech- You can support REACH by clicking on nological advancements have had on the history of the world.” https://www.ieeefoundation.org/donate and choosing “IEEE The IEEE Institute also reported on REACH, “Once the pilot REACH Fund” at the “Designation” box. 5 IEEE History Center CENTER ACTIVITIES IEEE HISTORY CENTER SOCIAL ON TWITTER AND TUMBLR

The IEEE History Center is bringing history to increasing num- the blog has approximately 154,000 followers as of January bers of people via social networking tools such as Twitter and 2016 and more than 216,000 total social interactions. To Tumblr. Follow the activities of the IEEE History Center and oth- date, six of the posted images have been featured on Tumblr’s ers involved in the history of engineering on its Twitter feed at radar, a feature that allows the Tumblr staff to promote https://twitter.com/ieeehistory. selected images to all logged-in users. These posts receive The IEEE History Center maintains a blog on Tumblr in significantly more social interactions, the highest reaching which interesting images related to the history of technology 12,000. To follow the blog or to view the images, go to are posted. Featured in Tumblr’s history and science categories, http://engineeringhistory.tumblr.com/. DONOR HONOR ROLL DONOR.ADVISED FUNDS CAN HELP THE HISTORY CENTER

By Stan Retif, IEEE Foundation the History Center will continue to build philanthropic partnerships that are mutually beneficial. Visit the IEEE The IEEE Foundation continually seeks opportunities that Foundation Donor Advised Fund webpage to learn more: streamline the giving process. Goals include assisting donors in http://bit.ly/DonorAdvisedFunds. helping to advance the mission of Foundation programming, Should you have questions regarding Donor-Advised such as the History Center, while also helping meet the re- Funds or any planned giving vehicle, the IEEE Foundation rec- spective donor’s philanthropic objectives. We strive to keep ommends that you consult your financial advisor. If the Foun- donors aware of philanthropic opportunities. dation can be of assistance, please contact Stan H. Retif, Chief Donor-advised funds, a philanthropic mechanism largely Development Officer, IEEE Foundation, at [email protected]. unknown less than two decades ago, have recently been coming into favor. The first donor-advised funds were established soon after the Great Depression, but it wasn’t until 1969 that the United States Congress established the legal structure gov- THANK YOU TO OUR erning their use. By the 1990s, donor-advised funds became a vehicle of choice for many donors; today they account for more HISTORY CENTER than three percent of all charitable giving in the United States. According to the National Philanthropic Trust, “A donor-ad- DONORS! vised fund, is a philanthropic vehicle established at a public char- Your support helps preserve the ity. It allows donors to make a charitable contribution, receive an immediate tax benefit and then recommend grants from the heritage of IEEE’s technologies. fund over time. An easy way to think about a donor-advised fund is like a charitable checking account: a donor contributes to the fund as frequently as they like and then recommends grants to their favorite charity when they are ready.” The basic components of a normal Donor-Advised Fund include: A donor makes an irrevocable contribution of personal assets; The donor immediately receives the maximum tax deduction allowed by the IRS; The donor names the fund account, advisors, and any succes- sors or charitable beneficiaries; The contribution is placed into a donor-advised fund account where it can be invested and grow tax free; At any time afterward, the donor can recommend grants from the account to qualified charities. Attracting philanthropic support grows more competitive each year, and it is important for nonprofits to be flexible in accommodating donors’ wishes. The IEEE Foundation and Image courtesy of Smithsonian Institution 6 DONOR HONOR ROLL Issue 100 March 2016 IRA CHARITABLE ROLLOVER LAW REINSTATED

At IEEE, we know that philanthropy is personal. We also know maximize the impact of your IRA! that, for many, a strategic financial approach to philanthropy If you are interested in this unique opportunity to support can maximize impact while also supporting your personal fi- the IEEE History Center, or if you have questions, please contact nancial goals. Therefore, we want you to be aware that the IRA IEEE Foundation at +1 732 465 5871 or [email protected]. charitable rollover law has been reinstated in 2016 and will re- Are you ready to make a tax-free contribution main in effect thereafter. that will support the history and legacy of IEEE? Individual retirement account (IRA) owners over the age of You can download our sample request letter at 70½ may transfer to qualifying charities, including the History http://ieeefoundation.org/file/ira-rollover-sample-letter.docx Center Funds of the IEEE Foundation, up to $100,000 per year and submit to your financial institution. Please remember from their IRA, which counts toward one’s required minimum to share this with us as well so we can properly acknowledge distribution for the year while at the same time avoids taxes. your contribution. What a great way to support IEEE and IEEE Foundation AND

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Your contributions to the IEEE History Center Fund preserve the heritage of the profession and its contributions to humanity. We invite you to find out more about the Center and its programs at http://www.ieee.org/about/history_center/index.html.

7 IEEE History Center DONOR HONOR ROLL 2015 DONOR LIST

IEEE History Center Preservationists Circle Electro-Mechanics Company The Gerald and Thelma Estrin Living Trust The Preservationists Circle acknowledges the philanthropic spirit of the individuals, corporations, and organizations who have supported IEEE History Center through- GE Yokogawa Medical Systems, Ltd. out their career and lifetime. Members of the Circle have made significant contribu- Hitachi, Ltd. tions to the History Center at crucial stages in its founding and development. These IBM Corporation Philanthropists’ donations to IEEE History Center Endowment total $10,000 or more Don H. Johnson, Ph.D. since 1 January 1995. Susumu Kobayashi Anonymous IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society John Meggitt IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society IEEE Magnetics Society NEC IEEE Circuits and Systems Society IEEE Photonics Society Nippon Telegraph and Telephone IEEE Communications Society IEEE Signal Processing Society Corporation (NTT) IEEE Denver Section IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Jun-ichi Nishozawa IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Control Society Thomas F. Peterson, Jr. IEEE Foundation Emerson and Elizabeth Pugh Fund Laurence R. Avins IEEE Incorporated Emerson W. Pugh Earl Bakken IEEE Industry Applications Society Sematech Michael D. Brown IEEE Life Members Committee Tokyo Electric Power Company Central Japan Railroad IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society Topol Family Fund at the Boston Foundation Central Research Institute of the IEEE Electron Devices Society Electric Power Industry Toshiba Corporation IEEE Power and Energy Society Lawrence H. Crooks Rudolf A. Wassmer IEEE Signal Processing Society Electric Power Development Corporation, Tokyo Yokogawa Electric Company

2015 IEEE History Center Donor Roll of Honor List Walter R. Keevil Robert D. Smith Susumu Kobayashi Vadasz Family Foundation The IEEE History Center gratefully recognizes the generosity and support of the Howard H. Leach, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Vadasz individuals, corporations, and organizations listed here. Your support enables us Peter A. and Gretchen Mr. Richard P. to fulfill our mission to further the preservation, research, and dissemination of Lewis Waltermeyer, Jr. information about the history of electrical science and technology. All listings John W. & Lorraine acknowledge gifts made to IEEE Foundation funds dedicated to the support of Meredith Silver Advocate the IEEE History Center during the calendar year 2015. Emerson W. Pugh ($250 to $499) L. Dennis Shapiro James V. Boone Benefactor Leader Patron Associate John R. Vig Arthur Claus ($25,000 to $49,999) ($10,000 to $24,999) ($5,000 to $9,999) ($2,500 to $4,999) Russell D. Coan Anonymous (2) IEEE Circuits and Richard J. Gowen IEEE Dielectrics and Gold Advocate Douglas C. Dawson IEEE Sensors Council Systems Society IEEE Aerospace and Electrical Insulation ($500 to $749) William J. Euske IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferro- IEEE Industrial Electronic Systems Society Anonymous Lyle D. Feisel electrics, and Electronics Society Society Lori Rupe Archer Daniels Midland Harold C. Forst Frequency Control IEEE Nuclear and IEEE Council on Foundation GE Foundation Plasma Sciences Superconductivity Sponsor Ronald R. Badamo Clinton R. and Mary Turner Society IEEE Vehicular ($1,000 to $2,499) Eleanor Baum Gilliland IEEE Power & Energy Technology Society Anonymous John H. Bruning Raymond R. Glenn Society Bob and Alice Dent Mr. Gilmore G. Cooke Dr. Hagen E. Hultzsch IEEE Robotics and Anthony Durniak Mr. Lawrence E. Crooks Paul Israel Automation Society Emerson and Elizabeth Samuel H. Maslak, Ph.D. The Estate of Joseph F. IEEE Signal Processing Pugh Fund Venkatesh Narayanamurti Keithley Society Daniel D. Hoolihan A. Michael Noll, Ph.D. Robert J. Leavy John Impagliazzo, Ph.D. William D. O'Brien, Jr. Ira M. Lichtman 8 *Deceased DONOR HONOR ROLL Issue 100 March 2016

Milton J. Lowenstein Earl T. Cohen A. L. Henrichsen George C. Loehr Roland W. Roberts David J. Thomson, Ph.D. Luck Charitable R. G. Colclaser, Jr. Hanspeter P. Hentzschel Fred A. Lotte, Jr. Manuel F. Rodriguez- Timothy N. Trick, Ph.D. Dale A. Luck James M. Cole Arthur N. Hicks, II Michael S. Lucas Perazza James Van Coevering Mr. Andrew Malcolm Mr. James Colker Sterling F. Higgins John W. Luce Kenneth C. Rogers Ronald M. Van Oeveren Ann Mowery Jonathan Coopersmith David M. Hodgin, Jr.* Edgar J. Luecke Joseph Rolfe Remo J. Vogelsang Akira Ohte Manuel Correia Charles R. Hoesel Paul M. Lundquist Monte Ross Robert W. Waldele Ms. Nita Patel Sergio D. Cova Donald E. Hooper Howard L. Malm John S. Rostand James T. Walker D'Arcy E. Phillips, Jr. Anthony C. Cowin Mark A. Hopkins John F. Malm Jose A. Ruiz de la Herran John B. Walsh William F. Pickard Thomas F. Dawson Steven C. Horii, M.D. Pierre B. Mansourian Herbert Kenneth Sacks, Fred L. Watson, Ph.D. Ph.D. Leonard J. Shustek W. Kenneth Dawson Prof. Roland N. Ibbett Thomas J. Marlowe, Ph.D. Todd J. Wesolowski John R. Sanford Ludwell A. Sibley Chris L. Demarco, Ph.D. IBM Corporation Allison C. Marsh Alan D. White Carolyn J. C. Schauble Raymond and Carmen Frank J. Destasi Prof. Kenichi Iga John E. Martin Robert G. Wilhelm, Jr. Harry E. Schauwecker, PE Vargas Russell G. Dewitt Makoto Ihara Mr. & Mrs. Sean McCarthy Mason L. Williams, Ph.D. Robert L. Schneider Mr. Edward R. Westmeyer George and Robin Dillard Fumitada Itakura Thomas T. Mcdugald Colin B. Willmott Mark I. Schubin Daniel E. Whitney, Ph.D. Thomas K. Duncan Charles B. Izard Microsoft Corporation Arthur W. Winston Mischa Schwartz Harvey W. Wiggins, Jr. W. Dutfield Donald L. Jans D. Richard Miller Kensall D. Wise, Ph.D. David A. Seamans Charles W. Eichhorn Harold F. John Emeritus S. Mizushina, Ph.D. John F. Wittibschlager Richard L. Seibel Bronze Advocate Thomas H. Einstein, Ph.D. Arthur E. Johnson, Jr. Yuji Morita Ronald L. Wolff ($100 to $249) Eugene D. Sharp Dale L. Embry Havis Johnson Steven C. Moss Craig A. Woodworth Anonymous Naohisa Shimomura, Ph.D. Mark Epstein Elizabeth T. Johnston H. Deon Murphy Prof. Eli Yablonovitch Mr. Boyce T. Ahlport Ernest F. Shoji Samuel L. Fagin George I. Johnston Alan G. Murray Mamiro Yoshizawa Anand A. Ahuja Lee A. Shombert, Ph.D. James R. Fancher Curtis A. Jones James B. Murray Alexander Yuill-Thornton, II John L. Aker Mr. Peter M. Silverberg John E. Farley Edwin C. Jones, Jr. H. H. Nagel Yuji Morita Trust Dr. Charles K. Alexander, Jr. James J. Skiles Ghaffar Farman-Farmaian Jack J. Kahgan Michio Naito John B. Zocchi, Jr. Fumio Arakawa Merrill I. Skolnik Guy C. Fedorkow Elmer F. Kaprielian Dr. Frederik L. Nebeker Jason Ares Martha Sloan Miles Ferris Dr. John G. Kassakian Hans Neukom Advocate ($25 to $99) L. Arosenius Lanny L. Smith Mark A. Fleming Fern E. Katronetsky Robert and Sarah Anonymous (9) John G. Atwood William A. Smith Ernest A. Franke Haruo Kawahara Newcomb Olalekan Agboola Walter O. Augenstein Friedolf M. Smits Sidney K. Gally Samuel T. Kelly Won K. Ng Morton M. Aguado David L. Bailey Thomas D. Stade Ray D. Galyean Robert E. Kerwin Jan M. Niemiec Nasir Ahmed David L. Barber Peter W. Staecker Steve R. Gardner Richard R. Kinsey Andrew M. Odlyzko Roger L. Aitken Leopoldo Barrios David L. Standley, Ph.D. Thomas F. Garrity Scott Kirkpatrick Seymour Okwit Ray E. Aker Keith A. Bartels Fred M. Staudaher David B. Geselowitz, Ph.D. Peter E. Kise Albert Oosenbrug Gerald Aksherian David K. Barton Steven N. Stitzer Dr. Michael N. Geselowitz Harry W. Klancer Stefan P. Opalski Jim W. Albert Paul E E. Bassett Albert Strub Michael J. Gill Msao Kobayashi Antonio Perez Yuste, Ph.D. Virginia L. Aldrich Arthur R. Bauer W. L. Stubkjaer Mr. Joseph A. Giordmaine Frieda L. Koester Charles E. Perkett Donald P. Allan Richard A. Baumgartner David E. Sundstrom Mr. Vanig Godoshian Robert K. Koslowsky Edward Vaughan Phillips Johnathan Allen, Ph.D. Clifford J. Bedore Shiro Suzuki S. 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Duong B. Hop Stephen J. Kahne G. Gordon Lange John H. Marsh William F. Murphy Christopher L. Painter Philip J. Hopkinson Konstantin A. Kalafatis Frederick L. Langhoff, Jr. Vasco C. Martins Andrew J. Murray Paul D. Palmer Donald M. Hostetter Ivan Kalastirsky Florian A. Langner Sarma P. Maruvada Theodore J. Myers Gary M. Palter David S. Howarth, Ph.D. Laurel V. Kaleda Dr. Arvid G. Larson E. Masada Leonard T. Mygatt, III Mayank M. Pande Philip L. Hower R. J. Kaleda Stefan Lauffenburger Giandomenico Massari Christian W. Myrstad Thomas A. Panfil Roy F. Huemer Yoshio Kami Kalevi Laukkanen John V. Matlock Norris S. Nahman Frank R. Paolini Robert L. Hutchins Adriaan J. Kampstra Robert W. Lautenschlager Misao Matsushita Takehiro Nakagawa Richard R. Paradis Edward P. Hyduke Karen Kaufman James R. Lawson Gilbert W. Maymon Takuma Nakamura Kyu T. Park Roy K. Idehara Hirokazu Kawabata Rubin I. Lazar M. E. McClanahan PE N. D. Neal Louis C. Parrillo Masao Ikeda, Ph.D. Myron Kayton, Ph.D. Albert C. 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12 *Deceased BIBLIOGRAPHY Issue 100 March 2016

NEW BOOK FROM THE IEEE HISTORY CENTER PRESS Enrico Fermi’s IEEE Milestone in Florence edited by Gianfranco Manes and Giuseppe Pelosi Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi developed the quantum statistics that would be named after him while teaching at the School of Engineering of the University of Florence. The Fermi-Dirac statistics were a fundamental contribution to semiconductor physics and to the development of electronics. (The two original 1926 papers are reproduced in full in this book.) This book commemorates the dedication in December 2015 of a Mile- stone in Electrical Engineering and Computing by IEEE at the University of Florence in commemoration of Fermi's contribution. The U.S. version of the book, published by the University of Florence, and copublished in the U.S.A. by the History Center Press, is now available on Amazon.com. At the request of the University of Florence, the US book price has been set to cover production costs and not to produce roy- alties for the History Center Press.

Available from Amazon.com in hard copy. http://www.amazon.com/Enrico-Fermis-IEEE-Milestone- Florence/dp/1522870903/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid= 1453476582&sr=1-1&keywords=fermi+milestone

DUNBAR#HESTER, CHRISTINA, Available from The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, +1 800 Low Power to the People: Pirates, Protest, and 358 0343, fax +1 617-625-6660, http://mitpress.mit.edu, $36.00, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-262-02812-7, xxvi+271 pp., Politics in FM Radio Activism, MIT Press, 2014 bibliography, index, b&w illustrations. Some of the most interesting history of technology these days is coming out of media KLINE, RONALD, studies departments. Dr. The Cybernetics Moment: Or, Why We Call Christina Dunbar-Hester, a pro- Our Age the Information Age, fessor of Journalism & Media Studies at the Rutgers Univer- Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015 sity School of Communication & Information does not disap- As mentioned in a previous point. While at one level a fas- issue, 2014 marked the 120th cinating story about the cultural anniversary of the birth and 50th and political effects of the deci- anniversary of the death of Nor- sion by the U.S. Federal Com- bert Wiener, the founder of the munications Commission to field of cybernetics. These occa- issue non-commercial low- sions have led to renewed inter- power FM licenses in 2000, this est in cybernetics—whose book does not shy away from fortunes have waxed and discussing the technological waned—and in its founder. An context and results of this political move. Furthermore, it concludes IEEE conference was held on with a well-reasoned discussion of the implications for the resur- “Norbert Wiener in the 21st Cen- gence in FM for broader questions of the introduction of new/old tury” in Boston in 2014, and a technologies, and the role of non-centralized communication tech- second IEEE conference is nologies in society. The book is highly recommended for anyone planned for Melbourne, Australia interested in these issues. for 13 - 15 July 2016; the focus Continued on Page 14 13 IEEE History Center BIBLIOGRAPHY of the new conference is “Thinking machines in the Physical World” and thoughtful history of this transformation in the period between (http://21stcenturywiener.org/). the end of the civil war and World War II. Wolters is ideally suited One of the speakers at the 2014 conference was Dr. Ronald to take us on this historical journey. He is a professor of history and Kline, the Bovay Professor in History and Ethics of Engineering at a former Ramsay Chair of Naval Aviation History at the Smithson- Cornell University. A senior historian of technology who has writ- ian. As an “engineer-qualified submariner” and a Captain in the ten on wide range of topics concerning the growth and social im- U.S. Naval Reserve, he also brings a first-hand appreciation of naval pact of modern technological systems (and a former Director of command and control. He contends that naval historians have the IEEE History Center!), Dr. Kline is perhaps uniquely situated to been so focused on the ships and the commanders, that they have take on so large and complicated topic as cybernetics. That is why overlooked the history of the human-machine complex developed among the conferences and other recent revivals of interest sur- to coordinate seaborne forces. The development of the social and rounding Norbert Wiener, we are excited to note Kline’s contribu- technical innovations underlying this coordination was just as cru- tion to the moment, The Cybernetics Moment: Or, Why We Call our cial to success as the ships and their commanders. Wolters’s prime Age the Information Age. Kline does not gloss over cybernetics’ objective is to take the reader inside the black-box of naval com- controversies or challenges—including its Cold War context—but, as mand and control. the subtitle suggests, he documents its contributions to subsequent The strength of Wolters’s narrative is its portrayal of the close scientific and engineering developments. coupling between organizational change and technical innovation. Readers unfamiliar with Wiener and his work are well advised The most difficult problem faced by the naval commanders was to start with this well-written and thorough book. Those who are the coordination, in real-time, of ever more geographically dis- already familiar will still find much that is new and informative in persed seaborne forces. Technology lay at the heart of this disper- the thorough research and reasoned interpretations. sion. Huge gains in ship speeds and more powerful armaments greatly expanded the spatial field of naval combat. At the same Available from the Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, time, “radio”, as Wolters explains, “was the first technology to pro- MD, USA, www.press.jhu.edu, $54.95, hardcover, ISBN 1-4214- vide commanders with real-time information from beyond the hori- 1671-9, xi + 336 pp., bibliography, index, b&w illustrations. zon. … In other words, the battle space expanded while time available to make decisions shrank.” To handle the rapid flow of information from this new communications technology, new layers WOLTERS, TIMOTHY S. of technical expertise were introduced between the raw data and Information at Sea, Johns Hopkins University Press, the ship’s commander. Commanders never lost their ultimate au- Baltimore, 2013 thority, but gone were the days when a commander would make battle decisions with very limited input from his subordinates. Towards the end of the Middle Wolters’s discussion of this devolution demonstrates quite con- Ages, European powers real- vincingly that technological improvements in command and con- ized that ships offered a unique trol required important social changes within the ship. strategic and tactical advantage. As Wolters explains, the aircraft carrier in the Pacific revealed On land cannons had limited serious vulnerabilities in the U.S. Navy’s system of command and mobility, but on water they control. The logic of the floating gun platform had been extended could be deployed with great to air power. Combatant navies could thus use fighter aircraft to ease. As floating gun platforms, attack each other’s fleet. Radar, which had become the comman- naval vessels could project a der’s new “eyes,” proved crucial to defending American ships nation’s power across the globe against Japan’s determined air attacks. The use of radar further in ways inaccessible to even the deepened reliance on a greatly expanded cadre of technically so- largest land forces. Further- phisticated mid-level officers who also shared in data analysis and more, with a powerful navy, a problem solving. But in the early years of WW II, the effectiveness nation could command the of this human-machine complex to coordinate battle naval forces world’s oceans, and hence against air attacks proved inadequate. The aircraft carrier was the command trade on a global single most important asset in the fleet. As the sinking of the air- scale. By the end of the 16th craft carrier Hornet illustrated, the radar data overwhelmed a ship’s century, the floating gun plat- technical and organizational capacity to provide timely tactical in- form transformed the face of naval battles. Ships began to fight at formation. “Our fighter direction”, wrote Nimitz, “in both practice greater distances from each other. The scale of this geographical and in action against small groups has been good but a fighter di- dispersion stayed constant until the later part of the 19th century. rection against a larger number of enemy groups … is problem not Then a series of radical innovations not only dramatically increased yet solved.” Protecting aircraft carriers was absolutely central. A new the geographical scale naval combat, but they also created the approach was needed. The “Combat Information Center” (CIC) need for faster and more sophisticated information processing and emerged as the answer. transfer, both within ships and between ships. The development and deployment of the CIC is the climax of Using the experience of the U.S. Navy, Timothy S. Wolters, in Wolters’s narrative. Its experience in the early years of the Pacific his book Information at Sea, presents the reader with a fascinating Front convinced the U.S. Navy’s mid-level technical officers that

14 BIBLIOGRAPHY Issue 100 March 2016 there was an urgent need for a place on the ship that could merge set the stage for the digitization of naval warfare. Though the CIC large amounts of diverse battle data into one coherent tactical had been successful, technological advances in the immediate view. Admiral Nimitz made it the priority. The data fusion had to postwar years made it clear that the CIC, as it was, could not cope cover a geographic scale far beyond visible horizon; and it had to with the new generation of ships, jet aircraft, and nuclear sub- be in real-time. A Navy Tactical Bulletin described the CIC’s pur- marines. Wolters titled his chapter on the CIC “Creating the Brain pose to be the place where the evaluation “of all available infor- of the Warship.” The 1950s, the “Brain” had to be automated. The mation, by trained personnel, would allow for the quickest U.S. Navy embarked on an ambitious program to digitize data ac- dissemination of such information to flag and commanding offi- quisition, communication, and processing. The computer provided cers, to other control station concerned, over interior communi- the real time tactical information and fire control. From the knowl- cations circuits and to other ships and aircraft via external edge and experience gained from CIC emerged the Naval Tactical communications facilities.” The CIC required the insertion of even Data System (NTDS). more highly skilled, technical personnel into the command and For all those interested in naval history or the history of tech- control process. The Navy characterized the CIC “as the most dras- nology, we strongly recommend Timothy S. Wolters, “Information tic and rapid change in our shipboard experience.” Wolters exam- at Sea”. For all those interested in delving deeper into the postwar ines, in great detail, the technological and organizational facets of developments in shipboard command and control, we recom- this dramatic change. mend going to the Engineering and Technology History Wiki In opening up the black box of command and control, Wolters (www.ethw.org) and search under NTDS. This site contains a expands our understanding of the factors behind the success of wealth of information on the subject. the U.S. Navy during WW II. “American forces”, writes Wolters, “con- This book is wonderful example of the very positive impact sisted of planes, ships, ordnance, and radars technologically supe- of the IEEE Life Members Fellowship. In 2002-2003, this fellow- rior to anything the Japanese could bring to bear. Although rarely ship helped support the author’s Ph.D. dissertation research, on mentioned by historians another critical advantage was the CIC. which this book was based. [It] enabled [the American] task force to defend itself against air attack with an effectiveness that simply would not have been at- Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, tainable earlier in the war.” 800-537-5487 (in U.S. and Canada), +1 410-516-6965 (All other Wolters’ story ends with WW II. But the CIC had important customers), http://www.press.jhu.edu, Hardback, 336 pages, 16 consequences for the future of shipboard command control. CIC b&w illus., ISBN:9781421410265, September 2013, $54.95. Also available as an ebook.

KEIO UNIVERSITY MAKES USE OF HISTORY CENTER CRYPTOGRAPHY MILESTONE

Keio University has published a collection of its past entrance examinations for use by Japanese high school students in preparing for them. The IEEE History Center is proud that the book excerpts material from its supporting material for the IEEE Milestone the Invention of Public-Key Cryptography, 1969 http://ethw.org/Milestones:Invention_of_Public-key_ Cryptography,_1969_-_1975

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