The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948, Second Edition Edited by Eugene L

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69934-1 - The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948, Second Edition Edited by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim Index More information

Index

n = endnote.

Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, King see Ibn Saud relations with Iraq 128–9, 132–3, 135–6, Abdullah, King 3, 5 137–8, 143–4 accused of treachery 161, 164 reluctance to end truce 94–5 agrees to Iraqi troops entering Saudi fear of/hostility towards 230, Transjordanian territory 136–7 232–3, 234–5, 236–7 agrees to partition with Jewish Agency squabbles with Faruq 162–3 109 treaties with Turkey and Iraq 184–5 allies’ mistrust of 82, 94, 161, 164, underestimation of demands of war 171n 176–7, 186–8, 194–5, 198 weakness of position 118–19 ambitions in Palestine 88, 110–11, Acre, expulsion of Palestinians 14 118–19, 126, 127 Ades, Shafiq 141 appointed C-in-C Arab forces 87, 112; Adorno, Theodor 255, 257 reasons for appointment 156, 158 Ahram Strategic Institute 249 and the Arab League 83–5, 153 al-Rama (village), expulsions from 65 assassination 1, 104, 107, 168 Al-Rasheed, Madawi xviii–xix backtracks on partition 110 Alami, Musa al- 4, 28, 253 break in communications with Jewish Algeria 18 Agency 110 Ali, Rashid 216 contacts with Syrian military 180–2, Aliya (Jewish immigration) 39 200–1n All-Palestine Government 96–7, 163 dealings with Jewish Agency 83–4, 87–8 recognition 139 defends Arab Legion 114 Allon, Yigal 48 early contacts with Zionists 109 Amqa (village) 66–7, 77n handling of military command 86–9, Anglo-American Commission of Inquiry 90–1, 156 130 historians’ assessments 120–1 anti-Semitism, role in world history 255, intervention in Syrian internal politics 259 182, 185–6 Arab Agency, British proposal for 19–20 meeting with Ibn Saud 242–4 Arab Executive 21 memoirs 108, 243 Arab Higher Committee 27, 28–9 negotiates handover of Iraqi positions Arab League 118–19 approves joint command of Arab forces negotiations with Israel 83–5, 86–8, 89, 136–7 95–6, 106, 120–1 costs 239–40 objectives 88–9, 118 decision to intervene militarily 111–12, peace talks with Israel 116–17, 118–19 239–40 plans for “Greater Syria” 5, 82, 84–5, divisions within 82, 85, 88–9, 96–8, 176–7, 184–6, 198 153–5, 158, 159, 162, 163 positive comments on 184 endorses Arab Legion’s entry into proposes federation with Iraq 134 Palestine 111 refusal to commit troops 131 failure to assist Palestinians 82–3 272

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69934-1 - The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948, Second Edition Edited by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim Index More information

Index 273

financiers of Arab Liberation Army 81 and Palestine War 5 foundation 5 post-Palestine War 5–6, 258 meetings: Alexandria 163; Aley 131, Arab Revolt see Palestine, Arab Revolt 152; Bludan 130; Cairo 131, 239 Arab Salvation Army Military Committee, established 110–11 establishment/reports 131 failures 111 military planning 88 Arafat, Yasir 7, 256 military problems 81–2, 112 archives, availability of 6, 37, 105 plans for Palestine 96 Arida, Antun 205 Political Committee, report on Arif, Arif al- 114 Palestinian situation 165–6 Arslan, Adil 183–4, 201n rejection of Bernadotte’s proposals 94 Arslan, Majid 209, 214 reluctance to break truce 94–5 Asad, Ahmad al- 211–12 Arab Legion 83, 87, 90–1 Ashdod 49 defended by King Abdullah 114 Atasi, Adnan al- 202n disarms Holy War Army 99 Atfi, General 181, 196, 200–1n early gains 113 Atrash, Hasan al- 202n engages IDF 90 Atrash party 182–3 entry into Jerusalem 112 atrocities, Israeli, Operation Hiram 50, entry into Palestine 110, 112 54–6, 58–9nn, 219 fields extra 10,000 men 115 participants’ reports 56–7 fighting unanticipated war 112 Avira, Itzhak 64–5 holds position against Israelis 115 Azm, Khalid al- 179–80, 200n internal disagreements 113 Azma, Nabih al- 179, 199n in Jerusalem 91 Azzam, Abd al-Rahman 82, 95, 153, 154 mistrusted by allies 92–3, 111 reluctance to resume post-truce Baghdad Pact 106 operations 95 Balfour Declaration 18–19, 42 role altered by Arab League intervention Bar-Joseph, Uri xxi 111–12 Barazi, Muhsin al- 186–9 secures Jerusalem 112–13 talks with Egypt 187–9 sends minor reinforcements to Egyptians talks with Saudi Arabia 186–7, 188–9 116 Barmada, Mustafa Bey 181 territorial concessions 113–14, 119 Baron, Salo 79 weakened by first round of fighting 113 Bassam, Sadiq al- withdrawal from Lydda and Ramla dismissal 141 113–14, 119 targets Iraqi Jews 140–1 Arab Liberation Army 50, 53, 81–2, 85, Baysan, expulsion of Palestinians 14 133, 197 Beersheba defection of Druze battalion 63 battle for 114–16 disintegration 216–17, 219–20 expulsion of Palestinians 14 entry into Palestine 193–4 Begin, Menahem 3 equipment shortages 216–17, 218 Ben-Gurion, David 3, 32n, 90–1, 172n, numerical strength/composition 193, 257 214–15 and armistice with Egypt 167–8 political/military flaws 215–16 breaks second UN truce 98 presence in Lebanon 211 dealings with King Abdullah 110, 118 priorities 194 and expulsion of Palestinians 49 reduction in size 216 policy towards Druze 63 requests for assistance 194–5 policy towards Lebanon 206, 218 role in Galilee fighting 212, 214–15 presses for Israeli oﬀensive 93 Syria’s motives for supporting 191–3 reaction to Peel Commission report traditional view of 215 41–3 withdrawal 217–18 and transfer thinking 40, 41–3, 44–8, 61 Arab nationalism 1–2 and understanding with Arab Liberation and historiography of Palestine War 4–6 Army 85

274 Index

Ben Tzvi, Itzhak, and Israeli–Druze collusion with Zionists 63–4 alliance 70–1 historiography 69–75 Benjamin of Tudela, The Itinerary 70–1 Israeli Defence Force “Unit of the Bernadotte, Count Folke 94 Minorities” 63 peace proposals 113, 178 Israeli policy towards 62–3, 62–7 Bevin, Ernest Lebanese community 206 appeals for truce 114 Palestine War 62, 67 meeting with Tawfiq Abu al-Huda 136 preferential treatment (in expulsions) talks with Transjordan on partition 62–7 109–10, 112 rebellion in Syria 182–3 Bible see Old Testament Dupuy, Trevor N. 214 Bir Sabi see Beersheba Blanc, Haim 78n Eddé, Emile 205 Bullard, Sir Reader 234, 235–6 Egypt Bunche, Ralph 167 acceptance of UN cease-fire 167 Burayr 49 accepts UN cease-fire 159 agrees to alliance with Syria and Saudi Carmel, Moshe 48, 69, 91, 93 Arabia 189 and Operation Hiram 51–6, 59n, 218 appeals to Great Britain 117 Chehab, Farid xx, 210 armistice with Israel 100, 117, 167–8, Chehab, Fuad 207, 209–10, 211–12, 214, 244 217 army see separate main heading Childers, Erskine 32n, 253 disputes with Transjordan 115–16, Chou En-lai xxiii 160–1, 162–3, 164–5, 174n Churchill, Winston 238 and divisions in Arab League 82 colonialism doubts over intervention 152, 154–6 and Arab nationalism 5 ends truce 95 emergence of Middle East from 1–2 fear of military rebellion following defeat Committee for the Defence of Palestine 168 128 independence 1 communism, linked with Zionism 132 internal protest following UN partition plan 152–3 Dalet Plan 253 intervention as political demonstration Damluji, Abdullah al- 125 154–6 Danin, Ezra 51, 64–5, 87, 109 long-term eﬀects of intervention 151, Danny, Operation 95 168–9 Darwish, Mahmoud 256 monarchy weakened by war 168 Dayan, Moshe 249 political and strategic concerns 177 meeting with al-Tall 106, 116–17 political interference in military Dayr Yasin massacre 15, 33n campaign 159 repercussions 110, 111 pressure from Arab League to intervene Defence Committee 49 153 Dekel, Operation 63–4, 216, 218 promotes Government of All-Palestine Dhahran air base 247n 96–7 Din, Alam ed 181 public pressure for intervention 152–3, Din, Baha al- 73 155–6 Din, Fuad Saraj al- 169 refusal to accept UN cease-fire 166 Dobkin, Eliahu 47 refuses Syrian military alliance 187–8 Doran, Michael 193 repressive postwar regime 251 Dower, John 253–4 unpreparedness for intervention 150–1, Druze 154–5, 159–60 alliance with Israel 9, 60, 62–3, 69–75 Egypt, army anti-Jewishness 73 attacked by Israelis 99–100, 162, 163–4, anxiety for future under Israelis 72–3 166–7 beneficiaries of Israeli policy 62 campaign governed by political benefits of Israeli alliance 70 calculations 158

Index 275

complaints of lack of coordination 161 Galilee, hostilities in 210–11 complaints of shortages 159–60 Gharib, Tawfik Bey 181 contribution to intervention 81 Glubb Pasha (John Bagot Glubb) 90–1, entry into Palestine 158–9 92–3, 96, 98–9, 102n, 194, 196 links with Arab Legion 159 account of 1948 106–7, 122n, 123n military–civilian tensions 151, 160 accusations of treason 105, 165 oﬃcers opposed to intervention 159–60 allies’ suspicions of 95, 156, 165, 186 operations in Palestine War 92 conduct of invasion 112, 113, 116, 137 requests intervention of Arab forces dismissal 106 163–4 military career 105–6 requests political solution to conflict 165 reluctance to resume post-truce role in invasion of Palestine 115–16 operations 95 shortcomings 154–5, 156–7, 158–60 A Soldier with the Arabs 106 Ein Hod 49 Goldie, Desmond 99 Eisenberg, Laura 8 Government of All-Palestine see All- Epstein, Eliahu 71 Palestine Government on Druze/taqiyya 73–5 Gruenbaum, Yitzhak 47 Erem, Moshe 58–9n Gush Etzion, Arab Legion attack on 90 Eshel, Tzadok, The Carmeli Brigade in the War of Independence 66–7 Haganah 38, 69, 81 ethnic cleansing, accusations of xix–xx, xxii and expulsion of Palestinians 49, 68 expulsions (of Palestinian Arabs) 49–57 and Operation Nahshon 86 preferential treatment of Druze 62–7, Haifa 26 75–6 bombardment 15 Eytan, Walter 51 economic significance 148n expulsion of Palestinians 13–14 Falah, Salman 77n pipeline 143 Faruq, King 5 Hamza, Fuad 232, 242 alliance with Saudi Arabia 230 Hankin, Yehoshua 206 appeals to Britain/US 117, 175n Hanna, George 4 on British influence over Transjordan Hannoui, Sami 181 policy 188 Harkabi, Yehoshafat 80 downfall 168 Hashemite Archives 6, 105 influenced by public opinion 153 Hashimi, Taha al- 133, 191–2, 195, 197, intervenes against advice 150 239 motives for intervention 153–5 Hawrani, Akram al- 180 nationalist rhetoric 168, 171n Haydar Pasha, Muhammad 153, 157 orders military preparation 154 opposed to intervention 159–60 personal ambitions 153–4 Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn 6, 171n, refuses military alliance with Syria 250 187–8 Hebrew labor, principle of 26 squabbles with Abdullah 162–3 Herzl, Theodor 41 suspicion of Transjordan 82, 94 Herzog, Chaim 213 underestimation of requirements of Hiram, Operation 9, 50–6, 58n, 66, 99, intervention 154–5, 157–8, 162–3 217–19 Faysal, Prince (son of King Abd al-Aziz) casualties 217–18 239–40 and Israeli policy towards Druze 67–8, Finkelstein, Norman 39, 61, 67–9 71, 75–6 Firro, Kais 77n history Flapan, Simha 3 as legitimating force 2–4 France new schools of 258–9 (see also under attempts to buy arms from 200n Israel) colonial rule in Lebanon 204–5 role in state formation 2 influence in/withdrawal from Syria 178–9 see also Palestine War, historiography Freedom Fighters of Israel see Lohamei Hitti, Philip, Origins of the Druze People 75 Herut Yisrael Hizbollah 220

276 Index

Hobsbawm, E.J. 10n, 21 refuses to endorse Portsmouth Treaty Holy War Army 81–2 134 disarmed by Arab Legion 99 urges on Transjordan 135–6 Horev, Operation 99–100 Independence Party 24 Hourani, Albert 21, 253 Institute for Palestine Studies xx Hubba, Captain 181 Iraq Huda, Tawfiq Abu al- 109–10, 112, 136 ambivalent role in Palestine War 125 Hughes, Matthew xviii, xx approach to Palestine problem 127–8, Hula, Lake 197 130, 131–3, 139 Husayni, Abd al-Qadir al- 81, 85–6, 194 belated recognition of All-Palestine Husayni, Hajj Amin al- 22–3, 24, 30, 55, Government 139 111, 128, 194 criticises Egypt 139–40 correspondence with King Saud 229–31 divisions in Arab League 82 dealings with Arab League 81–3, 111, downfall of Jabr’s government 134 154 formation of new government 134 exile 27, 28 hostility to Hajj Amin al-Husayni 133 recognition of government 139 independence treaty 1 unpopularity with other Arab leaders justification of war-time actions 125–6, 81–2, 83, 85–6, 109, 128–9, 132–3 139–40 Husayni, Jamal al- 23, 24, 28 parliamentary enquiry into Palestine War Husayni, Musa Kazim Pasha al- 21, 27 125–6, 165, 174n Husayniyya, al- 49 peace negotiations 118–20 Husri, Sati al- 4, 128 pre-war agenda/policies 128–34 Hussein, King 106, 120 pre-war calls for military campaign 129 ‘hypocrisy, orthodoxy of’ 252 pre-war radical and militant views on Palestine 130–1 Ibn Saud (King Abd al-Aziz Al Saud) proposed oil boycott of UK and USA 171n, 177, 201–2n 130, 131 agrees to cooperate with Syria 186 proposed resettlement of Palestinians 45 on British influence over Transjordan racial/religious communities 127–8 186–7 refusal to engage in armistice talks commentary on Palestine 229–36 144–5 concern for relationship with Britain rejection of UN cease-fires 139 229–32, 244 relations with Transjordan 95–6, 132–3, concern with Jewish immigration 232 134, 135–6, 143–4 concern with Palestinian government role and actions during Palestine War 232–3 145–7 correspondence 229–32, 235 symbolic politics in dealing with fear of Transjordan 232–3, 234–5 disengagement 143–5 historical commentaries 228–9 treaty with UK 134, 189 meeting with King Abdullah 242–4 Iraq, internal postwar survival 244 after-eﬀects of war policies 145–7 refuses military alliance with Syria 187 al-Wathba 134 relations with neighbours 228 declaration of martial law 138–9 relations with US 247n general election 138 relationship with subjects 235 maintainance of order 142–3 resistance to Arab unity 236–9 multiple nature of state 126–7, 146–7 UK dismissal of concerns 233–4 persecution of Jews 140–2, 149n ICP see Iraqi Communist Party political significance of Palestine IDF see Israeli Defence Force question 128 Ilabun (village) 66 pre-war repression 129 Ilah, Abd al- 127 protest at Iraq–UK treaty 134 active role in Iraqi–Palestine dealings protest at UN partition proposals 131 134 repression of Communist Party 132, advocates military intervention 135–6 142–3 convinces Egypt to intervene 136–7 social protest within 127

Index 277

Iraq, military military superiority 80–1 contribution 81 numerical strength 80–1 defensive role 138 offensive against Egypt 99–100, 117, disengagement from Palestine 142–5 163–4, 166–7 dispatches troops to Transjordan 136–7 Operation Danny 95 forces relieve Arab Legion 137–8 Operation Hiram 50–6, 99, 217–19 initial failure 137 Operation Horev 100 mistrust of Arab Legion 93 Operation Yoav 98–9 negotiates handover of positions to post-truce operations 95 Transjordan 118–119 response to Arab invasion of Palestine operations 92–3 89–94 phased return of troops 145 role in Galilee fighting 211, 213 Iraqi Communist Party 129 war crimes 219 repression 132, 142–3 Issawi, Charles 253 Iraqi Expeditionary Force (IEF) 137–8 Istiqlal (party) 30 withdrawal 144–5 IZL see Irgun Zvai Leumi Irgun Zvai Leumi 38 Isa, Isa al- 35n Jabr, Salih 125, 129, 133, 139–40 Isdud see Ashdod attacks on partition proposals 131–2 Israel downfall 134 acceptance of UN cease-fire 167 JAE see Jewish Agency Executive alliance with Druze 62–5, 67–8 Jaffa 26 armistice with Egypt 167–8, 244 bombardment 15 armistice with Transjordan: negotiations expulsion of Palestinians 13–14 116–17, 118–20; signing 120, 244 Jamali, Fadil al- 125, 130, 144, 148n breaking of second cease-fire 163–4 Jerusalem breaking of third UN truce 99 bombardment 15 cultivation of minority groups 63, 70 expulsion of Palestinians 14 foundation 1, 13 fighting in 90–2 foundational myths 3, 79–80, 100, 255, Jewish occupation 112 257–8 surrender of Jewish Quarter 91 future directions 259–60 Jewish Agency 18–19, 70, 87 historiography 2–3, 6–7, 69–75 importance of status granted by Mandate ideology 257–8 19–20 immigration 140 relations with Transjordan 83–5, 87–8, invasion of Lebanon (1982) 2–3 108, 109–10 military capability 80–1 relationship with Druze 63 new critical history 2–3, 6–7, 14–15, report on Druze history 73–5 258–9 secret agreement with Transjordan 84–5 Provisional Government 48 Jewish Agency Executive 44, 49 reality of Israeli–Transjordan agreement and transfer thinking 46–7 91–2 Jewish National Fund 43 rearms during first cease-fire 113, 115, “jihad festivals” 240 160 Jordan rejects Bernadotte’s proposals 94 composition of population 120, 251 relations with Transjordan 91–2, 95–7, defining nature of 1948 104 116–20 foundational myths 104 signs armistice with Egypt 117 official history 104–5, 120–1 territorial gains 118–20 treatment of refugees 251 treatment of Palestinian population 253–5 see also Transjordan Israeli Defence Force Jordan River 197 and Druze 63, 64–5, 66 Joseph, Dov 47 engages Arab Legion 90 Jubury, Salih Saib al- 93, 138 expulsion of Palestinians 49–50, 68 initial inferiority in weaponry 90 Kaplan, Eliezer 47 losses 217–18 Karsh, Efraim 39

278 Index

Katz, Teddy xxii Livnat, Limor xxi–xxii Katznelson, Berl 45 Lockett, Geoﬀrey 116 Kaylani, Ali al- 128 Lohamei Herut Yisrael 38 Khalaf, Issa 20 Lydda Khalidi, Husayn Fakhri al- 28 expulsion of Palestinians 14 Khalidi, Walid al- 4, 6, 32n, 156, 157, 214, (lack of ) battle for 95, 113–14, 119, 253 161, 173n Khoury, Bishara al- 8, 204, 211, 214 Kisch, Frederick 109 Mahdi Pasha, Uthman al- 159–60 Kohlberg, Etan 77–8n Mahmud, Nur al-Din 92, 136, 137 Kurdish nationalism, in Iraq 129 Maisky, Ivan 46 Kutla Wataniyya see Syrian National Bloc Maklef, Mordechai 218 Malikiyya, battle of 204, 211, 212–14 Labour Party, British, and transfer thinking casualties 214, 225n 46–7 date 224n Latrun, fighting in/near 91, 95, 113 Mamlouk, Farzat 189–90, 199n, 202n Layish, Aharon 78n Mandate for Palestine see under Palestine League of Nations Mansur ibn Abdulaziz, Prince 236 Covenant 18 Mapai Party 45 and Mandate for Palestine 18–19 Marashli, Haj Fateh 181 Lebanon xviii, xx, 8 Mardam, Jamil 180, 190, 192, 196, 200n army see separate main heading Marik, Fahd al- 241–2 colonial rule 204 Maronite Christians conflict with Israel (2006) 220 role in Lebanese army 208–9 independence 1, 204–5 role in Lebanese independence 204–5 Israeli invasion (1982) xxiii, 2–3 sympathy for Zionism 205–6 Israeli occupation (1948) 219 Marshall, George 185 military contribution 81 Masalha, Nur 39, 61, 67–9 National Pact 204–5, 208 The Expulsion of the Palestinians 40–1 opposition to war 206, 209 and transfer thinking 48, 57n plans for division 3 massacres see atrocities; Dayr Yasin plots to overthrow government 198 Meckler, Zvi 51 pro-Zionist elements 205–6 Meir, Golda 90 religious composition 205 criticisms 117 role in Palestine War 93, 204 meetings with King Abdullah 83–4, suspicion of Transjordan 94 87–8, 109, 110 treatment of refugees 251 Middle East, emergence from colonial rule Lebanon, army 1–2 combat strength 221–2n Middle East Aﬀairs Department, Israel domestic (policing) duties 208 Foreign Ministry 50 failure to support ALA 218–20 militarization, of Arab world 168–9, formation/organization 206–7 250–1 non-compliance with Arab Mishmar Hayarden, battle of 95, 197, 213 plans/instructions 209, 211 Mizrahi Party 47 participation in hostilities 204, 210–14 Modai, Yitzhak 52–3, 54, 69 (problems of) arms supply 207–8 Morris, Benny xxi, 3, 8–9 religious composition 208–9 change in thinking xxii–xxiii reluctance to engage in combat 209–11, 1948 and After 37 219–20 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee unpreparedness 207–8 Problem, 1947–1949 xix, 37, 40, LEHI see Lohamei Herut Yisrael 49–50, 50, 60–1, 75–6; criticisms Libya 18 61–2, 65–9 Likud The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee disenchantment with xxiii Problem Revisited xix educational policy xxi–xxii Mubarak, Hosni 252 and Lebanon invasion 2–3 Mubarak, Ignace 205–6

Index 279

Muhammad ibn Saud, Prince 240 general strike 25 Muslim Brotherhood 153 growing factionalism 23–4 dissolution 168, 175n growth of Jewish national economy 26–7 Muthanna Club 128 growth of radical activism 24–5 Muwawi, Ahmad Ali al- 157, 160 Jewish immigration 24, 34n, 232 report on weak military position 161 lack of political leadership 28–9 land ownership 31n, 32n, 34n Nachshon, Operation 86, 194 Mandate for see separate main heading Nakba Archive xxivn mass expulsions 13–14 al-Nakba (“the Catastrophe”) 3–4, 12 military weakness 15, 29–30 Namier, Lewis 46 opposition to Jewish state 131–2, 149n Nashashibi, Raghib al- 24, 27, 28 political weakness 29 Nasir, Gamal Abd al- 5–6, 98, 106, 250 population 31n, 32n, 35n, 39 experience of Palestine War 157, 158–9 postwar struggles for self-determination memoirs 155 256–7 political rhetoric 252, 258 proposals for partition 25, 29, 95, 122n, National Military Organization see Irgun 239 Zvai Leumi reasons for political failure 17–24 nationalism see Arab nationalism scale of defeat 13–14 Nazism transformation 12–14 (alleged) Palestinian links with 35n weapon confiscations 33n impact on Zionist thinking 45 see also Palestine War; refugees refugees from 24 (Palestinian) Nazzal, Nafez, The Palestinian Exodus from Palestine, Arab revolt 25–9, 74 the Galilee 66–7 (alleged) arms smuggling 231 Negev Desert, fighting in 119, 163–4 economic effects 26–7 Novomeysky, A.M. 109 failure 25–6 Nowar, Maan Abu, The Jordanian–Israeli Palestinian casualties 26 War, 1948–1951 xx–xxi political and social effects 27 Nuqrashi, Mahmud 115, 152, 184 Palestine, Mandate for 18–20 advises Faruq against intervention 150 contribution to Palestinian failure 20–1 assassination 1, 168 governmental systems 18–19 influenced by public opinion 153 and Jewish Agency 18–19 relations with Transjordan 163, 164–5 lack of recognition of Palestinian people 18–19 oil supply, tactical manipulation of 143, recognition of Zionists 18–19 201–2n, 240 Palestine Arab Party 23 Old Testament, cited by modern Palestine Liberation Organization 7, 120, clerics/politicians 71–2 251 Oslo accords xxii, 254, 256 Palestine War Ottoman Empire 22 aftermath 250–9 Arab forces: composition 81–2, 214–15; Pachachi, Hamdi al- 135 effectiveness 81, 92–3, 156–7, Pachachi, Muzahim al- 138–9 215–16; lack of cooperation 115–16, resignation 142 156, 161–2, 166, 198; military Palestine operations 91–4; numerical inferiority Arab revolt see separate main heading 80–1; planning 88; political divisions British restructuring of institutions 21–3 82, 88–9, 115, 156, 159, 198; causes of collapse 12–13 underestimation of task 154–5, changing population structure 23–4 162–3, 171n compared with other Arab societies Arab invasion of Palestine 89–94 17–18 breakdown of Israeli–Transjordan demarcation of border 196–7 agreement 91–2 denial of attributes of “stateness” 17–18 calls for political solution 161 disillusion with elite leadership 24–5 Egypt: ending of truce 95; opening of divisions amongst elite 21–2, 23–4 armistice negotiations 100

280 Index

Palestine War (cont.) Quwwatli, Shukri al- 5, 30, 89, 108, 133, historiography 2–7, 14–15, 60; Arab 201–2n 3–6, 15, 16, 151–2, 156, 160; Arab vs. alliance with Saudi Arabia 230 Israeli 16–17; Israeli 2–3, 6–7, 87, distrust of Syrian army 178–9, 182, 197 215; and national histories 2, 6–7; and failure to reform army 179 revisionism 2–4; significance 2; and fear of Transjordan 176–8, 183–5, Zionist myths 79–80 186–7 impact on political landscape 1 impact of popular opinion on 189, Israel: attacks on Egyptian forces 190–1 98–100; breaks second UN truce 99; military objectives 191–3 breaks third UN truce 99; Operation policy of keeping army weak 179–80 Danny 95; Operation Dekel 64; political objectives 195–6, 198 Operation Hiram 66, 99; Operation priorities for Arab Liberation Army Horam 100; Operation Yoav 98–9 194 Israeli–Druze collusion 63–5 refusal to aid Arab Liberation Army military balance 80–3 194–5 opposition to 189–90, 206, 209 seeks alliance with Saudi Arabia and popular support for 152–3, 155–6, 189, Egypt 185–8 190–1 seeks reassurance from British 185 reasons for outcome 29–31, 80–1, temperamental fluctuations 195–6 219–20 renewed Israeli–Transjordan contacts Ramallah, fighting in 95, 114 96–8 Ramla UN truces: first 93–4, 159; second 95, expulsion of Palestinians 14 162; third 99, 163–4 (lack of ) battle for 95, 113–14, 119, UN-decreed ceasefire 100 161, 173n Palmon, Yehoshua 76n, 85–6 Ranger, Terence 21 Pappé, Ilan xxii, 3, 203n refugees (Palestinian) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine xix–xx causes of problem 37–9, 60–1 Parsons, Laila 8–9 expulsion 49–56, 60–1, 62 Peel, Lord 40 influx into Transjordan 120 Peel Commission 41–3, 109 Israeli/Yishuv responsibility for 38–9 People’s Administration 49 numbers 31–2n Phalange 206 Operation Hiram 50–6 pipeline see oil supply preferential treatment of Druze 62–7 PLO see Palestine Liberation Organization prohibition of return 38 politicide, and Israeli view of Palestine War treatment 251 80 see also transfer thinking Portsmouth Treaty 134 Renan, Ernest 79 Provisional Government of Israel 49 Rendel, George 233–4 Riad, Kamal 167 Qassam, Shaykh Izz al-Din al- 25, 27, 34n Riley, General 165 Qastal, battle for 86 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 229 Qawuqji, Fawzi al- 55, 81–2, 85–6, 128, Rutenberg, Pinhas 109 133, 192–3, 198, 239 Ryan, Sir Andrew 228, 230 entry into Galilee 215 military capabilities 216 Saada, Antun 197 objections to Syrian strategy 216 Sadat, Anwar 72, 252 plots against Syria and Lebanon 197 Sadeh, Yitzhak 48 refusal to obey orders 197 Sadr, Muhammad al- 111 relations with King Abdullah 110, 111 formation of government 134 resignation/return 216 Safad, expulsion of Palestinians 14 role in Galilee fighting 212, 214, 217, Safwat, Ismail 131, 136, 137–8, 156–7, 218 193, 195, 196, 212, 239 Quran, cited by modern clerics/politicians Said, Edward xvii–xviii, 9 71–2 experiences of Palestine War 248–9

Index 281

Said, Nuri al- 125, 129, 133, 138–40, 146 Stern Gang see Lohamei Herut Yisrael appointment as premier 142 Sternhell, Zeev 3, 35n, 257–8 criticism of Arab states 131–2 Suez Crisis (1956) 107 internal repression 142–3 Sulh, Riyad al- 8, 162, 204, 214 and military disengagement from sumud (steadfastness) 36n Palestine 143–4 Supreme Muslim Council 27 Salama, Hasan 81, 85–6 British creation of 22 Samuel, Sir Herbert 22 powers 22–3 Sasson, Eliahu/Elias 50–1, 167 subsidised by British 23 dealings with Transjordan 109, 116–18 Suwaydi, Tawfiq al- 129 letter to King Abdullah 106, 116–17 Syria Sati, Shawkat al- 116–17 army see separate main heading meeting with Sasson 117 coup plots 180–2, 197, 200n Saud, Prince (son of King Abd al-Aziz) driving force behind prevention of 188–9, 243 partition 189 Saudi Arabia xviii–xix Druze revolt 182–3 access to information 234 Greater, plans for 4, 82, 84–5, 176–7, agreement to Syrian/Egyptian alliance 184–5 189 independence 1 and divisions in Arab League 82 mistrust of Transjordan 111, 198 military contribution 81, 241–2 motives for building Arab Liberation military recruitment 240 Army 191–3 military strength 241–2 objectives in Palestine 195–6 oﬃcial history 228–9, 240, 241 planning for defeat 192–3 State religion 228 public clamour for war 189, 190–1 see also Ibn Saud Saudi Arabia and Egypt agree to military Sayigh, Rosemary 256 alliance 189 Sayigh, Yezid 83 Saudi Arabia and Egypt refuse military Schulze, Kirsten 8 alliance 186–8 Sefer Hamassaot 70 seeks alliance with Saudi Arabia and Sela, Avraham 4 Egypt 185–9 Senator, Werner David 44, 47 strategic/political concerns 177–8 Shafaamr, battle of 64–5 support for Arab Liberation Army 178 Shapira, Moshe Hayim 47–8 threat from Transjordan 94, 176–7, Shapira, Yaakov Shimshon 54 186–8 Sharabati, Ahmad al- 180, 182 vulnerability 177–8 dismissal 196 see also Quwwatli, Shukri al- Sharett, Moshe 46–7, 97–8, 118 Syria, army contact with King Abdullah 109 arms supply 200n Sharon, Ariel xxi, 249 contacts with Transjordan 180–2 Shaykh, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Abd dissension within 179 al-Latif al- 240 military contribution 81 Shertok, Moshe see Sharett, Moshe military operations 93 Shiloah, Reuven 34n, 64 unreliability 178–9 Shimoni, Yaakov 50–1, 64, 84–5, 87–8, 97 wartime role 196–7 Shishakli, Adib al- 194, 212 weakness/lack of equipment 179–80, Shitrit, Bechor Shalom 71–2 184, 190 Shlaim, Avi xxi, 3 Syrian National Bloc 30 Shuqayr, Shawqat 212 Sivan, Emmanuel 4 Tal, David 213 South Africa 40 Tall, Abdullah al- 102n, 105 Soviet Union, and support for Zionists 15, account of 1948 107–8, 121 132 accusations of betrayal/conspiracy 106, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford, Middle East 107 Centre xvii, xx meetings with Dayan 116 state formation, role of history in 2 relations wiuth Glubb 105, 106–7

282 Index

Tall, Abdullah al- (cont.) recognition of Israel’s strategic advantage role in peace talks with Israelis 116–18 113 tampering with correspondence 106, relations with Iraq 95–6, 132–3 116 renewed contact with Israel 95–7 Tantura massacre xii response to cease-fire 159, 162 taqiyya, principle of 73–5, 77–8nn sends minor reinforcements to Egyptians Tarif, Salman 71–2, 72 116 Tel Aviv, construction of port 26 strategy undermined by Arab League Teveth, Shabtai 11n, 39 111–12 Tiberias, expulsion of Palestinians 14 talks on partition with Britain 109–10 Tiberias, Lake 196–7 territorial ambitions 110–11, 176–7 “transfer” thinking xix territorial concessions 118–20 Ben-Gurion and 40, 41–3, 44–8, 61 territorial gains 143–4 British Labour Party and 46–7 walks out of Arab League meeting 163, Dobkin and 47 164 Gruenbaum and 47 as weakest link 83 Jewish Agency Executive and 44, 46–7 see also Abdullah, King Kaplan and 47 “Triangle,” negotiations over 118–20 Peel Commission report 41–3 Truman, Harry S. 175n, 229, 238 sensitivity of 43–4, 47 Tudela, Benjamin of see Benjamin of Twentieth Zionist Congress and 43–4 Tudela Weizmann and 46 Tutu, Desmond xxiii Woodhead Commission report 45 and Zionism 39–40 ulama (religious scholars), Saudi dealings Transjordan with 235, 238–9 agreement with Jewish Agency 84–5, Umari, Arshad al- 129 109 United Kingdom agreement with Zionists 87–9, 91–2 appeals for truce 114 allies’ mistrust of 82, 94, 111, 160–1 and Arab revolt 25–8 armistice negotiations with Israel commentary on Middle East aﬀairs 116–17, 118–20; Arab anger at 231–2, 233–6, 237–8, 241 119–20 complicity with Zionists 15 collusion with Israel 15, 83–4 and creation of Iraq 127, 146–7 composition of population 120 and “Greater Syria” 185 contact with Zionist movement 83–4, and Hajj Amin al-Husayni 23 109 influence in Egypt 152, 155 contribution to Arab Liberation Army influence in Transjordan 1, 185 110–11 and Mandate for Palestine 17, 18–20 disarms Holy War Army 99 Peel Commission report 41–3 disputes with Egypt 115–16, 160–1, proposal for Arab Agency 19–20 162–3, 164–5, 174n proposals for partition of Palestine 95 dissociation from allies 159 relations with Saudi Arabia 229, 230–6, divisions in Arab League 82 239, 243, 244 fighting unexpected war 112 restructuring of Palestinian religious- hostilities with Israel 90–2, 112–18 political institutions 22–3 independence 1, 83 Royal Commission recommendations 25 militarily weakened in initial fighting secret financing of Supreme Muslim 113 Council 23 military and political objectives 88–9, secret talks with Transjordan 109–10 118 support for Zionists 19–20, 26 military contribution 81 treaty with Iraq 134, 189 negotiates handover of Iraqi positions viewed as Zionist supporters by Arabs 118–19 166 under pressure to intervene 87 White Paper on Palestine 25–6, 27–8 proposed resettlement of Palestinians Woodhead Commission report 44–5 42 works for end to hostilities 166–7

Index 283

United Nations Yanuh, battle for 65–6, 77n General Assembly, Resolution 181 (on Yasin, Yusuf 230–1, 232, 234, 237, 240 partition) 1, 13, 81, 239 Yemen, military contribution 81 imposition of cease-fires 93–4, 95, 99, Yishuv 15, 17, 18, 24, 81 159, 162, 163–4 advantages in Palestine War 30 United States beneficiary of Arab revolt 26–7 air base 247n economy 35n appeals to 175n, 179 expulsion of Palestinians 49 dealings with Syria 199–200n and transfer thinking 44, 48 Jewish immigrations 34n Yoav, Operation 98–9 oil supply 201–2n Young Men’s Muslim Association 24 support for Zionists 15 works for end to hostilities 166–7 Zaghlul, Sad 30 Ussishkin, Menahem 44–5 Zaim, Husni al- 3, 144, 181, 196 Zak, Moshe 209 Wafd Party 30 Zionist Congress, Twentieth (1937) Wahba, Sheikh Hafiz 234 43–4 War of Independence see Palestine War Zionist Executive 109 water supply, role in border demarcation Zionist movement 196–7 common cause with Transjordan 83–4 Wathba, al- (The Leap) 134, 147 cultivation of minorities 63, 70 Weizmann, Chaim 109 links with Lebanese Christians 205–6 and transfer thinking 46 means of creating Israeli state 39–40 West Bank, negotiations over 118–20, myths of Palestine War 79–80 143–4 relationship with Druze 63 Williams, Raymond 259 secret agreement with Transjordan Woodhead Commission report 44 84–5 World War Two, Arab involvement in transfer thinking 39–48 236–9 understanding with Arab Liberation proposals for united action 236–7 Army 85–6 rejection of proposals 237–9 Zuaytir, Akram 34n Zughayb, Muhammad 212, 214 Ya ari, Shmuel 51 Zurayq, Constantine 4 Yadin, Yigael 52, 77n, 91 Manat al-Nakba 251–2