Appendix I: Transport Investment in the National Development Plan
The National Development Plan (NDP) sets out national investment priorities for the transport sector to 2027.
I.1: Rail and Buses
National Strategic Outcome 4: Sustainable Mobility
National Strategic Outcome 6: High-Quality International Connectivity
National Strategic Outcome 8: Transition to a Low-Carbon and Climate-Resilient Society
Investment in train and bus fleets and and new interchange stations with bus, infrastructure to maintain safety and LUAS and Metro networks service standards, including expansion Park-and-Ride Programme serving Irish where necessary Rail, Luas and bus stations Rail and bus station development Complete construction of the National including traffic management investment, Train Control Centre passenger information programmes, C. 2.5 billion investment in BusConnects public bicycle share schemes, accessibility Programme for Dublin; Cork; and Galway, enhancements etc. including: Investment in high-speed rail links - Redesign of the bus network between Dublin, Belfast and Cork - Bus corridors including North-West Multi-modal Mobility Hub segregated cycling facilities C. €3 billion investment in Metro Link - New bus stops and shelters
(Dublin) from Swords via Dublin Airport Transition to low-emission buses in the
and Luas Green Line to Charlemont public urban fleets C. €2 billion investment in the DART
Expansion Programme including electrification of services to Drogheda, Celbridge/Hazelhatch, Maynooth and M3 Parkway, hybrid-electric fleet expansion
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 1 Figure I.1: Proposed public transport network in the GDA in 2027 under the NDP. Source: Government of Ireland, 2018.
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 2 II.2: Roads
National Strategic Outcome 2: Enhanced Regional Accessibility
National Strategic Outcome 4: Sustainable Mobility
National Strategic Outcome 6: High-Quality International Connectivity
National Strategic Outcome 8: Transition to a Low-Carbon and Climate-Resilient Society
Investment to support the ambition for - Killaloe Bypass/R494 Upgrade development of the border region, including: - Carrigaline Western Distributor Road - N2/A5 Road serving Meath, Monaghan and Planned progression of regional and local Donegal road projects including: - N14 Manorcunningham to Lifford - R157 Maynooth Road, Dunboyne (safety - N52 Ardee Bypass upgrade) - N2 Slane Bypass - R162 Navan to Kingscourt Road (safety - N4 Collooney to Castlebaldwin upgrade) - N5 Westport to Turlough and - Thurles Relief Road Ballaghadereen to Scramogue - Carlow Southern Relief Road - N56 Dungloe to Glenties and Mountcharles - Tralee Northern Relief Road to Inver Ongoing investment in port access routes - Support for the Narrow Water Bridge including: project in Co. Louth - M11 development Investment in road projects including: - Planned N28 Cork to Ringaskiddy - Sallins Bypass - N21/N69 Limerick to Adare to Foynes - Adamstown and Nangor Road Improvements Road - Portlaoise Southern Distributor Road - Carlow Southern Relief Road - Shannon Crossing - Tralee Northern Relief Road - Laytown to Bettystown Link Road Additional electric charging infrastructure for - Garavogue Bridge Scheme targeted growth in electric vehicles - Dingle Relief Road Comprehensive urban cycling and walking - Athy Southern Distributor Road network for metropolitan areas, including - Sligo Western Distributor Road 200km of cycle lanes under BusConnects - Coonagh to Knockalisheen Main Contract Expanded Greenways, including North-West - Realignment of R498 Nenagh/Thurles Road Greenways, Carlingford Lough Greenway and at Latteragh Ulster Canal Greenway.
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Figure II.2: National roads investment programme 2018-2027 under the NDP. Source: TII.
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II.3: Airports and Ports
Where planned investment does not include Exchequer funding, the relevant parties are noted in parentheses.
National Strategic Outcome 2: Enhanced Regional Accessibility
National Strategic Outcome 6: High-Quality International Connectivity
Second Parallel Runway for Dublin Airport C. €230 million infrastructural investment at (DAA) Dublin Port to accommodate larger sea-going New Visual Control Tower at Dublin Airport vessels; and increase capacity (Dublin Port (IAA) Company) National Aviation Policy which provides C. €90 million redevelopment of existing port support for Cork and Shannon Airports to facilities at Ringaskiddy to accommodate develop as regional tourism and business larger sea-going vessels and increase capacity gateways (Port of Cork) Regional Airports Programme which provides €27 million towards capacity extension works financial support towards safety and security at Shannon Foynes Port (Shannon Foynes projects at the smaller regional airports, Port Company) including Ireland West Airport Knock, Waterford, Donegal and Kerry Airports
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 5 Appendix II: Climate Impact Chains
Transport Climate Observed Risks Projected Risks Consequences Subsector Impact Bus Increased • Disruption; • Disruption; • Impact on economy and Precipitation overcrowding; overcrowding; heavy education sectors if people heavy traffic; traffic; service delays cannot travel to work or service delays etc. school etc. • Increased risk of • Health & safety of • Heavy rain can flash flooding passengers - overcrowding, cause flash dangerous to flooding of depot • Damage to bus embark/disembark vehicles buildings depots during snow etc.
• Damage to buses • Cancellation of services caused by driving on can leave passengers flooded roads stranded Storms/High • Diversion, • Fallen trees and Wind/Storm curtailment or debris can cause • Economic impact of Surges cancellation of disruption to repairing damaged routes services vehicles/buildings Heat Waves • Passengers • Issues with air following fallen overheating on quality trees/debris/flooding buses • Increased • Increased risk of passenger traffic/road accidents in overheating extreme weather such as Cold Spells • Passengers • Heavy snow and snow discomfort ice can cause delays to buses leaving depots
• Increased risk of passengers falling due to snow/ice
• Inability of staff to travel to work
• Risk of black ice/poor road conditions require a reduction in vehicle speeds, which increases journey time Sea Level Rise • Disruption of services due to coastal flooding
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 6 Transport Climate Observed Risks Projected Risks Consequences Subsector Impact Road Increased • Heavy rain and • Increased • Increased danger to Precipitation subsequent flooding can damage to paving motorists due to cause damage to and roads damage to roads pavements, roads and underpasses; can strain • Higher risk of or overwhelm drainage accident caused by systems; can increase debris on roads during the risk of landslides storms
• Economic cost of Storms/High • Storm surges caused • Increased coastal necessary repairs to Wind/Storm by high tides can lead to flood risk of roads roads following Surges prolonged flooding, extreme weather particularly on the west events coast of Ireland. This can disintegrate road • Negative economic surfaces. impact of restricted movement of • Fallen trees and passengers and goods vegetation due to high winds can block roads • Blocked roads can cause disruption to Heat Waves • Higher possibility of • Asphalt road motorists, passengers, melting tarmac and surfaces can public transport and degradation of road degrade quicker in importantly surfaces heat emergency service vehicles Cold Spells • Road degradation • Freeze-thaw due to the freeze-thaw cycle during effect extremely low temperatures may cause damage to roads and asphalt surfaces Sea Level Rise • Flooding and erosion along coastal routes may cause damage to pavements and roads
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 7 Transport Climate Observed Risks Projected Risks Consequences Subsector Impact Active Increased • Roads blocked • Roads blocked for • Extreme weather Travel Precipitation for cyclists and cyclists and events mean that less pedestrians due pedestrians due to people are likely to to flooding flooding expose themselves to the elements through active Storms/High • Risk to cyclists • Risk to cyclists and travel Wind/Storm and pedestrians pedestrians due to Surges due to falling falling trees or debris • Subsequent trees or debris overcrowding on public • Coastal walking runs transport or increased car • Coastal walking the risk of pedestrians traffic on the roads can runs the risk of being swept off land cause delays for people pedestrians being by high tides and going to work, school or swept off land by storm surges important appointments high tides and storm surges • Increased risk to Heat Waves • Risk of dehydration health & safety of those and sunburn to cyclists who continue to use and pedestrians if the active travel during the correct precautions various climate impacts are not taken e.g. dehydration, hypothermia, falls, falling • Air quality for active debris travellers worsened in hot temperatures • Effect on active tourism; bad weather can discourage tourists who would engage in outdoor Cold Spells • Increased risk • Risk of hypothermia pursuits or active travel of falls due to to cyclists and from travelling to Ireland slippery walking pedestrians if the or cycling correct precautions • Less active travel due surfaces are not taken to extreme weather could lead to higher use • Increased risk of falls of private cars which has due to slippery a detrimental effect on walking or cycling transport emission levels surfaces
Sea Level Rise • Integrity of coastal roads may become compromised due to erosion caused by sea level rise, which could cause harm to walkers or cyclists
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 8 Transport Climate Impact Observed Risks Projected Risks Consequences Subsector
Heavy Rail Increased • Increase in • Disruption; • Impact on economy and Precipitation landslides due to a overcrowding; service education sectors if reduction in slope delays etc. people cannot travel to stability work or school • Increased risk of flash • Drainage systems flooding • Health & safety of overwhelmed passengers - • Increased risk of scour overcrowding, dangerous • Service damage at bridges to embark/disembark cancellations due to vehicles during snow etc. line closures • Cancellation of or delays • Passengers unable to services can leave to undertake their passengers stranded journeys • Economic impact of • Bridge scour repairing damaged damage trains/depots/tracks or other equipment following • Flooded depots fallen trees/debris/flooding Storms/High • Damage to • Disruption, Wind/Storm automatic level overcrowding, service Surges crossing barriers delays etc.
• Damage to signalling, power equipment and tracks due to falling trees, debris etc.
• Trees and leaves on railway lines requires slower average speeds
• Structural damage to stations following storms
Heat Waves • Increase risk of • Disruption; rail buckling and overcrowding; delays etc. misalignment of tracks which would increase the need for network-wide speed restrictions
• Overheating of equipment could affect performance
Cold Spells • Overhead • Disruption; electrification overcrowding; service systems failing to
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 9 operate delays etc.
• Decreased braking performance of trains
• Potential passenger falls on icy walking surfaces such as platforms, stations entrances and exits, pavements and roads
• Increased risk of damage to tracks and overhead catenary system due to extreme cold weather
Sea Level Rise • Flooding and • Increased risk of erosion can result in damage to tracks damage to or loss of coastal rail infrastructure
• Track damage
• Need for increased railway flood defences
Transport Climate Impact Observed Risks Projected Risks Consequences Subsector
Light Rail Increased • Disruption; • Disruption; • Impact on economy Precipitation overcrowding; overcrowding; service and education sectors if service delays delays etc. people cannot travel to etc. work or school • Increase in flash • Closure of flooding risk, particular • Health & safety of depot due to for low-lying junctions passengers - flooding and substations overcrowding, dangerous
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 10 Storms/High • Danger from to embark/disembark Wind/Storm overhead vehicles during snow etc. Surges contact wires in high winds • Cancellation of or delays to services can • Necessary leave passengers speed stranded restrictions due to high winds • Economic impact of Heat Waves • Increase risk repairing damaged of rail trains/depots/tracks or buckling/misalig overhead wires following nment of track fallen which would trees/debris/flooding increase the need for network-wide speed restrictions
• Overheating of equipment could affect performance Cold Spells • Overhead electrification systems can fail in extreme cold
• Decreased braking performance of trains
• Increased risk of passenger falls on icy surfaces such as platforms, station entrances and exits, pavements and roads
• Ice and snow damage to overhead catenary systems and rail joints Sea Level Rise
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Transport Climate Observed Risks Projected Risks Consequences Subsector Impact Aviation Increased • Pressure on • Challenges to storm- • High volume of Precipitation airport run-off water management international and domestic and drainage passenger disruption during systems • Danger of flooding airport closures from River Shannon • Runway • Increased risks to health & drainage systems • Emergency planning safety during landing and overwhelmed requirements for take-off in stormy conditions staff/passengers from • Pressure on flooded areas • Impact on economy when flood defences, business travellers are particular in disrupted, and tourism when Shannon Airport leisure passengers are disrupted • Potential damage to • Economic cost of damage Shannon Airport to aircraft, airport buildings due to proximity and related infrastructure to river Storms/High • Damage to • Increased safety risks • Health and safety of Wind/Storm aircraft and during landing and passengers in warm weather Surges airport buildings take-off if air conditioning/water not from high winds available or operational on • Damage to airport aircraft buildings and related facilities including flood defences
• Risks to aircraft on the ground
• Disruption of services Heat Waves • Potential issues with aircraft climb
• Increased need for air-conditioning on aircraft and in airport buildings Cold Spells • Operation • Quicker degradation disruption of runways/tarmac from freezing temperatures
• Issues for aircraft landing on damaged surfaces Sea Level Rise • Pressure on • Operation disruption flood defences, particularly at Shannon Airport
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Transport Climate Impact Observed Risks Projected Risks Consequences Subsector
Maritime Increased • Decreased • Challenges to storm- • Impact on freight if services are Precipitation ability of radar water management cancelled during heavy precipitation • Risk of pollution if • Economic impact of damage to drainage services are vessels, buildings and other port overwhelmed infrastructure
• Risk of flooding for • Impact on tourism if ferry storage facilities sailings are delayed or cancelled
• Positive or negative • Health and safety of impacts on dredging passengers, port workers and requirements depending vessels operators during extreme on the location weather
• Gradual impact on natural scouring capability of estuarial ports
Storms/High • Damage to port • Damage to port Wind/Storm infrastructure and infrastructure, vessels in Surges vessels in ports port, navigational aid and safety equipment • Ability of equipment to • Risk to safety of discharge at high passengers while in water can be transit/embarking/ compromised disembarking
Heat Waves • Extreme heat can cause degradation to road surfaces and felt type roofing products
• High temperatures may cause glass boxes on cranes to become too hot to work in
• Drought may impact on natural scouring leading to increased siltation
Cold Spells • Increased damage to roads, walls, paving, water pipes and storage tanks
• Possibility that operational fuel may freeze in extremely low
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Sea Level Rise • Impact on capabilities of existing infrastructure and equipment i.e. ability to discharge at the top of high water
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 14 Appendix III: Summary of measures outlined in Developing Resilience to Climate Change in the Irish Transport Sector (2017)
Table III.1: Summary of measures outlined in Developing Resilience to Climate Change in the Irish Transport Sector (2017). A traffic light system was employed to illustrate the progress achieved in relation to each measure outlined; whereby the green colour indicates that the measure has been completed; orange indicates that progress towards implementation remains ongoing; and red indicates that progress towards implementation has not been commenced.
Objective Action Indicator Implemented
Policy 1 Publish this Adaptation Plan Recognition within sectoral Integration under the provisions of the work programmes National Climate Change (mainstreaming) Adaptation Framework 2012
2 Participate and engage with the Co-operation with other cross-sectoral Adaptation sectors/sub-national levels Governance group
3 Continue to engage with the Co-operation with other Climate Change Advisory sectors/sub-national levels Council and consider their findings and recommendations in relation to adaptation 4 Participate in National Dialogue Co-operation with other on Climate Change sectors/sub-national levels
5 Contribute to the development Co-operation with other of sectoral adaptation planning sectors/sub-national levels guidelines by the EPA 6 Consider potential opportunities Recognition within sectoral and costs for adaptation work programmes mechanisms in the development (mainstreaming) of the national strategy on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) 7 TII to publish Strategy for Recognition within sectoral Adapting to Climate Change on work programmes Irelands’ Light Rails and National (mainstreaming) Roads Network 8 Support the RSA educational Recognition within sectoral policy for freight drivers in work programmes extreme conditions. (mainstreaming)
9 Ensure that climate change is Recognition within sectoral mainstreamed in general policy work programmes and strategic objectives to 2050 (mainstreaming)
10 Ensure climate considerations Recognition within sectoral are fully addressed in the NPF work programmes (mainstreaming)
11 Support actions highlighted in Recognition within sectoral the sectoral contribution to the work programmes NMP which carry co-benefits for (mainstreaming) adaptation
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 15 12 Examine the potential for Recognition within sectoral incorporating climate adaptation work programmes awareness in the general driver (mainstreaming) theory testing process
Objective Action Indicator Implemented
Research & 13 Support collaborative and Level of adaptation research; Collaboration sector specific research among Co-operation with other its stakeholders by engaging sectors/sub-national levels expert speakers, disseminating information on new technologies etc.
14 Through the cross-sectoral Level of adaptation research; adaptation governance group, Co-operation with other assist in the further sectors/sub-national levels development of Climate Ireland
15 Continue to keep informed of Level of adaptation research developments in other EU countries
16 Identify likely vulnerabilities for Level of adaptation research the transport network through inter-alia, continued participation in the CIVIC steering group 17 Support the proposed Co-operation with other establishment of regional sectors/sub-national levels offices to coordinate the local authority response to climate action 18 Support the use by Local Co-operation with other Government of the forthcoming sectors/sub-national levels Local Authority Adaptation Support Wizard in the development of coordinated local and regional-level adaptation strategy
Objective Action Indicator Implemented
Investment & 19 Through the Adaptation Co-operation with other Development Steering group investigate sectors/sub-national levels potential EU funding sources to advance adaptation projects
20 Future requests for funding for Recognition within sectoral repair of infrastructure will also work programmes need to identify the cost of (mainstreaming) installing preventative measures
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 16 Objective Action Indicator Implemented
Risk 21 Establish a data collection Baseline monitoring Assessment system, in tandem with stakeholders, for periodically collating information in relation to climate incident impacts on transport stakeholders 22 TII to complete a detailed flood Baseline monitoring risk assessment of the national road and light rail network
23 TII to implement and further Launch of adaptation develop a flood protocol to measures/level of spending manage flood events and collected; Baseline monitoring remediate identified vulnerable sections 24 Iarnród Éireann to develop a Baseline monitoring Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) model to pinpoint areas of extreme vulnerability 25 Dublin Port to build higher Launch of adaptation quay walls and raise measures/level of spending hinterlands to future-proof collected against long-term SLR as part of the Alexandra Basin Redevelopment project
26 Consider appropriate Level of adaptation research; mechanisms to identify Co-operation with other vulnerable areas and critical sectors/sub-national levels; transport assets as part of a Baseline monitoring detailed risk assessment across the entire transport system; vis-à-vis CIViC and C-Risk projects
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 17 Appendix IV: Acronyms and Abbreviations
AA Appropriate Assessment
CAP Climate Action Plan (2019)
CARO Climate Action Regional Offices
CCAC Climate Change Advisory Council
CCMA County and City Management Association
CIÉ Córas Iompair Éireann
CIViC Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability to Climate Change (EPA Research Report)
COP21 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CoCo County Council
CSO Central Statistics Office
CVI Coastal Vulnerability Index
DAA Dublin Airport Authority
DAFM Department of Agriculture, Forestry and the Marine
DART Dublin Area Rapid Transit
DCCAE Department of Communications, Climate Action and the Environment
DECLG Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (defunct)
DHPLG Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
DTTAS Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport
EEA European Environment Agency
EC European Commission
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESB Electricity Supply Board
EU European Union
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
GDA Greater Dublin Area
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GNI Gas Networks Ireland
GSI Geological Survey Ireland
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 18 hPa Hectopascals
IAA Irish Aviation Authority
ICHEC Irish Centre for High-End Computing
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
ITS Intelligent Transport Systems
JOC Joint Oireachtas Committee
KM Kilometres
LAs Local Authorities
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
MCCAE Minister for Communications, Climate Action and the Environment
MSLP Mean Sea Level Pressure
MTTAS Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport
NAF National Adaptation Framework (2018)
NCCAF National Climate Change Adaptation Framework (2012)
NDP Project Ireland 2040: National Development Plan (2018)
NECG ` National Emergency Coordination Group
NECP National Energy and Climate Plan
NI Northern Ireland
NPF Project Ireland 2040: National Planning Framework (2018)
NTA National Transport Authority
OPW Office of Public Works
PLUTO Planning Land Use and Transport Outlook (forthcoming)
PSO Public Service Obligation
PT Public Transport
RCM Regional Climate Model
RCP Representative Concentration Pathway
RH Relative Humidity
SAA Shannon Airport Authority
SAC Special Area of Conservation
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
Public Consultation Document – Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 19 SDG (United Nations) Sustainable Development Goals
SLR Sea Level Rise
SPSV Small Public Service Vehicle
TEN-T Trans-European Transport Networks
TfI Transport for Ireland
TII Transport Infrastructure Ireland
UN United Nations
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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