'\e\\ sand \'ie\\ s from \Iozamhique and Southern .\frica BAOBAB ~~NOfEI Volume 3 Number 2 Election Issue March/April 1994

Unity about Angolan elections _ANC Victory in ! The Government and UNITA signed an agreement on April 20 At long last! After decades ofdetermined, difficult, and of­ which will form the base for new elections in Angola. It is a rare step ten bloody struggle, South Africans of all races voted for the forward in peace negotiations that have been marred by difficulties. first time on 26-29 April 1994. Many of you have been in­ A ceasefire is not part of this most recent agreement. Negotiations volved in the anti- struggle for years; for us, these will continue to establish agreement on the details ofa new election are magical moments of history in the making. At long last, procedure. The UN will monitor the situation to determine whether our cherised hopes are coming to fruition. conditions will allow for a second election. (Dagens Nyheter, In the last press conference before elections, Mandela Sweden, 4/22/94) stated: "We will not let a handful of murderers steal our democracy. Let us vote in overwhelming numbers to show how we love our land, how we love peace and life!" Earlier, when rumors abounded that elections might not be held in Natal due to the terrifying state ofviolence and intimidation, ANC's Nelson Mandela made a strong statement that elections had to be held in every part of the country in order "1 to be free. (Dagens, Nyheter, Sweden, 4/28/94) The first day ofthe three-day elections, Tuesday April 26, was set aside for people with special needs and the elderly. In

"We will notlet a handful ofmurderers steal our democracy. Let us vote in overwhelming numbers to show how we love our land, how we love peace and life!" - Nelson Mandela

one innovative approach by the Independent Electoral Commission (lEC), voter education workshops were held in hospitals. Later, mobile polling stations allowed hospital patients, old age home inhabitants and prisoners to vote as well. Many people waited for a full day in polling station lines to vote, a short wait compared to waiting for the end of 300 years ofoppression under whites. The IEC was criticized because numerous polling stations had not received enough ballots and/or stickers. Voting was Walvis Bay now part of Namibia extended for an extra day in KwaZulu and other selected Ending the final chapter ofapartheid colonialism, South Africa and regions to ensure that everyone got a chance to cast their Namibia signed a treaty on February 28, transferring ownership of the ballot. (National Public Radio (NPR), 4/26 & 4/29/94) Walvis Bay port enclave, already an important center for the fishing The Independent Electoral Commission (lEC) set up more industry. The enclave is 1,264 square Ian and includes the only deep continued on page 2... water harbour on Namibia's coast In mid-February, the South African military base and Rooikop Airport at Walvis Bay was transferred to Inside this Election Issue: Namibia, signifying the beginning "ofan era in which southern Africa Election results in South Africa 2 could proceed with security cooperation on a... multilateral basis." Investigation confirms Third Force 2 Walvis Bay is expected to become a major center for regional "Snake to be Re-electrified .3 cooperation as the railhead for two major regional networks to service Mozambique Peace Process Bulletin 5 landlocked neighboring countries: the Trans-Kalahari highway to Unions against Structural Adjustment 3 Botswana and the Trans-Caprivi highway to Zambia. (Facts & Structure of new S.A. government.. 2 Reports, 311194; AWEPA Bulletin, No.1, 1994) ANC's U.S. fundraising fiasco 2 South ,\rrira

(continuedfrom page 1) than 9,000 polling stations nationwide staffed by 171,000 Battle for farm votes in South Africa personnel plus an additional 13,000 staff who had to be trained and Electioneering on farms became one ofthe crucial issues in the stationed in Natal in less than four days following IFP's last minute campaign, since almost all farms are white-owned and black decision to participate in the elections. The IEC scrambled to set political parties had a difficult time meeting with black farm up polling stations in the Natal area and redesign the ballots to workers who live on and seldom leave the farms. As farms are . include the IFP. With an estimated 23 million eligible voters, as considered private property, entering the farm without the many IFP stickers had to be produced and stuck to the ballots. In farmer's permission would be considered trespassing. Fueling addition, there were 10,000 official monitors, 1,770 UN observers, fears that most farm workers would vote for National Party 320 European Union observers and more than 2,000 foreign (NP), Democratic party or other right-wing parties, allegations journalists. (National Public Radio, 4/27/94; Facts & Reports, arose that farm workers attended NP meetings in exchange for 3/4/94) food, thereby consolidating support for that political party. "Many had walked up to 20 miles to be at the rallies. Seeing Farm workers, who are among the poorest, least educated and 75-year-old Mandela who was supposed to spend the rest ofhis most isolated workers in South Africa number between 1.5 and 2 million ofan estimated total 22 million voter population. life in prison, so energized by the support ofhis people that his & step was that ofa young man is something I will never forget as (Facts Reports, 3/4/94) long as I live." (Dumisani Kumalo, Freed the Vote Campaign Update, 3/2fJ/94) Investigation confirms Third Force The elections passed peacefully, with apparently little The , appointed by an unidentified foreign intimidation occuring at the polling stations. Still, one voter diplomat, conducted a two month investigation culminating in educator said one ofthe difficulties had been convincing voters March with the confirmation that 25 senior members ofthe that their ballots would be secret. Many prospective voters were South African police have been involved with Inkatha Freedom concerned that their employers might have connections with Party (IFP) in orchestrating township violence. A police polling station staffand so would fmd out who they had voted for informer claimed that since 1989 three ofthe most senior and fire their employees. (NPR,4/23/94) members of the police force (deputy commissioner Basie Smit; Krappies Engelbrecht, head ofpolice counter-intelligence; and April 26-29 1994 marks an historical beginning, not only a Lieutenant-General Johan Ie Roux) ran train massacres and long-awaited, releiving conclusion. Undoubtedly, this will be a towJlship-violence to destabilize South Africa. Some 300 train challenging and exciting period; the struggle to build a free nation commuters were killed in attacks between August 1990-1992. is only beginning. According to the informer, one colonel who ran a notorious Remember our sisters and brothers who have sacrificied in ways police assassination squad in the 1980s was officially discharged we cannot even begin to comprehend, many with their lives. from the force last year, but continued his work under false AWETU! documents issued by the police. Using secret funds, police funded a crash course to IFP members in the use ofweapons and -- Notesfrom the Editors oversaw the distribution of grenades and guns to senior IFP members and to hostel-based terror squads. For years, the ANC, journalists and human rights organizations have reported police, Election Results in South Africa rightwing, and IFP cooperation, calling it the Third Force. One reporter characterized the police-IFP relationship as "my enemy's These are the fmal results in South Africa's election, as enemy is my friend". (The Guardian, 3/18 & 3/19/94; The announced by the Independent Electoral Commission on Independent, 3/20/94) Friday, May 6,1994. Listed are vote totals, percentage of votes received and number of seats in the 400-member ANC's U.S. fundraising fiasco National Assembly. Millions ofdollars raised during Nelson Mandela's U.S. fundraising tour in July 1993 have not been received at ANC African National Congress 12,237,655 (62.6%; 252 seats) headquarters in South Africa. Fundraisers on both sides ofthe National Party 3,983,690 (20.4%; 82 seats) Atlantic are locked in a battle with ANC's chief D.C. 2,058,294 (10.5%; 43 seats) representative, Lindiwe Mabuza, over large America campaign Freedom Front 424,555 (2.2%; 9 seats) donations promised to Nelson Mandela which were never Democratic Party 338,42fJ (1.7%; 7 seats) transferred. Almost $500,000 raised in cash, and $1.8 million in PanAfricanist Congress 243,478 (1.2%; 5 seats) pledges which Mabuza, the sole signatory to ANC's D.C. African Cbrlstain Democratic Party 88,104 (0.5%; 2 seats) accounts, apparently never followed up on. The ANC planned a $17 million target in contributions from the international See also Structure of new South African government, page 4. community, a target which has not been reached. (The Weekly (Associated Press; Boston Sunday Globe, 5/8/94) Mail & Guardian, 2/18-24/94)

Baobab Notes 2 MarchiApril 1994 \Iozamhiquc "Snake" to be Re-electrified Foreign cooperation in Mozambique South African police officials distributed leaflets on February 19 • The Canadian government will supply Mozambique $9.6 in the Mozambican border town ofRessano Garcia, warning that million worth of wheat under an agreement signed last the Pretoria government intends to re-electrify the border fence December in Maputo. The wheat will be sold and most ofit between the two countries. Electrifying the fence would be an made into bread to be consumed in the urban centers. Funds attempt to stem the tide ofMozambicans crossing the border generated from these sales will be used in poverty alleviation illegally. During the 1980s, the "snake" as this electric fence is projects. called, claimed more lives that the much better known Berlin wall • The British government pledged $2.25 million in during its entire existence. (Mozambique AIMReports. 3/4/94) humanitarian assistance to be divided between UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and other emergency operations. Britain also announced a donation of $1 million to Unions against Structural Adjustment support elections, to be channelled through the UNDP in Mozambique's trade union federation, the OTM, has warned that compliance with approved election procedures. These funds are workers will not support structural adjustment programmes ifthey beyond the ongoing British bilateral aid programme to result in a continual decline ofliving standards. Currently the Mozambique which reached $58 million in 1992. minimum monthly wage of$14 barely feeds one person, but many • The Dutch government announced the total cancellation of the families live off that sum. The OTM has called for an increased $15 million balance ofMozambique's debt to Holland. In future, minimum wage equal to the value ofa basket ofbasic foodstuffs cooperation between Holland and Mozambique will be based on (flour, rice, sugar, beans, cheap fish, oil, fruit and vegetables). Even grants. such an improved minimum wage would not cover rent, transport, •A U.S. non-profit organization, the African Development medical care or education. Last year, 150 African trade union Foundation (ADF), which funds long-term social and economic leaders met in Harare and concluded that not one of the 29 African rural development, signed an agreement last December by which countries that had experimented with structural adjustment had ADF will provide grants, loans and loan guarantees to rural satisfactory results, contradicting the World Bank's and IMP's development projects of up to $250,000. Government agencies "success stories". The OTM noted that the attitude of the World are not eligible for these grants, which are targeted at Bank and the IMP "reminds us ofa surgeon who comes out of the Mozambican groups or individuals engaged in grassroots operating theatre, and announces proudly that the operation was a development activities. (Mozambiquefile, 1/94; Mozambique success, but that regrettably the patient is going to die." AIMReports, 3/4/94) (Mozambiquefile, 1/94)

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Thanks to each of you who sent in your subscription checks recently. We are encouraged and very pleased that Baobab's list ofpaid subscribers is growing steadily. A special thank you this month goes to the Mozambique Support Network in Los Angeles, which sent us a generous contribution to continue production ofBaobab Notes. Yes! I want to subscribe to the Baobab Notes. Six bi-monthly issues per annum plus regular updates from SAEPEJ Name Organization (ifapplicable) Address City State Zip Telephone (day) (evening) I am enclosing: § $15; Student/Unemployed Rate § $20; Individual Rate $25; Organization Rate __Subscribe/Support Renewing Subscription New Subscriber Please make all checks payable to MSO. Please photocopy and reuse thisformfor gift subscriptions tofriends. Mail to: MSO/SAEPEJ, 6 Goodrich Rd. #2, Jamaica PlainMA 02130-2005 Tel: (617) 983 2239 Baobab Notes 3 March/April 1994 South .\frica ,

Freedom Alliance falls apart Police guilty in Sisulu shoot-out In mid-March, the Freedom Alliance of black and white deaths conservatives opposed to South Africa's first multiracial, Two policemen involved in a high-speed car chase and gunbattle democratic elections disintegrated. After days of unrest between police and ANC bodyguards during celebrations of following the "homeland" president's refusal to Mandela's 75th birthday July 18, 1993, now face criminal allow participation in elections, Pretoria overthrew Lucas charges. Police killed one ANC security man who was part of Mangope. Mangope called on Afrikaner "allies" to save him and the Sisulu convoy, when he tried to intervene as police tried his crumbling empire; but in a major turning point, Mangope's forcing 81-year-old Sisulu's car off the road. (Facts &Repqrts, own soldiers killed some ofthe very right-wingers who had 3/4/94) proudl'y arrived to restore apartheid. The fall of Bophuthatswana left and Kwazulu as the last two "homeland" holdouts against the election. Meanwhile, General Viljoen resigned from Structure of new South African his post as leader and broke off from the government "indisciplined" Alliance to rejoin the elections, leaving Inkatha The president is elected by an ordinary majority at the first leader Buthelezi the only prominent politician of that Alliance sitting ofthe National Assembly (NA). Each party holding at to oppose the elections. (The Guardian, 3/14/94; The least 80 seats in the NA is entitled to designate a deputy Independent 3/14/94; Free the Vote Campaign Update, president. The Cabinet consists ofthe president, deputy 3/26/94) presidents, and not more than 27 ministers appointed by the president. Decisions will be reached in a "consensus-seeking spirit", no majorities being specified. The National Assembly Right-wingers train 1,000 Inkatha (400 seats) and Senate (90 seats), sitting together, will constitute members the Constitutional Assembly. The new constitution should be Orde Boerevolk, a far-right-wing South African paramilitary adopted by a 2/3 majority of the Constitutional Assembly within group has trained more than 1,000 Inkatha members. Orde two years. Failing that, and provided more than 50% of the Boerevolk's chief of staff, Leonard Veenendal, reportedly trained Constitutional Assembly agrees to it, a referendum would be the volunteers in a seven week war preparation course in the held seeking 60% majority support for the constitution. Except Natal Midlands. Inkatha Transvaalleader-l'hemba Khoza denies in the case above, or unless cabinet loses the confidence of knowledge of these training camps, where volunteers allegedly parliament, newnliti7>nal elections will not beheld until 1999. A have learned weapon tactics, field craft, guerilla strategies and constitutional court will mediate between center and provinces. house clearance. House clearance refers to a technique wherein a The bill of rights will protect individuals from any building is entered and inhabitants are "neutralised" and killed. discrimination. (South Africa Update, 12/93) Veenendal denies direct involvement with the camps but says that, with the backing of the Freedom Alliance, he is helping those who support Buthelezi and Zulu king Goodwill Zwelithini. Namibian authorities have tried unsuccessfully for four years to extradite Veenendal on allegations ofmurder and bombings during the Namibian elections. (SouthSean, 3118/94)

Reflections on historical moments... Author Pltr Westerberg: "The youth and women's choirs sang, as hundreds spontaneously embraced and held hands. Every hour felt historical. In a press conference just before the elections, Zulus: ethnic vs. political struggles Cyril Ramaphosa noted: 'Building a new society is harder than The media has played up township violence as ethnic, though it dismantling apartheid...We are ready. Full ofhope and strong, we politically-based. Although Buthelezi claims to have support of are in the last stretch ofour marathon toward democracy. And as the "Zulu nation", Zulus have been participants on both the for exaggerated expectations: it isn't a crime to wish for running Inkatha conservative and ANC progressive sides. Statistically, water.' But this magical moment is bittersweet: In a Sowetan more Zulus belong to the ANC than to the Inkatha Freedom store, a middle-aged woman waits. She has been standing in line Party (IFP). While the ANC has put forth a non-racialist agenda, to vote since 5 a.m. Her 20-year old son, a voter educator, was Buthelezi has skillfully manipulated the proud symbols ofZulu killed one week before the elections. He attended school; she can martial tradition to garner enthusiastic support for the IFP. barely read. Her face is silent yet full of questions. Tears fall Three hundred people in the Natal area died in political violence leaving salty, light trails on her dark skin'. (Dagens Nyheter, in the month of March. (The Independent, 3/31194; The Sweden, 4/28/94) Observer, 3/27/94)

Baobab Notes 4 March/April 1994 \Iozamhiquc Pcacc Proccss Bulletin The Mozambique Peace Process BuUetin is published by European ParUamentorians for (Southern) Africa. Authored by RachelWaterhouse and Gil Lauriciano, edited by Joseph Hanlon. Thefolowlng are excerptsfrom issue 8, Feb. '94 buUetin. Election Commission begins UN Accused of child abuse The newly constituted National Elections Commission (CNE) was A September 1993 farewell dinner for the Italian Major General finally due to hold its first working session 31 January. in charge of UN troops in Sofala province ended in debauchery, Government appoints 10 members, RENAMO 7 and the when the UN civilian toastmaster said "Boys, there is no reason non-anned opposition 3 members to the CNE. The 20 members to leave the party yet, we will bring in the girls very soon." are to agree on a president, and ifthey cannot they must submit a According to a Norwegian Save the Children staff member, car list of five candidates to President Chissano, who will select one. loads ofvery young girls arrived shortly after dinner. An alliance Labour Minister Teodato Hunguana admitted that the CNE and ofUS, British and Norwegian Save the Children organizations the Technical Secretariat for Elections Administration (STAE) have accused the Italian UN battalion guarding the Beira have been "politicised much more than we would have liked". He Corridor route from Zimbabwe to Beira port, of repeated and said the government had made most concessions on the issue, and continuing sexual abuse ofyoung girls. Members ofSave the warned such concessions have stored up problems for the future. Children staff and ONUMOZ staff say they witnessed UN The STAE will do the practical work oforganizing the elections, soldiers in Chimoio calling on 12-14 year-old girls for sexual and also has representatives of government, RENAMO, and the services. UN official Aldo Ajello in Mozambique responded to non-anned opposition. these accusations saying he would investigate, but asked for The CNE is supposed to resolve the political controversy over more evidence. the emigrant votes. The government says all Mozambicans, both at home and abroad, should have the vote. RENAMO argues that for these frrst elections, only nationals living within the national Volunteer army? borders should vote, claiming FRELIMO might use its control Serious doubt hangs over whether or not the new national anny over embassies to manipulate the emigrant vote. It is expected that will really be voluntary, as the peace accord says it should be. RENAMO's argument will prevail, which would mean the The UN gives new arrivals at assembly points a questionnaire disenfranchisement of hundreds of thousands ofrefugees and which asks ifthey want to join the new unified anny. Of the migrant workers living abroad. government's frrst arrivals, 90% of soldiers said they did not Although formation of CNE and STAE was delayed, the wish to join. RENAMO commanders are rumored to be telling government's own technical unit has been continuing election their soldiers not to answer that question on the UN form. preparations; civic education material is ready for printing once it Seventy-four percent of the 540 instructors from RENAMO and has been approved by the CNE. This means that from a technical the government who were trained by British officers in standpoint, it is still possible to hold elections this October. Zimbabwe for the new Armed Defence Forces of Mozambique (FADM), said they did not want to stay in the new anny. Dhlakama says: no cash = no election RENAMO leader Dhlakama warned once again that RENAMO may decide not to participate in the elections unless the Half speed ahead international community honours its promise offinancial support. Since the new timetable was agreed upon last October 22, which So far, only Italy has provided money to a UN-managed trust fund followed the visit to Mozambique ofUN Secretary-General for RENAMO's "transformation from a guerilla movement into a Boutros Boutros-Ghali, each step in the peace process has taken political organisation." By January, RENAMO had all but spent at least twice as long as planned. Assembly oftroops should the $6 million on lodging, food and transport for its leaders, with have been completed by December; yet some assembly areas very little apparently going toward RENAMO's political had not opened by January. Demobilization, training of the new transformation. anny and demobilization ofparamilitary -- all due to begin January were delayed until February. The National Election Mozambican officers object Commission, due to be created in November, began work in late The government seems to be having difficulties placating the January. Nevertheless, by the end ofJanuary, RENAMO had moody officer class, whose intransigence may be what is holding assembled 7,199 soldiers of 19,140 and the government had up assembly and demobilisation. Army officers are apparently assembled 11,567 of61,638 troops. The government has been also behind the government's adamant opposition to reducing the criticized recently for failing to pay its soldiers on time, organize size of the new anny, despite the few volunteers, because there food delivery at assembly points, and failing to renovate training cannot be officers without soldiers and it is proving hard to reduce centres for the new anny. Meanwhile, RENAMO regularly fails the officer class. Officers represent 26% ofall Government troops, to attend meetings, thereby seriously delaying the peace process. but 62% of total salaries. RENAMO will have serious trouble The UN has repeatedly stressed it will not agree to any filling its quota of 15,000 volunteers and has already said it could continuation of the ONUMOZ mandate beyond the October accept a smaller national anny. 1994 election date.

Baobab Notes 5 March/April 1994 .\ngola. \Iozamhiquc and 'amibia Increased relief aid to Angola Garimpo & smuggling in Angola More people died in 1993 in Angola than in all the previous Night-time flights into UNITA-held territory in Angola continue sixteen years of war, according to UN Secretary-General Boutros via airports in neighboring countries. The flights, which break a Boutros-Ghali. Three out a total 12 million Angolans desperately UN embargo, are an open secret. Bypassing passport, visa and need food or other emergency assistance. Since September 1993, baggage inspection, passengers fly at night from Kinshasa, the UN and NGOs tripled the amount ofrelief aid delivered in Zaire. Recently the Angolan government sent the UN a Angola to 13,000 tons. Even though fighting slowed down in the document detailing the zairean, South African and Namibian last few months of 1993, the UN and NGOs had difficulty ports, military camps and airports that are being used to receive delivering relief aid and complained of lack ofresources. Of the food, petrol and weapons for UNITA rebels. Payment for the $226 million which the UN Department of Humanitarian Mairs goods is often in diamonds, UNITA's economic mainstay since appealed for in May 1993, only $92.88 had been received by the the official cut off ofU.S. and South African aid. In addition to end ofDecember. According to one World Food Programme these secret, illegal deals, the International Committee of the report last June, people in Cuito were reduced to eating "leaves, Red Cross lands eight legitimate aid flights to UNITA grass, a paste made from banana leaves and roots, rats, mice, cats headquarter-city Huambo. UNITA holds Cafunfo, 550 km east and brittle toasted maize". On a positive note, UNICEF, Caritas of the capital city ofLuanda. in the most lucrative diamond and World Vision are currently supporting 100 community region in Angola. UNITA is believed to control most garimperos kitchens established in UNITA-controlled Malanje, located in or diamond-diggers. Expatriate mining engineers talk of a north-central Angola. (UN Africa Recovery, 1/94) network ofmobsters at work. According to the ministry of mining, illegal private diamond-digging cost Angola $500 million in lost revenue in 1993. (The Economist, 4/23/94) Culture as springboard for Human Rights Mozambique National Dance Company, which recently toured the country's provincial capitals, combines dance with a theatrical presentation ofissues like voter education. Among the audiences were participants ofa conference on promoting a culture of democracy and human rights in southern Africa, who wiblessed the practical side of what they had discussed in MaplIto earlier in February. The conference was organized by the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Sector ofCulture and Information, Unesco and International Commission ofJurists to Diamond investors to Namibia exchange ideas on how to use culture as a tool in building A group of 38 corporate investors visited Namibia to observe the democracy and human rights in the region. Participants identified offshore diamond mining operation in which they have invested dance, music, theatre and drama as some of the alternative 40 million Namibian dollars. Vancouver-listed Namibian channels ofcommunicating human rights education. They Minerals Corporation CEO Alastair Holberton, who organized stressed that successful projects must be carefully harmonized the trip, said marine surveying for diamonds began last with the socio-cultural values and expectations of the target December and would be followed by bulk sampling to begin this community. (Southern AfricaResearch & Documentation Centre June. Production, which is expected to reach 500,000 carats a News Features, 2/24/94) year, was set to begin early this year. (Facts & Reports, 3/4/94)

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