aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba _ saarqivo sammarTvelo krebulSi mkiTxveli gaecnoba ucxoeli avtorebis Sexedulebebs samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod aWarisa da misi umTavresi qalaqis – baTumis Sesaxeb 2009 wlis 3 ivliss aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-saarqivo sammarTveloSi Catarebu- li samecniero konferenciis masalebs. krebuliT dainteresdebian ara marto humanitaruli sferos (istorikosebi, arqeologebi, anTropolog-eTno- logebi, enaTmecnierebi) warmomadgenlebi, aramed samxreT- dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis problematikiT daintere- sebuli nebismieri mkiTxveli.
aWara ucxoel avtorTa
SromebSi saredaqcio sabWo: kaxaber surgulaZe (Tavmjdomare) (samecniero konferenciis masalebi) Tamaz futkaraZe (redaqtori) sandro beriZe nazi futkaraZe
ciuri beJaniSvili
merab megreliSvili
recenzentebi: oTar gogoliSvili
ciuri qaTamaZe
gamomcemloba `alioni~ ISBN 978-9992-84399-3 baTumi - 2010 gamomcemloba `alioni~ - 2010
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qarTul teritoriul-eTnografiul jgufebs Soris aWara zaza SaSikaZe gamorCeulia bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebiT, tragikuli istoriiT, yofisa da kulturis specifikiT. aRniSnuli ,,wiTeli aWaristanis sal-name” Taviseburebani ganapirobebda saqarTvelos am umSvenieresi kuTxisadmi rogorc mecnierTa, ise rigiTi moqalaqeebis, sal-name sparsuli sityvaa da yovelwliur wigns, mogzaurebisa Tu vaWrebis did interess. weliwdeuls niSnavs, sal _ weliwadi da nama _ wigni. igive swored, Cveni kuTxis Sesaxeb ucxoeli avtorebis mniSvnelobiT ixmreba nav-sal sityvac. Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi gaxda aWaris avtonomiuri sal-name aris dokumenti, romelic mogviTxrobs gasuli respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba saarqivo wlebis mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb, am movlenebSi sammarTveloSi Catarebuli samecniero konferenciis msje- monawile adamianTa biografiebs, dokumentis Sedgenis lobis sagani. konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen droisaTvis arsebul mdgomareobas da sxvadasxva uwyebebis aWaris saarqivo sammarTvelos, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis bolo monacemebs. sal-nameebi agreTve SeiZleba Sedgeniliyo saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis, niko berZeniSvilis garkveul Temaze garkveuli mizniTac. samecniero-kvleviTi institutis, mxareTmcodneobiTi, nobe- sal-nameebi saxelmwifo uwyebebis mxridan oficialurad lisa da arqeologiuri muzeumebis warmomadgenlebi. qveyndeboda. SeiZleba gamoqveynebuliyo romelime mniSvne- konferencia gaxsna da monawileebs miesalma saarqivo lovan movlenasTan dakavSirebiTac. istoriul wyaroTa sammarTvelos ufrosi tariel abulaZe. konferenciaze Soris sal-nameebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT. dasmuli problemebis irgvliv TavianTi azri gamoTqves: n. osmaleTis imperiaSi pirveli oficialuri sal-name XIX s- kaxiZem, m. sioriZem, o. gogoloSvilma, r. uzunaZem, m. is SuaxanebSi qoja reSid faSas xelmZRvanelobiT Sedga da megreliSvilma, k. surgulaZem s. beriZem, T. futkaraZem, m. 1847 (hij. 1263) wels gamoqveynda. ramdenime wlis Semdeg sal- ruruam, n. futkaraZem, c. beJaniSvilma, f. qardavam da sxvebma. nameebis gamoqveyneba osmaleTis saxelisuflebo struq- diskusiebi mwvaved da sainteresod warimarTa, rac vfiqrobT turebs oficialurad daevalaT. XIX s-is 70-iani wlebidan aisaxa kidec warmodgenil krebulSi. rig SemTxvevaSi daiwyo sarevizio (sakontrolo _ nezaret) da vilaeTis sal- zogierTi ucxoeli avtoris Tvalsazrisi tendenciuria, nameebis calkeuli gamocemebi. arasworadaa danaxuli da gaazrebuli yofisa da kulturis cnobilia osmaleTis imperiaSi gamocemuli 70-mde sal- calkeuli sakiTxi. krebulSi warmodgenili naSromebi name, romlebic sxvadasxva sferos exeba. maT Soris aris saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels Tavad Seafasos argumentaciis trapizonis 1865 wlis (hij. 1282) trapizonis sal-name, safuZvlianoba. romelic vfiqrobT, Cveni istoriografiisaTvis Zalze konferenciaze warmodgenili iyo 2 (istoriisa da eTno- saintereso unda iyos. islamis enciklopediaSi calkea logiis) seqcia. wakiTxuli moxsenebebi ibeWdeba ucvlelad moxsenebuli 1873 wlis (hij. 1290) baRCisarais sal-name, (avtoriseuli stiliT) romelic, rogorc iqvea naTqvami, ,,ruseTSi mcxovrebi Turqebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs Seicavs”1. SegaxsenebT, rom yirimis saxano ruseTma 1783 wels SeierTa da es faqti osmaleTma 1784 wlis ianvarSi aRiara, anu aRniSnuli sal- Tamaz futkaraZe
1 İslam Ansiklopedisi, 10. cılt, İstanbul, 1966. s. 134-136 3 4
name yirimis saxanos ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis dros sal-names teqsti mTlianad aris Sedgenili. osmaluri damwerlobiT stam- rogorc Cans, osmaleTis impe- buradaa dabeWdili. teqsteb- rias axlad Camocilebul teri- Si xSiria sxvadasxva pirov- toriebze raRac drois ganmav- nebis Tu jgufis suraTebi. lobaSi kvlav grZeldeboda adre wignis teqsti ori nawilisgan arsebuli tradiciebis SenarCu- Sedgeba da moicavs 100+62, neba. amas imitom vambobT, rom anu 162 gverds. amas emateba 7 msgavsi situaciaa ,,wiTeli aWaris gverdi, romelic gancxade- sal-namesTan” (SemdgomSi sal- bebs ukavia. name) dakavSirebiTac. misi Sedge- pirvel gverdze gamosaxu- nis drosac es regioni ukve lia leninis portreti, rom- Camocilebuli iyo osmaleTis lis qvemoTac didi asoebiT imperias da aWaris avtonomiur weria ,,wiTeli aWaristanis sal-name”. aRniSnuli warweris respublikad wodebul teritori- qvemoT mocemulia ori TariRi 1338 da 1922. es gaxlavT erTi aze komunisturi reJimi myardeboda. sal-names Sinaarsic am da igive TariRi, ubralod erTi aris osmaleTis imperiaSi mxriv aris saintereso. masSi gadmocemulia es procesebi, moqmedi romauli (igive berZnuli) kalendariT, xolo meore maTSi monawile pirebi da motanilia masTan dakavSirebuli grigorianuliT. amave gverdis SuaSi vxvdebiT CarCoSi yvela mniSvnelovani ambavi.1 Casmul warweras: ,,gamoqveynebulia aWaristanis avtonomiuri wignis ydaze suraTia, romlis wina planze erovnul sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis muSaTa da glexTa formaSi (Caqurasa da yabalaxSi) gamowyobili mamakacia (Fukara) saxalxo komitetebis centraluri biuros mier”. gamosaxuli sabWoTa kavSiris droSiT xelSi. ukana planze gverdis qveda nawilze vxvdebiT warweras ,,baTumi 1338”, rac maRla mosCans wiTeli kaSkaSa varskvlavi. gamosaxulia niSnavs, rom is gamocemulia baTumSi 1922 wels. agreTve zRva, gemi, fabrika-qarxnebi, mTebi. qveda nawilze sal-names teqsti iwyeba samadlobelo sityviT, romelsac axlos gamosaxulia vazi da xorblis TavTavi. zemoT wiTeli aWaris muSaTa da glexTa komitetebis centraluri biuros asoebiT warweraa: ,,wiTeli (anu komunisturi) aWaristanis pasuxismgebeli mdivani osman mowyobili dokumentis Sedgenis sal-name 1922”. da gamosacemad momzadebisaTvis uZRvnis gazeT ,,iSTiraqis” (TanamSromloba) mTavar redaqtors sedad reSads, rasac mohyveba Tavad sedad reSadis SeniSvnebi saTauriT ,,ramdenime sityva”.
1 sal-names mesame gverdze vxvdebiT lozungs ,,proletarebo salnames dRemde cnobili erTaderTi egzemplari TurqeTis respublikaSi, qalaq arzrumis arqivSi inaxeba. misi digitalizaciis da yvela qveynisa. SeerTdiT!”, romlis qvemoTac mocemulia eleqtronuli versiis mopoveba Cven SevZeliT Cveni Turqi kolegis nazir ,,internacionalis” teqsti. CD- bairamis daxmarebiT. erTi varianti ze Cawerili saCuqrad gadaveciT Semdgom gverdebze calke TavSi ,,muSaTa da glexTa aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis saarqivo sammarTvelos da dainteresebul pirs eqneba saSualeba uSualod gaecnos dokuments. amjerad Cven wiTeli revoluciis meTaurebi” dabeWdilia karl marqsis warmogidgenT salnames zogad daxasiaTebas da aRvniSnavT, rom misi (gv. 7-8), fridrix engelsis (gv.22) da Jan pol maratis (gv. 23) mecnieruli damuSaveba da Seswavla aucilebeli samomavlo saqmea. igi Zalze mniSvnelovani Zeglia aRniSnuli periodis saqarTvelos biografiebi. vrclad aris gadmocemuli leninis cxovreba da istoriisaTvis. 5 6
moRvaweoba (gv. 9-21), sadac masTan erTad misi 2892 qarTvelia, 974 berZeni, 872 rusi, 786 somexi, 167 ebraeli, TanamebrZolebis lev trockis, grigori zinovievis da sxvaTa 80 iraneli, 23 poloneli da 89 sxvadasxva erovnebisa. Sesaxebac bevri cnobaa. sal-names me-100 gverdze aWaris muftis moadgilis Semdgom mocemulia cnobebi saqarTvelos sabWoTa iskender efendis suraTia, Tumca masTan dakavSirebul sxva socialisturi respublikis xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb, maTi veranair cnobas ver vxvdebiT. fotosuraTebiT. Aqvea xelisuflebaSi aWaris warmomadge- sal-names momdevno nawili ganaxlebuli numeraciiT nelTa Sesaxeb cnobebic (gv. 24). iwyeba. masSi sxvadasxva saxis rCevebi da informaciaa sal-names 25-27-e gverdebi eTmoba aWaris istorias, rasac Tavmoyrili. mosdevs calke dasaTaurebuli statia (Tu SeiZleba ase me-8-10 gverdebze mocemulia yvela oficialuri uwyebis ewodos mas) ,,aWara da aWarlebi” (gv. 28-29), sadac bevri misamarTi, rac Cvenis azriT, interesmoklebuli ar unda saintereso cnobaa. iyos. 30-e gverdis saTauria: ,,aWaris avtonomiuri sabWoTa me-12 gverdze 1920 wlis aprilis da 1921 wlis dekembris socialisturi respublikis centraluri aRmasrulebeli monacemebis mixedviT aris monacemebi baTumisa da misi komiteti”. saTauris qvemoT komitetis Tavmjdomaris Taxsin Semogarenis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. irkveva, rom 1920 wels aq ximSiaSvilis da misi moadgilis Tengiz CiqneTis(?) 18372 mamakaci da 15870 qali cxovrobda, xolo 1921 wlis suraTebia. Semdeg or svetad mocemulia komitetis wevrTa bolos _ 17569 mamakaci da 18300 qali, mTlianobaSi 35869. sia, sul 30 kaci, romlebic sxvadasxva sferodan arian marto qalaqis mosaxleoba ki 1920 wels 30471-s, xolo 1921 warmodgenilni. wels 31720 kacs Seadgenda. baTumis istoria calke da ufro vrclad _ 31-34-e sal-names Semdeg nawilSi araerTi saintereso cnobaa. gverdebzea mocemuli. mocemulia informacia aWaraSi gamomavali presis Sesaxeb. Semdeg gverdebze Zalian vrclad aris gadmocemuli vrclad aris moTxrobili sxvadasxva dargze. aWaris muSaTa da glexTa pirveli yrilobis masalebi. dokumentis aseTi zogadi warmodgena ar gvaZlevs mocemulia yvela gamosvla TariRisa da yrilobis saSualebas dawvrilebiT vilaparakoT mis Sinaarsze. mimdinareobis dReebis mixedviT. dabeWdilia yrilobaze vfiqrobT misi mTliani gaSifvra, Seswavla araerT siaxles miRebuli yoveli gadawyvetileba. moutans Cvens istoriografias. sainteresoa aqve gadmocemuli axali xelisuflebis dRevandeli mdgomareobiT am dokumentis sxva egzemplari damokidebuleba muslimuri sasuliero pirebisadmi, romelic ar aris cnobili. igi arc manamde dafiqsirebula qarTul calke Tavad Semdegi saTauriT aris mocemuli: ,,1921 wlis istoriografiaSi. Tu rogor moxda igi arzrumis wignsacavSi aWaris muSaTa da glexTa sasuliero (samecniero) siezdi dReisaTvis - ucnobia. (yriloba)”. aqve am yrilobis monawileTa jgufuri fotosuraTia. vrceli informaciebia sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe saxal- xo komisarTa Sesaxeb. maT sias Tan erTvis ufros komisarTa fotosuraTebi. saintereso cnobebia sal-nameSi aWaris skolebis moswavleTa erovnuli Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. mocemulia cxrili, saidanac irkveva, rom skolis moswavleTa Soris
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fridon qardava citata: “maSin roca ruseTi awarmoebda somxeTis operacias, aWara profesor aleqsandr jakobs sCemis mniSvnelovan manevrebs hqonda adgili Savi zRvis wignSi `omi aRmosavleTSi, ruseTsa da TurqeTs sanapirosTan da kavkasiaSi. rusebma scades Seteva baTumze, erTaderT realurad mniSvnelobis mqone da marTlac karg portze sanapiroSi, romelic Turqebs ekavaT am regionSi, Turqebma ki Seteva warmarTes kavkasiis sanapiros Crdi- profesor sCemis (aleqsandrSoris~ jakobs sCemi 1826-1881) survils warmoadgenda aRmosavleTis problemis Seswavla loeTiT, ganizraxes musulmanur tomebSi gamoewviaT ajanyeba ruseT-TurqeTis omis WrilSi. sCemis es naSromi araa raTa gaewyvitaT ruseTis sakomunikacio xazi kavkasiis uSualod aWaraze, arc mTlianad saqarTveloze; wignSi mTebSi. saqarTvelo da kerZod aWara moxseniebulia, rogorc am Savi zRvis sanapiroze Turquli simagreebis, baTumisa da saomari Teatris sabrZolo asparezi. Cveni interesi am trapinzonis portebs Soris asTormetmiliani manZilia, naSromisadmi gamoiwvia iman, rom es wigni gamoica 1878 wels, sadac uvargisi, gauvali da kldiani gzaa. Bbiliki miuyveba omis damTavrebisTanave da sayuradReboa Tu rogor aRiq- sanapiros 12 kilometris moSorebiT da miemarTeba barCelis meboda im periodSi aRmosavleTis sakiTxi da problemebi mTis gavliT. radgan zRvaze Turqebi batonobdnen, maT amerikul samecniero wreebSi. ra Tqma unda profesor sCemis SeeZloT am gzebis moWriT ruseTis marjvena frTa azrebi da daskvnebi araa dasavleli mecnierebis saqar- moewyvitaT ZiriTadi nawilebisaTvis Tuki sworad Tvelosadmi damokidebulebis tipiuri nimuSi, magram mainc SearCevdnen poziciebs da droulad gaagzavnidnen razmebs. aqvs mniSvneloba misgan aRqmul aRmosavleTs. Cveni aseTi operaciisaTvis erTaderTi baza iyo baTumi, romelsac gansakuTrebuli cnobis wadili imanac gamoiwvia, rom hqonda adgilmdebareobiTi upiratesoba ruseTis SeteviTi cifrul enciklobediaSi _ vikipedia, ruseT-TurqeTis 1877- xazis winaaRmdeg. mas hqonda mSvenieri da mosaxerxebeli 1878 ww. omisadmi miZRvnil ganyofilebaSi, sCemis es wigni yure, romelic kargi gziT uerTdeboda Tbiliss da erT-erT istoriografiul wyarodaa miTiTebuli da yvela axalcixes, rusuli marjvena frTis bazas, da romelic am periodiT dainteresebuli mkvlevari Tu mkiTxveli mdinare WoroxiT ukavSirdeba samxreT qveynebs, romliTac aucileblad Tu ar waikiTxavs, gadaaTvalierebs mainc mas. SeiZleba komunikacia arTvinTan, mdinaris gayolebiT. naSromi aris 700 gverdiani. uSualod baTumis operaciaze Turqebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen baTums SenaerTebis bazirebisa saubaria VIII TavSi. saTauric Sesabamisia “operacia baTumsa da flotis Sekrebis sadgurad. Tuki Turqebis operacia da kavkasiaSi”. warmogidgenT ramdenime mniSvnelovan nawyvets warmatebiT Caivlida, kavkasiis sanapiroze gagzavnili am Tavidan. Tavs axlavs anotacia sadac asea ganmartebuli iqneboda daaxloebiT 19-20 aTasamde mebrZoli. amitomac iyo misi Sinaarsi: mniSvnelovani rusebisaTvis am portis dakaveba, an mtris Ooperacia baTumTan da kavkasiaSi garnizonis adgilze mocdena; maSin is ver imuSavebda baTumi _ misi rogorc navsadguris mniSvneloba _ general meliqovis marjvena frTis winaaRmdeg. baTumis rusebis ganxorcielebul aRebis operacias meTaurobda generali oklobJio. 1 maiss es winaaRmdeg Turqebis Seteva oficeri gamagrda muxaestates poziciebze da Seutia xucubnis simaRles mdinare kintriSis marcxena sanapiroze, kavkasiis tomebis asajanyeblad, umniSvnelo Sedegebi. mdinare romelic zRvas uerTdeba sazRvris samxreTiT. ი samxedro moqmedebebi mis gaimarTa gaafTrebuli brZola, romelSic ruseTma ganicada warumatebloba, Tumca mainc cdilobda dakavebuli soxumze da maTi mcdeloba 9 10
poziciis SenarCunebas, dakarga ra 128 kaci moklulisa da imave Tvis 27-is RamiT TurqTa meTaurma devriS faSam daWrilis saxiT. Turqebma 4000 kaciT Seafases rusuli moulodnelad datova poziciebi xucubanTan, umniSvnelo danakargi. Zalebis amara, ris gamoc xucubani daikaves rusebma, baTumze sazRvao Seteva iyo rusebis Semdegi gandevnes patara garnizoni da daisakuTres osmalTa banaki, warumatebloba. rusulma Tbomavalma “konstantinem” datova 10000 kacisTvis gamzadebuli kazarmebiT, aRWurvilobiT, sevastopoli 12 maiss oTxi torpedosmatarebeli naviT. arsenaliTa da sursaTiT. romelnic gauSves navsadgurSi Turqebis gemebTan dekembris bolos rusebma ganagrZes perioduli cecxlis misaerTeblad da gasanadgureblad. torpedoebis moZraoba gaxsna Turqul poziciebze, magram uSedegod. ianvris SeniSnes napiridan. Mmisces gangaSi, da navebi ukuagdes dasasrulamde situacia arsebiTad ar Secvlila.. oklobJiom davalebis Sesrulebis gareSe. brZola xmeleTis mxridan ver miaRwia gansakuTrebul warmatebas devriS faSas ganaxlda 23-sa da 28-Si roca Turqebi gandevnes samebis ganadgurebis saqmeSi. general komarovis kolonebTan simaRlidan, kintriSis marcxena sanapirodan. samxedro urTierTkavSiriT artanujSi 13-22-Si rusebma gaanadgures operacia gavrcelda mdinaris gayolebaze, adgilobriv mtris divizia, romelic idga baTumsa da arTvins Soris. mcxovrebTa daxmarebiT, gza SekeTda da rusuli batariebi rusulma Tbomavalma “konstantinem” isev Seutia Turqul gamagrdnen samebaSi. situacia ar Secvlila ramdenime kvira, flots baTumTan 26-Si da gagzavna torpedo naviT, romelmac Tumca Setakebebi TiTqmis yvela dRe grZeldeboda ivnisis miaRwia mizans da aafeTqa erT-erTi Turquli gemi. flotis bolomde, roca Turquli Zalebis ufrosad axali meTauri, danarCeni gemebi devriS faSam Seiyvana yureSi da Semdgom devriS faSa daniSnes, romelmac didi energiiT ganaaxla gagzavna konstantinopolSi. roca es gaigo generalma Setevebi. 23 ivniss axalma meTaurma ganacxada rom man aiZula oklobJiom 30 dekembers ieriSi miitana Turqul poziciebze, rusebi gaewviaT maTi batariebi da ukan daexiaT 1500 kaciani magram gamoaZeves ukan da mdinare kintriSamde daixia danakargiT daWrilisa da moklulis saxiT. samebisa da SesamCnevi danakargebiT. Turqebi Tavisi gegmisamebr xucubnis simaRleebi kvlav Turqebma daikaves. didi mTavari elodebodnen muslimanuri sarwmunoebis aRmsarebeli mixeili iuwyeboda rom 1 ivliss generalma oklobJiom tomebis ajanyebis ganaxlebas kavkasiaSi, im imediT rom isini “Tavisi jarebis koncentracia ufro moxerxebul poziciaze emxrobian Tanamorwmuneebs da ukmayofiloni arian rusuli arCia”. generalma oklobJiom Stabi gadaitana frontispira wesrigiT. maT imedi hqondaT ajanyebis rolis gazrdis da muxaestateSi. ESetakeba gamoirCeoda saocari gmirobiT orive imis, rom is imdenad saSiSi iqneboda ruseTisTvis, rom maT mxridan. rusebi, romlebic zedized kargavdnen poziciebs, yuradReba gadaetanaT ajanyebis Caqrobaze da armiis daJinebiT cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT teritoriebi uamravi mniSvnelovani nawili gaeyvana TurqeTis sazRvridan. garda oficris sicocxlis fasad, amitomac Turqebma ver SeZles amisa ramdenadac kavkasiaSi rusuli armiis sakomunikacio sagrZnoblad esargeblaT sakuTari gamarjvebiT. somxeTSi xazi kavkasiasa da evropul bazebs Soris gadis kavkasiur ori kompaniis intervalSi general oklobJios Zalebi qveynebSi da garSemortymulia miuvali mTebiTa da viwro ganlagebulni iyvnen viwro raionSi ruseT TurqeTisa da xeobebiT, es ajanyeba gauZnelebda mdgomareobas rusebs da ozurgeTis sazRvarTan, foTisa da wminda nikolozis SeiZleba gamoewvia maTi sruli marcxi. ajanyeba Tergis portebTan. ramdenime Tve Setakebebi ar ganaxlebula. raionSi seriozulad gaarTulebda sarkinigzo operaciebs artanuji, romelic adre aiRes da mcire xanSi isev dakarges Tbilissa da rostovs Soris, xolo ajanyebulebis mier rusebma, 17 noembers kvlav daikaves general komarovis vladikavkazis aRebis SemTxvevaSi sruliad Caketavda mas. SenaerTebma, romelic moqmedebda general oklobJiosTan tomebis Savi zRvis sanapiroebze moZraoba, romelTac SeTanxmebiT. noembris dasawyisSi ganaxlda baTumis dabombva. eqnebodaT TurqeTis flotis mxardaWera, romelic aSkara 11 12
upiratesobas flobda zRvaze, sazRvao gzas usargeblos kontroli afxazeTis sanapiroze. D10 aTasamde Turqi fazli xdida rusebisTvis, xolo saxmeleTo gza gasdevda mTebis faSas meTaurobiT gaigzavna ajanyebulTa dasaxmareblad. viwrobebsa da mwvervalebs da zRvis napirebs, kveTda magram rusebma Tergis olqSi Cqara CaaxSves ajanyeba. uamravi Zneli mdinare, da mTis Senakadi, iyo daucveli RonisZiebebi iqna gatarebuli afxazeTSi TurqTa gavlenis uamravi mebrZolisagan romelnic sakuTar miwas icavdnen winaaRmdeg, da afxazebi sanapiroebidan Sida raionSi gorakebidan Tu mindvrebze. EesQqveyana aris erTerTi gandevnes. Mmxaris ufrosad daniSnes general alxazovi imaTTagani sadac ajanyebis Caqroba iqneboda gansakuTrebiT (alxaziSvili) daaxmares jari yubanidan, ajanyebulebi Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki, Tavisi xSiri tyeebiTa da sacalfexo mxolod sanapiros umniSvnelo zols moedvnen da 40 bilikebiT ,romelic rukebzec araa aRniSnuli xolo miliTRa SeaRwies SigniT. TurqTa sazRvao upiratesoba adgilobrivma mcxovrebebma mSvenivrad ician. Aamitomac iyo sanapirosRa aRwevda Sida raionebs ki rusebi rom Turqebi omis dasawyisidan mravali Tvis manZilze ar akontrolebdnen da axSobdnen ajanyebebs orsave mxares, zogavdnen Zalisxmevas raTa aejanyebinaT mTieli xalxi. CrdiloeTsa da samxreTSi. amitomac TurqeTis xelisuflebam ajanyebis niSani gamoCnda kavkasiis sxva mxares, CeCnebs gadawyvita gamoeyvana sakuTari Zalebi kavkasiidan da isinic Soris; omis gamocxadebisTanave gamoacxades ajanyeba Tergis vinc mis mxardamWerebad moaiazrebodnen. devnilTa provinciaSi. gamoyvanas xelmZRvanelobda Sav zRvis flotis admirali admirali hasan faSa xuTi gemisagan Semdgari eskadroniT hovard faSa. afxazebma gadawyvites sargebeli enaxaT da aprilos dasasruls gamoemgzavra baTumidan, gauxsna cecxli miawydnen gemebs yvela mimarTulebidan, surdaT gadaeyvanaT rusebis simagreebs rionis pirad da 12 maiss miaRwia saqoneli trapinzonSi. EmigrantTa ricxvma miaRwia 50 aTass, gudauTis ports da gadmosxa iq 1000 Cerqezi romelTac romelTac mohyavdaT 1500 suli msxvilfexa saqoneli. Yvela, daemataT adgilobrivi mcxovrebni. 14 aprils eskadronma visac wasvlis survili hqonda, agvistos dasasrulamde, miaRwia soxumis cixes. soxumi aris qalaqi 16 aTasi gayvanil iqna TurqTa mier, mxolod 4 aTasi adamiani, mcxovrebiT, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, Turquli angariSiT, Cauvarda rusebs. soxumi 1 seqtembers kavkasiis erT-erTi uRaribesi portiT, foTis CrdiloeTiT mTlianad datoves Turqebma oTxTviani usargeblo alyis da afxazebis qveynis SuaSi. simagris pirveli dabombva Semdeg da is gadavida rusebis xelSi general alxazovis warumatebeli iyo, mowinaaRmdegis Rirseuli winaaRmdegobis meTaurobiT. ajanyebuli afxazebi male danebdnen. maTi gamo, qalaqis dabombva gagrZelda da portis ganadgurebas umetesoba gaasaxles cimbirSi. miuxedavad marcxisa Turqebis aRaraferi uklda roca Turqebma poziciebs Seuties da mier mxardaWerili ajanyebebi did safrTxes uqmnida rusebs aiRes. rusebma daixies. rusebma 18 aprils scades soxumis kavkasiaSi mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi. daRestanSi kvlav aReba, magram maTi Seteva mogeriebul iqna. Turquli ajanyebulebma TurqTa regularuli jarebis daxmarebiT mmarTvelobis dawyebidan mcire xanSi daiwyo ajanyeba gaanadgures rkinigzis nawili, magram isini daamarcxa rusebis winaaRmdeg afxazebs Soris. Samilis erT-erTi vaJi, axalgazrda Cerqezma oficerma romelsac rusuli skola xazi mehmed faSa, Camovida raTa moenaxulebina ajanyebuli hqonda damaTavrebuli. Tergis ajanyeba ki Caaqres ivlisSi. tomebi im imediT rom misi saxeli did mRelvarebas sabolood ajanyeba mTlianad daamarcxes Sua dekemberSi” gamoiwvevda ajanyebulTa Soris. Mmagram misi gavlena G(gverdi 361). sagrZnoblad iyo Semcirebuli, radgan misi Zma erTgulad baTumi, imdroisaTvis Turqebis mier okupirebuli emsaxureboda rusebs omSi, rogorc oficri, romelic teritoria, sCemis wignSi ganxilulia rogorc davis sagani gaigzavna kavkasiur tomebSi rusebisadmi loialobis ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris. Cvenda samwuxarod im periodSi SesanarCuneblad. Turqebma SeZles mTlianad daemyarebinaT arc istorikosebSi da arc politikur istebliSmentSi 13 14
rogorc Cans istoriuli samarTlianoba aravis axsovda da “ruseTis operaciis Stabi aris TbilisSi, saqarTvelos arc vinmes ainteresebda, rom araTu baTumi, mTeli artanuji, provinciis dedaqalaqSi, transkavkasiuri ruseTis arTvini da tao-klarjeTi ZirZveli saqarTvelo iyo da politikur da samxedro centrSi. es qalaqi evropul ruseTs swored aqedan daiwyo jer kidev xanZTelis sulierebiT ukavSirdeba samxedro gziT, romelic gadis vladikavkazze, liboCayrili xolo Semdeg bagrat mesamis mier kavkasionis mTebidam 90 kilometrze, saidanac xuTasi milis xorcSesxmuli saqarTvelos meored dabadeba da gaerTianeba. sigrZis rkinigziT ukavSirdeba rostovs, mdinare donze. es sCems ar gamorCenia yuradRebidan, ruseT-TurqeTis 1826-28 gza mTlianad SeiZleba daketos mterma vladikavkazis an ww. omis Semdgom daSvebuli, CvenTvis metad savavalalo darielis xeobis did yelTan, romelic aRwerilia Secdoma, roca gonebaClungi Cinosnebis gamoisobiT sazRvari kaliforniis ioserniTes xeobis analogiurad, romelzec ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris nacvlad Woroxisa Coloqze zRvis donidan rva aTasi futis simaRleze gadis gza. meore gavida da kidev naxevari saukuniT gadaido baTumis gza miemaerTeba Tbilisidan CrdilodasavleTiT, qerCSi- dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis Jami. mecnieri wers: quTaisis, rionis dablobisa da soxumkales sanapiros “baTumi ukve ruseTis iqneboda TurqeTis nacvlad, gaswvriv. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris aris sarkinigzo gza, adrianopolis 1828 wlis samSvidobo zaviT, rom ara romelic grZeldeba foTamde. es magistrali Tumca kargadaa moxeleebis sibrmave, romelsac arc ki moepoveba paraleli daculi, mainc usargeblo iyoA am omSi, radgan is uerTdeba istoriaSi. mzaddeboda SeTanxmebis winaswari varianti, arc Tu ise karg navsadgurs da aris daucveli TurqTa romliTac saxelmwifoTaSoris sazRvars unda gaevlo Semotevebisagan, romelnic gabatonebuli arian Savi zRvis mdinare Woroxze da baTumi rCeboda ruseTis aRmosavleT wylebSi da Tanac, es regioni romelzec is gza SemadgenlobaSi; magram moxelem, romelmac sabolooo gadis dasaxlebulia arasaimedo afxazuri tomiT” G(gverdi varianti moamzada, SecdomiT erT asos ar miaqcia yuradReba 257). da dawera Coloqi, riTac sazRvarma gadaiwia baTumidan cal-calkea ganxiluli balkaneTisa da kavkasiis ramdenime miliT Crdilo-dasavleTiT. roca Secdoma frontebi. kavkasiis frontis aRwerisas uzarmazari yurad- aRmoaCines ukve gviani iyo” gverdi.255 Reba eTmoba somxeTis sakiTxs. dawvlilebiTaa mimoxiluli sCemi ramdenjerme axsenebs lazeTs, aRniSnavs rom es somxeTis istoria, tigranidan moyolebuli am omamde. cal- qarTuli tomia da rom lazebi cxovroben Savi zRvis calke Tavebia miZRvnili somxeTis orive kompaniisTvis. aR- samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze. citata: niSnulia rom es teritoria, amJamad centraluri somxeTi- “Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiros mTebi aris istoriuli kolxeTi, sadac imogzaures argonavtebma; dasaxlebulia xalxiT georgianelebiT anu gruzinebiT, citata: saxelad lazebiT, isini aRwerili aqvs polkovnik yazbegs, “es midamoebi romelic iyo saomari moqmedebebis scena rogorc sasiamovno garegnobis, inteleqtualurad aziaSi, aris didad saintereso qveyana, romelsac aqvs gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul da mSvenier pirobebSi udidesi istoriuli warsuli. is iyo scena udidesi mcxovreblebad” (gverdi 160) mniSvnelovani eqspediciisa da sisastikisa ramodenome aTasi sainteresoa rom sCemi am informaciisaTvis imowmebs wlis manZilze. gadaWimuli kavkasiis mTebidan vanis tbamde polkovnik yazbegis wigns “sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi” da TurqeTis aRmosavleT sazRvridan erzrumamde, moicavs wignis dasawyisSi, omis mimoxilvisas, kavkasiis frontis istoriul kolxeTs, argonavtebis eqspediciis samiznes, aRweras istorikosi iwyebs Tbilisze saubriT da aRniSnavs pirvel mamacur mogzaurobas saberZneTis istoriaSi, da rom Tbilisi aris saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. citata. istoriuli somxeTis samefos centralur nawils.” (gverdi 255) 15 16
imTaviTve aRsaniSnavia rom SesavalSive, roca sCemi konteqstSi; bolosdabolos wignSi saubaria im movlenebze, mimoixilavs aRmosavleTis problematikas da TiToeul romelic saqarTvelos ZirZveli miwis saqarTvelos wiaRSi qveyanas: TurqeTs, ruseTs, avstriasa da ingliss, iqve aRwers dabrunebas exeba, miTumetes, rom es gaxldaT bolo dampyrobTa uRelqveS myof xalxebs, moixseniebs- Cerqezebs, SemTxveva, roca saqarTvelom adre dakarguli teritoria serbebs, somxebs.... samwuxarod aq saqarTvelo arc erT daibruna: mogexsenebaT, SemdgomSi saqarTvelo mxolod konteqstSi araa naxsenebi. kargavda sakuTari sulisa Tu sxeulis nawilebs, ZiriTadad wignis boloSi mimoxilulia omis monawile mefeebi, gareSe momxvduri imperiebis wamglejvelobiTi, dampyrob- sardlebi da oficrebi, am konteqstSi mokle biografiuli luri Jinisa da iSviaTad, magram mainc _ sakuTari uZRebi, aw FStrixebiTaa gadmocemuli ufliswul aleqsandre konstan- ukve saqarTvelos istoriul jojoxeTSi gadayril Tu tines Ze imeretinskis (bagrationis) pirovneba. gadasayrelad gamzadebuli Svilebis wyalobiT. “imeretinski, ufliswuli aleqsandre konstantines Ze, ruseTis imedismomcemi axalgazrda generali, aris aziuri
samefo warmoSobis, antikuri kolxeTis _ imereTis mefis literatura: STamomavali,. mamamisi atarebda imereTis ufliswulis
tituls. is daibada 1837 wels 1. aleqsandr jakobs sCemi, omi aRmosavleTSi, ruseTsa da paJTa korpusSi. 18 wlisa Cairicxa samxedro samsaxurSi, TurqeTs Soris, niu-iorki, 1978 (inglisur enaze) praporSikis wodebiT. msaxurobda kavkasiaSi 1856-dan 1859 wlamde. Semdeg dabrunda ru samxedro ganaTleba. Cairicxa da pirveli ganaTleba miiRo kapitani 1862 wels, miiRo ajanyebis CaqrobaSi da am samsaxurisaTvis miiRo pol-
kovnikis wodeba da daawinaurseTSi da daasrula Tavisi
karze. 1869 wels man miiRopirad SemadgenlobaSi rogorc varSavis samxedro gubernatorismonawileoba Tanamdeboba. polonelebis is ar monawileobda 1877 wlis kampaniis dasawyisSi, magram agvistoSi dainiSna dunaises adiutantad imperatoris diviziis meTaurad. man miaRgeneral-maioris wodeba da general skobelevTan 4 seqtembers lovaCis aRebisas da misi saxeli mTel evropaSi gaxda cnobili. misma saxelma yuradReba miipyro, roca 70gasamagreblad gagzavnili SenaerTi daamarcxa. princi wiaimeretinski brwyinvale dakavSirebuli gamarjvebas iyo saerTo jamSi,general vfiqrobT skobelevTan sCemis da monacemebsmis warmatebebTan didi plevnas aRebisas mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos12 seqtembers istoriis am metad saintereso da gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani epoqis 00 Sesaswavlad,mebrZoliT 20000 kaciani gansakuTrebiT ki baTumisa da saerTod aWaris imJamindeli savalalo da avbediTi mdgomareobis piruTvneli asaxvis 17 18
jemal karaliZe Seswavlis did saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelobaze: “me Zalian kargad vici, ramdenadaa Cemi “narkvevebi” arasruli, magram a. frenkelis Txzuleba “narkvevebi Curuqsusa da mainc gadavwyvite misi dabeWdva, radgan saimedo cnobebi baTumis Sesaxeb” _ XIX saukunis aWaris istoriis axladSemoerTebul mxareze ar arsebobs... vfiqrob, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaro TviTmxilvelis Canawerebi, romelic iyo mowme ruseTis mier baTumis dakavebisa, radenadme naTels gaxdis mdgomareobas, aWaris da saerTod, samxreT_dasavleT saqarTvelos romelic miiRes Cvengan TurqeTis qarTvelebma. Aam sakiTxis (“samuslimano saqarTvelos”) XVI-XIX s.s. istoriis Sesaxeb Seswavla Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan Cven aucileblad werilobiTi wyaroebi metismetad mwiria. viTareba arsebiTad unda davareguliroT Cveni urTierToba SemoerTebul Seicvala XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki provinciasTan da gavataroT ufro racionaluri zomebi 1877-1878 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, roca aWara baTu- baTumis danarCen ruseTTan SerwymisaTvis”. (Френкель, 1879:1). miTurT dedasamSoblos daubrunda. ruseTis xelisufleba avtori daufaravad miuTiTebs ruseTisaTvis baTumis axladSemoerTebuli mxaris safuZvlian Seswavlas gegmavda, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze. cnobilia, rom omis rac giorgi yazbegis mogzaurobiT jer kidev aWaris msvlelobaSi ruseTis jarebma baTumis aReba ver SeZles, ganTavisuflebamde cxadi gaxda. magram saerTo warmatebebiT aiZules osmaleTi daeTmo es a. frenkeli pirveli iyo, vinc berlinis kongresis gadaw- mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqti, Tumca TurqeTis mxare yvetilebis Semdeg imogzaura aWaraSi da Zalze sayuradRebo mis gadmocemas aWianurebda. carizmi aucileblobis cnobebi dagvitova. ufro zustad igi baTumSi ruseTis jaris SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebasac gegmavda. amis Sesaxeb a. Semosvlisa da aWaraSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis frenkeli wers: “ baTumisaken ruseTis jarebi daiZrnen sami uSualo monawile iyo. is werda: “ozurgeTidan 1878 wlis 22 mxridan: ozurgeTidan muxaestate-xucubnis mxridan modioda agvistos, adre diliT me msaxur-TarjimanTan erTad daviZari general alxazovis jaris guriis razmi general nuridis TurqeTis yofili sazRvrisken, muxaestates mimarTulebiT, meTaurobiT; arTvinis mxridan modioda general k. komarovis sadac idga CvenTan yvelaze axlos mdgari rusuli jari” kolona; q. axalcixidan (zemo aWariT) general treiteris (Френкель, 1879:3). muxaestatedan rusul nawilebTan erTad razmi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganzraxuli iyo foTidan da moemarTeba baTumisaken da gulmodgined aRwers yvelafers, nikolaevskidan sadesanto jarebis gadmosxma “ (Френкель rac sakuTari TvaliT naxa: “wignis masala me Sevkribe gzad 1879:6). Френкель, 1879: baTumisaken da baTumSi” ( 2) garda mis mier narkvevebSi avtori mravalmxriv da sayuradRebo cnobebs Sekrebili cnobebisa, igi iSveliebs, zogjer adarebs kidec gvaZlevs Cveni mxaris geografiis, aqaurTa Cacmulobis, erTmaneTs ufro adreul werilobiT dokumentebs _ d. xasiaTis, saqmianobis, sakulto nagebobaTa, administraciuli baqraZis, g. yazbegis, malmuzis, judiCis da sxvaTa mowyobisa da sazRvrebis, soflebis mixedviT mcxovrebTa monacemebs. raodenobis, osmalTa mier baTumis rusebisTvis gadacemis, a. frenkelis Sroma “narkvevebi Curuq-susa da baTumis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganwyobisa da ruseTis Sesaxeb” cenzuris 1879 wlis 2 agvistos nebarTviT daibeWda xelisuflebis miznebis Sesaxeb. TbilisSi a. mixelsonis stambaSi. igi moicavs TiTqmis 150 a. frenkeli mogviTxrobs osmalTa mmarTvelobis xanaSi gverds, iyofa 2 nawilad da 24 Tavad. lazistanis sanjayis administraciuli mowyobis Sesaxeb: wignis SesavalSi avtori mokrZalebiT saubrobs naSromze, “yofil lazistanis sanjaySi, romlis teritoriebzec SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom TviTkritikulic ki aris. magram Riad Camoyalibda axlandeli baTumis olqi, Turquli dayofiT miuTiTebs ruseTisTvis axladSemoerTebuli mxaris 19 20
iTvleboda 7 okrugi, anu nahie: baTumis, Curuq-sus meti mcxovrebi, maSin roca b-ni malmuzi (italiis konsuli (qobuleTis), zemo aWaris, qvemo aWaris, maWaxlis, livis baTumSi) miuTiTebs, rom 1873 wels baTumSi 4970 suli (arTvinis) da gonios, _ TiToeuli sasoflo Temi anu cxovrobda” (Френкель, 1879:60). baTumis okrugis mosaxleoba markiazi imarTeboda mosaxleobisagan arCeuli muxtaris aseT suraTs gvaZlevs: baTumis ubanSi cxovrobs 894 komli mier. ramdenime markiazi Seadgenda nahies, romelsac 3320 suli mamakaciT, kintriSis ubanSi _ 1259 komli 4887 marTavda mudiri. Tavis mxriv 2 nahie Seadgenda erT kazas suliT, gonios ubanSi _ 655 komli 2196 suliT. sul samive (mazras), romelsac marTavda baTumis mutesarifis ubanSi 2808 komli 10 405 suli mamakaciT. Qqalebis Sesaxeb (gubernatoris) daniSnuli kaimakami” (Френкель, 1879:4). aqve cnobebi ar aris” (Френкель, 1879:12). sayuradReboa calkeuli agviwers Curuq-sus nahies sazRvrebs. “... wm. nikolozis soflebis monacemebi: postidan (SekveTilis misadgomi) sazRvari mihyveba md. naSromi saintereso cnobebs gvaZlevs mosaxleobis Coloqis napirs, Semdeg auyveba guria-aWaris mTebs, Semdeg saqmianobis Sesaxeb. ganviTarebulia miwaTmoqmedeba, perangas mTidan perangas mTebis mTavari qedis gaswvriv mesaqonleoba, meabreSumeoba, xelosnoba _ ”qalaq baTumSi da (baTumis nahies sazRvrebisaken) da bolos SemoisazRvreba mimdebare soflebSi amzadeben mauds da Savi matylis Sals... Savi zRviT. Curuq-sus nahie arsebiTad moicavs md. kintriSis amzadeben spilenZis sxvadasxva sagnebs, vercxlis nivTebs, aq auzs” (Френкель 1879:4). arian kargi mWedlebi da maudis ostatebi” (Френкель, 1879:24), avtori aseve gvacnobs baTumis olqis administraciul ”Savi zRvisa da md. Woroxis maxloblad mcxovrebni mowyobas: “baTumis olqis Sesaxeb droebiTi debulebis iTvlebian brwyinvale zRvaosnebad” (Френкель, 1879:101), Tanaxmad baTumis mxare miekuTvna kavkasiis samxedro olqs vaWroba arc Tu ise ganviTarebulia _ ”baTumis vaWroba da daeqvemdebara kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardals, rogorc momavlis saqmea” (Френкель, 1879:44), ”vaWrebi umetesad samxedro, ise administraciuli TvalsazrisiT. olqis ucxoelebi arian” (Френкель 1879:45), ”baTumSi bevri duqania. adgilobrivi mmarTveloba Tavmoyrilia baTumis samxedro isini ganlagebulia sanapiroze, moednebze, quCebze... kargi guberniis xelSi... gubernators hyavs TanaSemwe, romelic maRaziebi saerTod araa” (Френкель, 1879:98) _ acxadebs samxedro gubernatoris aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, an misi avtori da xazs usvams baTumisaTvis portis gansakuTrebul brZanebiT, cvlis mas da Tavmjdomareobs saolqo mniSvnelobas _ ”mTeli arsi mis portSia” (Френкель, 1879:44), sasamarTlos... administraciuli TvalsazrisiT mxare iyofa igi ”Zalze moxerxebuli da Rrmaa, daculia yovelgvari sanapiro qalaq baTumad da sam okrugad: baTumis, arTvinis qarebisgan... portis moculoba da wylis siRrme SesaniSnavia... da aWaris. gacilebiT mniSvnelovania baTumis, rogorc savaWro centris baTumis okrugi Sedgeba sami ubnisagan: kintriSis, baTumis momavali roli. Mmxolod misi geografiuli mdebareoba da gonios. zRvis sanapirosTan, romliTac SeiZleba daukavSirdes arTvinis okrugi: arTvinis, artanujis da SavSeT_imerxevis Tbilissa da baqos erTi mxriv, xolo yarss meore mxriv, ubnebisagan. SesaZleblobas miscems baTums gaxdes trapezundis Zlieri aWaris okrugi: zeda aWaris, qveda aWaris da maWaxlis metoqe sparsuli saqonlis tranzitis sakiTxSi” (Френкель, Френкель, 1879: ubnebisagan ( 121,122). 1879: 89-93). a. frenkeli aWaris Sesaxeb metad mniSvnelovan narkvevebSi sayuradRebo cnobebia adgilobrivi statistikur cnobebs gvawvdis. Cans, rom baTumis mosaxleoba mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. avtori qobuleTelTa daxasiaTebisas omamdel periodTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia. ambobs: ”qobuleTeli yovelTvis SeiaraRebulia: iaraRis ”amJamad, omisa da gadasaxlebis Sedegad baTumSi araa 3000-ze gareSe arsad ar midis... Zalze moqnili, marTlmorwmune da
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moxdenilia, qobuleTeli SurismaZiebelia... qobuleTeli Tu ramdenad momgebiania, sasargebloa da amasTan qalebi Zalze lamazebi arian, maT uzarmazari gavlena aqvT gardauvalia maTTvis rusuli saqmianoba” (Френкель, 1879:6). ojaxSi... qobuleTelebma da saerTod, TurqeTis qarTvelebma a. frenkelis Txzuleba ”narkvevebi Curuq_susa Dda ar daiviwyes sakuTari warmomavloba da SeinarCunes ena da baTumis Sesaxeb” gvawvdis Zvirfas cnobebs XIX saukunis qarTvelTa yvela Cveuleba” (Френкель,1879:18-19). bolo meoTxedis aWaris istoriis Sesaxeb, romlis aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvidri mosaxleobis daxasiaTebisas a. gaTvaliswineba am periodis mkvlevarTaTvis friad frenkeli keTilganwyobilia. misi TqmiT aqaurebma aucilebelia. ”SeinarCunes pirvelyofili adamianis brwyinvale Tvisebebi, ”sakuTari istoriuli memkvidreoba” _ stumarTmoyvareoba, zneobrivi normebis patriarqaluroba, ufrosisadmi pativis- cema, mamacoba, piradi gambedaoba _ baTumis qarTvelebi unda miviCnioT xalxad, romelic ar gadagvarda da ar gafuWda”. literatura: (Френкель, 1879:18) swored amitom miaCnia mas ruseTisTvis araxelsayrelad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis muhajirad 1. Френкель 1879: Френкель А.Очерки Чурук- су и Батума. Тифлисъ wasvla: ”aseTma gadasaxlebam Cven SeiZleba dagvakarginos 1879 mamaci mosaxleobis kontingenti... ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom mcire azia male SeiZleba gaxdes Cveni ”saboloo” angariSebis asparezi TurqeTTan da mis mokavSire inglisTan. maSin Cven vinanebT ”mousvenar aWarlebze”, romelTagan A. Frenkeli’s composition “Essays on Churuk-Su and Batumi”- one of the ganTavisuflebasac axla ase vCqarobT. gadasaxlebulebma most important sources in the history of Adjara in XIX century SeiZleba Turqebs misces 20-30 aTasi kargi meomari, maSin roca adgilze darCeniT es brZolebSi gamocdili mamacebi SUMMARY iqnebodnen saimedo dasayrdeni Cveni azia-TurqeTis sazRvris am monakveTze (Френкель, 1879:130-131). In August 1878, A. Frenkeli entered Batumi with the bRussian army and Eexeba ra aWaraSi gadmosaxlebulTa (afxazTa, CerqezTa, described the scenery in his own book. There we meet diverse and interesting berZenTa, qurTTa) sakiTxs, a. frenkeli sakuTari xelisufle- notes about geography, administration and borders, the number of inhabitants, bis kritikasac ar erideba. ”afxazebi _ es baTumis erT-erT their character, activities, cultural buildings, the fact of giving Batumi to mtkivneuli adgilia. sadac ar unda moxvideT, yvelgan Russians by the Osmans, the mood of local inhabitants and the aims of the SexvdebiT am gaubedurebuli adamianebis mSier da damdnar Russian authorities. figurebs, romlebic soxumSi Cveni daudevrobis gamo That’s why “Essays on Churuk-Su and Adjara belong to the most important Turqebma wamoiyvanes aq, raTa Semdeg bedis anabarad number of sources in the history of Adjara in XIX century”. mietovebinaT” ( Френкель 1879:81).
Garada faqtebis uSualod aRwerisas a. frenkeli xelisuflebas gansazRvruli politikis gatarebas urCevs: ”Cveni mTavrobis mTavari sazrunavi unda iyos ara marto adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis ukmayofilebis gamowvevisa da maTTan Sejaxebis Tavidan acileba, aramed imaSi darwmuneba,
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revaz uzunaZe teritorias e.w. menavTobeTa (Tamaris) dasaxlebis CaTvliT.1 am mdgomareobis anarekli unda iyos toponimi orTabaTumi,^ baTumi Zvel evropul da rac Sua baTums anu Sua ubans niSnavs. qalaqis samxreTi sazRvari aRwevda md. barcxanamde. baTumi rom aRniSnuli osmalur wyaroebSi periodisaTvis sakmaod didi dasaxleba yofila amaze naTlad metyvelebs XIX saukuneSi SemorCenili qalaqis baTumis saqalaqo dasaxleba saTaves iRebs antikuri kedlisa da eklesiebis naSTebi. Sesabamisi cnobebis xanidan (s.yauxCiSvili, 1950-1951; a.kaxiZe, d.xaxutaiSvili, 1989; moSveliebiT dgindeba sami eklesiis adgilmdebareoba: erTi T.yauxCiSvili, 1987; a.inaiSvili, 1966). igi did ganviTarebas mdebareobda md. Yoroliswylis SesarTavTan; meore – amave aRwevs XII_XV s.s.-Si. wina aziaSi Turq-selCukebis mdinaris marcxena sanapiroze, SesarTavidan daaxloebiT 1 km- gabatonebam (XI-s.) mTlianad gadaketa saqarTvelodan is daSorebiT; xolo mesame eklesia mdebareobda md. bizantiaSi mimavali saxmeleTo gzebi. ramac saqarTvelosa barcxanis SesarTavTan axlos,^marjvena mxares (Я.Проскуряков, da bizantias Soris sazRvao urTierToba qalaq- 1905:35; i.beqiriSvili, 1978:4-5). gamoCenili istorikosi d. navsadgurebis, maT Soris baTumis, meSveobiT kidev ufro baqraZe, romelmac 1874 w. moinaxula baTumi,^ mogviTxrobs: intensiuri gaxada (T.beraZe. 1981:16; misive, 1989:71-72). amas warsulSi baTumi mdebareobda did movakebulze, yorolis- daemata isic,^rom Turq-selCukTa wina aziaSi gabatonebam da wylis marcxniv. am adgilze dRemde SemrCenilia didi gamudmebulma rbeva-TareSma gamoiwvia msoflio satranzito kedlis,2 ^eqvsi-Svidi eklesiis3 naSTebi (d.baqraZe, 1987:27). is gzebis (,,abreSumis gza”) saqarTveloSi gadmonacvleba faqtori, rom qalaqSi moqmedebda ramdenime eklesia,
(s.masxaraSvili, 2006:131), romlis erTi Sto gadioda baTumze. miuTiTebs mis masStaburobaze. igi axalcixe-Tbilisis gavliT miemarTeboda kaspiispireTisa XIII saukunis meore naxevridan gaxSirda italielTa da spareseTisaken,^ aqedan ki indoeTisa da CineTisaken savaWro urTierToba baTumTan. rac dakavSirebulia
(T.beraZe, 1981:167). Sesabamisad imata baTumSi cxovrebis italielebis mier azovisa da SavizRvispireTSi savaWro majiscemam. aRniSnuli procesi gansakuTrebiT win wavida koloniebis (kafa^ tamani....) daarsebasTan. saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblisa (1089-1125) da Tamaris mefobis (1184-1213) zRvispireTSi msgavsi dasaxleba iyo sebastopolisi /cxumi xanaSi. baTumi gaxda mniSvnelovani sazRvao qalaqi, sadac (T.beraZe. 1981:178-182; misive, 1983:28-31). Sesabamisad gaizarda Ruzas uSvebdnen qarTuli da ucxouri qveynebis almebiT evropaSi interesi da cnobebi baTumis Sesaxeb. ramac asaxva damSvenebuli gemebi. hpova savaWro-sanotaro dokumentebSi,^ elCebisa Tu mogzaur- baTumSi saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebis Sedegad swavlulTa CanawerebSi, maT mier Sedgenil rukebze gaizarda qalaqis mosaxleoba. erTi cnobis Tanaxmad am (a.TvaraZe, 2004; e.mamisTvaliSvili, 1980; misive, 1981; periodis baTumSi cxovrobda 30 aTasamde kaci (T.beraZe, T.gvancelaZe, 1997; Б.Гогия, 2005). aRniSnul masalebSi baTumi 1981:183). amave cnobiT foTSi cxovrobda 3-4 aTasi,^ soxumSi - gvxdeba saxelebiT: vati (Vati),^ lovati (Lovati),^ vaTani 3 aTasi kaci. prof. T. beraZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, (Vathan),^ boTani (Bothan)... (e.mamisTvaliSvili, 1980:113; misive, monacemebi baTumis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb erTob 1981:55-64). evropul sazRvao rukebze baTumi miTiTebulia gadaWarbebulia. magram erTi ram cxadia: im droisaTvis cixe-qalaqis aRmniSvneli kartografiuli niSnebiT. j. baTumi warmoadgenda ricxvmraval qalaqs. sadac cxovreba gastoldis rukaze baTumTan axlos gamosaxulia ialqniani Zalumad Cqefda. gemi. rac mianiSnebs,^ rom baTumi warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan izrdeba qalaqis dasaxleba. igi moicavda SesarTavidan sanavsadguro qalaqs (T.gvancelaZe, 1997:33). am periodis md. yoroliswyalis marcxena sanapiros gayolebiT vrcel
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baTumi warmoadgenda feodaluri xanis tipiur qalaqs. mosaxleoba ganicdida Seviwroebas imis^ gamo, rom qris- mosaxleoba@,,qalaqis mkvidrni” misdevda xelosnobas, tianebi arian. igi SeniSnavs:@,,baTumi saqarTvelos navsad- vaWrobas, naosnobas da navT keTebas, Tevzis rewvas. 1426 w. guria” (m.TamaraSvili, 1902:138). rac miuTiTebs,^ rom am baTumi mounaxulebia germanel mogzaur hans Siltbergers. periodis baTumi garkveulad inarCunebda damoukideblobas,^ Tavis @,,mogzaurobis wignSi” mogviTxrobs: mivediT megrilis Semoifargleboda osmaleTisaTvis xarkis gadaxdiT. osmalu- (samegrelos) mxaris mTavar qalaq vaTanSi (baTumi),^ romelic ri wyaroebis mixedviT XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,^ zRvasTan mdebareobs (e.mamisTvaliSvili, 1980:108). baTumis baTumis cixeSi,^ dampyrobTa garnizoni ar Cans. aseve, moxsenieba mTavar qalaqad miuTiTebs,^ rom igi warmoadgenda aRniSnuli wyaroebis mixedviT baTumis cixeSi osmalTa msxvil zRvispira dasaxlebas. mecixovne razmi Camdgara XVII s-is 90-ian wlebSi (n.Sengelia, baTumis istoriis erT-erT sayuradRebo epizods 1987). 1704 wels CautarebiaT cixis sarekonstruqcio samuSa- warmoadgens 1445 w. aprilSi burgundielTa Tavdasxma qalaq- oebi (n.Sengelia, 1987:80-81). viTarebis Sesabamisad cixeSi ze. isini katarRiT miadgnen baTums. Seecadnen gadmoesxaT idga 150-dan 500-mde mecixovne4 (n.Sengelia, 1987:50,69-70,178,185- desanti da gaeZarcvaT qalaqi,^ sadac aRmosavleTisa Tu 186). vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT @,,baTumi mcire qala- dasavleTis qveynebidan Semodioda didZali saqoneli. qi” iyo,^ romelsac kargi cixe hqonda (qca, IV, 1973:176). qalaqis damcvelebma momxvdurebi sastikad daamarcxes, maTi osmalebis batonobis xanaSi baTumi inarCunebda Tavis meTauri Jofrua de tuazi ki tyved Caigdes. tuazi mniSvnelobas. aq savaWrod Camodiodnen saqarTvelos Sida baTumelTa tyveobaSi imyofeboda erTi Tve. trapizonis raionebidan (r.uzunaZe, 2001:73). imperatoris SuamdgomlobiT moxerxda qarTvelTa tyveobidan XVIII saukuneSi iwyeba saqalaqo centris TandaTanobiT misi ganTavisufleba (T.beraZe, 1983/36; misive, 1989:145-146; gadanacvleba samxreTiT,^yures mimarTulebiT. es intensiuri T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003:218). xdeba XVIII s-is meore naxevridan. rac ganpirobebuli iyo 1472 wlis zafxulSi^ genuel vaWrebTan erTad baTumSi imiT, rom md. yoroliswylis SesarTavTan mowyobili qalaqis Camosula venecieli diplomati da mogzauri iosafat Zveli navsayudeli ukve mouxerxebeli iyo didi sazRvao barbaro. igi saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis im periodis gemebisaTvis, samxreTiT ki saamisod moxerxebuli bunebrivi baTumis Sesaxeb. i. barbaro baTums (Vathi) moixseniebs pirobebi arsebobda. osmaluri gemebi swored aq Cerdebodnen qalaqad. misive cnobiT mimoqcevaSi yofila qarTuli TeT- (И. Кальфоглу, 1905:41). yures garSemo gaSlili vrceli ri (И.Барбаро, 1971:138-13). 1474 wlis ivnisSi baTumi moinaxula dablobi SesaZleblobas iZleoda axali saqalaqo ubnebis veneciis elCma sparseTSi ambrojo kontarinim. misi gasaSeneblad. daxasiaTebiT baTumi iyo cixe qalaqi. sainteresoa konta- rinis cnoba,^rom evropelebi SemaxaSi mosaxvedrad S e n i S v n e b i amjobinebdnen mgzavrobas baTum-axalcixis gziT (И.Барбаро, 1971:215-216). 1. aRniSnulis Taobaze saintereso cnobas gvawvdis XVI saukunidan mZime periodi daudga saqarTvelos. i.kalfoRlu,@baTumis mkvidri moxuci glexebi mogviTxroben^ osmalebma sxva qarTul teritoriebTan erTad 1578-1579 rom yirimis omis win md. Culkuba (skurkuba-mcire mdinare^ wlebSi daikaves baTumi (T.beraZe, 1981:82; misive, 1989:214). moedineba yof. navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis teritoriaze, daRmavlobas ganicdis xelosnoba,^ vaWroba, zRvaosnoba. r.u.) adidda da gadarecxa sanapiro mindvrebi^ romelTa qveS 1614 wels baTums ewvia frangi misioneri,^iezuitebis gamoCnda SenobaTa nangrevebi da saZirkvelebi, (Кальфоглу ordenis warmomadgeneli lui granJe. misi TqmiT aqauri И.И,1905:40-41).
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2. igulisxmeba baTumis cixis naSTebi, rogorc irkveva 11. a. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli isto- baTumi warmoadenda sakmaod kargad gamagrebul cixe- riisaTvis (wina antikuri da antikuri xana). – sdsZ., XVIII, simagres^ romelsac gaaCnda `Sida cixe~ (a.kaxiZe, d. Tb., 1989. xaxutaiSvili^ 1989:46-47)& 12. a. kaxiZe, saqarTvelos zRvispireTis antikuri xanis 3. zogierTi maTgani i. proskuriakovs 1842 wels jer qalaqebi, Tb., 1971. kidev daungreveli daxvedria. erT maTgans Zveli moxa- 13. a. kaxiZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi tuloba amSvenebda (Я . Проскуряков, 1905:3). Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. – sdsin., I, Tb., 2007. 4. saqarTvelos zRvispira regionebTan garTulebuli 14. И. Кальфоглу, Древнейшие известия о Батумье,- ИКОИРГО, mdgomareobis gamo 1704 w. baTumis cixeSi Caayenes osmalTa XVIII т. №1, Тифлис, 1905. 600 kaciani garnizoni (n.Sengelia, 1987:178; Т.Берадзе, 1989:221- 15. s. masxaraSvili, matiane qarTvelTa, Tb., 2006. 222). 16. Проскуряков Я., Заметки о Турции. ИКОИРГО., кн.ХХУ, Тифлис, 1905, 17. r. uzunaZe, naosnobis istoriidan baTumis ilqSi, baTumi, literatura: 2001. 18. qarTlis cxovreba t, IV. Tb., 1973. 1. d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da 19. s. yauxCiSvili, antikuri masalebi baTumis istoriisaT- aWaraSi, baTumi, 1987. vis. – quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. V, quTaisi, 2. T. beraZe, zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1981. 1950-1951. 3. T. beraZe, saqarTvelos sazRvao vaWrobis istoriidan XII- 20. T. yauxCiSvili, antikuri wyaroebi baTumis istoriisaT- XV ss - ,,macne,” istoriis seria, 1983 # 2. vis. – sdsZ, XVI, Tb., 1987. 4. T. beraZe, genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebi SavizRvis- 21. n. Sengelia, XVI-XVIII saukunebis osmaluri dokumenturi pireTSi XII-XV ss-Si. – saqarTvelos enciklopedia, t. I, wyaroebi, I Tb., 1987. Tb., 1977. 5. Т. Берадзе, Мореплавание и морская торговля в средневековой Грузии, Тб., 1989.
6. Барбаро Иосафат, Путешествие в Тану. Барбаро и Контарини о
России, Л.,1971. 7. T. gvancelaZe, 1561 wlis ucnobi italiuri ruka da afxazTa istoriuli samSoblos lokalizacia. Jurn. ,,artanuji”, 1997 #6. 8. n. vaSakiZe, aWara elinistur xanaSi (meurneoba, saerTa- Soriso savaWro kavSirebi). – sdsin, I, Tb., 2007. 9. al. TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi, Tb., 2004. 10. a. inaiSvili, baTumis istoriisaTvis axali arqeolo- giuri gaTxrebis safuZvelze. – kavkasiis xalxTa istoriisa da arqeologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1966.
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Sorena maxaWaZe momdgari, mkerdze gadaxsnili zedatani, romelSic Ria feris moJileto-moperango xifTani mosCans. Sarvali romani aWarisa da aWarlebis Sesaxeb TeZoebze ganieria, barZayebsa da wvivebze ki mWidrod /artur zutneris ,,aWarlebi"/ SemokvarTuli, welze Semokruli kuSagiT _ ganieri, zoliani abreSumis SarfiT... (zutneri, 2007:32. ,,uamravi xeobiTa da viwro uReltexilebiT daRaruli aWarelTa ,,mxedruli da masobrivi cekvebis... Sesruleba ki mcire kavkasioni bunebriv zRudes qmnis, romelic baTumis did simardesa da sifrTxiles moiTxovda, radgan olqs, erTi mxriv, mcire aziis TurqeTisagan, meore mxriv ki mocekvaveebi almasiviT pir-basr, wvetian xanjlebs xan _ saqarTvelosa da somxeTisagan hyofs. Tavdapirveli mkerdTan miitandnen xolme, xan ki safeTqlebTan da odnav mosaxleoba qeds iqiT zRvamde gadaWimuli am mxarisa, uzustobas SeiZleboda mZime Sedegi mohyoloda" (zutneri, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi gvamcnoben, wminda qarTuli 2007:33). anu qarTveluri tomisa iyo... Widaoba, asparezoba, jiriTi Tu SurduliT qvis tyorcnac bolos aWarlebic aiZules, eRiarebinaT TurqTa batonoba. maTi gasarTobi iyo. sulis siRrmeSi umetesoba mainc erTguli rCeboda Zveli aWarlebi stumarTmoyvareobiTac gamoirCeodnen. aWareli rwmenisa da warmomavlobisa, romliTac odesRac maTi maspinZeli yvelafers akeTebs, raTa stumrebs asiamovnos da winaprebi amayobdnen." /artur zutneri/ dauviwyari dro gaatarebinos Tavis mamulSi. romanSi enciklopedia ,,aWaris" mTavari samecniero redaqciis aRwerilia Serif-faSas stumroba jambek TaguiriZis ojaxSi iniciativiTa da egidiT gamomcemloba ,,inteleqtma" dabeWda _ sxalTaSi, romlis umSvenieresi sasaxle da misi germaneli mwerlis artur zutneris romani ,,aWarlebi," garemomcveli buneba waruSlel STabeWdilebas axdens romelic germanulidan Targmna rusudan RvinefaZem. mnaxvelze: ,,sofel sxalTas zemoT, serze gadmomdgariyo romani sainteresod ikiTxeba, Tumca, vfiqrobT, mis mSvenieri sasaxle, romelic Tavisi dakbiluli qongurebiTa mxatvrul Rirsebebze metad mkiTxvels miizidavs da da daxvewili verandebiT saamo sanaxaobas warmoadgenda... daainteresebs ruseT-TurqeTis omisdroindeli aWaris kedlebisa da Weris nakveTi ornamentebi did darbazebSi istoriuli, socialur-politikuri Tu eTnografiuli gamorCeul gemovnebasa da mxatvrul alRos amJRavnebdnen. sinamdvile, ucxoelis TvaliT danaxuli ZirZveli qarTuli misaReb darbazebs marmariloTi mopirkeTebuli monumenturi kuTxisa da mis mcxovrebTa cocxali, kolorituli saxe- buxrebi amSvenebda, romlebic aqauri qvismTlelebis suraTebi. ostatobasa da mxatvrul gemovnebaze metyvelebda.... romanis pirveli striqonidan bolomde mkiTxvels ar saxlis Semogarenic iseTive STambeWdavi iyo, rogorc tovebs imis SegrZneba, rom avtori kargad icnobs im masalas, misi interieri" (zutneri, 2007 : 22). romelzedac muSaobs, aRfrTovanebulia im peizaJebiT, evropeli avtori gansakuTrebiT dautyvevebia aWaris romelTac aseTi momxiblavi ferebiT xatavs, saocari bunebis simdidresa da mravalferovnebas, Tbil, kaSkaSa, pativiscemiTaa gamsWvaluli im maRalzneobrivi, msuye ferebs, egzotikur mcenareTa siuxves, romelTac ,,iq, keTilSobili adamianebis mimarT, vis cxovrebasac asaxavs, an evropaSi, didi gaWirvebiT axareben minis saTburebSi, aq ki vis portretebsac qmnis. Ria cis qveS, sarevelasaviTaa modebuli" (zutneri, 2007 : 13). artur zutneri dawvrilebiT aRwers aWarelTa yofas, maT ai, erTi magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor xatavs artur zutneri Cacmulobas, zne-Cveulebebs: ,,aWarlebisa da gurulebis aWaris peizaJs: ,,mzis Casvlisas brinjis yanebidan wamosuli erovnuli samosi kavkasiaSi yvelaze moxdenilia: mokle, TeTri nisli sanapirosaken miikrifeboda, mzis ukanaskneli sxivebi mas wiTlad Rebavda da gaumWvirvale mandils 31 32
warmoqmnida, ise rom mxolodRa gacrecili gadabiZguli simarTlismoyvare jambekis, SurisZiebis grZnobiT anTebuli wylis zedapiri Canda, romelic brinjis naTesebis elizbasa da megobrebisaTvis Tavdadebuli axmedisa Tu moyviTalo-TeTr ayvavebul TavTavebamde iyo gadaWimuli" darias dasamaxsovrebel saxe-xasiaTebs. eseni arian ,,suliT (zutneri, 2007 : 14). da xorciT aWareli, farTo gagebiT ki qarTveli" avtorma kargad icis, rom aWarlebi ,,wminda qarTuli anu patriotebi, romlebic ,,gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas qarTveluri tomis" xalxia da miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,islami aniWebdnen TavianT ZvelqarTul warmomavlobas", romlebic xuTi saukunis manZilze ganuwyvetliv yovel Rones xmarobda, ,,mzad iyvnen sicocxle gaewiraT, raTa mama-papaTagan ZaliT gaenadgurebina es Zveli erovnuli mexsiereba, dResac memkvidreobiT miRebuli uflebebi mCagvrelebisagan daecvaT" miwis yoveli goji, yoveli mtkaveli aq qarTvelTa (zutneri, 2007 : 108), TavdadebiT ebrZolaT uRirsi mkvidrobaze mowmobs" (zutneri, 2007 : 7). dampyroblis winaaRmdeg, romelic maT saukuneTa ufro meti, mas Semdeg, rac ,,meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi ,,sisxlian cremlebs adenda", Seuracxyofda maT dasawyisSi gamarjveba islams darCa, mas Semdeg, rac erovnul suls, tradiciebs, fexqveS Telavda maT Rirsebas. yovelives, rasac ki qristes saxeli erqva, sastiki brZola jambeki, elizba da sxva aWareli patriotebi swored gamoucxades," aWarlebis umetesoba ,,sulis siRrmeSi mainc ,,qveynis siyvarulma, misi umdidresi istoriisadmi mowiwebam" erTguli rCeboda Zveli rwmenisa da warmomavlobisa, daapirispira dampyroblebTan, Tumca, samwuxarod, aWaris romliTac odesRac maTi winaprebi amayobdnen". aWarlebs mosaxleoba mxolod aseTi Tavdadebuli patriotebisagan ar yovelTvis axsovdaT da eamayebodaT, rom qarTvelebi Sedgeboda, aqa-iq sarevelasaviT gamoereodnen xolme ,,mravali aseuli wlis winaT ufro maRal safexurze idgnen, renegatebi, romelTaTvisac mamoZravebeli Zala mxolod vidre maTi axlandeli mbrZaneblebi" (zutneri, 2007 : 229). sakuTari keTildReoba iyo, am miznis misaRwevad isini romanSi cocxldeba XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis aWara, arafers eridebodnen: qveynisa da xalxis Ralats, roca ,,sul ufro da ufro gausaZlisi pirobebis Sedegad mkvlelobas, usamarTlobas. maTi galerea sakmaod Wreli da moZraoba daiwyo, romelic droulad CaaxSes" (zutneri, 2007 : mdidaria: Serif-faSa fariseveli, arafrismaqnisi guberna- 9), roca mosaxleobis ganukiTxavma Zarcva-glejam, xelisu- toria, visTvisac xalxis gasaWiri, mkvidri mosaxleobis falTa Tavgasulobam da TviTnebobam piks miaRwia, roca interesebi fuW sityvebad qceula da vinc Tavisive uxvad nebismieri moxele ,,Tavis TemSi Tavs patara mefed grZnobda," dafrqveul dapirebebs arasodes ar asrulebs, sisastikiT maTi umTavresi sazrunavi ki xalxis xarjze gamdidreba iyo. gamoirCevian hasan-begi da rejib-xani, ToTia koCaliZe da miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodisaTvis baTumi iqca neit- murza-xani, saeWvo gzebiT _ yaCaRoba-ZarcviT gamdidrebuli ralur teritoriaze mdebare mowinave postad, ucxoeTTan adamianebi. maTTvis xalxi brboa, ,,brbo ki unebisyofo faraa, gacxovelebuli vaWrobis centrad, gaixsna sxvadasxva qveynis romelic imas emorCileba, visac yvelaze grZeli maTraxi sakonsulo, mkvidri mosaxleobis keTildReobas amiT aqvs da misi kargad gadaWerac exerxeba" (zutneri, 2007 : 124). araferi Sematebia, piriqiT, madagaxsnili xelisufalni kidev am garewrebis ,,yvelaze naRdi devizia": ,,yvelaferi sakuTari ufro aviwroebdnen da gausaZlis gadasaxadebs akisrebdnen TavisTvis, araferi sxvebisTvis; ar arsebobs ufro saimedo adgilobriv mcxovrebT. swored am adamianTa cxovrebis, da madlieri arseba, vidre sakuTari me" (zutneri, 2007 : 186), siyvarulisa da brZolis, gamarjvebisa da damarcxebis isto- Tumca Tavisuflebisa da simarTlisaTvis mebrZoli erT rias aRwers zutneri Tavis romanSi. muStad Sekruli xalxis risxvas verc erTi maTgani ver mwerali mouxiblavs aWarelTa Sinaganad keTilSobil, gadaurCa. amay, marTal, vaJkacur da gmirul bunebas, amitomac aseTi artur zutneri maxvili Tvalis mweralia. mas kargad aqvs siyvaruliT Zerwavs igi mSvenieri Tamarisa da SemCneuli da gadmocemuli aWarelTa erTi gamorCeuli 33 34
Tviseba: mSvidobismoyvareoba da humanizmi. aWareli yvelaze ramaz surmaniZe metad mSvidobas ufrTxildeba, cdilobs nebismieri saSualebiT mis SenarCunebas, Tumca omis SemTxvevaSi arc AHFYUB VJUPFEHT,B xifaTsa da brZolaSi Tavdadebas gaurbis. CFMFHSDTKJIB ~FZFHFIB` aWarelTa xasiaTi mSvenivrad aris gamokveTili romanis erT-erTi yvelaze simpaTiuri gmiris jambek TaguiriZis wyj,t,c cfmfhsdtkjib ahfyusf xfvjcdkfpt d[dlt,bs sfvfh saxeSi, ,,romlis gonebac TmaSevercxlili brZenisas ar vtabc tgjmblfy6 ,fcbkb tpjcvj'qdhbc s[pekt,fib6 nhfgbpjybc Camouvardeba, romlis guli mxolod sikeTisa da rtbcfhsfy fktmcb rjvytyjcsfy vbvfhst,fib6 fuhtsdt sfvfhbc ! samarTlianobisTvis Zgers". jambeki cdilobs qveyanaSi itmt,f-[jn,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs7 gamefebul usamarTlobaze, meqrTameobaze, ukanonobaze vjvltdyj wyj,f tresdybc ;fvsffqvothtkc6 hjwf bub t[t,f fctdt nhfgbpjybc cfrtbchjc6 rth'jl stvehktyubc vbth rtbchbc Tvalebi auxilos Serif-faSas, Caagonos, rom mZarcvel idbkbc itg.hj,fc7 vbc ufvjcf[cytkfl xfvjcekf cfahfyutsbc moxeleTa dausjeli parpaSi bolos da bolos saerTo- tkxb6 hjvtkcfw ufesfdbceakt,bf rtbchbc idbkb7 stveh ktyuc saxalxo ajanyebas gamoiwvevs, Tumca misi yvela cda marcxiT vbcsdbc e,j't,bf cfvtaj cfvjctkb lf c[df cfxemht,b lf mTavrdeba, ufro meti, Tavgasuli, xelSeuxeblobaSi ufecnevht,bf7 xdtysdbc fhff wyj,bkb fv tkxbc dbyfj,f7@ darwmunebuli moxeleebi adrindelze Tavxedurad iqcevian ,thb tuyfnfidbkbc wyj,bs ahfyut,b tcoht,jlyty mtstdfy da dausjelad awiokeben mosaxleobas. ltljakbc ofvt,fc6 hjvtksfw 3fbqtc ovbylfyb yfobkyb ovblbcf icvlebian saukuneebi, epoqebi, magram ar icvleba is mtstdfybcyb ahfyusf lf ofhbqtc sdbcsf sfyf yfobkfl6 [jkj maradiuli faseulobebi, riTac aTaswleulTa manZilze [tkb lf vrkfdb ,fnjyc stbvehfpc ufvjeupfdytc37# modioda qarTveli kaci: sikeTe, mSveniereba, keTilSobileba, !^!$ otkc cfmfhsdtkjc todbf btpebnt,bc jhltybc samarTlianoba, megobris erTguleba da, rac mTavaria, ofhvjvflutytkb keb uhfy;t ~!%%@-!^!%`7 vbcb fyufhbit,b sakuTari miwisa da xalxis gamZafrebuli siyvaruli _ ufvjmdt.ylf !(!% o7 s,bkbcib7 fm yfsmdfvbf5 2xdty ufudfahs[bktc6 aseTad dainaxa evropelma mweralma XIX saukuneSi aWareli hjv ufpfa[ekbc lfcfo.bcib6 jpty-afifcsfy thsfl6 kaci da aseTad darCa igi ori saukunis Semdegac, amitomac ufdtvupfdht,jlbs nhfgtpeynib6 [jkj itvltu cfvtuhtkjib7 ase amayad ambobs igi dResac: afifc ceksfybcfufy lfdfkt,ekb /mjylf cfvtuhtkjc lf uehbbc ,,ididgule, rom amferi vsfdht,sfy vjkfgfhfrt,f37 vbcbjythb gbhdtkfl rjycnfynbytgjkib xfdblf6 cfblfyfw aWareli gyavda gana!" (gorgilaZe 2006:14) uftvupfdhf cfvtuhtkjib7 vfc sfy f[klf lfv[vfht vjhxbkb 'vf
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vjupfeht,b thsb sdt nhfgbpjyib itxthlyty6 [jkj fmtlfy literatura: hbptib xfdblyty5 3cjatkb hbpt xdtyb afifc cfvij,kjf ~t7 b7 afif kfpbf6 h7 c7`7 fm w[jdhj,c vbcb vstkb j]f[b7 tc cjatkb6 1. gorgilaZe z. rCeuli, baTumi, 2006 c[df ,tdh cjatksfy thsfl itlbc kfpt,bc mdt.fyfib7 cjakbc 2. zutneri a. ,,aWarlebi". baTumi, 2007 nhfgtpeynbc v[fhtc ,th'yekfl kfgfhfrj,ty6 [jkj 3. rusTaveli SoTa, ,,vefxistyaosani." Tbilisi, 1974. cfmfhsdtkjc v[fhtc vtuhekfl3 ~kfpehfl6 h7 c7`7 keb uhfy;t ths-thsb gbhdtksfufyb rfhufl fqothc ufveckbvfyt,bc ghjwtcc lf fv cfmvtib trjyjvbreh cfymwbt,c6 v'bvt uflfcf[flt,c vfspt6 dbyw vf/vflbfyj,fpt efhc fv,j,lf7 uhfy;tv vjbs[jdf utvblfy yfgbhpt uflfcdkf6 vfuhfv fvbc eakt,f afifv fh vbcwf bvbc ibibs6 hjv bc vjcf[ktj,fib 35 36
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oTar gogoliSvili gagzavnili iqna vaWrebisa da xojebis saxiT ,,axalgazrda Turqebis” momxre xalxi. emisrebi gaigzavna volgaze, didi saxelmwifoebis baTumis olqiT daintereseba yirimSi, Sua aziasa da kavkasiaSi.Ggamomdinare aqedan miiReT pirveli msoflio omis win gadamWreli zomebi, raTa kavkasiaSi, CvenTvis strategiulad am mniSvnelovan mxareSi, mtrebma ver awaarmoon 1914 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi. am omSi ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. amis didi survili maT eqnebaT, erTmaneTis pirispir idgnen erTis mxriv: germania, avstria, radgan isini didi xania ocneboben Cvens gamoZevebas bulgareTi da TurqeTi da meore mxares ki inglisi, kavkasiidan da iq gabatonebas. gevalebaT: 1) daaweseT safrangeTi, ruseTi. am omSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira emisrebze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, 2) yuradReba kavkasiis regions, gansakuTrebiT ki baTumis olqs. 1914 wlis gaamaxvileT panislamuri ideebis gavrcelebaze da sastikad wina periodis TiTqmis yvela mimowera imperiis centridan win aRudeqiT mas yoveli saSualebebiT, 3) daaweseT kavkasiaSi Seexeboda baTumis olqs da iq mimdinare TvalTvali yvela ucxoelze, gansakuTrebiT mahmadianebiT politikur procesebs. Cven, ruseTis, kerZod peterburgisa da dasaxlebul adgilebSi, 4) gansakuTrebiT kontrolze moskovis, Tbilisisa da baTumis arqivebSi xangrZlivi aiyvaneT is xojebi, romlebmac ganaTleba miiRo ucxoeTis muSaobis Sedegad gamovavlineT ara erTi oficialuri sasuliero centrebSi”. [1]. aseTi werilebi metropoliidan dokumenti, romelic Seexeba swored zemoTTqmuls. ara erTi gamoigzavna. Tavis mxriv kikavkasiis mefisnacvali gamomdinare aqedan mizanSewonilad migvaCnia farTo avalebda baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators, radgan es sazogadoebisaTvis migvewodebina ara erTi saarqivo olqi gansakuTrebiT axlos mdebareobda TurqeTTan da dokumenti, romelic aaSkaravebs mefis ruseTisa da sulTnis centridan gamogzavnil yvela werilSi moxseniebulia es TurqeTis mglur, eqspansionistur politikas. es sainteresoa olqi. 1913 wlis 30 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvlis imdenad, ramdenadac dRes saqarTvelo imyofeba, cota kancelariidan werdnen baTumis olqis samxedro gansxvavebul, magram msgavs situaciaSi. amitom sifrTxile gubernators: ,,SeiswavleT da warmoadgineT yvela im yovelTvis iyo is mTavari saSualeba, romelic iZleoda ucxoelis vinaoba, romelic baTumSi cxovrobs”. quTaisis Tavis gadarCenisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis udides JardarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwe baTumis olqSi Sanss. swored rom es sifrTxile gvmarTebs dRes. acnobebda samxedro gubernators 1913 wlis 2 oqtombers: 1913 wlis 27 seqtembers ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa ,,gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia meCeTi ,,azizie”, romelic xdeba saministrodan saidumlo werili miuvida kavkasiis baTumis olqis panislamisturi ideebis gavrcelebis centri. mefisnacvlis kancelarias, sadac ewera: ,,TurqeTSi isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iq xSirad dadian TurqeTidan mimdinareobs aSkara saomari mzadeba da sul ar aris emisrebi da iqve oTaxSi aqvT raRac saidumlo Sexvedrebi. am gamoricxuli, rom gaaxSiron provokaciebi Cvens winaaRmdeg. meCeTSi xSirad SeimCnevian ,,axalgazrda TurqTa” iq Camoyalibebulma ,,axalgazrda TurqTa” organizaciebma warmomadgenlebi. rac Seexeba policias, sadac umravlesoba gaaZlieres panislamisturi propaganda TurqeTis sazRvrebs mahmadiani ,,tuzemcebi” arian, Znelia maTdami ndoba, radgan gareT. maTi survilia islamis aRorZineba sxva qveynebSi. am isini iolad moeqcevian panislamisturi gavlenis qveS. mizniT maT gansakuTrebuli yuraReba miaqcies ruseTis mizanSewonilia policiis gaZliereba rusuli elementebiT” imperias, sadac cxovrobs mravalricxovani musulmani [2]. mdgomareoba TandaTan iZabeboda. miuxedavad mefis mosaxleoba da maTSi islamis aRorZineba SeiZleba ruseTis mxridan gatarebuli mkacri RonisZiebebisa, 1913 sasargeblo aRmoCndes TurqeTisaTvis, misi urTierTobis wlidan baTumis olqSi TurqeTi, germania didi raodenobiT gasamwvaveblad ruseTTan. am mizniT Turqebis mier ruseTSi gzavnida agentebs mosaxleobis asabunteblad. 1913 wlis 17 43 44
oqtombers kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelaria SeSfoTebiT cdilobda mis gavrcelebas baTumis musulman mosaxleobas werda baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators: ,,miuxedavad Soris. policmeisteris patakidan JandarmTa sammarTvelos gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, Tqven olqSi SeimCneva osmaluri ufrosisadmi vkiTxulobT: ,,ama wlis (1913_o. g.) 21 noembers sadazvervo saqmianobis gaaqtiureba. Tqven ver SeZeliT davakaveT TurqeTis qveSevrdomi, romlis saxelia axmed yadi rusuli gavlenis ise gaZliereba, rom mtrebis veraviTari oRli. dakavebisas man winaaRmdegoba gagviwia. aRmoaCnda propaganda ver SegvaSinebda (xazgasma Cvenia _ o. g.). am proklamaciebi, sadac ewera: ,,dReSi xuTjer unda vilocoT mimarTulebiT Tqveni administraciis saqmianoba savsebiT TurqeTis sasargeblod da ruseTis sazianod, unda aradakmayofilebelia”. [3]. Cvenis azriT uaRresad SevevedroT RmerTs, raTa ruseTi aRigavos pirisagan miwisa, sainteresoa baTumis olqis samxedro gubarnatoris 1913 SevevedroT RmerTs, rom TurqeTma daibrunos yvela is wlis 20 oqtombris sapasuxo werili, sadac gaSiSvlebulia teritoria, romelic mas ruseTma waarTva... moerideT is veraguli politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am qristianebTan TanamSromlobas, isinic gadamwyvet momentSi mxareSi: ,,Tqveno udidebulesobav, Cven vcdilobT yoveli rusebs miudgebian... proklamaciebi aucileblad gaacaniT Rone vixmaroT, raTa gavaZlieroT rusuli elementebi xalxs, gamoakariT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi da baTumis olqSi. magram sanam amas gavakeTebdiT, Cven a. S.”. [5]. aqac Cans is politika, romlis gatarebasac vcdilobdiT erTmaneTisaTvis wagvekidebina qarTveli cdilobda osmaleTis imperia kavkasiaSi da maT Soris qristianebi da mahmadianebi. am mizniT vecadeT mogvesyida baTumis olqSi. ara erTi gavleniani mahmadiani qarTveli, SevaZlieT didZali rac ufro axlovdeboda msoflio omi, miT ufro Tanxa, SevadgineT moqmedebis gegma. samwuxarod, yvela iZabeboda urTierToba am or saxelmwifos Soris da 1914 moqmedeba warumatebeli iyo. pirvelad vecadeT abaSiZeebis wlis oqtomberSi dapirispireba kidevac gadaizarda saomar amxedreba, vin ar mivugzavneT maT, magram isini ratomRac moqmedebaSi. aseTia mokled, im mimowerebis Sinaarsi, yvelafrisagan Sors iWerdnen Tavs. vcadeT ximSiaSvilebis romelic TvalnaTliv aaSkaravebs orive saxelmwifos gamoyeneba, magram mizani aqac miuRweveli gaxda. maSin saqmianobas kavkasiis mxareSi. gadavwyviteT Turqi erovnebis xalxis dapirispireba qristianebTan, amisaTvis SevqmeniT specialuri ganyofileba sammarTveloSi, aqac xel-fexi SegveboWa. bolos literatura: gadavwyviteT somxebisa da musulmanebis dapirispireba, ra ar gavakeTeT amisaTvis, movawyveT aTasi provokacia, magram 1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi (SemoklebiT Sedegi araferi. rac Seexeba rusebs, am saqmeSi isini acsa), f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 21. pirdapir ver CavabiT, radgan saagitacio manqana am 2. iqve. furc. 35. SemTxvevaSi mtris wisqvilze asxams wyals. rogorc Cans 3. iqve, furc. 48-49. dawyevlili mxarea am mimarTulebiT. saWiroa sxva meTodebis 4. acsa, saq. 126, furc. 57. gamoyeneba, SemuSaveba iseTi programisa, romelic frTebs 5. iqve, furc. 69. Seasxams Cvens Sorsmimaval amocanebs” [4]. aq SesaniSnavad aris naCvenebi is politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am kuTxeSi. Tavis mxriv arc TurqeTis mxare udebda tols veragul ganzraxvaSi mis mowinaaRmdegeebs. mag. 1913 wlis 29 noembers erT-erTi Turq emisars CamoarTves proklamacia, romelic mas gauvrcelebia zemo aWaraSi, arTvinSi da 45 46
malxaz CoxaraZe Semdeg pedagogiur saqmianobas ubrundeba. 1923-25 wlebSi orjer usfuZvlod daapatimres. 1930 wels gadadis ganjaSi. ahmed javadis ~kavkasiaSi mogzauroba” da muSaobs sasoflo-sameurneo institutSi docentad, samuslimno saqarTvelos erovnul- profesorad, kaTedris gamged. 1934 wlidan azerbaijanis sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi XX saukunis mweralTa kavSiris wevria. I meoTxedSi rogorc aRvniSneT, igi Seewira represiebs. male garicxes mweralTa kavSiridan da 1937 wlis 12 oqtombers daxvrites.
coli gadaasaxles akmolis ~samSoblis moRalateTa damoukidebeli Aazerbaijanis saxelmwifo himni 1918 wels colebis~ banakSi. oTxive Svili dedas daaSores da iqna miRebuli. komunisturi epoqis mier uaryofili da mimomales sxvadasxva bavSvTa saxlSi, maT Soris umcrosi _ miviwyebuli es himni mxolod 1992 wels aRadgines. qarTuli ilmazi, romelic 2 wlis iyo, _ xalxis mtrebis bavSvTa sabWoTa enciklopediis XI tomSi (1987w.) naxsenebia avtori _ saxlSi (2). ahmed javadi, Tumca, bunebrivia, zemoxsenebuli epoqis Tanamdrove avtorebi ahmad javads uwodeben ~XX saukunis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, arc himnis, arc misi Semoqmedis pirveli mesamedis did Turq poets samSoblos politikur miswrafebaTa Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami. kerZod, damoukideblobis momRerals, Turquli modgmis xalxebis iq aRniSnulia (mogvyavs sityva-sityviT): ~javadi ahmed (namdv. erTianobisTvis mebrZols da a.S. (3). saxeli javad mamadali_oRlu axundzade) (1982,sof. seifali, 1920 wlis dasawyisSi swored es axmed javadi, imxnad ukve Samqoris raioni, - 1937) azerbaijaneli sabWoTa poeti, musavatis partiis wevri, Tavisi qveynis saxelmwifo himnis daibada glexis ojaxSi, aqveynebda 1913 wlidan. umReroda avtori da Sesabamisad, gavleniani pirovnebac, estumra samSoblos, xalxTa megobrobas. erTxans cxovrobda baTums, rogorc Cans, specialuri misiiT; Sexvda adgilobriv saqarTveloSi, meuRle qarTveli hyavda. i. abulaZisa da s. muslimanTa politikuri gaerTianebebis mesveurT _ rogorc iordaniSvilis konsultaciiT azerbaijanul enaze Targmna proqarTuls (,,samuslimano saqarTvelos gamaTavisuflebeli `vefxistyaosani~ (daibeWda d. alievas redaqciiT, 1978, baqo) komiteti”), aseve proTurquls, ~sedai mileTi~). Tavisi Targmnida agreTve Seqspirisa da puSkinis nawarmoebebs.~ STabeWdilebebis da mosazrebebis Sesaxeb stambulis erT- (1.524) Tesvir-i efqar TviT am mwiri informaciidanac TvalsaCinoa, rom poets erTi gazeTis (,, ”) ramdenime nomerSi daibeWda axlo uTierToba hqonda saqarTvelosTan. mravalmetyvelia vrceli werili ~kavkasiaSi mogzauroba~ (1920 wlis gardacvalebis TaraRic: 1937 weli sabWouri represiebis Tebervali, amave wlis maisSi werili gazeTma ~saxalxo yvelaze tragikuli talRis weliwadia. saqmem~ gadmobeWda (4). amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom werili dRes Zneli araa aq mocemul biografiaSi gamotovebuli subieqturia da aSkarad gamoxatavs osmaleTis saxelmwifo detalebis damateba: ahmed javadi swavlobda ganjis interesebs. sasuliero seminariaSi; damTavrebis Semdeg maswavleblobda ra viTreba iyo baTumis olqSi axmed javadis vizitisas? - aswavlida Turqul da sparsul enebs. rakiRa azerbaijaneli moRvawis Sesaxeb vsaubrob, pirveli msoflio omis dros ~gulmowyalebis SevniSnav, rom jer kidev maSin, roca amierkavkasiis sazogadoebis~ wevria da saqmianobs arzrumSi, baTumsa da komisariatis (1917 w. 14 noemberi) da amierkavkasiis seimis sxvagan. aqveynebs korespodenciebs da leqsebs. azerbaijanis (1918 w. 10 Tebervali) Semdeg samxreT kavkasiam oficialurad damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg (1918w), rogorc gamoacxada damoukidebloba da Seiqmna amierkavkasiis musavatis partiis wevri, aqtiurad moRvaweobs. gasabWoebis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika (1918 w. 22 aprili),
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am gaerTianebis subieqtTa politikuri orientacia arafers iSurebda. misi dasayrdeni ki am saqmeSi erTi mxriv erTgvarovani ar iyo: somxebi antantis poziciebze idgnen, adgilobriv muslimanTa reaqciuli FfrTa iyo, meore mxriv, azerbaijanelebi mxars uWerdnen osmalebs, qarTvelebi ki gaerTianebul muslimanTa sabWos araqarTveli wevrebi, germaniis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen osmaleTis agresiis ZiriTadad azerbaijenelebi. SeCerebas. swored 1920 wlis dasawyisSi garkveul wreebSi gaCnda cnobilia isic, rom amave periodSi brest-litovskis zavis mosazreba baTumis olqSi patara marionetuli saxelmwifos Tanaxmad, ruseTma qarTvelebze daukiTxavad gadawyvita Cveni Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am ideasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT qveynis miwa-wylis TurqeTze gadacemis sakiTxi. zavis IV aqtiurobdnen denikinelebTan erTad azerbaijanelebi. muxlis ZaliT osmaleTis xelSi gadadioda ardaganis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, baTumis olqis qarTuli politikuri yarsis da baTumis olqebi. TurqeTi cdilobda adgilobriv wreebi aSkara ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen aqaur Tu Semoxiznul reaqciul Zalebze dayrdnobiT azerbaijanelTa saqmianobis gamo. gazeTi ,,samuslimano ganemtkicebina Tavisi batonoba kavkasiaSi da am saqmeSi saqarTvelo” werda”: ,,aseT avantiuraSi did monawileobas samxedro ZalasTan erTad yovelgvar sapropagando iRebs saqarTvelos mokavSire aderbaijani. Mmisi agentebi, saSualebasac iyenebda. misi efendievebi, hamdi efendi da sxvebi daukavSirdnen bnel pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebis Semdeg osmaleTi pirebs, dauriges maT am bnel pirebs fulebi da gauSves iZulebuli gaxda samxreT kavkasia da saqarTvelos olqSi suverenuli aWaristanis saqadageblaT. Yyvela okupirebuli teritoriebi daetovebina. 1918 wlis 30 qobuleTeli, yvela aWareli getyviT, rom is damRupveli oqtombers mudrosis zavis Tanaxmad aWaraSi inglisis armiis qadageba, romelic gaismis dRes damoukidebeli aWaristanis nawilebi Sevidnen. am dros gaaqtiurdnen qarTuli Sesaxeb olqSi, aderbaijanis fulebiT warmoebs” (5). patriotuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa aq naxsenebi hamdi efendi azerbaijanis parlamentis wevri mizanic iyo aWaris dabruneba istoriul samSobloSi _ iyo aWaridan, xolo efendievi – azerbaijanis konsuli saqrTveloSi. es iyo maSin metad rTuli saqmianoba. imitom, baTumis olqSi. rom mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos urTulesi wlebi am wris zRvarsgadasuli saqmianoba namdvilad iZleoda edga. ingliselebis droebiT batonobas kidev aitanda kaci, SeSfoTebis safuZvels da amitomac iyo, rom ,,samuslimano momavali rom yofiliyo garkveuli da naTeli. aTasi saqarTvelo” mkacrad acxadebda: madaaRZruli da, vin icis, saidan Semoxiznuli medrove ,,Cven imeds gamovTqvamT, rom aderbaijanelTa erovnuli epotineboda am mxares: denikinelebi da bolSevikebi ruseTis sabWos Tavmjdomare ecdeba, rom awi mainc xeli aiRos ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevdnen aqaurobas da baTumis olqis aderbaijanis mTavrobam saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego ruseTTan mierTebaze ocnebobdnen, arc osmaleTs eTmoboda moqmedebaze. TviT aderbaijanis xalxma unda mouwodos mis aqauri miwa-wyali. isini sakmaod aqtiurobdnen da TavianTi mTavrobas wesierebisken. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ,,Zmoba”, zraxvebis gansaxorcieleblad xSirad erTmorwmune ,,erToba”, ,,megobroba” da sxva aseTi lamazi sityvebi cariel azerbaijanelebs iyenebdnen. somxeTsac mada gaxsnoda da sityvebad darCebian”. gamorCenas eloda. kanonieri patroni _ saqarTvelo ki aravis aseTi politikuri viTareba iyo maSin samuslimano axsovda. saqarTveloSi da swored movlenaTa ganviTarebis am fokusSi amdenad, azerbaijanelTa interesi baTumis olqSi Tavsdeba axmed javadis stumroba baTumSi. ZiriTadad maTi osmaluri orientaciidan gamomdinareobda: javadi baTumSi gemiT Camovida. Mmas konkretuli mizani TurqeTi, marTalia, iZulebuli iyo, daeTmo baTumis olqi, hqonda. rakiRa yurmokvriT icoda, ,,baTumis muslimanebi magram imeds ar kargavda da gavlenis gaZlierebisTvis daqsaqsuli ariano”,Ggadawyvita, Tavad daezustebina 49 50
yvelaferi: ,,yvelaferi Tavis alags mindoda gamego,-wers igi, maT Turqebad an sparselebad, iseve rogorc Turqebs da - yovel SemTxvevaSi, am qveynis Svilebs wrfeli guliT sparselebs ar miiCneven qarTvelebad. Mmagram raki yvelani vusurveb sikeTes. rogorc evropeli Jurnalistebi sCadian - muslimanebi arian, muslimanebis xalifebis anu TurqeTis sxedan da xids gaRmidan muslimanebis mdgomareobas mefeebis Sesaxebac unda iyos laparaki da maT jarze zereled ecnobian da amiT xalxi moimdures, ise Cveni locvao. mxriTac Soridan mosmenil miTqma-moTqmaze damyarebiT raime javadi SeniSnavs: ,,polemikidan Cans, rom am organoTa azris miReba, romelime wris, gansakuTrebiT, Cveni Soris erovnuli, sarwmunoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi erTmorwmune wris, guliswyromas gamoiwvevda” (4). brZola sastikad warmoebda. Cemi daskvna es iyo: es ori javadma baTumSi upirveles yovlisa adgilobrivi mimdinareoba arsebobs” (4) Turqulenovani gazeTebi ,,sedaimileTi” da ,,samuslimano iqve ahmed javadi saubrobs am ori ,,mimdinareobis” saqarTvelo” gadaaTvaliera (es ukanaskneli qarTul- miznebisa da amocanebis, maTi programebis Sesaxeb. igi Turquli iyo). igi wuxs mowinaaRmdege muslimanTa mtruli auwyebs mkiTxvels, rom ,,samuslimano saqarTvelos damokidebulebis gamo: ,,aqac Cveni sataxto qalaqis gamaTavisuflebeli komitetis” mizania saqarTvelosTan gazeTebSi xmarebuli lanZRva-ginebis mowme Seviqmeni.” am ori SeerTeba farTo avtonomiur niadagze da amiT saqarTvelos gazeTis furclebi CemTvis muslimanTa mtruli ganwyobis politikuri mTlianobis ganmtkiceba. isini Tvlian, rom sarkes warmoadgenda. amasTan erTad, isic ar mjeroda, rom samuslimano saqarTvelo dedasaqarTvelos ganuyofeli ori gazeTi sazogadoebrivi azris da moralis gamomxatveli nawilia. iyo. islamistebis mizani ki yarsisa da artaanis olqebTan Zneli saTqmelia, ,,Cvens sataxto qalaqSi” javadi erTad TurqeTis saxelmwifos mfarvelobaSi avtonomiurad gulisxmobs baqos Tu stambuls, albaT ufro am ukanasknels, Sesvlaao, aRniSnavs avtori. radgan werili swored am qalaqSi daibeWda, nacvalsaxeli ahmed javadi Sexvedria agreTve ganmaTavisuflebeli ,,Cveni” mkiTxvelisaTvis nebismier SemTxvevaSi stambolTan komitetis Tavmjdomares-memed abaSiZes. sxva sakiTxebs Soris asocirdeba. Sesabamisad, esec saintereso faqtia –musavateli stumris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs misi Sexeduleba azerbaijaneli stambuls Tavis sataxto qalaqad miiCnevs da sarwmunoebrivi aRzrdis Sesaxeb. kerZod, memed begs uTqvams, bunebrivia, misi interesebic am qalaqis da qveynis baTumis olqSi swavleba ara Turqul, aramed arabul enaze poziciebis gamomxatvelia. unda mimdinareobdeso. axmed javadi arsebuli uTanxmoebis erT konkretul werilis avtori cdilobs, mkiTxvelis winaSe obieqtur mizezsac ganixilavs: kerZod, ,,samuslimano saqarTvelo” korespodentad warmoCndes, magram aSkarad gamoCnda, rom muslimanTa erT-erT skolas Turqebis sasargeblo sakiTxis amgvarad dasmam aaRelva. Mmetic, igi cdilobs, propagandas, Turanizmis ideebis gavrcelebas, qarTveli dausabuTos begs, rom sarwmunoebrivi swavlebisaTvis da muslimani bavSvebis cnobierebis mowamlvis braldebas sazogadod, ganaTlebis misaRebad, Turquli ena ufro uyenebs: es skola bavSvebs uqadagebs rom - Cven Turqebi varT mosaxerxebelia. jer erTi imitom, rom Turquli ena isedac da Turqebis mefeebi Cveni mefeebi ariano. ,,samuslimano nacnobia aqaurTaTvis da axali enis Seswavlis saWiroebis saqarTvelos” azriT, aseTi propaganda uspobs bavSvebs winaSe ar dadgebian, meorec, TurqeTi SeZlebs erovnul Segnebas.… maswavleblebiT daxmarebas. javadma konkretuli magaliTic ahmed javads moaqvs oponentis pasuxic am braldebasTan ki moiyvana: ,,azerbaijanis mTavrobamac samocamde dakavSirebiT. Aam skolis mesveuri aRniSnavs, rom skolis 320 maswavlebeli gamoiwvia orive sqesisao”, magram, begis moswavles Soris mxolod 130-ia qarTveli. Aaravin miiCnevs SeniSvna _,,mTeli Aanatolia uskolod da umaswavleblodaa, 51 52
TurqeTs Tavisi skolebisaTvis 50 aTasi maswavlebeli aklia kaci Tavisi qveynis da Tavisi xalxis saqmes akeTbda da es da Cven rogor mogvxedavso”(4), _ upasuxod datova. saqme, samwuxarod, yovelTvis rodi iyo CvenTvis sasargeblo. mosazreba arabulis wina planze wamowevis Sesaxeb sxva Q mxrivac aris saintereso. rogorc Cans, aseTi Canafiqri garkveuli wris mier moazrebuli iyo, rogorc erT-erTi gza Ddamowmebani: TurqeTis politikuri gavlenisgan Tavis daRwevisa. werilidan Cans, rom memed abaSiZis pozicia arc 1. qse., t.,XI, Tbilisi, 1987 w. Tanamosaubres moswons da amitom cdilobs, daumtkicos 2. www. Bakunews.info Turquli enis upiratesoba. cxadia, igi Cawvda 3. Б. Г. Таирбеков, кто убил Ахмеда Джавада? gamaTavisuflebeli komitetis Tavmjdomaris fiqrTa www.mirzexsxezerisesi.net mdinarebas, amasTan, mainc scada, Turquli orientaciis 4. ahmed javadi, ,,kavkasiaSi mogzauroba”, gaz. upiratesobaze gadaekra sityva: misi azriT denikinelebis ,,saxalxo saqme”, # 822, 8 maisi, 1920w. gamarjveba _ rusebis batonobis aRdgenas niSnavda, 5. ,,aderbaijaneli xalxis sayuradReboT”, gaz. damarcxeba ki _ saTavadaznauro uflebaTa da kerZo ,,samuslimano saqarTvelo”, # 327, 30marti, 1920 w. simdidreTa mospobas saokupacio jarebis mier. Aamdenad, aq 6. ,,aqaur aderbaijanelTa erovnul sabWos arapirdapir miniSnebulia, rom movlenaTa SesaZlo sayuradReboT” gaz. ,,samuslimano saqarTvelo”, # ganviTarebis variantebs Soris yvelaze sasargeblo 329, 1 aprili, 1920 w. Turquli orientaciaao. albaT aqedan gamomdinare uTvlis politikur Secdomad osmaleTis mTavrobas memed abaSiZis dapatimrebas da trapizonis cixeSi gamomwyvdevas 1918 wels. werilis avtori aqve aRniSnavs, rom ,,mowinaaRmdege partia Malkhaz Chokharadze ganmaTavisuflebel komitets saqarTvelodan didZali fulis miRebisaTvis amtyunebda. Mmemed-begis mbrZaneblobaSi AHMED JAVADI’S “VOYAGE IN GEORGIA” AND NATIONAL- saqarTvelos ori avtomobili imyofeba”. Aahmed javads am RELIGIOUS ISSUES OF MUSLIM GEORGIA IN THE FIRST SemTxvevaSic ,,aviwydeba” imis aRniSvna, rom baTumis olqi QUARTER OF THE XX CENTURY. saqarTvelos nawilia da saqarTvelos mTavroba da gamaTavisuflebeli komiteti erToblivad iRvwian kanonieri SUMMARY uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis. didZali fuli, cxadia, gadaWarbebulia, magram asec rom iyos, igi braldebis The paper deals with the political state of Batumi region in 1912-20 and the safuZveli ver iqneba. mTel am istoriaSi dadebiTi isaa, rom outstanding Azerbaijanian writer, the author of Azerbaijanian hymn, Ahmed miuxedavad subieqtivizmisa, ahmed javadi Turqulenovan Javadi’s letter “Voyage in Georgia”, which was printed in Turkish press in 1920. mkiTxvels sakmaod mravalmxriv cnobebs awvdis samuslimano After being defeated in the World War I Osmans were obliged to leave South th saqarTvelos erovnuli Zalebis mkafiod da principulad Caucasus and Georgian occupied territories. According to 30 October of 1918 gamoxatuli poziciis da saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis Mudros Treaty, the English troops entered Batumi. In this period, many states miswrafebis Sesaxeb. sxvafriv, gasakviri araa, Aazerbaijanis expressed their interests toward Batumi region. This complicated to define the himnis avtori da musavatis partiis aqtiuri wevri future of Georgian region. In his letter, Ahmed Javadi considers some political proosmaluri orientaciis gamomxatveli rom yofiliyo. es and religious problems in Batumi, depicts aspiration of local political forces and mainly describes interests of Turkish political circles.
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merab megreliSvili naxevari versis siRrmidan amoziduli Zlieri talRebi exeTqebian ferdobebs da qmnian Rrma gamoqvabulebs. baTumSi a.n krasnovi aWaris kulturul-geografiuli zamTris qarbuqi recxavs zRvis sanapiros. baTumis zRva didi garemos Sesaxeb xnis ukan SesZlebda aRegava pirisagan miwisa sanapiro, rom ara zRvis donis cvalebadoba. zRvis donis wylisgan rusi mecnieri a.n krasnovi wignSi ,,samxreT kolxeTi" ganTavisufleba ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre xmeleTis gvesaubreba kolxeTis bunebriv-geografiuli sazRvrebis wyliT xelaxali dafarva, an kidev msgavsad iaponiaSi Sesaxeb. a.n krasnovi mmiuTiTebs, rom istorikosebisTvis igi gancalkevebul, mwvaneSi Caflul patara kunZulebisa, yovelTvis iyo kolxeTis qveyana. istoriul warsulSi vis felukaze mjdari Tqven SeZlebT axlos mixvideT baTumis mflobelobaSic gadadioda es qveyana, askvnis rusi mecnieri- zRvis sanapirosTan. lazikis, imereTis, guriis, quTaisis guberniis Tu baTumis swrafi mTis mdinare Woroxi zRvaosnebs aiZulebda misi olqis, imisda mixedviT icvlida igi saxelwodebas. is viwroebidan Sors wasuliynen, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT nawili, romelic rionis dablobs ukavia warmoadgens Zlieri Relvebi. CrdiloeT kolxeTs, xolo misi samxreTi nawili moicavs preistoriul piriodSi kolxeTis teritoria wyliT iyo teritorias aWaris mTis ferdobidan Woroxs iqiT zRvamde dafaruli, kaxabrisa da Caqvis dablobi zRviT iyo da mdinare Coloqamde, qobuleTsa da TurqeTis sazRvrebamde Semofargluli. adamianis fxizeli Tvali aq naTlad da aseve gzas trapizonisken. SeamCnevs terasebs, romelsac zRva da masSi Semavali rusi botanikosi aWaris bunebriv geografiuli garemos mdinare qmnis. gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans aseTi terasebi aRwerisas ver malavs aRfrTovanebas da mis dasaxasiaTeblad aWariswylis viwroebSi. aseve SeiZleba misi naxva sanapiros ar iSurebs epiTetebs. igi erTgan Sedarebas akeTebs sakuTar sxva adgilebSi. formirebis periodSi myofi kolxeTis mTebi qveyanasTan da aRniSnavs, rom ruseTi kontinentaluri mTlianad dafaruli iyo wyliT. igi mogvagonebda vulkanur qveyanaa, misi mosaxleobis naxevarze mets ar aqvs saSualeba arqipelags an kidev santorinis wylis qveSa vulkans. ixilos zRvis sanapiro. rus kacSi samxreT kolxeTis hava, wylis fskeridan amozidul vulkanuri warmoSobis flora da fauna gancvifrebas iwvevs, radgan misi msgavsi kunZulebs ar gaaCnda sakuTari flora da fauna. maTi sakuTar mamulSi ar gaaCnia. baTumSi Camosul, naklebad damkvidreba moxda momijnave mTebidan. warsuli epoqis dakvirvebul turistsac ki TvalSi ecema sanapiros gaswvriv suptropikuli kulturebi gamyinvarebis periodSi ganad- arsebuli mTis konturebi, romelic araidenturia Crdilo gurdnen. es ukanasknelia mizezi imisa, rom baTumis sanapiro kavkasiis sanapirosi. aq ar aris umaRlesi mwvervalebi, Raribia mcenareTa originaluri saxeobebis zrda-ganvi- farTo dablobebi, magram miuxedavad amisa mTebis TarebiT. isini ZiriTadad aerTianeben sanapiros danarCen mniSvnelovani nawili inarCunebs erTi da igive simaRles, mcenareul safars, romelsac botanikosebi miakuTvneben mTis ferdobi eyrdnoba zRvas. aseTia cixisZiri, mwvane pontos olqs. mcenareuli safaris zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis aq koncxi. Woroxis mTebi. iyo arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki a.n. krasnovi Sedarebas akeTebs xmelTaSuazRvispireTis im suptropikuli kulturebisTvis, romlebmac gadaitanes qveynebTan da dasZens rom, iseve rogorc italiaSi, msgavsad kavkasiaSi, geologiur warsulSi arsebuli gamyinvarebis amisa gazafxulze TovliT dafaruli aWaris mTebis ZirSi rTuli periodi. molivlive lurji zRva efereba ferdovan sanapiros, amis miuxedavad kolxeTis ucxo flora inarCunebda Tavis mwvaneSi Caflul ayvavilebul dekas, ielsa da kesanes. suptropikul saxes. Tu tyeebSi cota iyo efedra, romelic adamianis mier iqna ganadgurebuli, samagierod mravlad iyo 55 56
urTxeli da wiTeli xe. foTlovani xeebidan gavrcelebuli kaxaber surgulaZe iyo wabli, wifeli, rcxila. maradmwvane jiSebidan mxolod aq, sanapiroze iyo gavrcelebuli wyavi, deka, bza, mocvi da saqarTvelo-burgundiis urTierTobis a.S istoriidan amrigad, rusi botanikosis a.n. krasnovis mier gadmocemuli istoriuli masala naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis saqarTvelo-burgundiis urTierTobis istoriis aWaris kulturul-geografiuli warsulis Sesaxeb. saintereso faqtia XV s-is 40-ian wleebSi burgundieli bolos warmogidgenT rusi mecnieris mier dadgenil, korsarebis Tavdasxma baTumze. aRniSnuli cnoba Tavis aWaraSi istoriul warsulSi gavrcelebul kulturul droze samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitana prof. T.beraZem mcenareTa saxeobebs: [beraZe,1983]. Cven gvinda kvlav SevexoT am saintereso faqts da mkiTxvels mcire eqskursi SevTavazoT. Рододендра кавказский – deka Самшит колхидский - bza Sua saukuneebSi burgundiad iwodeboda safrangeTsa da Азалея - ieli Черника - mocvi aRmosavleT germaniaSi myofi ramodenime samefo da samTavro. Незабутка -kesane Жимолост - cxratyava TviT burgundiis terminis qveS erTiandeboda burgundiis Тисс -urTxeli Лишайник красный - qaragozi sahercogo, sakuTriv burgundia anu arelati da zemo da Хвойник - efedra Омела - fiTri qvemo burgundiis samefoebi. isini 933-1032 wlebSi Бук - wifeli Папоротник - gvimra gaerTiandnen „germaneli eris romis saRvTo imperiaSi“. Граб - rcxila Ольха - muryani X-XI ss. am teritoriis dasakuTrebisaTvis erTmaneTs Лавровишня - wyavi Крушина - xeWreli ecileboda frangTa saxelmwifo da „romis saRvTo imperia“. aswliani omis (1337-1453) dros burgundiis sahercogo aRzevda da damoukideblobac moipova. momdevno wlebSi burgundiis literatura: hercogma filipe keTilma mkveTrad gaafarTova qveynis sazRvrebi da 1453 wlis e.w. arasis zaviT qveyanas luqsembu- 1. krasnovi a., samxreT kolxeTi (rusul enaze) rgi da sxva samflobeloebi SemouerTa. amieridan filipe keTili evropis erT-erT mZlavr monarqad iqca. misi siZlieris simbolos warmoadgenda 1422 wels e.w. „oqros sawmisis ordenis“ daarseba [qse,1977:575]. politikur asparesze burgundiis samefos roli gaizarda antiosmalur koaliciaSi monawileobiT. XV s-is 30-iani wlebidan bizantiis imperias sasikvdilo safrTxe daemuqra. aziuri da evropuli teritoriebis dakargvis Semdeg konstantinopoli marto aRmoCnda osmalebis agresiis winaSe. aseT viTarebaSi imperiis xelisufleba xsnas evropis monarqTa mimxrobiT, maTi axali jvarosnuli omSi CarTviT Seecada. sxvaTaSoris, 1459 wels analogiuri winadadebiT burgundiaSi Cavidnen qarTveli elCebic [javaxiSvili,1967:64].
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1443 wels bizantielTa despani ewvia hercogs da rom „imperatoris Suamdgomloba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi“ da osmalebTan brZolisTvis floti sTxova. ukanaskneli saqmeSi Careula genius xelmZRvanelobac. maTi miTiTebiT daTanmxda da flotis formirebisaTvis valeran de vavreni „Savi zRvis koloniebis administraciis didi Tanamdebobis“ gaigzavna veneciaSi, xolo Jofrua de tuazi nicaSi. orive muSaks Jerom de nigros mouxerxebia qarTvelTa tyveobidan generlis TavSeyris adgili konstantinopoli iyo, sadac de tuazis gamoxsna [beraZe,1983]. ganisazRvra maTi moqmedebis sfero: vavreni flotis nawiliT mematianis zemodasaxelebul aRwerilobaSi ramodenime gaemgzavra dunaisaken, rom daxmareboda koaliciaSi sakiTxi ganmartebas saWiroebs. upirvelesi is gaxlavT, rom monawile ungrel jariskacebs, xolo tuazi ki sami tuazis mosalodneli laSqrobis Sesaxeb trapizonelebs katarRiT trapizonisaken gamoemarTa. amis Semdeg orive ucnobebiaT qarTvelebisaTvis. es ki migviTiTebs, rom orive floti kafaSi unda Sekrebiliyo. regions Soris maSin mWidro kavSiri da mimosvla arsebobda. niSadoblivia, rom orive kapitnis mematiane aRwers tuazis amasTan, qarTvelebis informatorebad mematiane asaxelebs baTumze Tavdasxmis faqts da misi qarTvelebTan brZolis trapizonel berZnebs. SesaZloa, magram trapizonis sakeisros Sesaxeb. amasTan, rogorc SeniSnavs T.beraZe, tuazis mematiane mosaxleoba ZiriTadSi Sedgeboda lazebisa da Wanebisagan alamazebs faqtebs da cdilobs isini ufro warmoaCinos [javaxiSvili,1966:208], amitomac Cven gamovricxavT aRniSnul qarTvelebTan brZolaSi. amitom mkiTxvelTan movitanT saqmeSi berZeni elementis aqtiurobas mematianis mxridan. vavrenis mematianis aRwerilobas, romelsac meore mematianis trapizoneli informatorebis berZnebad moxseniebaSi ki unda sityvebiT SevavsebT. igulisxmodes sakeisros imperiasTan damokidebulebis ai isic: „trapizonSi yofnisas tuazi erTi katarRiT mxolod politikuri faqtori. moulodnelad gaqra da... saqarTvelos napirebisaken gacura, aRwerilobiT Cans, rom tuazi erTi katarRiT yofila. radgan Seityo, rom iq unda gaevlo did xomalds. xomaldi erTi SexedviT es mcire Zalaa, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, didZali saqonliT iyo datvirTuli da undoda xelSi rom misi sigrZe 40-50 metrs aRwevda da masze Tavsdeboda 250- Caegdo. trapizonis imperatori uxsnida, isini qristianebi de mebrZoli, aseve moulodnelobis faqtoris gamoyenebiT, ariano, magram mas ar surda xeli aeRo Tavis ganzraxvaze... maT SeeZloT qalaqis aReba da gaZarcva. mematianes cnobiT, zogierTma trapizonelma berZenma es ambavi acnoba qarTvelebi „Causafrdnen, saSualeba misces Jofruas adgilobriv mcxovreblebs. isini SeiaraRdnen da gadmosuliyo xmeleTze“ da brZolaSi daamarcxes. amasTan, Causafrdnen, Jofruas misces saSualeba gadmosuliyo xmele- misi „mravali mebrZoli daxoces da is tyved Caigdes“ Tze baTumis navsadgurSi; mas ki Zalian undoda gaeZarcva es [beraZe,1981:52-53]. qalaqi. roca igi miuaxlovda samalavs, Casafrebuli cxadia, interess iwvevs vin xelmZRvanelobda qarTvelTa (qarTvelebi) daexsnen, masTan myofi mravali mebrZoli razms? mematiane asaxelebs adgilobriv mTavars - „patano daxoces da is ki tyved Caigdes. isini vinc gadarCa, guriels“. T.beraZe miiCnevs, rom „patano“ igive dabrunda katarRaze. miitanes ambavi, meTauri tyved Cavardao. damaxinjebuli „batonia“ [beraZe,1983]. marTlac, „patano“ amas katarRidan kargad xedavdnen, magram ar icodnen, megrulad xom „batons“ niSnavs. magram mainc konkretulad daiRupa igi Tu cocxalia. ase rom, maT glovis niSnad vin? XV s-Si o.soselia gurielad moixseniebs kaxabers, katarRis anZaze Savi afra aRmarTes“. romlis gardacvalebis welia cnobili [soselia,1954:134]. 1459 vavrenma kafaSi gaigo momxdari ambavi. man saswrafod welis burgundiaSi gagzavnili elCobis SemadgenlibaSi daabruna sami katarRa trapizons da imperators sTxova i.javaxiSvili miuTiTebs mamia gurielsac [javaxiSvili, ekisra qarTvelebTan Suamdgomloba tuazis ganTavisuflebis 1967:68]. Cveni azriT, swored ukanaskneli unda yofiliyo saqmeSi. am ambavSi mkiTxvelisaTvis sagulisxmo is gaxlavT, burgundieli korsaris damamarcxebeli [surgulaZe,1985:75]. 59 60
cxadia, Sua saukunebSi moqmedi rainduli wesidan ermile mesxia gamomdinare mas ufro miesvleboda burgundielebTan da amitomac Sesabamisad igi Caisva elCobis SemadgenlobaSi. baTumi baron fridrix kres fon kresenStainis aseTia burgundieli korsaris Tavgadasavali baTumSi, rac memuarebSi vfiqrobT, Cveni qalaqis Sua saukuneebis istoriis erT-erTi saintereso furcelia. evropis saxelmwifoTa Soris germania erTaderTi iyo, romelmac xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaSi da pirvelma cno igi `de-faqtod~ (1918 wlis 28 Kakhaber Surguladze maisi). amasTanve germaniam SeaCera TurqeTis agresia da saqarTveloSi yofnis xanmokle periodSi mniSvnelovani FROM THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN-BURGUNNIAN RonisZiebebi ganaxorciela saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis INTERRELATIONS CamoyalibebaSi (avaliSvili, 1990). germaniis aRmosavlur politikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili SUMMARY ekava kavkasias, kerZod saqarTvelos. amas mowmobs aq specia- luri samxedro-diplomatiuri misiis warmogzavna, romelsac
xelmZRvanelobda baroni, generali fridrix kres fon THE ARTICLE CONSERNS THE INVASION OF BURGUNDIAN kresenStaini (1870-1948). delegaciaSi sxvadasxva dargis PIRATES IN BATUMI IN 1443. specialistebTan erTad avstria-ungreTis da bulgareTis
warmomadgenlebic Sediodnen (muSkudiani, 2002:5). kresis saxiT germaniis samxedro-politikurma wreebma literatura: saqarTveloSi warmosagzavnad iseTi pirovneba SearCies, romlisTvisac kavkasiuri politika nacnobi Tema iyo da, 1. T.beraZe, saqarTvelos sazRvao vaWrobis itoriidan amave dros, zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda TurqeTis samxedro XIII_XV ss., macne, 2, 1983: misive, erTi ucnobi faqti, struqturas. kresi merve Turquli armiis sardali iyo 1917 „literaturuli saqarTvelo“, #33, 1983; wels palestinis frontze da warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda 2. o. soselia, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri ingliselTa winaaRmdeg TavdacviT brZolebs (muSkudiani, daSlis istoriidan, kr. masalebi saqarTvelosa da 2002:6). kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30, Tb., 1954; fridrix kres fon kresenStaini warmomavlobiT 3. k.surgulaZe, burgundieli mekobreebi baTumSi, Woroxi, niurnbergeli patriciebis cnobil sagvareulos ekuTvnoda, #1, baT., 1985. romelic saukunebis manZilze (1349 wlidan) qalaqis sabWoSi 4. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 2, Tb., 1966; iyo warmodgenili. erT-erTma kresma, diplomatma kristofma, 5. i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. 3, 1966; 1535 wels imperator karlos V-isagan ufleba miiRo fon 6. i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. 4, 1967. kresenStainis tituli etarebina. 1817 wlidan kresebi bavariis Tavadaznaurobis saxelobiT siaSi baronTa klasSi Seiyvanes (muSkudiani, 2002:6). saqarTveloSi wargzavnis Jams kresi 40 wlis polkovniki iyo da `rusi generlebis axalgazrduli asakis~ gamo
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uxerxuloba rom ar Seqmniliyo, masac general-maioris istorikosi f. fiSeri ambobs, qarTuli problema germanuli wodeba mieniWa kavkasiaSi yofnis vadiT. samSobloSi problema gaxda (paiWaZe, 2000:73). dabrunebis Semdeg, raixsverSi samsaxurisas, man generlis germania ruseTTan kisrulobda Suamavlobas saqarTvelos Cinamde miaRwia da 1929 wels raixsveris me-3 saarmio jgufis cnobis sakiTxSi. amasTanave, valdebulebas iRebda daexma- sardlis postidan TadarigSi gavida. reboda saqarTvelos sazRvrebis dacvasa da mezobel 1943 wels 73 wlis kresma miunxenis samxedro arqivs saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi. am mizniT ivnisis bolos gadasca Tavisi mogonebebi `Cemi misia kavkasiaSi~, romelic saqarTveloSi iqna movlenili germaniis samxedro-diplo- moicavs manqanaze nabeWd 95 gverds. es wigni, jerjerobiT, matiuri misia general-maior baron fon kresenStainis germanuladac ki araa gamoqveynebuli. mogonebebis dedani meTaurobiT, xolo qarTvelTa delegacia ki 28 maiss saRamos miunxenis samxedro arqivSi moiZia da qarTulad Targmna gahyva xomald `mina horns~ berlinisaken did xelSek- nodar muSkudianma, romelic pirvelad 2001 wels daibeWda rulebaze samuSaod. am xelSekrulebis saboloo gaformebas Jurnal `ganTiadSi~, 2002 wels ki wignad gamoica xeli SeuSala germaniaSi momxdarma revoluciam (paiWaZe, mTargmnelis istoriuli narkveviTa da komentarebiT. 2000:76). kresis memuarebi savsebiT ucnobi masalaa qarTul brest-litovskis konferenciaze (1918 wlis marti) istoriografiaSi. avtori ucxo kacis poziciidan da TurqeTma daarwmuna germania da misi mokavSireebi Tavisi obieqturad aRwers saqarTveloSi Seqmnil daZabul moTxovnis `kanonierebaSi~ (svaniZe, 2003:154). socialur da sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebas. qarTvel mkeravTa mier Sekeril germanul formebSi 1918 wlis 27 aprils stambolSi daido saidumlo gamowyobili tyveebis orma aseulma da qarTvelTa 1200 xelSekruleba germaniasa da osmaleTs Soris amierkavkasiaSi kacianma razmma gza gadauRoba Turqebs. Turqebi daaeWva iman, gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb (svaniZe, 1999:185) rom germanel oficrebs ar exuraT rkinis wvetiani germania ar iyo dainteresebuli osmaleTis muzaradebi. kapitan elizbar gulisaSvils qarTvel amierkavkasiaSi gabatonebiT. oficerTa Camovla mouwia, rom I msoflio omidan alafis akaki Cxenkeli baTumidan miTiTebebs aZlevda erovnul saxiT Camotanili muzaradebi Seegrovebina. swored am eqvsma sabWos pirveli rigis gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb: muzaradma gadawyvita problema _ Turqebma daijeres, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam `unda sTxovos germanias mfarveloba maT win germanuli batalionebi idgnen, iZulebuli gaxdnen Tavisi damoukideblobis dasacavad, dadgenileba amis Sesaxeb angariSi gaewiaT Tavis mokavSire germaniisaTvis (dauSvili, unda gadaeces graf Sulenbergs _ yvela es xdeba 2003:195). saidumlod. Sulenbergs miecema aqedan instruqcia, romlis germanelTa gasacileblad sadgurSi mTavrobasTan erTad ZaliT is am Tqvens Suamdgomlobas gadascems Tavis didZalma xalxma moiyara Tavi. qarTvelebi gulistkiviliT mTavrobas~ (eliava, 1992:179). acilebdnen TavianT keTilismyofelebs, baTumamde maT baTumis konferenciaze (1918 wlis 11 maisi _ 4 ivnisi) usafrTxo mgzavrobas uzrunvelyofdnen parlamentisa da Seqmnilma mdgomareobam daaCqara amierkavkasiis federaciuli mTavrobis rwmunebuli germanul misiasTan daviT vaCnaZe da respublikis daSla. samxedro ministris adiutanti maiori giorgi afxazi 30 germania sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli aRmo- kaciani razmiT (dauSvili, 2003:197). savleTSi mSvidobis damyarebiT. aseT viTarebaSi generalma qarTul-germanuli urTierTobebi saTaves Zveli droidan fon losovma baTumis konferenciaze amierkavkasiis dele- iRebs. igi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri gaxda XIX saukunis gacias Suamdgomloba SesTavaza. moxda germanuli da qar- aTiani wlebis miwurulidan (1817 w.), rodesac saqarTvelos Tuli interesebis Tanxvedra. amieridan, rogorc germaneli 63 64
teritoriaze (qvemo qarTlSi) germanel kolonistTa pirveli damoukideblobis gamocxadebac daaCqara. germanias dasaxlebani gaCnda (sonRulaSvili, 1995:6). damoukidebeli saqarTvelo kavkasiuri politikisaTvis 1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi germaniis saimperatoro sWirdeboda, xolo saqarTvelos _ erovnuli mTavrobis warmomadgenelma, bavariis samefos general- saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis safuZvlad (vadaWkoria, maiorma fon-losovma da saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa 2006:104). ministrma ak. Cxenkelma xeli moaweres `droebiT SeTanxmebas gansakuTrebul interess germaniis delegacia iwvevda. saqarTvelosa da germanias Soris winaswari mtruli ganwyoba germaniisadmi mosaxleobaSi ar iyo. urTierTdamokidebulebis damyarebis Sesaxeb~, romelic ...germania baTumSi alikapi iyo TurqeTisaTvis da es iyo friad didmniSvnelovan dokuments warmoadgenda (gurgenaZe, mTavari (avaliSvili, 1990:53). 2003:497). ...Turqebis Semotevas davupirispiroT saqarTvelos XX saukunis dasawyisSi germanul kapitals didi interesi damoukidebloba, romelsac mxars uWers germania izidavda kavkasiaSi. upirvelesad amodiodnen im (avaliSvili, 1990:79). perspeqtividan, rom kavkasia iwodeboda xidad evropasa da am `germanul orientaciaSi~ Tavidanve iyo raRac ufro azias Soris, igi flobda seriozul strategiul Rrma, uSualod dakavSirebuli im eris gzebTan, mdebareobas, romelic omis dros SeiZleboda gamoeyenebinaT, moTxovnilebebis ganviTarebasTan da TviTdamkvidrebis rogorc samxedro baza (SeyelaSvili, 1998:169). SegnebasTan, romelic ase daaknina XIX saukunesa da XX n. Jordania: saqarTvelos suverenul uflebaTa pativis- saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis saxelmwifom (avaliSvili, cemisa da Sinaur saqmeebSi Caurevlobis dauviwyari magaliTi 1990:128). mogvca germaniis jarebis sardlobam... Cveni urTierTSoris aq Tavi iCina ltolvam evropisaken, romelic yovelgvari damokidebuleba iyo loialuri, megobruli, gulwrfeli kulturuli moZraobis centrad da umTavres kerad (Jordania, 1990:91). germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaiazreboda. ...aq moixaza `evropasTan mikedlebis~ is generaluri Stabis ufrosi 1916-1918 wlebSi general- varianti, romelic safuZvlad daedo saqarTvelos politikas feldmarSali erix ludendorfi: saqarTveloSi damkvidreba 1918 wlis maisis baTumis konferenciidan da romelsac germanias saSualebas aZlevda, osmaleTisagan damoukideblad SeiZleba ewodos `germanuli~ an `Suaevropuli~. Ees mieRwia kavkasiis nedleulamde (dokumentebisa da masalebis politika principulad gansxvavdeboda 1917 wlis noemberSi krebuli, 1942:137). saqarTvelos erovnuli yrilobis mier aRiarebuli rusuli 1918 wlis ivnisSi TbilisSi Camovida ori bavariuli orientaciis SenarCunebis aucileblobis kursidan aTaseuli (1800 kaci) da germaniis samxedro-diplomatiuri (avaliSvili, 1990:128). misia (vaCnaZe, 1992:152). eWvgareSea, germaniis mxardaWeram Seumsubuqa saqarTvelos ramdenadac germania kavkasiur politikaSi aqtiur damoukideblobis pirveli Tveebi, magram evropis Secvlil CarTvasa da gavlenis sferoebis gaZlierebas cdilobda, politikur pirobebSi e.w. `germanul orientacias~ niadagi dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebaSi saqarTvelo misTvis gamoecala (avaliSvili, 1990:186). erTaderT realur dasayrden Zalas warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli germaniis misiis warmomadgenelma amierkavkasiaSi general- faqtoris saqarTvelos mxridan gamouyenebloba danaSaulis maiorma fridrix kres fon kresenStainma baTumis zavs tolfasi iqneboda (vadaWkoria, 2006:97). mxolod `winaswari~ uwoda (WumburiZe, 1999:30). kavkasiur politikaSi germaniis aqtiurma CarTvam da yovelgvari aRiarebis, gadawyvetilebis, mxardaWeris da saqarTvelosadmi misma gansakuTrebulma interesma, TurqeTis waxalisebis centrma parizSi gadainacvla... CvenTvis agresiisagan saqarTvelo ara marto gadaarCina, aramed misi 65 66
parizisaken mimavali gza londonze gadioda... politikuri Caxeduli saxelisuflebo politikis kuluarebSi. igi aRwers pirobebis gamo (avaliSvili, 1990:186). ra 1914 wels TurqeTis, germaniisa da saqarTvelos damkomis saqarTvelo-germanias Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebis Semdeg warmomadgenlebs Soris Semdgari molaparakebis Sedegebs, germaniisa da TurqeTis samxedro mosamsaxureebs Soris ad- aRniSnavs, rom `germaniis elCi konstantinepolSi baroni fon gili hqonda uTanxmoebas da dapirispirebas sxvadasxva sakiT- vangenhaimi Sepirda qarTvelebs (ra Tqma una, germaniis xze, romelsac mohyva germaniis samxedro da sagareo saqmeTa oficialuri pirebis TanxmobiT. e.m.), rom samSvidobo saministroebis werilobiTi protestebi (sioriZe, 2002:264). molaparakebebze germania mxars dauWerda kavkasiis xalxebis 1918 wlis 28 maiss q. foTSi germaniis mTavrobis damoukideblobas da maT ganTavisuflebas ruseTis uRli- saimperatoro warmomadgenelTan daido winaswari xelSekru- sagan. didma vezirma TurqeTis mTavrobis saxeliT igive leba, romlis Tanaxmad germaniis mTavrobam aRuTqva saqar- dapireba misca qarTvelebs da garda amisa, maT saqar- Tvelos respublikas damoukideblobis aRiareba da misi TvelosaTvis Tavisi navsadgurisa (igulisxmeba baTumi, e.m.) teritoriis xelSeuxeblobis dacva (saqarTvelos respub- dazurgis gamo sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone baTumis lika, 1918). olqis gadacemac aRuTqva, magram brest-litovskis samSvi- kresis memuarebi erTob saintereso wyaroa saqarTvelos dobo xelSekrulebis dadebas am cota naCqarevi dapirebebis aRniSnuli periodis (1918 w.) SeswavlisaTvis. avtori germa- Sesruleba ver SeZles Tu ar isurves: baqo darCaT rusebs, nuli sizustiTa da punqtualobiT aRwers saqarTveloSi baTumi miiRes Turqebma~ (kresenStaini, 2002:59). mimdinare movlenebs. marTalia, zogierTi TariRi, geogra- rogorc cnobilia, brest-litovskis zavis aseTi Sede- fiuli cnoba da movlena damaxinjebulia, magram es odna- gebiT dasrulebaSi garkveuli pasuxismgebloba amierkav- vadac ar amcirebs memuarebis mniSvnelobas. gansakuTrebiT kasiis komisariatsac ekisreba, romelmac ignonireba gaukeTa sainteresoa avtoriseuli dakvirveba qarTveli eris xasia- brest-litovskSi miwvevas da monawileoba ar miiRo Tisa da bunebisadmi. ucxoelTagan kresi erT-erTi imaTgania, molaparakebis procesSi. romelic gamoxatavs Tavis pativiscemas da keTilganwyo- fon kresi memuarebis sxva nawilSi kidev erTxel bilebas Cveni Tanamemamuleebisadmi. ubrundeba brest-litovskis xelSekrulebas da aRniSnavs, kresis memuarebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, baTums gansakuTre- rom sazavo pirobebiT ruseTs unda daetovebina ardaganis, buli adgili ar uWiravs, avtori ramdenime adgilas aRwers yarsisa da baTumis olqebi, ruseTi ver Caereoda am olqebis aq mimdinare movlenebs. es bunebrivicaa, kresis misia saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa reorganizaciaSi, amierkavkasiaSi maSin daiwyo, roca saqarTvelo-TurqeTis am olqebis mosaxleobam `mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, saomari konfliqti droebiT Camcxrali iyo. miuxedavad saxeldobr _ TurqeTTan erTad unda daareguliros es amisa, misi dakvirvebani saintereso cnobebs Seicavs. avtori urTierTobani~. avtori savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs, ar malavs, rom `momavali samoqmedo mxaris mdgomareobaze~ rom `TurqeTi am debulebas iseTnairad ganmartavda, rom misTvis `dawvrilebiTi, Tumca... calmxrivi informacia~ TiTqos igi uflebamosilia, moaxdinos dasaxelebuli miuwodebia `berlinSi myofi `qarTuli komitetis~ (igulis- olqebis okupacia, arc meti arc naklebi, _ 1877 wlis xmeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti. e.m.) Tavmjdo- sazRvrebSi~ (kresenStaini, 2002:69). mares~ misTvis `konstantinepolidan nacnob axalgazrda avtors Semdeg aRwerili aqvs baTumis sazavo konferen- Tavad maCabels~ (kresenStaini, 2002:58). ciis mimdinareoba da Sedegebi, germaniis delegaciis aqtiuri qarTul istoriografiaSi cnobili faqtia, Tu ra adgili roli molaparakebebisas saqarTvelos interesebis dacvaSi. ekava germaniis aRmosavlur politikaSi saqarTvelos. kresi ar malavs Tavis aRSfoTebas TurqeTis xelisufle- rogorc kresis memuarebidan irkveva, avtori kargad aris bisadmi, romelmac `saqarTveloSi SeWris muqaris ultima- 67 68
tumiT... aiZules qarTvelebi, rom maTi sazavo pirobebi tyved ayvanili germaneli jariskacebis ganTavisuflebaze da mieRoT da 4 ivniss TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris daido soxumidan desantis gayvanaze. miuxedavad amisa, TurqeTis baTumis egreTwodebuli samSvidobo da megobrobis xelSek- xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda mieRo fon kresis winada- ruleba.~ rogorc kresi aRniSnavs, `germanias arasodes debebi da foTisaken gemiT mimavalT gzaSi daawies radio- uRiarebia es xelSekruleba, radgan igi brest-litovskis grama _ tyve germanelebis ganTavisuflebisa da soxumTan xelSekrulebis debulebebs ewinaaRmdegeboda... Turqebs gadasxmuli desantis gayvanis Sesaxeb (kresenStaini, 2002:89). baTumis xelSekruleba kavkasiis rkinigziT Tavisufali Turqebis aragulwrfeli politikiTa da cbierobiT aRSfo- sargeblobis garantias aZlevda... da bolos baTumis Tebuli fon kresi dasZenda: `CvenTvis uaRresad samarcxvino xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelom Tavisi armiis demobilizebis iyo, rom saomari viTareba gvaiZulebda, iseT mxecebTan da am procesis Taobaze TurqeTis mudmivad saqmis kursSi gveTanamSromla, rogorebic Turqebi iyvnen da maT winaaR- Cayenebis valdebulebac ikisra~ (kresenStaini, 2002:71-72). mdeg moqmedeba ar SegveZlo, rogorc es kacTamoyvareobis fon kresi aRSfoTebulia germaniis mokavSiris _ moTxovnebs Seesabameboda~ (kresenStaini, 2002:98). `Turqebis mxridan xelSekrulebis xelaxali darRvevis fon kresi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda baTumis rkinigzas gamo~. igi misiis wevrebTan _ avstriel da bulgarel politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros. is urCevda kolegebTan erTad iZulebuli gamxdara dayolodnen saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomares `saqarTvelos `saqarTvelos mTavrobis daJinebul xvewna-mudaras da rkinigza (Tbilisi-baTumis sarkinigzo xazi, e.m.) TurqeTis erTxel kidev~ ecadaT `modus vivendi~ (cxovrebis wesi _ samxedro tvirTebisaTvis manamde Caeketa, sanam Turqebi Tanaarsebobis principi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna) epovaT axalqalaqisa da axalcixis olqebs ar daclidnen. TurqebTan. germaniis misias imedi hqonda, `rom baTumSi vehib- saqarTvelos mTavrobam kargad gaiTavisa es winadadeba.~ faSasTan molaparakebiT Turqebsa da qarTvelebs Soris (kresenStaini, 2002:89). fon kresi bolomde principuli iyo am SeTanxmebas~ miaRwevdnen. `Cvens satelegrafo SekiTxvaze, sakiTxSi da germaniis maRalCinosanTa Carevis miuxedavad _ sasurvelia Tu ara Cveni stumroba, Turqebisagan pasuxi ar Tbilisi-baTumis rkinigzaze gaetarebinaT TurqeTis migviRia. miuxedavad amisa, sami misiis meTauri, ramdenime tvirTebi, igi misiis xelmZRvanelobidan gadadgomiT mxlebliTurT 29 ivnisis dilas foTSi CavsxediT gem daemuqra maT da aiZula ukan waeRoT TavianTi brZaneba. `generalze~ da didebuli amindis xelSewyobiT, xanmokle fon kresi moxiblula `Savi zRvis sanapiro rivierasaTvis mgzavrobis Semdeg, SuadRis pirveli saaTisaTvis baTumis damaxasiaTebeli haeriT~. avtori kmayofilebiT aRwers reidze davdeqiT. Zalian didxans mogviwia cdam, vidre baTumis da baTumis olqis gamorCeul bunebas. `baTumSi, navsadgurSi Sesvlis uflebas mogvcemdnen da mxolod sxvaTaSoris, Caic xarobs, _ mogviTxrobs germaneli stumari, naSuadRevis 4-sa da 5 saaTs Soris SevZeliT napirze _ mdinareTa xeobebi da dablobebi Zalian nayofieria, sadac gadasvla~ (kresenStaini, 2002:87-88). umeteswilad simindi, xili da venaxebia gaSenebuli~ fon kresi ukmayofilebas ar malavs germaniis misiisadmi (kresenStaini, 2002:72-73). avtori mkiTxvels mouTxrobs baqo- TurqeTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa upativcemulobis baTumis milsadenis mniSvnelobaze: `1900-dan 1906 wlamde gamo. es arc aris gasakviri. germaniis misiam araerTxel aSenda 854 km. sigrZis da daaxloebiT 30 sm-iani diametris daadastura Tavisi keTilganwyobileba amierkavkasiis baqo-baTumis milsadeni. 17 gadasatumbi sadguri awarmoebs respublikebis mimarT, rac Turqebis mier germanelebisadmi baqoSi mopovebuli navTobproduqtebis gadaqaCvas baTumSi. undoblobas iwvevda. fon kresis misiis molaparakeba baqo da baTumi sahaero xaziT isea erTmaneTs daSorebuli, TurqebTan uSedegod dasrulda. Tuqrebma uari ganacxades rogorc vena da hamburgi~ (kresenStaini, 2002:74).
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rogorc cnobilia, I msoflio omSi germaniisa da misi 6. S. vadaWkoria, saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis mokavSireebis damarcxebis gamo, germaniis xelisufleba sakiTxebi (XX s.), wigni II, 2006 iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina amierkavkasia. daiwyo saqar- 7. d. vaCnaZe, samSoblos samsaxurSi, naw. I, qarTul- Tvelodan samxedro misiis evakuaciis RonisZiebebi, rasac evropuli institutis Jurnali `iveria~, Tbilisi- eqscesebis gareSe ar Cauvlia. gansakuTrebiT gamomwvevad parizi, 1992, # 1 iqceodnen omSi gamarjvebuli mxaris _ didi britaneTis 8. n. muSkudiani, generali fridrix kres fon kresen- warmomadgenlebi. saqarTvelos mTavrobac iZulebuli iyo, Staini da misi mogonebani, mTargmnelis winaTqma Secvlil viTarebaSi Seesrulebina ingliselTa miTiTebebi. pirveli qarTuli publikaciisaTvis, wignSi: baron am dros mTavrobis zogierTma wevrma germanelTa mimarT fridrix kres fon kresenStaini, Cemi misia kavkasiaSi, madlierebis grZnobac dakarga. am viTarebiT ukmayofileba quTaisi, 2002 misiis xelmZRvanelis memuarebSi aSkarad igrZnoba. 9. d. paiWaZe, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis daar- baTumis olqis saokupacio xelisufleba germaniis misiis sebis politikur-diplomatiuri wanamZRvrebi, krebuli wevrebs ise eqceoda, rogorc samxedro tyveebsa da `qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 7, Tb., 2000 damnaSaveebs. `baTumSi Cvendami dapirebuli Tavisufali 10. m. svaniZe, baTumis konferencia da saqarTvelos gadaadgilebis sanacvlod, rogorc tyveebs, ise mogveqcnen demokratiuli respublikis daarseba, krebuli da patara sastumroSi, sazizRar pirobebSi mogvaTavses, `qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 6, Tb., 1999 grZeli xiStebis garda yvela iaraRi CamogvarTves da 11. m. svaniZe, diplomatiuri brZola baTumisa da baTumis saRamos 8 saaTidan dilis 10 saaTamde Senobis datoveba olqisaTvis 1918-1921 wlebSi, krebuli `qarTuli agvikrZales. baTumSi ingliselTa sardali generali kuk- diplomatia~, t. 10, Tb., 2003 kolisi, roca mas vewvie, warmoudgenlad utifrad da 12. m. sioriZe, samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo 1914-1918 araraindulad iqceoda~ (kresenStaini, 2002:129). wlebSi, baTumi, 2004 1919 wlis 8 Tebervals germaniis misiam datova baTumi. 13. a. sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1995 14. n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990 15. f. SeyelaSvili, germaniis brZola msoflio gadana- literatura: wilebisaTvis XX saukunis dasawyisSi da samxreT- aRmosavleTi evropa, krebuli `qarTuli diplomatia~, 1. z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 t. 5, Tb., 1998 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, Tb., 1990 16. d. WumburiZe, aWaris sakiTxi 1918-1921 wlebSi da 2. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918, # 15, 11 agvist. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri, Tb., 1999 germaneli okupantebi saqarTveloSi 1918 wels, dokumentebisa da masalebis krebuli, Tb., 1942 3. v. gurgenaZe, foTis SeTanxmeba (1918 w.), krebuli `qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 10, Tb., 2003 4. r. dauSvili, grafi Sulenbergi qarTul politikaSi, krebuli `qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 10, Tb., 2003 5. n. eliava, darCenilia erTaderTi gza..., `saistorio moambe~, 1992, # 63-64
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irma bagrationi firma, romelTa saxelebi TiToeuli bavSvisTvisac ki nacnobia _ “Sago”, “Sala”, “Vitali”, “Valaci” ... sicocxliT savse baTumuri STabeWdilebebi ucxoel ucxoelebi, mrgvalebi da msuqnebi dahqrian voroncovis avtorTa etiudebSi quCaze (yofili gorkis quCa, mis bolo nawils ki erqva bazris quCa da savse iyo savaWro rigebiT _ i. b.) kantoridan rogorc cnobilia, bevri saintereso ucxoeli istoriuli kantoraSi... pirovneba stumrobda aWaris regions. aseTi vizitebis ...zamTari TiTqmis ar icis. yvela nabijze Segxvdebian Sedegad maT mier Sesrulebuli mravalricxovani mogoneba, mandarinis gamyidvelebi da faxlaviani Txupnia biWebi. odnav Canaweri, werili, statia, novela, esei, narkvevi Tu SemTbari, cisfrad molivlive zRva narnarad Wyumpalaobs samecniero gamokvleva fasdaudebel informacias Seicavs mravalsarTuliani korpusis _ “franc-ferdinandis” qalaq baTumisa da misi Semogarenis Sesaxeb. TiToeuli aseTi sastumros irgvliv... etiudi uZvirfasesi striqonebia baTumuri matianesTvis. ...axalgazrda konstantinepoleli komersantebi, kaSkaSa 1920 wlis Semodgoma. osip mandelStami pirvelad ewvia yviTeli CeqmebiTa da qarvis krialosnebiT, dahqrian saqarTvelos: jer baTums, Semdeg _ Tbiliss, kaxeTs... es rusi sanapiroze. miuxedavad maTi bzinvarebisa, isini ratomRac poeti ar gaxldaT mogzauri da arc es qalaqebi yofila misi evropul tanisamosSi gadacmul zangebs mogvagoneben da, mogzaurobis samarSruto punqtebi. misTvis isini bedis ufro metad, egzotikur kafeSantanur Semsruleblebs... konturis aRmniSvnel punqtirs warmoadgenda... baTumSi mas ...gabatonebuli ena baTumSi _ rusulia, yvelaze asakovani Semosvla mouxda yirimidan, sadac am dros gaxurebuli ucxoelebic ki mesame dRes rusulad iwyeben laparaks. es samoqalaqo omi mimdinareobda; baTumis menSevikurma miT ufro sasaciloa, ramdenadac rusebi baTumSi TiTqmis ar mTavrobam igi bolSevikebis jaSuSad monaTla da daapatimra. arian, TumcaRa arc qarTvelebi arian maincadamainc bevrni _ axalgazrda rusi poeti cixidan megobarma qarTvelma qalaqia nacionalurobis gareSe _ moxveWaze fiqrSi “cisferyanwelebma” daixsnes [SevniSnavT, rom mandelStami adamianebma SeumCnevlad dakarges igi... vaJa fSavelas poeziis pirveli rusi mTargmnelia!]...... Tumca, baTumelebs aqvT maRali moTxovnilebanic, moviyvanT pasaJebs mandelStamis narkvevidan “baTumi” raRaceebi sulieri siamovnebisTvis. marinis prospeqtze (rusul enaze): (yofili stalinis prospeqti – i. b.) aris aseTi wre _ “am patara, TiTqmis saTamaSo, qalaqis meqanizmi uCveulod “xelovnebis moRvaweTa sazogadoeba”. aq imarTeba makulatu- martivia. saxezea mxolod erTi RerZi _ Turquli lira: rul fermwerTa saseiro gamofenebi, maT eqsponatebs biTumad liris kursi icvleba, savaraudod, RamiT, rameTu diliT iZenen Camosuli berZnebi. adgilobrivi esTetebi da snobebi mcxovrebT gaRviZebisTanave xvdebaT liris axali kursi da aqeT-iqiT daseirnoben moxatuli oleografiebis qveS, aravin ar icis, Tu rogor moxda es. lira pulsirebs TiTo- TiTqosda namdvil vernisaJze imyofebodnen. aqve qalbatonebi euli baTumelis, rogorc, saerTod, SavizRvispirelis swavloben mReras, musikasa da plastikas am saqmeSi gamoc- sisxlSi, axali dRis kurss diliT sajarod acxadeben dili specialistebis meTvalyureobiT. qalaqs mudmivad mefunTuSeebi. eseni gaxlavT mSvidi, zrdilobiani da esxmian Tavs Camosuli Sarlatanebi _ “profesorebi da sasiamovno Turqebi, romlebic Zalian sufTa da umarilo lqtorebi”... SabaTobiT qalaqi ivseba samxedro musikis xorblisgan damzadebul tradiciul lavaSs yidian... hangebiT, romlis Semoqmedi sazogadoebrivi Tavyrilobaa: es ...baTumis spekulaciuri ierarqiac erTob naTelia da aris lxini mTeli RamiT, morigi saqvelmoqmedo saRamo moSi- martivi. sistemis centrSi dgas aTeuli msxvili ucxouri
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mSileTa sasargeblod, lotos, amerikuli auqcionisa da aromatuli yavis orTqli didxans trialebs haerSi. yavaxanis msgavs sanaxaobaTa TanxlebiT. aq Tavs iyrian miliardebi... mosamsaxure araqaTgamoclilia wamdauwum patara yavis ...da mainc, ra aris amJamindeli baTumi: aRelvebuli finjnebis aqeT-iqiT datarebiT... savaWro qalaqi, savaraudo fanjara vropisaken sabWoTa ...ai, Semodis megazeTec: momaragebuli gazeTebiT yvela qveynisTvis, Tu SesaniSnavi naxevradaRmosavluri xmelTaSua enaze. yvelas _ Tavisi unda ergos... porti Turquli yavaxanebiT, zrdili sovdagrebiTa da rusi ...moxuci sapatio Turqi yidulobs Turqul “komunists” da movaWre matrosebiT, romlebic iseve uzrunvelad tkepnian nela kiTxulobs sxvebis gasagonad. ras gaigebs is, vaWari da mis midamoebs, rogorc Tavis droze Sanxaisa da san-fran- patriarqi, misTvis SeTavazebul axal moZRvrebaSi? igi ciskosi!?” (mandelStami, 1990 : 317-323) _ aseTi ritorikuli Subls Wmuxnis, Tumca ar iRimeba; kargad aris aRzrdili, SekiTxviT asrulebs avtoriATavis narkvevs, Cven ki survili misi warmomavlobis Sesaferisad, da miCveulia pativi sces gviCndeba gavixsenoT mniSvnelovani istoriuli faqti sxvis azrs... amasTan dakavSirebiT: ...yvelaze sasiamovno vaWrul baTumSi _ es Tavad savaWro rogorc baTumis istoriidan aris cnobili, XIX_XX ss. saxlebia. maTSi iseTi keTilsaxovaneba da kultura mijnaze Cvens qalaqSi Turme Cvidmeti sakonsulo igrZnoba, rasac ver ipoviT swarafad aRzevebul italiur da funqcionirebda: avstria-ungreTis, prusiis (germaniis), sxva evropul savaWro firmebSi, romlebSic qaosia CrdiloeT amerikis Statebis (konsuli _ uiliam stiuarti, gabatonebuli da usiamovno mtacebluri suli... dedofal maria stiuartis memkvidre, romelic maxinjaurSi ...bindi Camowveba da baTumi mainc ar iZinebs. zRvispiris mouklavT imis gamo, rom milioneri rusi konsulis sava quCaze (axlnd. gogebaSvilis quCa, romelzec ramdenime morozovis cols gaearSiya.), safrangeTis (konsuli _ sastumro [“aWaristani”, “centraluri”], restorani [“talRa”, delakrua), daniis, italiis, belgiis, TurqeTis, sparseTis, “florida”], savaWro kantora da portis sabaJos Senoba iyo iaponiis, britaneTis, Sveciis, norvegiis da a. S. ganTavsebuli) gvian Ramemde moZraobs erTi mTliani sazeimo 1933 wlis zafxuli. axalgazrda sabWoTa mwerali boris masa; igrZnoba, rom TiToeulma am brbodan “saqme gaakeTa” da pilniaki sayvareli qalis mizeziT specialurad ewvia axla Tavisi komerciuli simaxvilis nayofs imkis... saqarTvelos, sadac msaxiob kira andronikaSvils ...saxelwodeba “Savi zRva” TiTqos zusti Targmania kinofilmSi iRebdnen. TbilisSi mas daxvdnen megobrebi: Turquli “yara denizis”, Tanac “yaras” aqvs ori mniSvneloba: tician tabiZe, nato vaCnaZe, nikoloz Sengelaia... qorwili Savi da boroti. Turqebi sityvas Y”yara” gamoiyeneben ufro Sedga yazbegSi da man saTave daudo pilniakis cxovrebas “Savis” mniSvnelobiT. Tumca, mainc gaugebaria, ratom unda saqarTveloSi. ewodos aseTi lamazi sanapiroebis mflobels an “Savi” an mogvyavs fragmentebi pilniakis narkvevidan “Savi zRva” kidev “boroti”!?” (pilniaki, 1991 : 209-217) (rusul enaze): dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis ZiebaSi cotaTi ufro “...zRvispira bulvari soWiT, oleandrebiTa da palmebiT adreuli periodis Canawerebs vixsenebT frangi mogzauris iseTive sanaxavia, rogorc jadosnuri baRebi “aTas erTi adrian diupres (me-18 s.) statiidan “baTumis sanapiros Ramidan”... aq ianvarSi erTgvari zamTris seirnobaa... keTilSobili genia” (inglisur enaze): adamianebi sxedan plaJis Tbil RorRze, sul axlos “... is arc elCi iyo, arc saxelmwifo moRvawe, arc talRebTan, esaa rom ar banaoben. aqve iwyeba zeimi saporto istorikosi da arc mogzauri, mas mxolod is surda, rom Turquli yavaxanebisTvis _ mTeli qalaqis suli da guli baTumis sanapiro zoli Tvalwarmtac edemad gadaeqcia... saqme romaa: Tavisi klubebiTa da birJebiT. yavaxanebi gvaqvs baTumis olqSi saerTod mebaReobis kulturis pirvel naxevradCabnelebulia da Tambaqos kvamliTaa gaJRenTili. pionerTan da damamkvidrebelTan. rom ara es frangi didgva- 75 76
rovani _ mixail d’alfonsi, ar iarsebebda baTumis bulvari, CvenTvis sayuradReboa me-16 s-is italieli diplomatis, maxinjaursa da mwvane koncxze ar gaSendeboda rus sparseTSi veneciis respublikis elCis, amvrosi kontarinis didgvarovanTa mdidruli vilebi, arc tfilisis mogonebebi, romelic SavizRvispireTs tranzituli inteligencia daacarielebda Tavis safuleebs da gaiRebda mgzavrobis marSrutiT stumrobda. Tavis “werilebSi Zveli amdens, rom uxvad miesakuTrebia dasasvenebeli adgilebi Savi baTumis Sesaxeb” (inglisur enaze) igi mogviTxrobs Semdegs zRvis napiras. Cems kalams namdvilad ar ZaluZs aRweros am [gaviTvaliswinoT, rom im droisTvis baTumis olqis mSfoTvare gonebis nafiqrali da naRvawi... sazRvari Tamaris cixidan iwyeboda]: ...kalikis koncxis (axlnd. “mwvane koncxi”) pirveli “baTumis Semogareni gacilebiT met STabeWdilebas axdens moagarake da ara-ordinaruli binadari ocnebobda Savi mnaxvelze, vidre Tavad zRvispireTi... gansakuTrebuli tkboba zRvis sanapiroze Seeqmna meore riviera. am mizniT Caitana swored maSin vigrZeni, roca maRlob sanaxebs mivuaxlovdi. Turme man safrangeTidan maradmwvane mcenareTa Teslebi da maxunceTis idumal bunebaSi gamaogna didebuli mquxare pirveli nergebi sakuTari agarakis siaxloves gaaSena. CanCqeris xilvam da misma ierma. misi simaRle oc saJenamdea. swored misi wyalobaa, rom es koncxi SemdegSi gadaiqca mTel Tavis grandiozulobas is, Turme avlens gazafxulze “mwvane koncxad”... da wvimian periodebSi, roca wyali adidebulia, maSin ...baTumidan Svidi verstis daSorebiT gvirabia gaWrili. CanCqeris xmauri xuTi verstis miRmac ki esmiT. qveda da zed gvirabis SesasvlelTan patara moedani platformad zeda aWaris sazRvarze dandaloa gadafenili Tvalwarmtaci gvevlineba rogorc baqani “mwvane koncxi”. sadguris Senoba nangrevebiT cixe-simagrisa, romelic mTis konuszea Semdgari Caflulia lavroalublebsa da dracenebSi. zustad da SesaniSnavi naZvnariTaa Semkul-Semosili. cixis saxelia sadguris mopirdapire mxares sacalfexo biliks mivyavarT “Tamaris koSki”. Tumca soflis saxeli ufro italiur agaraki-sken. masTan axlos koxtad aris mowyobili qvisa da warmomavlobas amxels, kerZod gvaxsenebs venecieli doJebis kldis natexebiT mopirkeTebuli mcire zomis auzi. auzis gvars dandalos dinastiidan, veneciis respublikis irgvliv da agarakis midamoebSi erTmaneTSia areuli gafurCqvnis xanaSi, roca misi mkvidri vaWrebi sxvadasxva saxis kaqtusi, agava, aloe, opuncia da misT. Mcena- mogzaurobdnen Soreul aRmosavleTSi, uzarmazar reul formaTa aseTi mravalgvaroba ucxoa Tavad manufaqturul vaWrobas awarmoebdnen mcire aziasTan da evropisTvisac da mas sxvagan versad ver ipoviT. erTi aRwevdnen Zveli pontos Sinaur qveynebSi. cnobilia, rom maT sityviT, d’alfonsis “mwvane koncxi” fantastikuri velia Zveli pontos xeobebSi, genuelebTan erTad, hqondaT patara mebaRe-dekoratoris SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis dasamkvidrebl- faqtoriebi cixe-simagreebiT, romlebsac icavdnen ad...” (diupre, 1995 : 17-45) adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan Seqmnili daqiravebuli piketebi. rogorc CvenTvis aris cnobili, droTa ganmavlobaSi unda vivaraudoT, rom dandalos sofeli Tavisi cixe-koSkiT d’alfonsis agaraks Seecvala mepatroneebi. misi mflobelebi erT-erT aseT faqtorias warmoadgenda, romelic Seqmnili iyvnen xan generali baraTovi, romelic daqorwinda mixailis iyo im mizniT, rom daecvaT aWaris xeobiT mimavali qaravnebi qvrivze _ madam d’alfonsze, xanac vaWari devidsoni, xanac focxovis mTis xeobis gavliT Sors sparseTisaken...” saxelmwifo, romelmac aq botanikuri baRis laboratoria (kontarini, 1987 : 56-67) moawyo. albaT, bedis ironiaa, rom mxolod cnobili frangis unda aRiniSnos, rom axali drois baTumSi Tavmoyrili pirdapir memkvidres, mis SviliSvils _ qsenia d’alfonss iyo uamravi eTnikur-rasobrivi jgufis warmomadgeneli [romelic saqarTvelos moqalaqea da TbilisSi cxovrobs TiTqmis yvela kontinentidan. baTumis quCebSi bevr Tavis ojaxTan erTad] ar ergo wilad gamxdariyo babuas sxvadasxva enaze saubars gaigonebdiT da erTmaneTisgan agarakis diasaxlisi. mkveTrad gansxvavebuli elferis mosaubres daafiqsirebdiT. 77 78
baTumuri koloritis SeqmnaSi, Tavis droze, wvlili _ aba, bevrni xarT zangebi baTumis olqSi? Seitanes afrikuli kontinentis warmomadgenlebmac... zangi damfrTxali saxiT momaSterda da SeCerda. amasTan dakavSirebiT CvenTvis sainteresoa berZnuli _ bevrni xarT zangebi baTumis SemogarenSi? _ gavumeore warmomavlobis istoriografisa da mogzauris volan vradis SekiTxva. Canawerebis krebuli “baTumis olqisa da quTaisis guberniis _ “yvelasTvis” TxuTmeti kaci, _ raRac ucnauri aqcentiT zangebi” (rusul enaze). masSi avtori gviambobs Semdegs: da SeSinebuli xmiT mipasuxa. “baTumSi, adgilobrivi “sakurorto sazogadoebis” erT- _ mxolod TxuTmeti? albaT colebisa da bavSvebis erT sxdomaze Zalze damainteresa qalaqis eqimis, gareSe, rasakvirvelia, ara? adre ki zangebi Turme aq sobolevskis monaTxrobma baTumis midamoebSi zangTa cxovrobdnen, sadac Cven vdgavarT! arsebobis Sesaxeb. maT, Turme, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni ara- Tambaqo SevTavaze, rom SemCveoda. man ki samxedro bebs eZaxian. mec Sevecade swored qalaqis mkvidrTagan mokrZalebiT momigo amaze da Savi marjvena xeli fesis qveS mimeRo informacia zangi Tanaqalaqelebis Sesaxeb. magram, miido, Tavic msubuqad damixara. nuras ukacravad! veraferic ver gavige. maSin mivmarTe _ Sen axali stefanovkidana xar? _ rac SemeZlo Tbilad baTumis olqis ufross nikolai satovs. am ukanasknelma vkiTxe. werilobiT SemomTavaza Semevlo olqis gamgeobaSi. _ ara, mipasuxa, Tan Savi TiTebiT Tambaqos sresda, specialurad zangebis Sesaxeb aranairi cnoba iq ar mosawevad emzadeboda, _ me orTa-baTumidan “vimyofebi”. arsebobda, ramdenadac olqis mosaxleobis “saqmeebSi” _ ki, magram iqac arian zangebi? zangebi Seyvanili hyavdaT “lazebis” an “aWarlebis” rubrika- _ ara, mxolod me “vimyofebi”. Si. amasTan baTumSi ar arsebobs statistikuri komiteti. 1910 _ zangze xar daqorwinebuli? wlis “baTumis olqis mimoxilvis” im TavSi, sadac saubaria _ ara, aWarel qalze. olqis mosaxleobaze, aRniSnulia, rom “...olqis sazRvrebSi _ Tqvenebi mxolod aWarlebze qorwindebian? mcxovrebi somxebi, Turqebi, lazebi da zangebi Seadgenen _ diax, “ase gamovida”, _ mivxvdi, gamiSinaurda. misi mosaxleobis SedarebiT umniSvnelo nawils”. mere eTnografiuli foto-masala vuCvene lazebTan mxolod qalaqis TavebTan piradi saubrebidan gavige, rom mopovebuli, romelic sarfidan Camovitane. avuxseni, rom baTumSi SemorCenili zangebi Tavmoyrili iyvnen dabebSi: TurqeTis sazRvarze viyavi da msurs wigni davwero baTumis minda da Tofal-oRli kaxaberis dablobSi, erTi ojaxi olqis Sesaxeb. cxovrobda souqsuze (sasaflaoebTan), erTic kidev _ orTa _ ai, zangis foto ki mainc ara maqvs! Sen gaqvs? _ vkiTxe baTumSi. Tavad ki pirvelad zangi baTumSi vixile 1912 wlis RimiliT. 6 noembers: _ maqvs, mxolod “saxlSi”, pakes kantoraSi, tefiq-beg im dRes Turquli bazrisken (mdebareobda axlnd. quTaisis beJaniZis saxlSi (igulisxmeba: franguli sazRvao kompania quCaze, meCeTTan axlos _ i. b.) mivemarTebodi. vvaraudobdi, “pake da ka”, romlis kantora mdebareobda zRvispiris quCaze rom raime axal masalas vipovidi adgilobrivi #1-Si; igi daaarses frangma Zmebma parkentonianebma, eTnografiuli fondisTvis. marinis prospeqtze swrafad warmoSobiT marselidan. _ i. b.). mimavali zangi SevniSne, Tavze Jolosferi Turquli fesiT. _ kargi iqneba, axla Tu gadagiReb. aqve, pirdapir foto aSkara iyo, rom zanguri tipaJi masSi srulyofilad aRar saxelosnoa. ai, Sen 30 kapiki da kvitancia me gadmomeci. ikiTxeboda. es iyo ufro zangur-lazuri an zangur-aWaruli man bevri iyoymana saxelosnos karebTan, amitomac Sevyevi... tipi. Sevecade davweodi... rogorc ki mivuaxlovdi, maSinve ase gadaviReT franguli sanavigacio kantoris daraji zangi, SekiTxviT gavaCere: romelsac arab iozefs eZaxdnen. sinamdvileSi mas erqva aji- 79 80
abdul-oRli. religiurad is, rogorc sxva aqauri zangebi, 5. Dewpre Adrian, “The Good Genius of Batumi Seaboard” // Archives of mahmadianobda. iqneboda ormoci wlisa. rusulad laparakic Historical Person, Moscow, Publishing House “Prentice-Hall”, 1995. SeeZlo da franguladac”... (vradi, 1967 : 49-72) 6. Contarin Amvros, “The Letters On The Ancient Batumi” // Archives of aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa baTumis istoriis Ancient History, Milan, Italy, Published by “Grolier”, 1987. Tanamedrove mkvlevaris zaur margievis statia “zangebi _ Ирма Багратиони TeTri laqebi baTumis istoriaSi” (rusul enaze), romlis mixedviT baTumis midamoebSi uxsovari droidan cxovrobda БАТУМСКИЕ ВПЕЧАТЛЕНИЯ В ЭТЮДАХ zangebis ramdenime ojaxi. baTumis olqis ruseTis Semadgen- ИНОСТРАННЫХ АВТОРАХ lobaSi gadasvlisas zangebi, nawilobriv, darCnen baTumis Р Е З Ю М Е olqSi; 1892 wlamde isini kidev cxovrobdnen Sig baTumSi, kerZod, mis Turqul nawilSi _ Crdilo-aRmosavleT ubanSi. В научной статье отмечается, что многие исторические лица посещали mogvianebiT, roca baTumis olqi gaxda quTaisis guberniis Аджарский регион и Батумскую область. Их воспоминания, путевые nawili, saolqo ufrosis stepanovis dros, 1892-93 wlebSi, заметки, научные изыскания, наблюдения содержат интереснейший zangebi gaasaxles qalaqis farglebs gareT, stefanovkis информационный материал о городе Батуми и его окрестностях. Он dasaxlebis turtlian barakebSi (margievi, 2004 : 104-114). больше напоминает летопись временных лет, нежели просто заметки yovelive zemoTqmuldan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom путешественников и учёных-исследователей. ucxoel avtorebs yvelaze metad swored is izidavda В статье подчеркивается, что русский поэт Осип Мандельштам, baTumur sanaxebSi, rac dakavSirebuli iyo maTs русский писатель Борис Пильняк, греческого происхождения историограф mSobliurTan, SesisxlxorcebulTan, rac maT axsenebda и путешественник Волан Врадий, итальянский дипломат, посол sakuTar erovnuls da raSic isini axloblur impulsebs Венецианской республики в Персии Амвросий Контарини, французский poulobdnen... Tu ver poulobdnen, cdilobdnen rom путешественник Адриан Дюпре, французский дворянин Михаил daeZebnaT da epovaT: rusi masSi eZebda rusuls, berZeni _ Д'альфонс буквально вписывали свой имена в книгу истории Батуми. antikurs, Turqi _ aRmosavlurs, frangi _ evropuls.... В статье утверждается, что в Батумской области на рубеже XIX-XX baTumuri internacionaluri idilia ki WeSmaritad веков проживало множество национальностей. Здесь жили представители maradiulad iZleoda amis stimuls Tavisi mravalferovani многих этнических групп почти со всех континентов земного шара. Это metropoliuri variaciebiT... был многонациональный город. В те годы, здесь можно было услышать языки многих народов. Батуми был Вавилоном Чёрноморского побережья literatura: Кавказа. Ещё в начале нашей эры, давая описание этих мест, отец географии Страбон говорил, что римлянам приходилось держать здесь до 1. Мандельштам Осип, «Батум» // Очерки. Статьи. // Серия: XX век. 70 переводчиков для общения с местными племенами. Россия-Грузия, Сплетение судеб, Тбилиси, «Мерани», 1990. В научной статье особо подчеркивается, что этническая группа, 2. Пильняк Борис, «Чёрное море» // Очерки. Статьи. // Серия: XX век. которую составляло темнокожее население города, была Россия-Грузия, Сплетение судеб, Тбилиси, «Мерани», 1991. немногочисленной. Негры жили преимущественно в районе деревни 3. Врадий Волан, «Негры Батумской области и Кутаисской губернии», Степановки. Сегодня Батумские улицы уже лишены того колорита, Издание типографии Г. Таварткиладзе в Батуме, Издание второе, Батуми, которое вносили одним своим присутствием представители Африканского 1967. континента. Негритянское население составляло небольшую часть из того 4. Маргиев З., «Негры – белые пятна в истории Батуми» // Краткий многочисленного национального и расового многообразия, которым был исторический обзор города Батуми, Батуми, 2004. так богат город Батуми и его окрестности на рубеже веков. 81 82
nodar kaxiZe ze, aWaraze, mis mosaxleobaze. leviesa da somies mogzauro- bac aWaraSi baTumis gacnobiTa da daxasiaTebiT daiwyo. italieli mogzauri emil levie aRwers baTumis mdebareobas, mosaxleobas, mis levie aWaris Sesaxeb Cacmulobas, evropul iersaxes. igi werda: aqaur `mcxovrebT rom vukvirdebodi, ase mgonia, evropaSi var-meTqi... mkvidri 1890 wlis 17 (30) ivniss italiis qalaq florenciidan qarTvelebi da sxv. atareben erTgvar xalaTiviT grZel tani- stambulis gavliT gemiT baTumSi Camovidnen cnobili samoss, romelic welSi moweulia da gulTan patara jibeebi italieli mecnierebi botanikosi emil levie da anTropo- aqvs. yvelas xanjali akravs. mandilosnebi uCadro, pir- logi stefane somie. isini ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi axdili gaevropelebulni arian. xSirad vxvdebiT meoregvar ecnobodnen da swavlobdnen saqarTvelos bunebas, mosax- mandilosnebs _ mkvidrT, romelTac mSvenieri Tavsaxuravi leobis yofa-cxovrebas. aqvT, Savi lentebiT gawyobili~ (levie, 1894, 85). levie ori Tvis manZilze dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad, maT moxiblula baTumis Semogarenis bunebiT: simindiT moinaxules baTumi da misi Semogareni, mTiani aWara abibinebuli mindor-veliT, gareuli da Sinauri xexilis (ZiriTadad aWariswylis xoba). baTumidan matarebliT siuxviT, vaziT dafaruli maRali xeebiT. gaemgzavrnen quTaisSi, moinaxules gorisa da xaSuris 20 ivniss levie da somie Tanmxlebi pirebiT baTumidan raionebi, borjomis xeoba, daaTvalieres mcxeTis RirSesaniS- aWaris gasacnobad gaemgzavrnen. inglisis konsulis pikokis naobani. aqedan isev quTaisSi dabrundnen da svaneTsa da rCeviT, baTumidan ascxra versis manZilze maT etliT afxazeTSi gadavidnen. umgzavriaT, Semdeg ki fexiT. etli dReSi Tumnad sakuTriv baTumsa da aWaraSi levie da somie erTi kvira dauqiravebiaT. meetle rusi yofila. gamyolni iyvnen: vinme (17-23 ivnisi) darCnen. es dro sakmarisi aRmoCnda maTTvis, yabalaxiani, Savwver-ulvaSiani, tanadi moyvanilobis aWareli rom saTanadod gacnobodnen baTumis mxares, aWariswylis zafTie (milicieli), italiis sakonsulos Tarjimani, xeobas goderZis uReltexilis CaTvliT. emil levie Tavis warmoSobiT italieli gostio. igi dabadebuli da gazrdili Canawerebs aWarasa da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi mogzau- yofila odesaSi da scodnia rusuli da qarTuli enebi. robaze, romelTac dRiurebisa da STabeWdilebebis gamgzavrebis win italieli stumrebi italiis konsulsac xasiaTiaTi aqvs, drodadro dasabeWdad meuRles ugzavnida ewvivnen, magram ufro metad nasiamovnebi darCenilan florenciaSi. masalebi saxelwodebiT `mogzauroba kavkasia- inglisis konsulTan saubriT. mas zedmiwevniT kargad Si~ ibeWdeboda Jurnal `universitetis biblioTekaSi~, scodnia baTumi da sazogadod mTeli kavkasia. romelic Sveicariis qalaq lozanaSi gamodioda (`moambe~. baTumidan ramdenime versis moSorebiT levies da somies 1894, 95. ix. mTargmnelis SeniSvna). am Jurnalidan iTargmna SexvedriaT mTaSi, sazafxulo saZovrebze mimavali mesaqonle qarTul enaze levies Canawerebi da daibeWda Jurnal qurTebi. levie maT mokle daxasiaTebasac iZleva: `qurTebi `moambis~ 1894 wlis mesame nomerSi. Canawerebis saTauri ase TiTqmis yvelani iqiT midiodnen. yovel fexis nabijze saxeldeba: `emil levies mogzauroba kavkasiaSi~. Targmani 18 gvxvdeboda qali, kaci, bavSvebi, jogi da sxv. Cvili bavSvebi gverds Seicavs. qalebs an ymawvil biWebs zurgze ekidaT. isini levie profesiiT botanikosi iyo da misi mogzaurobis laparakobdnen TaTrulad da Tavis qurTul enaze, romelic ZiriTadi mizanic saqarTvelo-amierkavkasiis floris aWarlebs ar esmiT~ (levie. 1894, 89). aqauri qurTebis Sesaxeb Seswavla iyo. magram misi Canawerebi saintereso da sando cnobebi daculia sxva ucxoel, agreTve qarTvel mogzaurTa wyaroa imdroindeli anu XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis baTum- CanawerebSic.
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italieli mogzauri aWarlebis ufro STambeWdav daxasia- levie SedarebiT vrclad aRwers jaianTan Sexvedras da Tebasac iZleva: `aWar-lebi umSvenieresni unda iyvnen stumrobas, mis daxmarebas zemo aWaraSi mogzaurobis kavkasiis xalxTa Soris. sul yvelas mosuli tani da gmi- periodSi. ruli Sexeduleba aqvs. advilad SeamCnevT siarulSi jaians rogorc ki gaugia xuloSi ucxoelTa stumroba siyoCaRes, qcevaSi zrdilobas, saqmeSi simardes. msuqnebi (amis Sesaxeb igi informirebuli yofila baTumis iSviaTia, TiTqmis sul ar arian. moxuci kacebic mkvircxli Jandarmeriisagan), maTTan ori oficeri gaugzavnia da yavaze da marjve arian. saucxoo suraTs warmoadgens, roca miupatiJebia. Sexvedra axalgazrda oficris vasil dekano- aWareli Tavisi mSvenieri tanisamosiT cxenze zis. yvela zovis saxlSi Sedga. mas colad qarTveli qali hyolia. es iaraRSia Camjdari, TiTqos marto Cxubisa da sikvdilis mets is vasil dekanozovia, romelsac Tedo saxokia misi xuloSi arafers fiqrobdnen.~ ymawvilebTan dakavSirebiT levie mogzaurobis dros (1897 weli) moixseniebs vasil SeniSnavda, rom isini `Zlier malxazni da lamazni arian~ dekanoziSvilis saxeliT. maSin dekanoziSvili xulos boqau- (levie, 1894, 90). li yofila, romelsac kapitan al.beriZesTan erTad baTumidan gasulebs xanmokle Sesveneba sofel T.saxokiasaTvis maspinZloba da daxmareba gauwevia (saxokia, aWariswyalze mouxdaT da aqedan qedaSi wasulan, sadac Rame 1950, 240). dekanozovi italiel stumrebs sauzmeze rZiani gauTeviaT. yaviT, karaqiT, patara-patara xaWapurebiTa da sxva kerZebiT levie gzadagza, TiTqmis yovel fexis nabijze, gamaspinZlebia (levie, 1894, 95). stumrebi vaxSmadac aq darCe- akvirdeboda mcenareulobas da krebda maT calkeul nilan. savaxSmo sufrac metad uxvi da maTTvis ucxo saxeobebs. baTumidan aWariswylamde misvlamde levies sxvada- saWmelebiT mdidari yofila. Tumca, levie sinanuls sxva mcenareebiT erTi skivri ukve gavsebuli hqonia. qedidan gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom am kerZebis sia ar Cauweria. igi dandalosken mimiaval gzaze ki iseTi saucxoo mcenareebic mxolod TeTri Rvinis sasmels moixseniebs, romliTac Seukrebia, romlebic misTvis sruliad ucnobi yofila da mas yvelani gamxiarebulan. axal aRmoCenad Tvlida (levie, 1894, 93). vaxSmobisas levies pirdapir mjdom mandilosans RviniT mogzaurTa Semdegi SeCereba xuloSi moxda. levies savse Wiqa xelSi auRia da rusulad mokle sityva CanawerebSi xulo xulad moixsenieba. pirvelad aq vecnobiT, warmouTqvams, xolo sufris sxva wevrebs simRera SemouZa- rom xula ori yofila: zemo xula da qvemo xula, romelic xiaT. levie werda: `simRera saucxoo iyo, romliTac isurves mdinare aWariswylis piras anu WalaSi mdebareobda da ram- Cemi xangrZlivi sicocxle, janmrTeloba da mravali denime saxlisagan Sedgeboda. xulas `samxedro da Svilebi, viTarca qviSani zRvisa~ (levie, 1894, 96). samoqalaqo saqmeebis mmarTvelad~ anu mamasaxlisad Tavadi Ramis 11 saaTisaTvis stumrebic da maspinZlebic kargad jaiani yofila, romlis gankargulebaSi iyo orasi jaris- SezarxoSebulni yofilan. levie igonebda: `mec vclidi savse kaci. levies cnobiT, 30 wlis jaiani amave dros mTeli Wiqebs am sapatio pirTa sadRegrZelod. sityvebs da aWaris Cafrebisa da zafTiebis ufrosad iTvleboda (levie, simRerebs ar hqonda dasasruli. Tavadi jaiani maRal bans 1894, 95). xulos `xulas~ formiT moxsenieba SemTxveviTi ar ambobda, magram ar gamosdioda. mec wavexmare. netavi genaxaT, aris. eTnografiuli masalebiTac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ra kmayofilni iyvnen yvelani. mgalobelTa gundi xulos `xulad~ moixseniebda. xulasagan warmodga `xulo~ sxvadasxvanairi iyo. roca simReris rigi mandilosnebze (sixaruliZe. 1958, 168). sityva `xula~ rom Zveli terminia, midga, me avdeqi da warmovTqvi italiurad sityva imdenad amaze Zveli leqsikografiac miuTiTebs (sulxan saba kargi, ramdenad gaugebari. yvelam Wiqebi Cems Wiqas moaxala. orbeliani. 1948, 400). somiem dalia saxlis patronis sadRegrZelo, Tarjimanma _
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bavSvebisa. erTi sityviT, qarTul sufras sadRegrZeloebi ar yanlis mTidan levie da somie danasparaulSi dabrundnen aklda~ (levie, 1894, 97). da aqedan daRamebamde, paraskevs xuloSi Cavidnen, sadac Rame vaxSmis dawyebamde maspinZlis saxlis wevrebs kvlav dekanozovTan gauTeviaT. stumrebs dekanozovis stumrebisaTvis koncerti gaumarTavT. meuRle amjeradac rZiani yaviT gamaspinZlebia. meore dRes, kviras, 22 ivniss, italieli stumrebi es iyo bolo Sexvedra xuloSi, romliTac italieli danisparaulisken gaemarTnen. aqedan yanlis mTaze unda stumrebi Zalian nasiamovnebi darCenilan. es Sexvedra leviem asuliyvnen aqauri mcenareulobis Sesaswavlad. maT Tan Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: `yvela amaT Zalian masiamovnes gahyolia Tof-patrontaSiT SeiaraRebuli Tavadi jaiani, imiT, rom Cems ubis wignSi Caweres TavianTi saxeli da gvari romelsac tanT aWaruli mokle Coxa ecva da Tavze yabalaxi rusul-qarTulad. es iyo sadarbazo baraTebis magieri. exura. jaiani yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals yanlis mTis gamomSvidobebis dros xelis CamorTmeva xom gauTavebeli midamoebSi balaxebis Segrovebas. levies daxasiaTebiT iyo, ise gvepyrobodnen, rogorc didi xnis nacnob-megobrebs... aqauri `Tvaluwvdeneli simaRlis da warmoudgeneli rodesac kargad davSordiT, kidev vxedavdiT maRla goraze silamazis naZvis xeebi faravdnen are-mares~. Semdeg igi gadmomdgarT, qudebs gviqnevdnen. aseTma gulgaSlilma werda: `aseTi mSvenieri mcenareuloba mxolod miRebam swored mogvajadova da metismetad aRtacebaSi mogvi- fotografiul suraTSi minaxavs. aman gvagrZnobina, rom yvana~ (levie, 1894, 100). namdvil kavkasiaSi viyaviT (levie, 1894, 98). aqve davumatebT, meore dRes italiel mogzaurebs baTumSi Casvla rom mTiani aWaris mcenareulobaze gansakuTrebul daupirebiaT, magram SuaxevTan axlos gzis gafarToebiTi yuradRebas amaxvilebda g.yazbegi, romelmac aq 1874 wels samuSaoebisa da Caxergvis gamo etliT mgzavroba SeuZlebe- imogzaura (yazbegi, 1960, 106). li gamxdara. isini iZulebuli gamxdaran Rame aq gaeTiaT. erTi Rame stumrebma aqve gaaTies erT-erTi aWarelis maTTvis maspinZloba vinme hasans gauwevia, romelmac binaSi (iailaSi) da mTis kerZebiT danayrdnen. levie werda: stumrebs Caic daalevina da Tevzic ki miarTva. gzis gaw- `binaze mogvitanes mawoni, mSvenieri karaqi da raRacnairi mendaSi mogzaurebsac miuRiaT monawileoba. didi gaWirvebiT saucxoo yveli, TokiviT dagrZelebuli, TiTo naWers meore dRes qedas miaRwies, aqve isadiles da saRamos 8 moswyveten da makaroniviT sWamen~ (levie, 1894, 98-99). saaTze baTumSi dabrundnen. levie werda: `marTalia, daR- aWarelTa mier damzadebuli aseTi yvelis saukeTeso Tvi- lil-daqanculebi viyaviT da tanisamosi mifleTil- sebebze jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi vaxuStic SeniSnavda mofleTili gvqonda, magram mojadoebuli ki viyaviT (vaxuSti, 1941, 134). aWarlebiT, aWariT da patara kavkasiiT~ (levie, 1894, 101). orSabaTs, 23 ivniss leviem da somiem daaTvalieres yanlis dasasrul emil levies or saintereso cnobaze mTa, misi Tovliani mwvervali. es adgili mcenareulobiT SevCerdebiT. misi Canaweridan Cans, rom maTze win aWaraSi metad sayuradRebo aRmoCnda. aq italieli stumrebi or umogzauria germanel poetsa da diplomats nordmans, ro- saaTs darCenilan, magram imdeni saqme gaukeTebiaT, rasac melic 1832 wels gardacvlila (levie, 1894, 93). es cnoba zogi ramdenime dRes moundeboda. misTvis adgilze miuwodebiaT, Tumca cnobis mimwodebels ar mogzaurebis gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda, rodesac aseT scodnia, Tu aWaris romel punqtamde imogzaura nordmanma. Tovlian mTaSi da mis Tovlian ReleebSic maTTvis ucnobi germaneli poetisa da diplomatis nordmanis aWaraSi mcenareuloba naxes. `aq, Tovlian ReleebSi, - werda levie, - mogzaurobis Sesaxeb emil levies cnoba jerjerobiT vnaxeT imisTana mcenareebi, romelTa arsebobas verc ki pirveli da erTaderTia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom nordmans movifiqrebdiT~ (levie, 1894, 99). aWaris Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebic Caewera, miTumetes, rom igi aWaraSi osmalTa batonobis dros mogzaurobda. 87 88
amdenad, emil levies Canawerebi XIX saukunis 90-iani literatura: wlebis aWaris Sesaxeb imdenad aris mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac Cvens samecniero literaturaSi misi aWaraSi mog- 1. emil levies mogzauroba kavkasiaSi. - `moambe~. zaurobis Sesaxeb dRemde naklebadaa cnobili da aWaris Tbilisi, 1894. istoriis, yofisa da kulturis sakiTxebze momuSave 2. vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. Tbilisi, 1941. mkvlevarTa naSromebSic mas aravin Sexebia. gamonakliss 3. saxokia T. mogzaurobani. Tbilisi, 1950. Seadgens s.nucubiZis sagazeTo werili `emil levie 4. sixaruliZe i. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saqarTveloSi~, romelic 1990 wlis 19 ivliss daibeWda gazeT toponimika. I, baTumi, 1958. `saxalxo ganaTlebaSi~. werili levies aWaraSi mogzaurobis 5. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tbilisi, 1949. ambebis gaSuqebiT iwyeba. 6. yazbegi g. sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. – giorgi yazbegi aWaris Sesaxeb. baTumi, 1960.
N. Kakhidze
AN ITALIAN TRAVELER EMILE LEVY ABOUT ADJARA SUMMARY
In 1890 (June 17-23) the distinguished Italian scientists – the botanist Emile Levy and the anthropologist Stephen Somme arrived in Batumi from Florence (Italy). They started to travel throughout Georgia (Kutaisi, Gori, Khashuri, Borjomi Gorge, Svaneti, Abkhazia) from Batumi. Having got acquainted with Batumi and its outskirts E. Levy and S. Somme visited Kakhaberi valley, Adjaristskali, Keda, Khulo, Shuakhevi, Khulo, Danisparauli, Goderdzi Pass. In his notes E. Levy described the rare plants of plain and mountainous Adjara, line of work of the population in Batumi and mountainous Adjara, clothing, morals and manners, customs. There are also interesting data about the meeting of Italian guests with the chairman of Khulo administration, Jaiani. The notes of E. Levy (translated from Italian into Georgian and published №3 “Mnatobi” magazine in 1914) are the valuable sources for studying the questions of life and culture of the population in Batumi and mountainous Adjara of the second part of the XIX century.
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nugzar mgelaZe, Temur tunaZe ucxoelis kvalobaze, qar- Tveli xalxis istoriisa da artur fon zutneris romani „aWarlebi“ da XIX tradiciuli kulturis Se- saukunis II naxevris samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saSur codnas amJRavnebs. istoriisa da eTnologiis problemebi igi safuZvlianad erkveva qarTveluri tomebis urTi- XIX saukunis meore erTnaTesaobaSi, samxreT- naxevari qarTuli eTnogra- dasavleT saqarTveloSi fiuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi qristianobisa da islamis bazis formirebis xanaa. 1878 warmomavlobasa da qrono- wlamde, gansakuTrebiT ki logiaSi, toponimikaSi da, Semdgom xanebSi, aWaris saerTod, eTnoistoriuli, istoriul-eTnologiuri eTnosocialuri Tu eTno- sakiTxebi araerTi mogzaur- kulturuli da eTnopo- mkvlevris SemoqmedebaSi ai- litikuri Sinaarsis rig saxa. qarTveli Tu ucxoeli problemur sakiTxSi. avtorebi saqarTvelos isto- artur gundakar fon riografiaSi didi interesi- zutnerma da misma meuRlem Ta da mondomebiT avsebdnen 1 berta zutnerma , rogorc berta zutneri im periodis Sesaxeb arsebu- ukve aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi l xarvezs. cxra weliwadi gaatares (1876-1885 wlebi). aqedan xuTi weli artur zutneris romani isini zugdidSi ekaterine WavWavaZe-dadianis stumrebi iyvnen. `aWarlebi”, marTalia mxat- maTi nacnoboba parizidan iRebda saTaves. ekaterine artur zutneri vruli nawarmoebia, magram WavWavaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1882 weli) avstrieli col- Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im qmari sacxovreblad TbilisSi gadavida. arturma avejis garemoebas, rom zutnerTa ojaxs saqarTvelosTan cxra wlis fabrikaSi _ mxatvar-gamformeblad daiwyo muSaoba, berta ki urTierToba akavSirebda, maSin naTeli gaxdeba maTi gan- frangul da germanul enebsa da musikas aswavlida. ojaxi swavluloba adgilobrivTa yofa-cxovrebaSi da isic Tu amgvarad irCenda Tavs2. bertac da arturic mwerlebad da ratomaa romanSi aqcentebi umTavresad istoriul-eTno- publicistebad saqarTveloSi Camoyalibdnen. grafiul masalebze gakeTebuli. sainteresoa, aseve, sakiTxi _ ra tipis istoriuli 1 avstrieli berta fon zutneri (1843-1914 wlebi) daibada praRaSi, wyaroebi daedo safuZvelad artur zutneris Sexedulebebs. gardaicvala venaSi. igi mSvidobis dargSi pirveli nobelianti (1905 weli) es iyo misi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis droisaTvis ukve da saqarTveloSi kargad cnobili mwerali da sazogado moRvawe iyo. misi arsebuli literatura Tu nacnobi wris konkretul personTa qaliSvilobis gvaria kinski. igi iyo general graf kinskis qaliSvili. mama bertas dabadebamde gardaicvala, 75 wlis asakSi. XIX saukunis bolos da azrebi. bunebrivia, Cven ver gamovricxavT uSualo XX saukunis damdegs berta fon zutneri yvelaze cnobili qali iyo dakvirvebebisa da am dakvirvebebiT miRebuli informaciis msoflioSi, romelTan Sexvedras, saubars, nacnobobas did pativad cocxal STabeWdilebebad gardasaxvis processac. Samwu- miiCnevdnen saxelmwifo meTaurebi. 1904 wels igi aSS-s imJamindelma prezidentma Teodor ruzveltma TeTr saxlSi miiwvia sasaubrod. xarod, mainc, am saxis kiTxvebze sruli pasuxi ar 2 s. caiSvili. ori avstrieli mwerali saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. - mogvepoveba, magram erTi ram cxadia, rom artur zutneri, `literaturuli narkvevebi”, Tbilisi, 1962. 91 92
artur zutneris romani `aWarlebi” pirvelad berlinSi fonze warmoCenilia politikuri da sazogado moRvaweebi, daibeWda _ 1888 wels1. am wignis originalis erT-erTi da, sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi, maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba saqarTveloSi erTaderTic, egzempliari n. mgelaZis intrigebiT, sixaruliT, saamuri cxovrebisadmi swrafviTa Tu pirad arqivSi inaxeba (sur. 1). am wigns saqarTveloSi muxlCauxreli SromiT, qalaqisa Tu soflis sayofacxovrebo mogzaurobis saintereso istoria aqvs. igi rogorc niuansebiT, elitaruli maskaradebiTa da saxeobo warweridan Cans herxenSaineris saxalxo bibliotekis dResaswaulebiT, mmarTvelobis formebiT da, saerTod, rac sakutreba iyo, saidanac unda moxvedriliyo germaniis am konkretul SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sainteresoa, kulturuli, bukinistur garemoSi, sadac SeiZina saqarTvelos megobarma, ufro zustad, eTnografiuli realiebis aRweriT. gregor mairingma. wigni Semdgom misma meuRlem _ artur zutneri SesaniSnavad gvisuraTebs mcire aRmosavleTmcodne ekaterine mairing-miqaZem Camoitana kavkasionis bunebriv-geografiul garemos da konkretulad saqarTveloSi da saCuqrad winamdebare naSromis erT-erT axasiaTebs baTumis olqis fizikur ganlagebas, rac kidev avtors gadasca. erTxel mowmobs mis ganswavlulobas ara marto movlenebis artur zutneris romani sul mxatvrul warmosaxvaSi, aramed iseT mecnierebebSi, exlaxan _ 2007 wels qarTulad rogoricaa geografia, bunebismetyveleba, eTnologia- SesaniSnavad Targmna rusudan anTropologia, istoria da sxva. avtoris daxasiaTebiT, RvinefaZem (redaqtori maka Zowe- `uamravi xeobiTa da viwro uReltexilebiT daRaruli mcire niZe, gamomcemloba inteleqti)2. kavkasioni bunebriv zRudes qmnis, romelic baTumis olqs artur zutneris SemoqmedebaSi erTi mxriv mcireaziis TurqeTisagan, meore mxriv ki TvalSisacemia bunebiT momadle- saqarTvelosa da somxeTisagan hyofs”. buli mxatvruli azrovnebis niWi, artur zutneri romanis siuJetis umTavres epizodebs raSic faqizadaa Sezavebuli sin- saqarTvelos istoriis fonze Slis da igi swored aq avlens amdvilis aRqmis rigi niuansi. mwe- Rrma erudicias, publicistisa da prozaikosisaTvis rali ise agebs romanis arqiteq- aucilebel im pasuxismgeblobas, romelic niSandoblivi tonikas, rom mkafiod Semecnebadi swored mwerlisaTvis unda iyos, miTumetes Txzuleba xdeba realizmisa da mxatv- istoriuli romanis Janrs roca ganekuTvneba. mis mier rulobis emociuri sinTezi. gmi- damuSavebuli wyaroebis mixedviT, am mxaris qeds iqedan rebi romanSi mimzidvelni da wignis satitulo gverdi zRvamde gadaWimuli teritoriis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba sainteresoni arian. yvela perso- wminda qarTuli anu qarTveluri tomisa iyo da, miuxedavad naJi, Tavis ganzomilebaSi, adeqvaturad gadmoscems sakuTar imisa, rom islami xuTi saukunis manZilze yovel Rones miswrafebebsa da orientacias ganurCevlad imisa pozitiuri xmarobda ZaliT gaenadgurebina erovnuli mexsiereba, dResac adgili ukavia mas TxzulebaSi Tu igi uaryofiTad miwis yoveli goji, yoveli mtkaveli aq qarTvelTa xasiaTdeba. mkvidrobaze mowmobs. romanisti am mxaris mosaxleobis mTlianobaSi, saerTo Sinaarsobrivi RerZis garSemo daxasiaTebisas xSirad usvams xazs maT qarTul mwerali aRwers XIX saukunis II naxevris aWaraSi mimdinare warmomavlobas, sadac personaJTa istoriuli siamayis fonze movlenebs. esaa imdroindeli aWaris istoria. istoriul yovelive qarTuli pozitiuri konteqstebiTaa warmoCenili. ase magaliTad: `Sen ar ekuTvni im naZirlebis modgmas, Sen ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxli Cqefs”. xSiria samSoblos 1 A. G. Zuttner. Die Adjaren (Roman), Stugart, Leipcig, Berlin, 1888 definiciisa Tu erovnuli cnobierebis _ eTnikuri identobis 2 artur zutneri. aWarlebi, Tbilisi, 2007. gansazRvris mcdelobebi. magaliTad, saubarSi CarTuli 93 94
megobrebi erTmaneTs eubnebian: `am bolo xanebSi xSirad dabadebiT musulmani iyos da dRes Tavisi meamboxeTa razmiT mifiqria, qveynisaTvis bedniereba iqneba, omi Tu atydeba- gadamRobeboda gzaze, uyoymanod davapatimrebdi da Tavisave meTqi. maSin erTi wuTiTac ar davfiqrdebi ise SevTavazeb mTavrobas gadavcemdi; magram is im modgmas ekuTvnis, rusebs Cems samsaxurs”... `ase fiqrob? _ gesmis, rom romelmac Tavisi droze daxmareba gvTxova, raTa amave samSoblos moRalated gamogacxadeben?” `samSoblos dampyrobelisagan gagveTavisuflebina”. moRalated? Cemi samSoblo is miwa-wyalia, sadac gavizarde TzulebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs artur zutneris mier _ Cemi Tanamemamuleebi isini arian, vinc CemsaviT personaJebisaTvis SerCeuli sakuTari saxelebi _ Tamari, uflebaayrili da daCagrulia”... `isini CvenTvis ucxoni arian rusudani, daria, eka, jambeki, elizba, arCili, ToTia, _ im modgmisani, romelsac Cven ar vekuTvniT, romelic iordane, iese, lazare, otia, dimitri, Serif-faSa, ali-begi, saukuneebis win cecxliTa da maxviliT SemoiWra sxvisi hasan-begi, murza-xani, axmedi, iusuf-efendi, reji begi, sikeTis dasapatroneblad. Cveni mamuli aq aris, sadac romelTagan erTi nawili Zveli saqarTvelosaTvis iyo vdgavarT; Cvens ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxli Cqefs da araferi damaxasiaTebeli, maT Soris zogierTs qarTveli mefeebi, gvaqvs saerTo gadaRmidan mosul mCagvrelTan. amitomac dedoflebi da qristiani (marTlmadidebeli) qarTvelebi umal mamulis msxnelad vigrZnob Tavs, vidre mis moRalated, atarebdnen (Tamari, rusudani, eka, arCili, lazare,...), xolo Tu Zveli, namdvili Tvistomis mxardaxar vibrZoleb nawili osmaleTis mmarTvelobis periodSi titulirebuli saZulveli uRlisagan Cemi qveynis gasaTavisufleblad”... saxiT (Serif-faSa, ali-begi, murza-xani, iusuf-efendi, reji- `xom ar gaviwydeba, rom es Cveni namdvili Tvistomni Tavad begi,...) gavrcelda. romanSi naxsenebia qarTuli gvarebic _ ucxo uRels ewevian _ rom amiT ufro aqaur Zalauflebis TaguiriZe, kiCeliZe, kapaniZe. araa gamoricxuli Serif-faSa mqoneT gauwvdi xels, vidre TanamoZmeebs. amaze vifiqre da im Serif ximSiaSvili yofiliyo, Tumca ximSiaSvilebis daskvnamde mivedi, rom Cemi qveyana rusebis batonobis qveS ZiriTadi rezidencia zemo aWaraSi _ xuloSi mdebareobda, gacilebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi iqneba”. sakuTriv ruseTis romelic nawarmoebSi naxsenebi saerTod araa, magram es generali tafazievi ki ase fiqrobda _ `Cven im adgilze mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom Serif begs, rogorc mmarTvels, varT,... saidanac kargad SegviZlia vadevnoT Tvali mezobel samyofi baTumSi ar qonda, Tumca nawarmoebis personaJis qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs. sakuTari dakvirvebidan vici, politikuri poziciebi da realuri Serif ximSiaSvilis iq ar aris iseTi mTavroba, romelic am brwyinvale CvenTvis cnobili cxovreba da moRvaweoba principSi tradiciebis mqone xalxis dakmayofilebas SesZlebs. Tqven erTmaneTs ar esadageba. amdenad, Cvens mier gamoTqmuli rom ubiri xalxi yofiliyaviT, dRes Tqvens warsulTan varaudi erTob saeWvoa. SedarebiT kargad igrZnobdiT Tavs, magram radgan Tqven romanis avtori safuZvlianad icnobs adgilobriv mravali aseuli wlis winaT ufro maRal safexurze iyaviT, toponimikasac da cdilobs isini istoriuli rakursiT vidre Tqveni axlandeli brZaneblebi arian dRes, gasagebia, axsnas. misi TqmiT, `jer kidev qristianobamde didi xniT mZime uRlisagan ganTavisuflebisaken swrafva adre mTavari mdinaris Woroxis viwrobebi, misi Senakadebi da bolosdabolos gaarRvevs winaaRmdegobas. kargad vici, jer mTeli aremareebi im saxelebiT iyo cnobili, romlebic maT mxolod mciredni xarT, visac hyofnis vaJkacoba xmamaRla dRemde mxolod mcireodeni cvlilebebiT SemorCeniaT da ganacxados Tavisi azri, magram isic vici, gulis siRrmeSi TiTqmis uklebliv qarTveli warmoSobisaa”. artur zutneris mTeli mosaxleoba iziarebs Tqvens miswrafebas”. rusma TzulebaSi moxseniebulia aramarto qarTveli xalxis generalma kargad icis, rom saqarTvelos arCevani ar hqonda. eTnografiuli jgufis (klarjelebi, aWarlebi), aramed dakarguli istoriuli teritoriebis dabruneba imxanad araerTi mTisa (peranga) Tu qedis (arziani), mdinarisa mxolod ruseTis meSveobiT iyo SesaZlebeli. amitomac (Woroxi, murRuli) da savaWro-satranzito gzebze mdebare mwerali rusi generlis piriT acxadebs: `jambeki rom mniSvnelovani dasaxlebuli punqtis [baTumi, cixisZiri, 95 96
trapizoni, Curux-su (anu Curuq-su), sxalTa, arTvini, uaRresad didi wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvnelobisaa. am murRuli,...] adgilobrivi saxelwodeba. aseve, sayuradReboa mxrivac artur zutneri gamorCeulia. mas uyuradRebod ar mwerlis mier dasaxelebuli, sxalTis mimarTulebiT mTisken dautovebia iseTi Tema, rogoricaa baTumis aRweriloba da mdebare adgilis geografiuli saxelwodeba _ daTvis klde, qalaqis marTva-gamgeoba im gansazRvrul politikur romelic im midamos erqva, sadac ferdze dagorebuli urTierTobaTa fonze, romelic imdroisaTvis Camoyalibebuli uzarmazari lodi egdo. romanis avtori araerTgzis iyo ruseT-saqarTvelosa da osmaleTs Soris. avtoris moixseniebs zRvis piras aRmarTul da kldeze gadmomdgar Tanaxmad, baTumi faSas rezidencia iyo. `mis daqvemdebarebaSi qajeTis cixes, romelic cixisZirTan mdebareobda. TxzulebaSi iyo TerTmeti nawili anu kaza, romlebsac meTvalyureobas araerT adgilas vxdebiT baTumis daxasiaTebasac, Tumca mas uwevdnen kaimazamebi da maTi TanaSemwe mudirebi. baTumSi mxedvelobis miRma ar rCeba soflebis aRwerilobebic. hqonda bina mejliss (saxelmwifo sabWo), aseve tribunalsa magaliTad, igi miiCnevda, rom murRuli jansaRi haeriT da sabaJos, da iqve, qalaqis maxloblad, ganlagebuli iyo xasiaTdeboda, e. i. avtori Tavis dakvirvebebs samedicino batalionis garnizonic”. romanSi dasaxelebulia soflis ganxriTac awarmoebda. aRwerilobebSi gansakuTrebul mamasaxlisebic, romelTac, Cveni monacemebiT, osmaleTis adgili xalxuri ekologiis problemebsac ukavia _ safari mmarTvelobis periodSi muxtrebs eZaxdnen. muxtari Temis tyis rols mewyerianobis Tavidan acilebis saqmeSi da sxva. saerTo Tavyrilobaze arCeuli piri iyo anu Temis _ murRulis Sefasebisas igi werda: `murRulTan mdinaris samuxtros mmarTvelobiTi organo arCeviT organos napiri vrcel velad iSleba; dasavleTiT mdebare mTis warmoadgenda. ferdobSi mis mosaxele patara mdinares xeoba gauWria, artur zutneris nawarmoebSi kargadaa asaxuli baTumis romelic murRuls qedsgadaRma soflebTan akavSirebs. am savaWro-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis swrafi tempebi. artur mxaris hava cnobilia Tavisi keTili TvisebebiT, da zutneris saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis periodSi baTumi gansakuTrebiT maTTvisaa sasargeblo, vis janmrTelobazec faqtiurad yoveldRiurad icvleboda da viTardeboda, ara baTumisa da misi Semogarenis sicxe gamanadgureblad mxolod statistikuri, aramed arqiteqturuli, demo- moqmedebs. xili, aq rom mohyavT, sxalTurs bevrad ar grafiuli, eTnokonfesiuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. Camouvardeba, oRond aqauri mcxovreblebi arc ise mdidrebi igi `neitralur teritoriaze mdebareobda. ucxoeTTan arian gaSenebuli nakveTebiT, radgan cicabo ferdobebis did savaWro urTierTobebic gacxovelda, ise, rom zogierTi nawilze sagangebod toveben tyeebs, raTa Tavidan aicilon Zlieri saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda, sakonsuloebi gaexsna, zamTarSi zvavi, gazafxulze mewyerianoba, rac utyeobis da maTi warmomadgenlebi TavianTi ojaxis wevrebianad SemTxvevaSi gardauvali iqneboda da ramac wina saukuneebSi siamovnebiT iyenebdnen SesaZleblobas, erTferovani cxovreba mTeli soflebi imsxverpla”. gubernatoris saxlSi gamarTuli TavyrilobebiT gaexa- artur zutneri aWaruli soflis etemologiiTac lisebinaT.” dainteresebula. iq, sadac igi aRwers mTiani aWaris, ufro artur zutneri dainteresebulia regionis eTnikuri zustad, zamTarSi arsianis (avtorTan gvxvdeba arzianis SemadgenlobiTac, romelTa Soris asaxelebs afxazuri, formiT) qedis civ klimatur pirobebs da am qedis cicabo berZnuli da somxuri warmomavlobis pirebs. magaliTad, kalTebis mosaxleobas, asaxelebs sofel sxalTad da erT-erTi personaJia iusuf-efendi _ baTumeli fulis miiCnevs, rom mas im Zvirfasi xilis saxeli erqva, romelic moyvaruli meqrTame advokati _ `eSmaki somexi”. murza-xans aq uxvad modioda. nawarmoebSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs. igi baTumSi marTvelobis formebis istoriul dinamikaSi warmomavlobiT afxazia. misi `winaprebi afxazeTis mkvidrni Seswavla mecnierTa wreebSi yovelTvis cxovel interes iyvnen, sadac omianobis dros Suasaukuneebis yaCaRebis iwvevda. amitom, am sakiTxebisadmi Tundac patara cnoba msgavsad SemTxvevas xelidan ar uSvebdnen, rom sxva mxareSi 97 98
SeWriliyvnen da Seviwrovebuli mezoblebis qoneba mieta- semiramidas rezidencia iyo”. ufro metic, erT-erTi cebinaT. am gziT didZali qoneba daagroves, romelic personaJis saxiT artur zutneri acxadebs: `marto Tqveni Tavdapirvelad miwebisagan Sedgeboda, magram Semdeg, roca saxelic ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom Cveniani xarT. Tamari iyo rusebma kavkasiis im nawilSi fexis mokideba daiwyes murzas udidesi dedofali, romelic ki odesme yofila da misi mamam adgil-mamulebi gayida”... `SiSobda winaparTa mier aseTi mefobis xanaSi mTel qveyanaSi mxolod sikeTe sufevda”. usamarTlo gziT mopovebuli qonebis gamo, miTumetes rom nawarmoebis erT-erT monakveTSi naTqvamia: `karWapSi Casxdnen imaTi STamomavlebi jerac kidev cocxlebi iyvnen, visac es da arCilma menaves CrdiloeTisaken aaRebina gezi, didi qoneba wahglijes. amis Semdeg TurqeTis teritoriaze dedoflis cixesimagrisaken”, rac kidev erTi dasturia, rom dasaxlda, vrceli savargulebi SeiZina da iqauri abreSumiT, XIX saukunis aWaraSi cocxlad arsebobda ara marto Tamar zeTiTa da cviliT vaWrobas misTvis didi mogeba mohqonda”. dedoflis xsovna, aramed misi saxelobis nagebobebi. igi moialaReobasac misdevda da zafxulidan dazamTrebamde artur zutneri Tvlis, rom islamma aWaraSi XVII saukunis misi uTvalavi fara alpur saZovrebze balaxobda. misi dasawyisSi gaimarjva, Tumca, vfiqrobT, islamis gamarjveba mamapapiseuli miwebi baTumis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda. aq islamis mosaxleobaSi srulfasovan gavrcelebas ar sxvaTaSoris, mas iqve qajeTis cixeSi hqonia sacxovrebelic, niSnavda. islamma aWaraSi gavrceleba gacilebiT gvian _ romelic zRvis piras aRmarTul frialo kldeze yofila XVIII saukunidan qristianul cnobierebasTan urTierT- gadamdgari. dRes nangrevebad qceuli es cixe cixisZirSi winaaRmdegobriv garemoSi daiwyo da adgilobriv yofaSi zogierTi mecnieris mier petras cixed saxeldebuli kidev ufro gvian _ XIX saaukunidan moikida fexi, Tumca igi nagebobaTa kompleqsia. aq, garda dasaxelebuli mizezebisa, bolomde mainc ar damkvidrebula da erovnul TviT- realurad Cans is viTarebac, rom murza-xanis ojaxi myofadobaze ramdenadme didi gavlena ar mouxdenia. mwerali afxazeTSi ruseTis mmarTvelobas ar daemorCila, aWaris miuTiTebda, rom `meCvidmete saukunis dasawyisSi, gamarjveba teritoriaze gadmosaxleba da TurqeTis qveSevrdomobac am islams darCa, mas Semdeg, rac yovelives, rasac ki qristes faqtormac gansazRvra, rac Txzulebis araerT adgilas saxeli erqva, sastiki brZola gamoucxades da ayvavebis xanis mkafiod Cans, roca igi SeiraRebuli upirispirdeba droindeli yvela Zegli ise gaanadgures, rom maTgan osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol qarTul-rusul SeiaraRebul mxolod kedlebiRa SemorCa”. religiuri TvalsazrisiT Zalebs. sainteresod ganviTarda movlenebi, erTis mxriv, romanisaTvis cxovelmyofeli da emociuri fonis SavizRvispira, xolo, meores mxriv, mTis dasaxlebebSi. Sesaqmnelad artur zutneri ostaturad gvisuraTebs avtoris monacemebiT, `mas Semdeg rac jer zRvispira islamur garemoSi qristianuli kulturis, rogorc islamis dasaxlebebi Seurigdnen axal mdgomareobas da didma istoriuli winamorbedis, Taviseburebebs, regionis nawilma islamic ki miiRo, maT magaliTs mihyvnen klar- eTnoreligiur panoramas. mwerlisaTvis qristianoba aq jelebic, Woroxispira mosaxleoba, da bolos aWarlebic Cveulebrivi sarwmunoeba ki araa, aramed igi qveynis aiZules, eRiarebinaT TurqTa batonoba; sulis siRrmeSi istoriis nawili da mosaxleobis erovnuli mrwamsis umetesoba mainc erTguli rCeboda Zveli rwmenis da saZirkvelia. artur zutneris dakvirvebiT, `Woroxis auzSi warmomavlobisa, romliTac odesRac maTi winaprebi yovel nabijze SexvdebiT qveynis ayvavebis xanis droindeli amayobdnen”. swored es miCqmaluli grZnobebi gaRvivda, roca eklesiebisa Tu cixesimagreebis naSTebs, romelTa warwerebi regionSi amis saTanado politikuri situacia Seiqmna. Zvel qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli da dRes samwuxarod mosaxleobis didi nawili Tuki aqamde zewolas mxolod nawilobrivRa ikiTxeba; qarTvelTa Zlevamosili emorCileboda da kultisa da cxovrebis wesis sakiTxebSi mefis Tamaris saxeli ki aq yvelas iseve akeria pirze, mahmadianur kanonebs misdevda, `axla zogierTi rogorc mTebs gadaRma, TbilisSi, sadac am kavkasieli gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tavis ZvelqarTul 99 100
warmomavlobas da xmamaRla acxadebda winaswarmetyvelis aWaraSi DdRemdea Semonaxuli saqarTveloSi gavrce- mimdevrebTan araferi gvaqvs saerToo”. artur zutneri aq lebuli amiranis miTis saxeSecvlili fragmentebi, romelsac aWarlebis friad saintereso saxes gvixatavs: `wavida is dro, mecnierTa umetesoba promeTes Sesaxeb arsebuli Tqmulebis roca aWarlebi mzad iyvnen sicocxle gaewiraT, raTa kavkasiur variaciad miiCnevs. ufro metic, bevri Tvlis, rom mamapapaTagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli uflebebi mCagvre- kavkasiuri varianti Zvelia da amdenad pirveladi plastebis lebisagan daecvaT; iaraRs axla samkauladRa atarebdnen, da matarebeli. aWaraSi am zogadqarTuli miTis variantebis mxolod uaRresad iSviaT SemTxvevaSi Tu iSiSvlebdnen”. fragmentebi ukve SeniSnuli, Cawerili, nawili ki gamoce- niSandoblivia, rom areulobis periodSi, ise, rogorc artur mulia folkloristebisa da eTnografebis mier, xolo zutneris regionSi moRvaweobis dros, aWarlebis xiznoba nawili inaxeba niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sesabamis umetesad qarTul miwaze, saqarTvelos qristianul folklorul da eTnografiul arqivebSi. artur zutneris provinciebSi xdeboda. erT-erTi personaJis TqmiT mTebSi xalxuri Tqmulebaa istorikosebisa da eTnologebisaTvis cnobilia, rom 1878 gavrcelebuli. am Tqmulebis mixedviT `erTi keTilSobili wlis 25 agvistodan, roca aWara saqarTvelos daubrunda, kaci, romelic rogorc zRaprebSi amboben, didi xnis win am ruseTis specialur samsaxurebs gansakuTrebuli damoki- mxareSi cxovrobda, dedamisis moTxovniT mTiani mxaris gzas debuleba hqonda muslimur TemebTan, meCeTebSi mosaqme daadga, rom iqedan sacole Camoeyvana. male patarZalTan personebTan, savayufe mamulebisadmi, imamebis, mufTebisa da erTad dabrunda, romlis mayrionSi erTi mSvenieri xojebisadmi. xSirad isini wamaxalisebel zomebsac mimar- mandilosani iyo. `vin aris es qali?” hkiTxa dedam mkacrad Tavdnen da molaTa garkveuli nawili ruseTTis mmarTveli da ucxo mandilosans Tvali eWviT Seavlo. `Cemi rCeulis organoebisagan gasamrjelosac ki Rebulobda. sxvaTaSoris megobari da mfarveli!” miugo vaJma. maSin moxuci mrisxane es faqti iribi saxiT artur zutneris nawarmoebSicaa xmiT Seepasuxa: `is ubedurebas mogitans Senc da Sen asaxuli _ jambeki rus generals mimarTavs da mis Tanam- saxlsac! ara, me amas ar davuSveb!” da iseTi saSineli wyevla zraxvel axmeds ase axasiaTebs: `mueZinia baTumSi; TveSi aRmoxda piridan, rom vaJis sacole da misi mxlebeli albaT as piatrs Tu uxdian”. `swored sakmarisia, rom kaci adgilze gaaqvava. meore dRes im qalis qmari movida da SimSiliT ar mokvdes,” siciliT SeniSna sardalma. `maS, rodesac Seityo, rac mis cols damarTnia, Semzaravi Rriali rogorc vTqvi, SemaxseneT, roca saWiro iqneba. Tu baTumi morTo, mTeli xeoba SesZra am xmam da mTebic mis moTqmas Cven gvergeba, es mueZini gansakuTrebul xelfass miiRebs, bans aZlevdnen. soflis mcxovrebleblebma sxva rom amas sazeimod gpirdebiT”. veraferi moifiqres, erT goliaTs dauZaxes saSvelad, romanis avtori regionis religiuri portretis romelmac ubeduri kaci kldeze miajaWva. roca kacma ficiT dasuraTebisas Txzulebis Sesatyvis epizodebSi warmarTuli aRuTqva, rom moTqmas Seswyvetda, goliaTma borkilebi axsna da tradiciuli rwmena-warmodgenebis daxasiTebasac cdi- da gaTavisuflebuli erTi naxtomiT mTebs Tavze gadaevlo, lobs. promeTes miTis adgilobriv variaciebze saubrisas im Tovlian mwvervalze daeSva da mere ukvalod gaqra. im artur zutneri asaxelebs imereTSi mdebare mTas da mTis kldes ki, romelzec iyo mijaWvuli, dResac atyvia misi sakmaod saintereso saxelwodebas xvamlis (/kvamlis) saxiT. nafexuri, gadaxtomisas rom datova”. aq kargad Cans xvamli saqarTveloSi marTlac sayuradRebo terminia da igi mijaWvulisa da goliaTis sakraluri buneba, maTi RvTaeb- xSirad sakulto-religiur simboloebTan konteqstSi rivi iersaxe. mijaWvuli TiTqos amirans, xolo goliaTi, gamoiyeneba am sityvis sayuradRebo fonetikuri variantebi romelic amiranze Zlieria, realurad uZlevel mama RmerTs, salocavebisa da sakraluri ritualebis aRsaniSnavad ume- gvian _ ieso qristes ganasaxierebs. aq amiranis tipaJi tesad zanuris, megrul da lazur gantotebebSi dasturdeba. pirdapir mxolod kldeze mis mijaWvaSi vlindeba. Demo- nologiur gadmocemebSic xSirad amdagvaradaa dabmuli 101 102
antiqriste _ eSmaki, kudianebis winamZRoli, romelsac aWa- romelzec miTosis mixedviT adamianTa gonebis ganman- raSi lompaps (Sdr. saqarTvelos sxadasxva kuTxeSi rokaps, Tavisuflebeli iyo mijaWvuli, aqedan arc ise Sorsaa”. tartarozs da sxva) uwodeben, Tumca aq SeiZleba ara miTze msjelobis dasasruls Txzulebis personaJebi cxov- amiranis miTis calkeul monakveTTan fragmentul iden- rebiseuli xasiaTis filosofiur daskvnebamde midian: tobaze visaubroT, aramed imaze, rom vinc RmerTs upi- `SesaZlebelia, am zRapriT Tavdapirvelad imaze surdaT rispirdeba an ar emorCileba maT igi erTnairad sjis _ miniSneba, rom adamiani sul fxizlad unda iyos ucxo kldeze miajaWvavs an daabams da Sesabamis mcvelebsac miu- elementebis SemoWris winaaRmdeg da rom umjobesia ar Cens, ris gamoc tyveobidan Tavis daxsna, miuxedavad dagvabrmavos silamazem da brwyinvalebam, raTa droulad dasjilTa mcdelobebisa, RmerTis nebarTvis gareSe faqti- aviciloT Tavidan savalalo Sedegebi”. urad SeuZlebelia. asea dasjili amirani (cecxlis artur zutneri socialur urTierTobaTa sferoSi yurad- unebarTvod mopovebis mcdelobisaTvis,...), lompapi (ampartav- Rebas amaxvilebs warsulis iseT anareklebze, rogoricaa: nebisa da kacTmoZuleobisaTvis,...) da, Cvens konkretul qalis motaceba, „vendeta“, ufro zustad, sisxlis aReba, SemTxvevaSi, lamazi gaqvavebuli qalis Tanamecxedre sxvadasxva motivaciebiT SurisZieba da sxva. nawarmoebSi igi (gausaZlisi RrialiT mosaxleobis SewuxebisaTvis). Saqor- aRwers zeimis procesSi, saxalxod da Tanamoazreebis wino-saritualo xasiaTis Tqmuleba, sadac qvakacebsa da daxmarebiT Tu rogor moitaca Wabukma misTvis sasurveli qvaqalebze arsebuli gadmocemebis fragmentebia CarTuli, gogona. erT-erTi personaJi iqve dasZens: gamtacebeli `erT- ise, rogorc amiranis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli miTis calkeuli erTi yvelaze Cauqi da Ronieri Wabukia mTis soflidan. ise, transformirebuli monakveTi, erTmaneTSi areuli da marto ar iqneba, misi megobrebi albaT ukve kvals ubneven gadaxlarTulia. sinamdvileSi zemoT moyvanil gadmocemaSi mdevars, es maTi saqmea da vai mas, vinc aseT saqmeSi ramdenime _ minimum ori damoukidebuli Sinaarsisa da ukiTxavad Caereva, mTeli gvaris SurisZieba daatydeba Tavs”. struqturis Tqmulebaa warmodgenili, romlebic aWaris jambeki rus generals ivan vasileviCs esaubreba da maRalmTianeTSi dResac dasturdeba, Cveni masalebiT, udasturebs saqarTveloSi qalis motacebis tradiciis TiToeuli avtonomiuri saxiT, erTis mxriv _ Tqmuleba arsebobas _ `Cemi coli qarTvelia, da saqarTveloSi gaqvavebul patarZalze sxvadasxva xeobaSi sxvadasxva motaceba dResac Cveulebrivi ambavia”. elizbas meuRle damoukidebli variaciiT, meore mxriv _ amiranze. amitom, gardaecvala, man Suri unda iZios. usamSoblod, artur zutneris mier TqmulebaTa gaerTianebuli variantis martodmarto darCenili am qveynad _ raRas unda moelodes dafiqsireba, vfiqrobT, uaRresad saintereso SenaZenia cxovrebisagan? ase fiqroben Txzulebis personaJebi: `da qarTuli folkloristikisaTvis. artur zutneris Tzu- mainc unda ecocxla da unda ecocxla. Tavisi wminda fici lebaSi personaJebi agrZeleben Tqmulebaze sja-baas da unda aResrulebina. zurgSi ki ar unda Caeca maxvili im cdiloben igi istoriul rakursSi ganixilon. jambeki: _ saZulveli kacisaTvis, romelic misi mosisxle mteri, misi `primitiuli zRaparia ara?” `misTvis, visac amis axsna damaqceveli iyo, ara, pirispir unda Sebmoda, raTa masac SeuZlia, ara”. `marTali brZandebiT, mec xSirad mifiqria, SesZleboda winaaRmdegobis gaweva...”. romanSi saubaria raime istoriuli movlena xom ar udevs-meTqi am legendas moRalatis saxalxo gasamarTlebazec, romelic erTgvarad safuZvlad”... `da mixvediT raime daskvnamde”. `marTali linCis wessac gvagonebs, daficebis tradiciebze da imaze giTxraT, ara, radgan am istorias imdeni sxvadasxvagvari Tu, rogor isjeboda adre yalbi ficis damdebi adamiani. axsna moeZebneba, rom Znelia imis gadawyveta, Tu romeli romanSi Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs sazeimo Sekrebebze SeiZleba iyos swori. yvelaze savaraudoa, yovelive amas xalxuri sportis aRwerilobebi, sadac artur zutneris mier promeTes Tqmuleba edos safuZvlad da rom am mxareSic xazi gasmulia, erTis mxriv, Widaobaze, xolo, meores mxriv, Tqmulebis swored es versia gavrcelda. is mTa xom, SurduliT qvis tyorcnaze. Surdulis damzadeba da gamo- 103 104
yeneba didxans SemorCa qarTveli xalxis erovnul kulturas, nair-nairi WurWeli iwonebda Tavs: Tungebi, sasmisebi; isini gansakuTrebiT tradiciuli kulturis mdgradobiT gamor- imdroindeli iyo, roca jambekis mama-papa jer kidev qarTvel Ceuli mTisa da ganapira mxareebis mkvidrT, maT Soris xalxs ekuTvnoda da kavkasiis dedaqalaqTan cxoveli lazebs. SurduliT tyorcna droTa ganmavlobaSi sportis urTierToba hqondaT. sxvadasxvanairi moxerxebuli erT-erTi saxeobad Camoyalibda, magram adre Surduli dasajdomebi, romlebzec daRestnuri mZime noxebi iyo upiratesad samxedro da samonadireo TvalsazrisiT gadafarebuli, kedlebTan Carigebuli fumfula baliSebi gamoiyeneboda da Zveli adamianis samxedro xelovnebasa da stumrebs mosasveneblad iwvevdnen da eqvskuTxa, sadafiT tradiciul meurneobaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. moWikWikebuli taburetebi ise iyo ganlagebuli, rom finjan artur zutneris nawarmoebSi did yuradReba eTmoba yavas an sigarets gauwvdidiT xels”. sameurneo yofasa da regionis savaWro-ekonomikur mdgoma- artur zutners arc erovnuli tansacmlis, ZiriTadad, reobas. samiwaTmoqmedo yofis gverdiT mas yuradRebis miRma mamakacis samosis aRweriloba darCenia uyuradRebod, Tumca ar darCenia aWaris mTianeTSi mesaqonleobis iseTi formis iqve, mokled, qalis Cacmulobazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas da arseboba, romelic sezonur momTabareobaze _ meurneobis aRniSnavs, rom qalebsa da gogonebs Tavze Cadri axuravTo. sagazafxulo-saSemodgomo samoialaRo ciklze iyo dafuZne- igi Cadris mxolod simbolur gamoyenebaze miuTiTebs, sadac buli. igi moixseniebs saijaro miwismflobelobasac anu naTlad Cans, rom Cadri aqaurTa tradiciuli kulturis sxvisi miwebis gansazRvruli sazRauriT droebiT sargeb- Semadgeneli nawili ar iyo. amis sailustraciod sakmarisia lobasac, rac im TvalsazrisiTacaa saintereso, rom kidev misi romanidan mokle amonaridi moviyvanoT: adgilobrivi erTxel gvidasturebs XIX saukunis meore naxevris aWaris qalebi `Cadrebs didad ar dagidevdnen, miTumetes, rom mTianeTSi kerZo sakuTrebis nairsaxeobis saTemo sakuT- Serif-faSas stumari qalebi sruli Tavisuflebis magaliTs rebasTan Tanaarsebobas. sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebis iZleodnen”. artur zutnerma SesaniSnavad icoda istoriuli Tanaarseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs sakuTrebis obieqtebze xasiaTis romanSi personaJebis daxasiaTebisa da tipaJis sazRvrebis dadgenas da mijnebis gansazRvris saSualebaTa gacocxlebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes emociur fons swored arsebobas. avtori moixseniebs iseT tradiciul xerxebs, nacionaluri garemos met-naklebad miaxloebuli dasuraTeba, rogoricaa sakuTrebis sazRvrispira adgilebSi samanis Casma, rom qmnis. amgvar eTnokulturul garemoSi tradiciul gasamijnad naxSiris gamoyeneba. Cacmulobas gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. romanis avtoris artur zutners uyuradRebod arc materialuri kultura daxasiaTebiT `aWarlebisa da gurulebis erovnuli samosi rCeba. warCinebuli wris warmomadgenlis sacxovreb- kavkasiaSi yvelaze moxdenilia: mokle, momdgari, mkerdze lebisaTvis damaxasiTebel elementad igi, magaliTad, gadaxsnili zedatani, romelSic Ria feris moJileto- monumentur buxrebs asaxelebs da miaCnia, rom am tipis moperango xifTani gamosCans. Sarvali TeZoebze ganieria, buxrebi `aqauri qvismTlelebis ostatobasa da mxatvrul barZayebsa da wvivebze ki mWidrod SemokvarTuli, welze gemovnebaze metyvelebda”. Semokruli kuSagiT _ ganieri, zoliani abreSumis SarfiT; artur zutneri marTalia mxatvrulad, magram sakmaod fexze Txeli, Wvintiani qalamnebi acviaT, romlebic xSirad mimzidvelad da mecnierebisaTvis Rirebulad, istorikosisa rbili tyavis gamaSebiT grZeldeba. rogorc yvela kavkasiels da eTnologis ostatobiT aRwers socialurad dawina- aWarelsac wesad aqvs iaraRis tareba: sartyelSi garWobili urebuli fenisaTvis niSandoblivi sacxovreblis Sida xanjali da xSirad ori dambaCa, uxvad movercxlili, ganlagebasa da saojaxo-sayofacxovrebo inventars. Prozai- romlebic Cveulebriv ukan xerxemliskenaa gaweuli, mkerdis kosis dakvirvebiT, `gaSlili misaRebi darbazis oTxive orive mxares ki or rigad Cawyobili, erTmaneTze filig- kedels surnelovani kedris xis Taro gasdevda, fili- ranuli ZewkviT gadabmuli vercxlis qiliSebi umSveneben. granuli xelovnebis namdvili nimuSi, romelzec vercxlis rogorc wesi, tyavis Tasmaze mimagrebuli aqvT patara jibe, 105 106
romelSic moTavsebulia foladi, kvesi da patara kolofi sxva, Tumca romanis sxva personaJi _ murza-xani, romelic qoniT, tyviebis gasapoxad, qamarSi ki liTonis an tyavis nawarmoebSi ruseTis kavkasiaSi arsebuli politikis opo- brtyeli maTaraa Semaluli. sayoveldReo tanisamosi nentad warmogvidgeba, evropuli kulturisadmi sul sxvagvar nacrisferi an yavisferia”... zeimze `cocxali tonebi War- mrwams avlens: `meocnebe! ras gulisxmob evropul bobda, gansakuTrebiT gecemodaT TvalSi lurji feris kulturaSi? imas xom ara, rom begariT unda gawyviton welSi sxvadasxvanairi niuansebi. yabalaxebi, romlebic umetesad xalxi da Tavisufleba ufro SeuzRudon?”... TxzulebaSi Calmiseburad hqondaT Tavze Semoxveuli. marTlac aq kargad Cans ruseT-osmaleTis omamde aWaris mosaxleobaSi warmodgenilia Cacmulobis yvela elementis daxasiaTeba arsebul politikur azrTa sxadasxvaobis motivaciebi. dawyebuli tanisamosiT, TavsaburaviTa da fexsacmliT nawili osmalur orientacias ebRauWeboda da amiT ara damTavrebuli Tanmxlebi atributikiT da yvelaferi es mxolod sarwmuneobriv kredos, aramed dagrovil sim- SesaSuri skrupulozurobiTaa gadmocemuli da daxasia- didresac icavda, xolo umravlesoba _ Tundac igive Tebuli. sarwmunoebaSecvlili nawili, ruseTis saomar moqmedebebs artur zutneri literaturuli unaris garda kvalifi- amarTlebda da amiT cdilobda saqarTvelosaTvis omiT ciuri eTnografisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebsac avlens. waglejili istoriuli teritoriebi daebrunebina. Maga- man SesaniSnavad icoda is didi roli, romelsac mdinare liTad, igive murza-xani gacxarebuli warmoTqvams: Woroxi asrulebda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sameurneo- `meocnebeebs, romlebsac mezobeli saxelmwifosken uWiravT ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. mas mxedvelobidan ar gamorCena Tvali, mxolod yurmokrulad Tu gaugoniaT rame mis Woroxis, rogorc satransporto-satranzito magistralis Sesaxeb”. mniSvneloba. swored amitom igi gansakuTrebulad aRwers albaT iSviaTad moiZebneba prozaikosi, romelic Woroxze naosnobis detalebs. TzulebaSi saubaria oCxo- mxatvrul TxzulebaSi ase farTod iyenebdes eTnografiul, meliTa da karWapebiT mdinaris dinebis sawinaaRmdegod folklorul da dialeqtologiur masalebs. SesaZlebelia curvaze, mcuravi saSualebebis atributikaze _ ialqnebze. es imis gamocaa, rom samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos es artur zutnerma yuradReba miaqcia tradiciul kultu- kuTxe marTlac saocrad mdidaria yofiTi RirebulebebiTa raSi im novaciebsa da inovaciebs, romelic imdroindeli da kulturuli faseulobebiT, rasac gverdi ver auara baTumisa da misi Semogarenis socialurad dawinaurebul artur zutnermac. yvela SemTxvevaSi dasaxelebuli faqti fenebSi axlad SemoWril evropul civilizacias mohqonda. es upirvelesad mis erudiciasa da ganaTlebis farTo kargadaa asaxuli Tzulebis personaJTa polemikaSi, rac diapazonze metyvelebs. Cans, rom man safuZvlianad Seiswavla sakmaod mZafri siuJetebis fonze viTardeba. magaliTad adgilobrivi mosaxlebis yofa-cxovreba, politikuri nawarmoebis erTi personaJis _ Tamaris TqmiT, aq bevrni orientaciebi, eTnikuri da religiuri cnobiereba, sulieri `Zvel dros mistiris, roca yvelaferi mkacrad iyo samyaro da gansazRvruli Sinaarsoblivi qargis pirobebSi, mowesrigebuli da gabatonebuli zne-Cveulebebis yovelgvari Seudga sityvakazmulad mxatvruli nawarmoebis _ romanis darRveva did codvad iTvleboda. gamogitydebiT, me ar Seqmnas. esaa didi mwerlisaTvis niSandoblivi pasuxis- menaneba egreT wodebuli kargi droebis gaqroba, radgan mgeblobis dadastureba. amitomaa rom artur zutneris nacvlad dRevandeli siamovnebisa, saeWvo bedniereba romani saukuneze met xnis Semdegac sasiamovnod ikiTxeba da meqneboda, cixe-koSkSi Caketili vmjdariyavi da mowyeni- misadmi interesi iarsebebs manam, sanam xelovnebis SegrZebis lobisagan sasowarkveTils alva an, romelime sxva sasmeli unari da misiT tkboba kacobriobis mTavari prioriteti mewrupa”... Semdeg saubarSi jambeki erTveba: `evropuli zne- iqneba. artur zutneris romani sainteresoa ara mxolod, Cveulebebis keTili zemoqmedeba mec sakmaod ganmicdia, rom Cveulebrivi mkTxvelisaTvis _ literaturis moyvarul- Cveni cxovrebis mkacri wesebis aRorZineba ar visurvo” da 107 108
TaTvis, aramed qarTvelologebis eTnografebis, folklo- qeTevan iakobaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe ristebis, aRmosavleTmcodneebisa da politologebisTvisac. Sardenis cnobebi aWaris Sesaxeb
Nugzar Mgeladze, Temur Tunadze gamoCenili frangi mogzauris Sardenis `mogzauroba saqarTveloSi~ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa saqarTvelos ARTNUR FON ZUTNER'S NOVEL "AJARIANS" AND THE PROBLEMS XVII saukunis istoriiT dainteresebuli mkvlevarebisa da OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY OF SOUTH-WESTERN GEORGIA IN mkiTxvelTa farTo masebisaTvis. igi upirveles yovlisa THE SECOND HALF OF THE XXTH CENTURY. yuradRebas iqcevs Tavisi sisruliT. mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva iqonios srulyofili warmodgena mogzauris nanaxisa SUMMARY da gagonilis Sesaxeb. gansxvavebiT Sua saukuneebis mogza-
urTa (marko polo, kontarini, pietro delavale) mwiri mona- The work deals with the Arthur fon Zutner's novel "Ajarians" which was cemebisagan. Sardeni arqanjelo lambertis msgavsad iZleva published in 1883 in German language and in 2007 was translated into Georgian. mravalmxriv saintereso cnobebs samegrelos, imereTis, Ethnographic, folklore and dialectological materials are widely used in the qarTlis da aWaris Sesaxebac, Tumca aRmosavleTis qveynebis work. It might have happened because this part of south-western Georgia is rich kulturisa da warsulis ucodinarobam, evropelebis mier with daily and cultural values which could not be ignored by Arthur Zutner. maTTvis ucnobi erebis Sesaxeb winaswar SemuSavebulma From the novel it is clearly seen that the author studied the life, political Sexedulebebma ganapirobes mTeli rigi Secdomebi, rac saer- orientation, ethnic and religious consciousness, inner world of the local people Tod iyo damaxasiaTebeli evropel mogzaurTa SromebisaTvis. and then, in the conditions of specific contents frame started to create the fiction. amave mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli Sardenis Secdomebi, zog- The novel of Arthur Zutner is interesting not only for ordinary readers but for jer araswori da tendenciuri monacemebi. the scholars of Georgia, ethnographers, researchers of oriental studies, folklore Sardeni saqarTveloSi Camodis 1672 wlis Semodgomaze. and politicians. zRvis gavliT igi miadga samegrelos. `mogzaurobaSi~ aRwerilia samegrelos tragikuli istoria, ramac gana- piroba, is rom ucxoelebisadmi ver gamoiCines gada- Warbebuli yuradReba, misdami zogjer utifari mopyrobis gamo adgilobrivebs igi velurebs uwodebs, Tumca awiokebuli kuTxis mkvidrT arc moeTxovebodaT metismeti Tavazianoba. Sardeni aRwers qarTls, sadac am dros mefobs vaxtang V (1658-1675 ww.), qarTli am dros sparseTis politikuri gavlenis qveS imyofeba. mogzaurobaSi saubaria qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri situaciisa da SinaaSlilobis Sesaxeb, rac saboloo jamSi asustebda qveynis Semdgom ganviTarebas. cxadia, Sardenis droindeli saqarTvelo ver dauxvdeboda evropel mogzaurs im TavazianobiT, romelic parizelis moTxovnebs daakmayofilebda. rTuli politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciis gamo mosalodneli iyo zogierTi 109 110
gaugebroba da usiamovnebebi. amas emTxveoda kavkasielebze, marTlad gamohyavT. rac ergebaT SromisaTvis, imas ar rogorc velurebze winaswar SemuSavebuli azri, ris gamoc sjerdebian da metis Txovna uyvarT, Zlier ician javris mas eqmneboda yalbi warmodgenebi mkvidri mosaxleobis Catana da Tavis dReSi ar apatieben kacs danaSauls. kulturuli donisa da zne-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, qarTvelebi Zalian angariani da vercxlis moyvarulni misi Tanmxlebi kaTolike misionerebi (zampis gamoklebiT) arian... qalebic iseTive biwierebi da avni arian, rogorc naklebad ganaTlebulni iyvnen da mogzaurs araswor cnobebs mamakacebi, qalebs Zalian uyvarT arSiyoba da mamakacebs am awvdidnen. uzneobaSi didi monawileoba miuZRviT~ misi azriT Sardeni aRfrTovanebulia mefis sasaxleSi arsebuli qarTvelebs zne Cveuleba misi mezobeli qveynebisagan iSviaTi wesrigiT, xazs usvams qarTvelebis sameurneo SeuTvisebiaT. kulturis ZiriTad sakiTxebs, qarTveli kacis xasiaTs, Sardeni iZleva Zunw, magram saintereso cnobebs aWaris qarTveli qalis iSviaT silamazes: `qarTvelebis tomi Sesaxebac. upiratesad igi gonioSi, mebaJeebTan urTierTobis umSvenieresia aRmosavleTSi da SeiZleba iTqvas mTels fonze warmoaCens Tavis STabeWdilebebs. qveyanazec, iq ar minaxavs arc erTi cudi saxis qali an kaci, Sardenis mixedviT igi gonios napirebs miadga `30-s, Sua angelozebiviT lamazebic bevri Semxvda. qalebis umetesi dRis ukan~ (oqtomberi) friad kmayofili imiT rom nawili bunebas iseTi sikekluciT dausaCuqrebia, rom sxva `osmaleTis samflobeloSi movidnen wyeuli samegrelodan~, aseTs versad SevxvdebiT. SeuZlebelia Tvali mohkraT aqaur man mebaJeebs Tavi vaWrad gaacno, TiTqosda misi mizani iyo qals da ar SegiyvardeT, ar SeiZleba daxatoT qarTveli samegreloSi frinvelebis Sesyidva evropaSi wasayvanad. qalis saxesa da tanadobaze umSvenieresi saxe da tanadoba: mogzaurobaSi saubaria mebaJeebTan urTierTobis detalebsa mSvenierni, Tvaltanadni, werwetni da keklucni. iSviaTad da im gadasaxadebze, romelic daakisres sabaJoze gasvlisas, naxavT, rom qali uSnod iyos gasuqebuli. mxolod is misi TqmiT mebaJe mogzaurs masTan patiJebda, magram imis auSnoebs qarTvel qalebs, rom ferumarils icxeben, SiSiT, rom vaiTu ar gamZarcvoso uariT gaistumra, umSvenieresebi sxvebze ufro metad icxeben umarilsa, ase mogvianebiT mogzaurisaTvis mouTxoviaT 200 dukati, Tan hgoniaT ferumarili samkaulia da ise xmaroben rogorc uTqvamT `sxvaTa Soris, qristianebis qoneba, simarTle rom magaliTad CvenSi Tval-margalits da karg tanisamossa~. vilaparakoT osmalebs ekuTvniso~. movitanT amonarids misi rogorc vxedavT mogzauri aRfrTovanebulia qarTveli naambobidan: ~miTxra amoiRe oqro romelic CanTaSi gaqvso. me qalis silamaziT, Tumca maT bevr uaryofiT Tvisebasac ar vqeni Seni araferi mmarTebs, ar SemiZlia winaaRmdegoba miawers. gagiwio, Tu Zaladobas daiwyeb, SegiZlia waiRo yvelaferi, mogzauri cnobas gvawvdis qarTvelTa Rvinis rac gsurs, magram kargaT vici gzebi rogor unda davibruno moyvarulobaze da qarTuli Rvinis xarixze: `ar moipoveba yovelive, rac ZaladobiT waerTmeva. am avazakma moatanina sadme iseTi qveyana, sadac imdens da iseT karg Rvinos borkilebi da rkinis sayelo. aman cota SemaSina. mqonda svavdnen, rogorc saqarTveloSio` avtori garkveviT saqme jaris xalxTan, romlebsac oqrom da Rvinom Tvalebi saubrobs aseve qarTvelTa niWierebaze, Tumca misi auxvia da iseT yofaSi iyvnen, rom yvelafers izamdnen. erTi Sexeduleba aqaur mosaxleobaze ucvleli rCeba, misi TqmiT maTgani momiaxlovda da miTxra: niors, ramdenad ufro mets qarTvelebi `cudad izrdebian, amasTanave cud magaliTebsac danayav, imdenad ufro metad ayroldeba –e.i. ramdensac xedaven. amis gamo mTlad ucodinarni da biwierni arian. ufro daagvianeb, imdenad ufro gaZneldeba saqmeo~. mogzauri qarTvelebSi bevria mzakvari, veragi, daundobeli, cbieri, iZulebuli gaxda gadaexada usamarTlo gadasaxadi, magram briyvi, ampartavani. qarTvelebma saocrad urcxvad ician amasTan iZulebuli gaxda daefica, rom mica Tavisi nebiT da uaryofa imisi, rac uTqvamT da moumoqmedebiaT. tyuili amis Sesaxeb aravis etyoda. 111 112
tendenciurobisa da zogierTi sxva naklovanebis naTia beriZe, maka beJaniZe, qeTevan futkaraZe miuxedavad Sardenis `mogzauroba saqarTveloSi~ uaRresad sayuradRebo naSromia, romelSic warmodgenlia umniSvnelo- Jan muries cnobebi aWaris Sesaxeb vanesi cnobebi XVII s-is saqarTvelos social-ekonomikuri da kulturul-politikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb. frangi orientalisti Jan murie me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi imyofeboda saqarTveloSi; man saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxe Semoiara da aRwera. am mogzaurobis dros Sekrebili cnobebi da dakvirvebebi daedo safuZvlad mis naSromebs _ “SoTa rusTaveli”, “vladikavkazidan Tbili- samde”, “Tbilisis muzeumi”, “kavkasiis arqeologia”; maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa naSromi “baTumi da Woroxis auzi”, romelic 1886 wels daibeWda frangul enaze parizSi “geografiul momoxilvebSi”, xolo momdevno wels calke wignadac gamoica. wigni yuradRebas ipyrobs imiT, rom avtori masSi moTxrobili ambebis erTi nawilis momswre da TviTmxilvelia da amasTanave wignSi aRwerili Woroxis auzis didi nawili amJamad Cvens sazRvrebSi ukve aRaraa. murie dawvrilebiT cnobebs gvawvdis Woroxis auzis istoriis, baTumis olqis warsulis, baTumis olqis mosaxleobis rasis, enis, erovnebis Sesaxeb. “Woroxis xeobis qarTvelebi _ aRniSnavs murie, lazebTan erTad am mxaris yvelaze Zveli mkvidrni arian. lazika iveriasTan (qarTli) da albaneTTan (kaxeTis nawili) erTad warmoadgenda provincias, romelic droebiT xarks uxdida sparseTis mefeebs.” dasavleTiT lazebma daikaves teritoria trapizonamde. omebiT gamowveuli bedis cvalebadobis gamo es mosazRvre qveyana xSirad gadadioda somxeTis mefeebis xelSi, magram maT ver moaxerxes mamac qarTvelebze gabatoneba, romelnic bolos da bolos TavianTi meTaurebis daxmarebiT brundebodnen saerTo samSobloSi. Woroxis da mis mravalricxovani Senakadebis midaoebSi mTebma, mdinareebma da saerTod mTlianad am kuTxem miiRo saxelwodebebi, romlebmac mas Semdeg mcire cvlilebebi ganicades da rac maT qarTul warmoSobas mowmobs” (murie, 12). murie islamis gavlenazec saubrobs da aRniSnavs, rom “amaod cdilobda islami eqvsi saukunis ganmavlobaSi
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cecxliTa da maxviliT erovnuli (qarTuli) cxovrebis sainteresoa baTumis istoriis murieseuli dawyeba yovelgvari naSTis mospobas”. Tumca eqvsi saukuniT islamuri Zv.w.IV saukunidan. “baTumi cnobili iyo 400 wlis winaT Cvens reaqciis TareSis gansazRvrisas aWarbebs. eramde” (murie, 31). ras eyrdnoba avtori ar viciT, Tumca baTumis olqis mosaxleobis rasis, enisa da erovnebis arqeologiuri masala, romelic baTumis midamoebSi iqna Sesaxeb ki, murie aRniSnavs: “baTumis olqis mkvidri napovni (Savlakiani keramika, amforebis Zirebi da sxva) am mosaxleoba ekuTvnis qarul rasas, sufTa qarTvelebs, mosazrebas ueWvels xdis. makrialisa da Cxalis xeobis garda yvelgan qarTulad avtors vrclad aqvs daxasiaTebuli aWaris warsuli, laparakoben. makrialis xeobis mosaxleobis ena Turqulis fizikur-geografiuli Taviseburebani, hava, meurneoba, da lazuris narevia, xolo Cxalis xeobaSi qarTulisa da eTnografiuli yofa, zneoba, adaTi, wes-Cveulebani da sxva. lazuris. lazebi qarTul rasas ekuTvnian, magram isini “aWarlebis yvela istoriuli Tqmuleba, wers murie, Tamar laparakoben megrulTan daaxloebul enaze” (murie, 12). mefis cnobil saxes ukavSirdeba. am gadmocemis mixedviT iyo muries kargad aqvs daxasiaTebuli baTumis olqis dro, maTi qveyana qristianobas aRiarebda da mTebis gadaRma mdinareTa sistema, dawvrilebiT ganixilavs Woroxs, rogorc deda-saqarTveloSi maTi naTesavebi, ufro sworad maTi sanaosno mdinares. ganixilavs gzebs da aRniSnavs: “baTumis qarTleli winaprebi cxovrobdnen. am gadmocemebSi igrZnoba olqSi gzebi jer kidev ar aris. aris mxolod sasapalne eris Zlierebis dakargviT gamowveuli sinanuli da momavlis saqonlisaTvis gatkepnili bilikebi. mTeli es mxare kopwia bundovani imedi. (murie, 25-26). gorakebis, mTebis, mindvrebisa da xevebis grovaa da Jan murie axasiaTebs am kuTxis mcxovrebTa garegnobas: danarCen samyarodan mowyvetil kuTxes qmnis. gare “aWareli Sua tanisaa, mxarbeWiani da kunTmagari, saxiT samyarosTan urTierTobis, erTaderTi magram Zneli gza pirxmeli da fermkrTalia. kexiani cxviri aqvs, Txeli tuCebi, Woroxze sanaosno gzaa, 80 versis manZilze baTumidan xSiri Savi wveri, CamoSvebuli grZeli ulvaSebi. gamoxedva arTvinamde. qalaqi baTumi Savi zRviT saimedod ukavSirdeba amayi aqvs, moZraobaSi cqviti, dadis Tamamad da vaJkacurad. evropas, xolo Tbilisamde da baqomde gayvanili rkinigziT cudi cxenosania, cxeni ufro tvirTis sazidad yavs. kavkasias da kaspiis zRvas. magram kargi da mravalricxovani yovelTvis mzadaa TavdasxmisaTvis da TavdacvisaTvis, gzebis gayvanamde baTums ar eqneba Zalian didi savaWro eWviania da ar endooba arc ucxos, arc Tavisians. yovelTvis mniSvneloba" (murie, 25-26). SeiaraRebulia da umcires Seuracyofasac ar tovebs murie vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiTac gvawvdis cnobebs da upasuxod, SurismaZiebelia. sisxlis samarTlis aRniSnavs, rom “TurqeTis mflobelobis dros baTumi gare statistika baTumSi savsea SurisZiebis niadagze momxdari samyarosTan mowyvetis gamo SezRudul vaWrobas eweoda, mkvlelobebiT. SurisZieba am mxareSi Semonaxulia, rogorc savaWro saqoneli SemohqondaT lazeTisaTvis, qobuleTis- bunebrivi samarTali” (murie, 34,35). aTvis, aWarisaTvis _ inglisidan, Sveicariidan, (bambis aqve murie dasZens rom “aWareli garegnobiT, mixvra- qsovili), damaskodan (abreSumis qsovili). Salis qsovilebi – moxvriT, xasiaTiT Zalian hgavs guruls, masaviT aris yirimidan da saqarTvelodan. rac Seexeba eqsports qveynis Cacmulic. Tavze axuravs yavisferi yabalaxi, zogjer wiTeli moTxovnilebas akmayofilebda 30 000 qila simindi, 18 000 oya sarCuliT, tanze acvia yavisferi an nacrisferi maudis brinji, Tafli, TeTri Tevzi, 5-6 tvirTi saSeni da saTbobi qulaja, romlis qveS Ria feris axaluxi moCans. imave xe-tye” (murie, 28). qsovilis Sarvali wvivebTan da koWebTan viwrovdeba da savaWro TvalsazrisiT saintereso cnobas gvawvdis ramdenime arSinis wvrili Tokisagan dawnuli RvediT qobuleTze. es ukanaskneli im dros “patara savaWro centri” ikvreba, romelsac qubad wodebuli Ria feris qamari faravs. yofila “oTxmoci duqniT, sadac gacxovelebuli vaWroba fexze Salis windebs da tyavis wuRa-mestebs icvams. qamarze warmoebda” Camokidebuli aqvs qonwasmuli liTonis patara kolofi da 115 116
maTara. xelSi saxmarad xanjali, dana, da dambaCa aqvs marina Salikava zurgze gardigardmo SaSxana hkidia” (murie, 34.35). osmalTa aseuli wlebiT batonobam, udaoa garkveuli ucxoeli mogzaurebi aWaruli kvali daaatyo am kuTxis mkvidrTa cxovrebas, zogi ucxo ram Cacmulobis Sesaxeb SeiWra ZvelqarTul eTnografiul yofaSi, zneSi wes- CveulebaSi. qalis Cacmulobasa da aqauri qorwilis tansacmeli _ adamianis pasportia, romelic asaxavs daxasiaTebisas murie miuTiTebs, rom: “qalebis tanisamosi tomobriv kuTvnilebas, wodebas, sqess da a.S. _ aRniSnavda cotaTi gansxvavdeba Turqi qalebis tanisamosisagan. gareT Tavis droze n. gagen-Torni (gagen-Torni n, 1933: 122) saxes Txeli leCaqis pirbadiT ifaraven. qorwils Turqul tansacmlis TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas SeuZlia Suqi yaidaze ixdian, oRond zog qarTul wessac umateben. qmris mohfinos qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebrivi yofis metad ojaxSi patarZlis wayvanis dros naTesavebi simReriT, cekviT mniSvnelovan mxareebs. saerTod, tansacmelSi yovelTvis da Tofis sroliT miacileben, siZis naTesavebi gamodian maT aisaxeba ama Tu im kuTxis istoriuli bedis Tavisebureba, Sesaxvedrad da imarTeba lxini. simRera da cekva iseTivea, rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad warmoCnda aWaruli samosis rogorc guruli da megruli. musikalur instrumentebs qvia Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis garkveul etapebze. Conguri, gitara, stviri da sxva. micvalebulis glovis wesi aWarul xalxur Cacmulobaze qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier qarTulia. bevri iTqva da daiwera. aseve igi monografiulad Seiswavla xalxSi iSviaTad yavs vinmes erT colze meti, Tumca izolda samsoniam. Tumca AaWaruli samosis Sesaxeb yurani iZleva poligamiis nebas, begebi ki sargebloben am uflebiT. mziTvad iseve rogorc yvelgan saqarTveloSi, informaciul wyaros aSkarad amdidrebs ucxoel mogzaurTa aZleven moZrav qonebas _ logins, sxvadasxva qsovilebis Canawerebi. zewrebs, matylis leibebs, muTaqebs da sxva” (murie, 34.35). rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan saqar- murie aseve xazs usvams qarTuli stumarTmoyvareobis TveloSi gaCaRebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra- tradicias da dasZens, rom “saukeTeso logins stumrisaTvis obis viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca osmal- inaxaven. baTumis mazris mosaxleoba namdvil qarTvelurad Tagan mitacebul `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ mecnierul misdevs stumarTmoyvareobas.” Seswavlas. amas ramdenime faqtori ganapirpbebda, jer erTi, amrigad, muries cnobebSi Cans, rom is ara marto kargad am mxaris Sesaxeb mecnierbam Zalian cota ram icoda da icnobs am mxares sxvadasxva samecniero literaturiT, meorec, mzaddeboda ruseT-TurqeTis omi da qarTuli amasTanave aris gonebamaxvili da kargi damkvirvebelic, rac inteligencia samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis mTlianobaSi mis cnobebs uamrav Rirsebas sZens, unda warmoCeniT cdilobda carizmis dainteresebas. am mxaris aRiniSnos isic, rom mis cnobebSi zogjer mcire uzus- SemoerTebiT swored am mizniT imogzaures omis wina wlebSi tobanic SeiniSneba, Tumca mTlianobaSi avtori saintereso mecnierebisa da kulturis gamoCenilma moRvaweebma. am da dasayrden cnobebs iZleva am mxariT dainteresebu;li mogzaurobaTa Sedegad Seiqmna metad Rirebuli naSromebi, mkiTxvelisa da mkvlevarisaTvis. romlebic mraval saintereso istoriul movlenaTa aRweris garda, mdidar eTnologiur masalas Seicavda. maT Soris literatura: aWaruli samosis aRwerilobasac vxvdebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom XIXs. 80-ian wlebSi carizmi interesdeba 1. J. murie “baTumi da Woroxis auzi” baT. 1962. mxaris sameurneo da kulturuli cxovrebiT _ rasac, ra Tqma unda garkveulwilad strategiuli interesi
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asazrdoebda. carizmis moxeleTa mier Seqmnili statis- qalebs Tavze fesi axuravT, romlidanac mosCans grZeli tikuri xasiaTis mqone Canawerebi mraval mniSvnelovan nawnavebi. es nawnavebi warmoadgens qalis Cacmulobis mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone informacias Seicavs. am mxriv erTgvar gagrZelebas da mis aucilebel Semadgenel nawils. sayuradReboa samxedro korespondentis a. frenkelis naS- Tavis Semkulobas asrulebs erTgvari Cadri, romelsac romi ,,narkvevi Curuqsusa da baTumis Sesaxeb” sadac garda eZaxian `CarCabes,~ igi damzadebulia msubuqi, gamWvirvale mravali sayuradRebo cnobisa vxvdebiT dawvrilobiT naWrisagan da cisferi ferisaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom arTvinis aRwerilobas aWaruli samosis Sesaxeb. SemogarenSi igi Ria yviTeli ferisa gvxvdeba. frenkeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom aqauri qarTvelebi sagareod Cacmuli qali zogjer quslian fexsacmels _ nacionaluri (da ara Turquli) tansacmliT imosebian. misi sandlebs icvams, Tumca ZiriTadad faCuCebi acviaT. TqmiT maT SenarCunebuli aqvT TavianTi Zveli Cacmuloba, (frenkeli, 1879: 19-20) romelic Zalian hgavs guruls. rogorc vxedavT, frenkeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs rom `mamakacebs acviaT qurTuki, romelsac aq `Coxas~ eZaxian. aWarlebi imosebian nacionaluri (da ara Turquli) Coxis SigniT atareben mkveTri feris perangs, romelsac tansacmliT. mamakacis Cacmulobis aRwerisas axsenebs aqauri `elegs~ uwodeben. Sarvalis zeda nawili naoWebadaa tanisamosis adgilobriv saxelwodebebs. mag: Coxa, elegi, da asxmuli. erTi SexedviT igi mouxerxebel samosad gveCveneba, a.S. saubrobs warmodgenili tansacmlis gamZleobasa da Tumca aqauri glexi masSi Tavs Zalian moxerxebulad xarisxianobaze. aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom grZnobs. aqauri xalxis tanisamosi _ `uxeSi, magram gamZle~ _ kargad Coxa da Sarvali mzaddeba Salis uxeSi naWrisagan, amJRavnebs xalxis xasiaTs. romelic araa SeRebili da iseTive ferisaa, rogoric jer saubrobs qalis Casacmelis av-kargianobaze da xazgasmiT kidev cxvars amSvenebda. aRniSnavs nawnavebis, rogorc Cacmulobis erTiani ansamblis fexsamosi Sedgeba feradi Zafebisagan moqsovili Semadgenel nawilsa da mis gagrZelebas, romelic avsebs mas. windebisa da tyavis waRebisagan. qalis fexsamosidan qalamanis garda axsenebs maRal- mamakacis Cacmulobas avsebs mravalgvari atributi, maT quslian fexsacmels, romelsac dResaswaulebsa da Soris aRsaniSnavia iaraRi, romlis gareSec isini erT gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis dros icvamen. es ki TavisTavad nabijsac ar gadadgamen. siaxlea, maSin roca aWaraSi fexsamosidan ZiriTadad aqaurebi ZiriTadad tyavis qamrebs atareben, Tumca gavrcelebuli iyo qalamani, wuRa, Cilatani da a.S. dResaswaulebisa da gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis dros romelTac maRali qusli ar hqondaT. Tumca i. samsonias moixmaren abreSumis mkveTri feris qamars, romelzedac TqmiT aWaraSi maRali wris qalebi atarebdnen gansxvavebul damagrebuli aqvT patara qisa wvrilmanebisTvis da fexsacmels _ foTinas, romelic yviTeli tyavisagan tyavisagan damzadebuli wylis WurWeli. iaraRTagan ikereboda. (samsonia, 2005: 132). SesaZloa frenkelis mier aRsaniSnavia: Tofi, xanjali, pistoleti _ `karabini~ da dana. aRwerili fexsacmeli _ swored foTinas exebodes. am aRWurvilobas Tan erTvis welzeve mimagrebuli tyviis da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs aseve v. lisovskis qonis Sesanaxi patara yuTebi. naSromi `Woroxis mxare~. qalis samosi Sedgeba perangisagan, Sarvlisagan, romelic aWarelis Cacmuloba da aRWurviloba _ aRniSnavs igi, Zalian waagavs mamakacis Sarvals. Sarvali welze magrdeba srulad Seesabameba adgilobriv klimatsa da adgil- grZeli TasmebiT, romelsac `xvanjars~ eZaxian. am mdebareobis Taviseburebebs. Cacmulobis yvelaze lamazi nawilia zemodan Casacmeli feradi kaba. 119 120
maT acviaT uxeSi waRebi, romelic fexze TasmebiTaa aWaruli Casacmeli, miuxedavad uxeSi faqturisa, mimagrebuli. es waRebi sxva araferia, Tu ara tyavis patara gamoirCeva Taviseburi xibliT, romelSic kargadaa asaxuli nagleji, romelsac Sig Sali aqvs gamokruli. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xasiaTic. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom acviaT maudis Sarvali, romelic uxvnaoWianobiT am tansacmliT moZraobac mosaxerxebelia, roca saqme exeba xasiaTdeba. tanT acviaT Jileti da mokle maudis qurTuki, sakmaod rTul reliefs (lisovski, 1887: 56). romelic tans mWidrod ekvris. saxeloebic mWidro da aWaruli xalxuri Cacmulobis Sesaxeb aseve saintereso motmasnilia. qurTukze mkerdis orive mxares mikerebuli cnobebs Seicavs frangi orientalistis Jan muries naSromic. aqvT masrebi, iseve rogorc Cerqezebs. qurTukis mxrebi da man XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi imogzaura aWaraSi da idayvebi maudis ormagi qsovilisganaa nakeri, raTa advilad gamosca naSromi `baTumi da Woroxis auzi~, romelic ar gacvdes. pirvelad parizSi gamoica 1886 wels. Tavze saucxood aqvT moxveuli Tavsaburavi, romelsac murie, iseve rogorc sxva ucxoeli mogzaurebi aWarelis muslimanuri wesis Tanaxamad mxolod Rame ixsnian. Cacmulobas axlo ayenebs gurulis CacmulobasTan. igi welze Semortymuli aqvT tyavis qamari, romelzedac aRniSnavs, rom maT Tavze axuravT yavisferi yabalaxi, hkidia Tujis patara yuTi, romelSic moTavsebulia qoni zogjer wiTeli sarCuliT. iaraRis gasapoxad da tyavis patara qisa safantisaTvis. tanT acviaT moyvanili yavisferi an nacrisferi maudis welze hkidiaT adgilobrivi warmoebis xanjali da qulaja, romlis qveSac Ria feris axaluxi mosCans. axaluxi pistoleti. patara wiTeli TasmebiT ikvreba. imave qsovilis Sarvali arsebobs agreTve mamakacis Cacmulobis meore varianti, wvivebTan da koWebTan viwrovdeba, wels qveviT ikeceba da romelsac ZiriTadad Turquli saxasiaTo niSnuliT ramdenime arSinis wvrili Tokisagan dawnuli RvediT gamoarCeven da xalxuri Cacmulobisgan ganasxvaveben. aseTi ikvreba, romelsac quZad wodebuli Ria feris qamari faravs. Cacmuloba Sedgeba farTo Sarvlisagan, romelic qvemoT fexze Salis windebs da tyavis wuRa-mestebs icvams. viwrovdeba, aseve farTo qurTukisa da adgilobrivad mxarze gadakidebul patara CanTaSi hilzebs da sxva saomar damzadebuli maudis mosasxamisagan. mowyobilobas atarebs. qamarze Camokidebuli aqvs saerTod adgilobrivi zeda Casacmeli adgilobrivad qonwasmuli liTonis patara kolofi da maTara. xelSi damzadebuli Savi, yavisferi da nacrisferi feris saxmarad xanjali, dana da dambaCa aqvs. zurgze gardigardmo maudisagan ikereba, romelic uxeSia, magram gamZleobiT SaSxana hkidia. xasiaTdeba. qalebis tansacmeli cotaTi gansxvavdeba Turqi qalebis zamTris periodSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba atrebs tanisamosisagan, gareT saxes Txeli leCaqis pirbadiT maudis grZelmklavian mosasxams. ifaraven (J. murie, 1962:34). qalebis Cacmuloba TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdeba aWaruli samosis Sesaxeb mraval saitereso cnobas SavSeTis da artanujis mxaris qalTa Cacmulobisagan. isini vxvdebiT agreTve artur fon zutneris literaturuli upiratesad wiTel-yviTeli feris xalaTebs icvamen, romelTa xasiaTis nawarmoebSi `aWarlebi~. artur zutneri gverdiTi Wrilebidan mosCans ganieri CiTis Sarvali, saqarTveloSi meuRlesTan erTad 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1876- romelic maT terfamde swvdebaT. 1885w.w.) imyofeboda, zutnerebma saqarTveloSi gatarebul qalebi fexsamosad iyeneben tyavis waRebs. xolo wlebs `cxovrebis skola~ uwodes. artur zutneri ruseT- Tavsaburavad _ erTgvar fess da TeTri feris Cadrs, TurqeTis omis dros samxedro korespodentic iyo. misi romliTac isini ucxo mamakacis mzerisagan icaven Tavs. romani `aWarlebi~ marTalia literaturuli nawarmoebia,
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Tumca mraval iseT sayuradRebo cnobas Seicavs, romelic magaliTad, lisovski _ mamakacis Cacmulobis or tips simarTlesa da realobazea dafuZnebuli. gamohyofs: erTs motmasnils, tanze momdgars, meores ki _ zutneris TqmiT _ aWarlebisa da gurulebis erovnuli gaSlils, farTo stiliT Sekerils, Turqulis msgvss, Tumca samosi kavkasiaSi yvelaze moxdenilia: mokle, momdgari, ara Turquls. mkerdze gadaxsnili zedatani, romelSic Ria feris aWaris mosaxleobis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom moJileto-moperango xifTani mosCans. Sarvali TeZoebze ucxoelis mxridan imis aRiareba, rom aWaruli Cacmuloba ganieria, barZayebsa da wvivebze ki mWidrod SemokvarTuli, uZvelesi xalxuri Cacmulobis nimuSia da masSi, ucxo welze Semokruli kuSagiT _ ganieri, zoliani abreSumis kulturis gardauvali zegavlenis miuxedavad SarfiT. SenarCunebulia qarTuli xasiaTi _ ukve erTgvari fexze Txeli, Wvintiani qalamnebi acviaT, romlebic gamarjvebaa, es im SemTxvevaSi, roca ena da sarwmunoeba xSirad rbili tyavis gamaSebiT grZeldeba. Selaxuli iyo. aqaurma xalxma ki tansacmlis erovnuli rogorc yvela kavkasiels, aWarelsac wesad aqvs iaraRis saxis SenarCunebiT dampyrobT faruli omi gamoucxada, tareba: sartyelSi garWobili xanjali da xSirad ori Tundac tansacmlisa da winda-paiWis qarTuli xasiaTis dambaCa, uxvad movercxlili, romlebic Cveulebriv ukan, qargulobiT, sadac jvris Ria gamosaxulebebTan erTad xerxemliskenaa gaweuli. mkerdis orive mxares ki or rigad qarTuli anbanis, umetesad xmovnebis gamosaxulebebsac Cawyobili, erTmaneTze filigranuli ZewkviT gadabmuli vxvdebiT. es ki naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, Tu ra Zlieri da vercxlis qiliSebi umSveneben. rogorc wesi, tyavis Tasmaze gautexelia qarTuli suli. mimagrebuli aqvT patara jibe, romelSic moTavsebulia foladi, kvesi da patara kolofi qoniT, tyviebis gasapoxad. qamarSi ki liTonis an tyavis brtyeli maTaraa Semaluli. literatura: sayoveldReo tanisamosi nacrisferi an yavisferia; zeimze ki cocxali tonebi Warbobs. gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia 2. Cacmulobis Seswavlis meTodika sabWoTa kavSiris lurji feris sxvadasxvanairi niuansebi. yabalaxi ki, eTnografiaSi, ,,sabWoTa eTnografia, 1933, N 3-4 romlebic umetesad Calmiseburad hqondaT Tavze Semoxveuli, 3. zutneri a. `aWarlebi~ Tb., 2007 iseT STabeWdilebas qmnidnen, TiTqos uzarmazari TeTri, 4. lisovski v. Woroxis mxare, I-II, Tb.1887 lurji, wiTeli da muqi yvavilebi niavis dabervaze Tavs 5. murie J. baTumi da Woroxis auzi. baT., 1962. aqeT-iqiT xriano. 6. samsonia i. xalxuri tansacmeli aWaraSi. baT., 2005 mandilosnebsa da gogonebs Tavze Cadrebi eburaT, 7. frenkeli a., narkvevi Curuqsusa da baTumis Sesaxeb romelTa boloebi saxes ufaravdnen (zutneri. 2007: 32). (rusul enaze), Tb., 1879 zemoT moyvanili ucxoel mogzaurTa Canawerebi aWaruli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb, rogorc davinaxeT uamrav sayuradRebo cnobas Seicavs. maTi Canawerebi saerTo jamSi avseben erTmaneTs da sabolaod vRebulobT erTian, Camoyalibebul saxes aWaruli xalxuri Cacmulobisa. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeuli maTgani aWarul Cacmulobas Turqulisagan mkveTrad ganasxvavebs da nacionalur niadagze dayrdnobiT saubroben mis av- kargianobaze, esTetikursa Tu praqtikul Rirebulebebze. 123 124
Temur tunaZe, Tamar oragveliZe sakamaTo mwerlad“. mis Sesaxeb Tomas mani werda: „arasodes miuniWebiaT nobelis premia sxva, ufro RirseulisaTvis, knut hamsuni baTumis Sesaxeb vidre knut hamsunia“. pirveli aRiareba man moipova moTxrobiT „Samili“ (1890 w.), baTumisadmi interesi, romelic norvegiul literaturaSi Tavisebur gadat- misi istoriuli ganviTa- rialebas moaswavebda, rogorc Tematuri da motivuri, ise rebis sxvadasxva etapze stilur-miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT. knut hamsunis sauke- sxvadasxvagvarad gamoixa- Teso nawarmoebebidan aRsaniSnavia „misteriebi“ (1892 w.); teboda saqarTvelos mezo- „pani“ (1894 w.); „viqtoria“ (1898 w.); „miwis madli“ (1917 w.), beli Tu Soreuli qveynebis romlisTavisac mas nobelis premia mianiWes; „zRapruli mxridan. ruseT-TurqeTis qveyana“ da „dedofali Tamari“. bolo ori nawarmoebi kavka- omebma ki baTumisaTvis siasa da saqarTvelos exeba. knut hamsuni imTaviTve brZolas gansakuTrebuli germanofilobas amJRavnebda, swored germaniaSi aRiares igi simZafre da interesi SesZi- pirvelad msoflio donis mwerlad. 1945 wels hamsuns na. norvegiaSi bralad dasdes samSoblos Ralati da daapa- 1878 wlidan baTumis, timres, xolo mogvianebiT Rrma moxucebulobis gamo sas- rogorc qalaqis formire- jeli fuladi jarimiT Seucvales. knut hamsuni gardaicvala bisa da ganviTarebis axali 1952 wels, dakrZalulia norholmSi. etapi iwyeba. am droidan moxetiale cxovrebiT cnobili mwerali erT-erT werilSi SavizRvispireTis es kuTxe Tavis megobars werda: „mxolod erTxel vimogzaure Cems Zalze swrafad xdeba sicocxleSi da isic kavkasiaSi... es sruliad sxva samyaroa... polieTnikuri qalaqi, rac kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ufro mSvenieri xalxia, ufro wiTeli Rvino, ufro maRali gariJraJze, savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mzardi mTebi... da mjera, yazbegis midamoebSi RmerTi binadrobs“ mniSvnelobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. (Jrenti, 2006:8). es erTaderTi mogzauroba aisaxa mis nawar- baTumis Sesaxeb araerTi ucxoelis STabeWdilebaTa moebSi „zRapruli qveyana“, romelic 1903 wels gamoica. Canaweri Tu gamokvleva arsebobs, romelTa Soris aRsa- baTumSi myofi hamsuni jer kidev naleqian yavas miir- niSnavia norvegieli prozaikosis, nobelianti knut hamsunis Tmevda, roca Semdeg sityvebs werda: „samxrobis Jamia, sar- kavkasiaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi „gancdili da kmelTan vzivar, Tvals vadevneb SiSvel mamakacebs cxenebiT, nafiqrali“. rom Sevardebian Sav zRvaSi da cxenebes abanaveben. lurji knut hamsuni daibada 1859 wels xelmokle glexis ojaxSi. zRvis fonze maTi tani ufro muqi Cans. tyeSi aRmarTul 14 wlidan moxetiale cxovrebas eweoda da mravali Tamaris cixis nangrevebs jer kidev mze adgas. ...xval isev profesia gamoicvala. sxvadasxva periodSi misi mogzaurobis baqoSi mivdivarT, iqidan ufro Sors aRmosavleTisaken. male marSruts Seadgenda, amerika, fineTi, ruseTi, irani, TurqeTi, gamoveTxovebi aqaurobas, magram yovelTvis momenatreba, kavkasia, maT Sorisaa saqarTvelo. 1918 wels sruldeba misi tyuilad xom ar davlie mtkvris wyali“ ((hamsuni, 2006:187)). mogzaurobebi da sacxovreblad sabolood mkvidrdeba knut hamsunma ruseTsa da kavkasiaSi 1899 wlis seqtemberSi norholmSi. knut hamsuni 1920 wlis nobeliantia da dRemde imogzaura meuRlesTan erTad. kavkasiaSi gancdili da rCeba „yvelaze niWier, yvelaze gamoCenil da yvelaze nafiqralidan sul ramdenime furceli eTmoba baTums... magram am mcire monakveTs informaciuli simcire ar etyoba, 125 126
masSi ostaturad cocxldeba Zveli drois cxovrebis stili hamsuns susti janmrTeloba hqonda, romelic mis da ukve TiTqmis miviwyebuli tradiciebi, mkiTxvelis winaSe nawerebSic mJRavndeba: „ciebam damasusta, mesaaTis wamali naTeli da realuri xdeba qalaqis warsulis erTi Sexedvis aRar moqmedebs. albaT, unda davtovo aquroba, Tumca tyeSi umniSvnelo, magram saxasiaTo niuansebi. jer ar vyofilvar da mwyemsebis saxlic ar minaxavs. im hamsuni wers: „baTumSi ormocdaaTi mosaxlea an cota RamiT ciebam sastikad Semomitia, ar mindoda msaxuri gamer- meti, garegnulad tiflissac hgavs da baqosac. erTmaneTSia viZebina, TviTon gadavedi savaWro duqanSi _ sastumros win. areuli didi, Tanamedrove qviTkiris saxlebi da TurqTa iq winadRiT boTliT Rvino vnaxe. duqanSi daxlTan idga mmarTvelobis droindeli patar-patara qvis Senobebi. quCebi maspinZeli, xolo ramdenime Savgremani kaci iatakze ijda da ganieri, magram moukirwylavia, xalxi da etli pirdapir rkinis tolCiT Rvinos svamda. maspinZels vkiTxe, koniaki Tu qviSaSi dadis. portSi bevri gemia, dawyebuli patara Hhqonda. mimixvda da Tarodan boTli CamoiRo. aseT sasmels ialqniani navebiT, romlebic aq samxreTis qalaqebidan namdvilad ar vicnob, etiketze aweria „odesa“. Camovidnen, damTavrebuli aleqsandriisa da marselis didi _ es ara! veubnebi, sxva araferi gaqvT? gemebiT. qalaqi Waobian da arajansaR adgilas aris ver gaigo. etiketis varskvlavebi ise davTvale, rom Tvali gaSenebuli, magram garemoculia tyiT, nayofieri miwebis _ gaedevnebina, _ xuTi da fanqriT kidev ori mivumate. gaigo da simindis yanebiTa da venaxebiT. ekal-bardebiT dafaruli eqvsvarskvlaviani „odesa“ moitana. ra Rirs? oTxnaxevari. gorakebidan mosCans cixis nangrevebi. xuTvarskvlaviani? _ samnaxevari. e. i. TiTo varskvlavi aseTi landSaftia. aq, WaobSi dgas baTumi. TiToOrublia. xuTvarskvlaviani aviRe. Cinebuli koniaki ciebam Semawuxa, ar vici ras mivawero _ restorans, gamodga. davlie Tu ara dameZina. dRes ki, yvela Wkviani CemTvis mavne sakvebs, Tu havas. Zvlivs mivedi fostaSi, qalbatonis da brZenkacis rCevis sawinaaRmdegod, Tavs sastumros msaxuri gamyva. fosta Cabnelebuli iyo... sanam SesaniSnavad vgrZnob. koniakma miSvela” (hamsuni, 2006:187). sarkmelTan mividodi Cemma megzurma wamiCurCula... qudi knut hamsuni hyveba somexi da rusi mesaaTebis istorias, movixade! vxedav masac qudi xelSi uWiravs. etyoba aseTi ramdenime winadadebiT gadmoscems maT xasiaTs... igi aRfr- wesia. aq sarkmelTan TavSiSveli unda mixvide. mere gavige Tovanebulia moxuci sparseliT, romelsac Tavi amayad da simarTle... Turme mefis portretTan yvela quds ixdis...“ mxned eWira, mTeli Tavisi aRnagobiT Rirsebas, rom asxi- (hamsuni, 2006:180). amgvari, erTi SexedviT mcire detalebiT vebda... brtyelsaxuraviani saxlis SuSabandSi ki pirdapir gadmoscems hamsuni imdroindeli baTumis mcxovrebTa qcevebs, iatakze eZina ai, Turme, rogor cxovrobs es amayi berikaci... nebiT Tu uneblieT mimarTuls imperatoris suraTis ver vityvi bednierebi ariano, magram Seguebulni arian amgvar pativiscemisadmi. masSi kargad Cans Tu rogor gavlenas pirobebs, berdebian da kvdebian. Tu es cxovreba ise ganvle, axdens eTnofsiqikaze ideologiuri faqtori, rogor aisaxeba rom saflavis qvaze mwvane Calma amogitvirfes, maSasadame es movlenebi adamianis qcevaSi, Tumca isic faqtia, rom saaqaoSi arafer dagklebia _ alahs gulmowyaleba gamoCenia Zalad Tavsmoxveuli stereotipuli qcevis manerebi, SenTvis! imaT ar awuxebT samoqalqo, an saarCevni uflebebis „suraTis“ gaqrobasTan erTad, male eZleva miviwyebas. uqonloba da arc profkavSirebis areboba, jibiT ar daaqvT aleqsandre kuprini werda: „hamsuns Zvirfasi Tviseba aqvs, „forvertsis“ nomrebi... sabralo, sabralo aRmosavleTi! Cven roca ucxo qveynebsa da xalxze mogviTxrobs iseT prusielebs isRa dagvrCenia _ SegibraloT. daxasiaTebebs, iseT wvrilman niSnebs poulobs, romelic baTumSic aris bulvari, saRamoobiT aq xalxi da etlebi manamade aravis SeuniSnavs da amas ori-sami sityviT daseirnoben. ficxi cxenebi, abreSumis samoslis Sriali, gamoxatavs”. qolgebi, qaliSvilebis Rimili, misalmebis reveransebi _ yvelaferi isea, rogorc samxreTis Statebis qalaqebSi. arian 127 128
aq kudabzikebic, frantebic _ maRali _ manJetismagvari moaRwia kidec... 2009 wlis noemberSi gaimarTa hamsunis sayeloebiT, abreSumis perangebiT, gverZe modgmuli qudebiT dReebi saqarTveloSi _ „dabruneba zRaprul qveyanaSi“,1 da maxvili xeljoxebiT. swored baTumSi vnaxe erTi franti, romlis farglebSi Catarda sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebi: romelsac msoflioSi yvelaze wvrilWvintiani fexsacmeli konferencia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi (18 noemberi); ecva. xalxi dacinviT uyurebda mas da mis fexsacmels, knut hamsunis bareliefis prezentacia Zmebi nobelebis magram sadme ki ar gauxvevia, an gaqceula, miuxedavad saxelobis baTumis teqnologiur muzeumSi (19 noemberi); masxrad agdebisa mSvidad ganagrZo Tavisi gza. viRac baTumis xelovnebis muzeumSi moewyo gamofena: „hamsunis usaqmurma moisurva misi fexsacmlisTvis daenerwyvebina, baTumi“ da gaimarTa norvegiuli musikis saRamo; 20 noembers magram frantma Tavisi ucnauri xeljoxi mouqnia da ki baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Camoicila. maSin qudis aweviT mivesalme da vTxove, universitetSi gaixsna literaturuli seminari _ „knut sigaretze momikideT-meTqi, manac qudi aiwia, Tavazianad hamsuni da kino“. momawoda asanTi da gza gaagrZela Tavisi Sveduri varcxni- amdenad, knut hamsunis STabeWdilebebi baTumis Sesaxeb lobiT _ kefaze daxveuli nawnaviT. mravalmxriv saintereso da sayuradReboa, rogorc es, SedarebiT vrceli amonaridi moviyvaneT im mizniT, rom dokumenturi masala baTumisa da misi mcxovreblebis Sesaxeb. gveCvenebina ucxo xalxis, maTi kulturisa da Sexedulebebis knut hamsunis Canawerebi erTxel kidev mowmobs, rom kavkasia hamsuniseuli aRweris stili da manera. aq aSkaraa XX da maT Soris saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo mimzidveli da saukunis dasawyisis polieTnikuri baTumis yovelRiuroba, saintereso sxvadasxva profesiisa da interesis mqone inovaciuri kulturuli elementebis bedi. kiTxulob adamianebsaTvis. hamsunis nawers da aSkara xdeba Tu ra rTuli gza gamoiara, ra sirTuleebi gadalaxa im droisaTvis ucnaurma, magram TanamedroveobaSi Cveulebrivma „wvrilWvintianma fexsac- literatura: melma“. knut hamsuni aRtacebulia kavkasiis xalxTa zne-Cveu- 1. JRenti o.., winaTqma. – Hhamsuni k., gancdili da lebiTa da TviTmyofadobiT, yofis simartiviTa da poeziiT. nafiqrali kavkasiaSi, Tbilisi, 2006 ubralo adamianisa da bunebis harmoniuli urTierTobiT. mas 2. hamsuni k., gancdili da nafiqrali kavkasiaSi _ aSinebs sayovelTao teqnizacia, kavkasiisken, rom moiwevs da zRapruli qveyana, dedofali Tamari. Targmna rezo aCqarebs Zvirfasi tradiciebis, kulturis unikaluri kveselavam, Tbilisi, 2006 niSnebis Sesustebas an srul Caqrobas. am konfliqtSi miwis siyvaruli, hamsunis mixedviT, gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa (Jrenti, 2006:5-9). knut hamsuni didi xani eswrafvoda Zveli civilizaciis samSobloSi mogzaurobas, eSureboda miTebis, RmerTebisa da legendebis samyaros xilvas. ixila kidec Qqveyana, sadac mxolod geniosis kalami iyo saWiro, rom aRweril yovel 1 k. hamsunis dReebis organizatorebi gaxldnen: knut hamsunis sazogadoeba wvrilmans, yofiT faqts, sisxlsavse ferebsac da formas kavkasiaSi da Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo wlebis Semdegac ar daekarga Tavisi eSxi da ise universitetis skandinaviis centri, romelTac am wamowyebaSi mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmouCina: aWaris ganaTlebis, kulturisa da sportis gaecocxlebina istoria, rom etliT amtverebuli quCidan saministrom, q. baTumis meriam, norvegiis samefos sagareo saqmeTa mtvris suns zustad 106 wlis Semdegac moeRwia... saministrom, norvegiis samefos saelCom da oslos erovnulma biblioTekam. 129 130
Temur Tunadze, Tamar Oragvelidze naila CelebaZe
KNUT HAMSUN ABOUT BATUMI eriqsonis eTnografiuli kolaJi aWaris Sesaxeb The interest towards Batumi, at different stages of its History, was expressed differently by its neighbouring and distant countries. In 1878 started formation erik eriqsoni eqimTa im pleadis warmomadgenelia, and development of Batumi. Since that period Batumi has turned into romlebmac XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze TavianTi profesiuli multiethnical littoral town, which at the dawn of the capitalist relationship, was moRvaweobis paralelurad SeZles rogorc saqarTvelos, ise conditioned by the rapid growth of the trading-economic relationship. kavkasiis xalxTa Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidari eTnografiuli There are numerous impressions and sketches of various travellers and masalebis moZieba. am mxriv eriqsonis Rvawli gamorCeulia researchers about Batumi. Now we would like to draw your attention to ara marto imiT, rom igi scildeba specialur samedicino 'Thoughts and Feelings' of Knut Hamsun in Caucasus, including Batumi. sferos, aramed, uwinaresad avtoris farTo TvalsawieriT, Knut Hamsun (1852-1952) is the Norwegian writer. In 1920 he was awarded maSindeli anTropologiuri mecnierebis saerTaSoriso the Nobel Prize. Till today he is considered to be 'the most intelligent, miRwevebis saTanado codniTaA da kvlevis Sesabamisi outstanding and mostly disputed writer'. Thomas Mann wrote about him: 'No meTodologiiT. eriqsonis amgvari xasiaTis araerTi naSromi one has ever deserved to be awarded more than Knut Hamsun'. Knut Hamsun is daibeWda ruseTis sxvadasxva samecniero Jurnalebsa da the author of many famous works: Pan, Victoria, Mysterier, in Wonderland, anTropologiur krebulebSi – “Эстествознание и география, Queen Tamar and others. The latter two books are about Caucasus and Georgia. `русский антропологический журнал”, “медицинская служба” da sxv.). The writer, famous for his wonderings, in one of his letters to his friend, Tumca, raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, misi saxeli ar aris wrote: ' I have only once travelled and it was in Caucasus... it is another world... Setanili arc samedicino da, miTumetes, arc did sabWoTa the people are more beautiful, the wine is redder, the mountins are higher.. I enciklopediaSi. amis safuZvlad SesaZloa iqca eqimis believe the God resides in Kazbegi surroundings. ' This only travelling was Semdgomi moRvaweoba, romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi CvenTvis depicted in his work 'in Wonderland' and the genial book was awarded the jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia. worthy Nobel Prize. eTnologiur mecnierebaSi eriqsonTa gvaris damsaxureba Knut Hamsun travelled to Russian and Caucasus in September of 1899. 'In Zalzed mniSvnelovania. am gvaris TvalsaCino warmomad- Wonderland' was published in 1903. From 'Thoughts and Feelings' of the genlebi arian sigurd eriqsoni (1888-1968) da msoflioSi Caucasus only several pages are dedicated to Batumi that clearly outlines the aRiarebuli fsiqoanalitikosi - erik eriqsoni (1902-1994). life, style and forgotten traditions of old times. The past of the town is actually gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom maTi moRvaweoba eqim revived. eriqsonTan SedarebiT gacilebiT gvian - erTi Taobis Semdeg
daiwyo. ase, rom, jer kidev axalgazrda anTropologiur
mecnierebaSi erik eriqsonma SesZlo saTanado gamocdilebis
SeZena da farTo kvleva-Ziebebis safuZvelze araerTi
О половом разврате и неестественных saintereso naSromis Seqmna ( половых отношениях в коренном населении Кавказа, Отношение мусульманских эаконов в душевно-больным в Персии, Турции и на Кавказе,`` - (из воспоминании о Батуме и его окрестностях) , ``О призрении душевно-больных на Кавказе Док-ра мед. Э.В. Эриксона”,
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Абастуманское ущелье`` , Отношение мусульманских эаконов в душевно- sTavazobs saintereso analizs calkeuli eTnosis больным в Персии, Турции и на Кавказе, Опыт санитарного обзора Taviseburebebis, aWaris mosaxleobasTan maTi urTierTobebis, окрестностей Батума. Тифлись, 1901). adgilobriv pirobebSi maTi adaptaciis, gansxvavebul aWarisadmi miZRvnili naSromebidan mravalmxriv sayura- kulturaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis calkeul sakiTxTan dReboa erik eriqsonis `Опыт санитарного обзора окрестностей dakavSirebiT. Батума”, romelic 1901 wels TbilisSi gamoica. aRniSnul avtori kargadaa garkveuli ojaxis formebisa da tipebis naSromSi eriqsonma Seiswavla aWaris saojaxo da sazo- SefasebaSic. igi wers, rom qarTvelebSi ojaxis ZiriTadi gadoebrivi cxovrebis araerTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, tipi aris monogamiuri. exeba ra xalxuri aRzrdis sakiTxebs, romelTa garkveul nawils pirvelwyaros mniSvnelobac ki eriqsoni xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom mTels kavkasiaSi gaaCnia. naSromis saTauridan gamomdinare, avtoris interesTa biWis dabadebas gansakuTrebuli sixaruli mohqonda da igi sfero baTumsa da mis Semogarens moicavs da mas ruseTis ojaxisa da gvaris didebad miaCndaT.Aavtori aqve ganixilavs lazistanis saxelwodebiT moixseniebs. teqstis mixedviT uvaJobis problemas da mas pirdapir ukavSirebs mraval- masSi igulisxmeba aWaris sanapiro zoli da qedamde Worox- colianobis sakiTxs.U ufro metic, eriqsoni Tvlis, rom aWariswylis xeobis dasaxlebebi. aqedan gamomdinare kavkasiaSi Sinaberebi arc ki gvxvdebao. am Uunda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom erik eriksoni yoveli faqtis TvalsaCinod warmodgenisaTvis avtori uvaJobis eTnosis daxasiaTebas iwyebs istoriuli wyaroebis sakmaod sakiTxs ganixilavs sxvadasxva rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis vrceli mimoxilviTa da analiziT, rac mkiTxvelSi moulod- mqone mosaxleobis magaliTze. erTis mxriv aRmosavleT nelobis gancdas iwvevs. ase magaliTad, aseTi midgomiTaa saqarTvelos mTielebis - fSavlebis, xevsurebisa da sxvaTa Seswavlili XIV-XV saukuneebSi qarTvel tyveTa syidvis mixedviT, romlebsac naxevradqristianebis saxeliT moix- problemebi, TurqeTis haremebSi qarTvelebis - `gurjebis” seniebs, radgan maTSi jer kidev iyo SemorCenili simravle da maTSi saarako Tanxebis (ramdenime aTasi winaqristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, xolo meores mxriv ki Turquli lira) gadaxdis faqtebi. kavkasiis muslimi mosaxleobis, kerZod aWarlebisa da eriqsoni dawvrilebiT iZleva mosaxleobis eTnikuri lazebis magaliTze, romlebsac marTalia SeuZliaT oTxi Semadgenlobis suraTs, saidanac vgebulobT, rom sakvlev colis moyvana, Tumca meorec iSviaTad mohyavTo. amdenad, periodSi qalaqSi cxovrobda araerTi erovnebis adamiani, eqimi eriqsoni Tavisi eTnologiuri dakvirvebebis Sesaja- romelTa eTnografiuli yofis sakiTxebi avtorma sakmaod meblad savsebiT sworad iyenebs SedarebiT-istoriul sainteresod warmoaCina. avtori saTanadod aRwers calkeuli meTods.E eTnosis gansaxlebis adgilebs. esenia: berZnebi, afxazebi 600- eriqsoni mosaxleobis samedicino mdgomareobas maTi ze meti; Cerqezebi-150-mde; qurTebi–500-mde; xemSilebi–400-ze cxovrebis yvela sferos Seswavlis safuZvelze cdilobs. meti; cignebi (boSebi) da, aseve, gamuslimebuli negrebis eqimi gansakuTrebiT aris dainteresebuli mosaxleobis ramdenime ojaxi. avtori garkveul informacias iZleva sulieri mdgomareobiT da ar jerdeba mxolod samedicino rusebis Sesaxebac. eriqsonis cnobiT, XIX saukuns 80-ian monacemebs, amitom saboloo Sefasebas umTavresad fsiqo- wlebSi SimSilobisagan Tavis dasaRwevad ruseTis analitikuri meTodebis safuZvelze iZleva.Aam mizniT mosaxleobis erTi nawili baTums Seefara. magram isini avtorma SeZlebisdagvarad Seiswavla mosaxleobaSi Semona- mowyenilobis mizeziT maleve asaxlebulan. avtori xuli xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis sistema, maTi gancdebi zemoTdasaxelebuli xalxebis Sesaswavlad farTod iyenebs da emociebi. eriqsonma daafiqsira avsulebis-qajebis Sesaxeb Sesadarebel masalas da miRebuli daskvnebiT mkiTxvels arsebuli warmodgenebi.Eigi ganmartavs, rom mosaxleoba maT qalebidan momdinared miiCnevs da isini mamakacebs sizmarSi 133 134
ecxadebaT, amis Sedegad qalebs arasrulfasovani nayofi azriT, gamokvleva rom Catarebuliyo, mcire procentic ar uCndebaT, romelic TiTqos araadamianuri ariso. aRsaniSna- Seikribeba `damaxinjebuli sqesobrivi grZnobebiT Sepyro- via, rom am Sexedulebis mixedviT avsulebi moiazrebian bili fsiqopatebisa da degeneratebisa”. eriqsonis rogorc feriqalebi, romelTa Sesaxeb rwmena dRemde dakvirvebiT aWaraSi aRniSnuli saxlebisadmi adgilobrivTa Semoinaxa aWaris mosaxleobam. daintereseba gamowveuli unda yofiliyo gaWianurebuli eqimi eriqsoni farTo aRwerilobas iZleva aWaraSi qorwinebiT.Aaqedan Cans, Tu ramdenad kargad icnobda avtori gavrcelebul daavadebaTa saxeebis, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis aWaris saqorwino tradiciebs, sadac winasaqorwino etapi - Sesaxeb da amasTan dakavSirebiT aRwers maT sanitarul niSnoba Tu niSanloba marTlac sakmaod didxans, zogjer mdgomareobas. amis safuZvelze avtori saTanado yuradRebas ramdenime weliwadsac ki grZeldeboda. miapyrobs adgilobrivi muslimuri mosaxleobis higienas da, sayuradRebo cnobebi aqvs eriqsons mosaxleobis aseve, eTnosTa Sedarebis safuZvelze mosaxleobis calkeul statistikis Sesaxebac. misi varaudiT baTumSi 1901 wlisaTvis jgufebSi maTi dacvis Taviseburebebs. daaxl. 30000 mcxovrebi unda yofiliyo. sainteresoa eriqsonis dakvirvebebi kavkasiis xalxebSi avtori gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miapyrobs q. baTumSi qalisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxebac. amasTan dakavSirebiT arsebul samedicino dawesebulebaTa qsels. did hospitalebs avtori saintereso paralelebsac avlebs. ase magaliTad, Soris eqimi asaxelebs baTumis hospitals. im xanad baTumis avtoris TqmiT, kavkasiis zogi xalxi, kerZod, Cerqezebi axalaSenebul saavadmyofoSi eriqsonis cnobiT, fsiqiur qalebs hyiddnen, raTa kargi iaraRi SeeZinaT. misive cnobiT avadmyofebs ar Rebulobdnen, Tumca SavizRvispireTidan igives akeTebdnen qarTvelebic, konkretulad ki SavSelebi, ufro malariiT daavadebulebi mohyavdaTo. aWarlebi, qobuleTlebi, Tumca maTgan gansxvavebiT hyiddnen amrigad, eqim erik eriqsonis eTnografiuli kolaJi mezobeli kuTxeebidan motacebul qalebso.Aavtori am moicavs metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs aWaris saojaxo da monacemebs sxva kuTxiTac ganixilavs da amasTan sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic avtoris mier dakavSirebiT akeTebs saTanado daskvnas, rom aseTma syidvam savaraudod XIX s. dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qalebis nakleboba gamoiwvia, rasac mohyva gogonebisa da unda yofiliyo moZiebuli. amasTan, yoveli naSromis sxvisi colebis wayvana, romelic sisxlisaRebiT struqtura, farTo Sesadarebeli masalis codna, mTavrdebodao. siaxlisadmi swrafva da saTanado meTodologiuri midgoma avtori exeba borderebis e.w. `publiCni saxlebis” eriqsons warmoaCens rogorc kvalificiur anTropologs. sakiTxsac.Meriqsonis cnobiT 1898 wlisaTvis baTumSi aseTi faqtiurad, aWaris eTnologiuri Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT saxlebis mTeli quCac ki yofila, romlebSic ZiriTadad eriqsonis naSromebis ZiriTadi nawili dRemde ar Sesula rusi erovnebis adamianebi iyvneno. eriqsoni am mimarTebiT samecniero mimoqcevaSi, rac kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom am saxlebSi aniWebs winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenil masalebs. ar SeiniSnebodnen adgilobrivebi, Tumca sxva adgilas G dasZens, rom ramdenime aseul maTganSi 30 Tu iqneba qarTveli da somexio. avtori afiqsirebs agreTve pornografiuli fotoebis, kartebisa da sxv. arsebobasac, romlebmac literatura: TurqeTidan amierkavkasiaSi, ufro metad ki baTumSi SeaRwiao.Aaseve avtori exeba kavkasiaSi mamaTmavlobis 1. Эриксон Э.В. Опыт санитарного обзора окрестностей Батума. sakiTxs da mas dasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis Zalzed iSviaT Тифлись, 1901. movlenad miiCnevs (kerZod aWarlebsa da lazebSi).Mmisi 135 136
2. Эриксон Э.В. О половом разврате и неестественных половых SoTa maxaraZe отношениях в коренном населении Кавказа, Москва, 1988 3. Эриксон Э.В. из воспоминании о Батуме и его окрестностях, zogierTi cnobebi “Эстествознание и география “ 1899 №1 saafTiaqo dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb aWaraSi 4. Эриксон Э.В. ``О призрении душевно-больных на Кавказе Док-ра (1860-1915 wlebSi) мед. Э.В. Эриксона”, Москва, 1904
5. Эриксон Э.В. Абастуманское ущелье, “Эстествознание и XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze aWaraSi arsebuli saafTiaqo география “ Москва 1904 №4 dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian 6. Эриксон Э.В. Отношение мусульманских эаконов в душевно- TavianT SromebSi mecnier-mkvlevarebi oTar bzikaZe, Temur больным в Персии, Турции и на Кавказе, Москва, 1905 komaxiZe, ramaz surmaniZe, vladimer maxaraZe da sxvebi, 7. `Русский антропологический журнал’’ Москва, 1905 № 3-4 magram am periodSi aWaraSi moqmedi saafTiaqo dawesebu-
lebebis Sesaxeb bevri ram kidev Sesaswavl-dasazustebelia.
profesori ramaz surmaniZe sando wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
(r. surmaniZe, etiudebi farmaciis istoriidan. gazeTi
“farmakoni”, #6 (53), agvisto 2008 w.), adasturebs, rom
“osmalTa mflobelobis periodSi, baTumSi yofila saeqimo nawili, sadac 1860 wlidan msaxurobda farmacevti J. benli (rogorc Cans warmoSobiT frangi). mas aq gauxsnia afTiaqi. Ddakvirvebuli ucxoeli dauflebia qarTul enas, mas kargad Seuswavlia adgilobriv mcxovrebTa xasiaTi, adaT-wesebi da Zalze male didi avtoritetic mouxveWia. xalxi J. benlis imdenad endoboda, rom avadmyofis sanaxavad saxlSic ki miyavda, imdroindeli fanatizmis viTarebaSi arc ki eri- debodnen ucxo kacisaTvis avadmyofebi eCvenebinaT da Tavisi mdgomareoba gaeziarebinaT. rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebidan meore wels baTumSi axali afTiaqi gauxsniaT. oTar bzikaZis cnobiT, es iyo 1879 wels, roca loris meliqovis (axlandeli n. Jordanias) quCaze afTiaqi gauxsnia kiliCenkos. momdevno wlebSi ki gogeSvils, gapoians, zemlinskis, daviTaSvils da sxvebs saafTiaqo maReziebi. maSindeli wesebis mixedviT, visac rusuli universiteti ar hqonda damTavrebuli da ar gaaCnda Sesabamisi diplomi, ruseTis sabrZanebelSi muSaoba ekrZa- leboda. aseTi bedi ewia J. benlisac. q. baTumSi rusTa mmarTvelobis dros saafTiaqo qsels Seexo prof. vladimer maxaraZe da aRniSna, rom 1890 wlis Semdeg afTiaqebi gaxsnes i. petkeviCma, v. vituSinskim,
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naneiSvilma, s. eliaSvilma, g. nikitinma, T. gobroniZem, s. moutanda da arc Semowirulobaze iqneboda damokidebuli avalinma da sxva. amiT Cveni codna imdroindel saafTiaqo (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1, saqme 46 gv.1-22). qselze garkveulad Seivso....” 1894 wlis 22 ianvars, quTaisSi mcxovrebi provizori P”pirveli afTiaqi gaTavisuflebul baTumSi 1880 wels Teofane beJanis Ze naneiSvili TxovniT Sevida baTumis gaixsna. maSinve gaCnda saafTiaqo maRaziebic, sadac misi TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe, raTa qalaqSi gaxsniliyo rigiT mflobelebi “SeTavsebiT” avadmyofTa mkurnalobasac mesame afTiaqi. amis mTavar mizezad man daasaxela qalaqis eweodnen da mxareSi eqimebis gamoCenamde sakmaod didi mosaxleobis raodenobrivi zrda (1894 wlis aRweris klientura hyavdaT (r. surmaniZe, regionuli medicinis mixedviT qalaqis mosaxleoba udrida 25 000 adamians) da ganviTareba daqarTveloSi. wigni I. s.s. “gamomcemloba aWara”, masTan SesabamisobaSi wliuri receptebis statistika. am baTumi, 2001, gv.70). periodSi receptebis zust raodenobas adgenda quTaisis “baTumSi pirveli afTiaqi gaixsna 1880 wels saafTiaqo sagubernio mmarTvelobis eqimTa ganyofileba. aRniSnul saqmis mcidne kiliCenkos TaosnobiT. am afTiaqma iarseba ori sxdomaze erTi kuriozuli ambavic moxda. baTumis TviT- weli da kraxi ganicada. mmarTvelobis 1894 wlis 14 martis sxdomaze sityviT 1898 wels provizorma petkeviCma, 1899 wels provizorma v.a. gamosulma somexma, vinme o.g. melqonianma aRniSna, rom vituSinskim, xolo 1900 wels provizorma naneiSvilma qalaqSi afTiaqebis raodenobis zrda gamoiwvevda uazro baTumSi gaxsnes kerZo afTiaqebi. Mmomdevno wlebSi amuSavda konkurencias, rac asaxvas hpovebda medikamentebis xarisxze. s. eliaSvilis, giorgi nikitinis, T. gobroniZis, s. avalianisa sxdomis Tavmjdomarem mianiSna, rom 1873 wlis 25 maiss, da sxvaTa afTiaqebi. afTiaqebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb miRebuli wesebis mixedviT 1900 wels baTumSi iyo 4 afTiaqi” (vl. maxaraZe, farmaciis samxedro portebSi yovel afTiaqze modioda 7 000 mcxovrebi istoriisaTvis aWaraSi. gazeTi “farmakoni”, #5 (52), ivlisi, da 12 000 recepti. sxdomaze damswre eqimebma g. mxeiZem da 2008 w.). eliavam xazi gausves qalaqSi mesame afTiaqis gaxsnis rogorc saarqivo masalebidan vgebulobT, XIX saukunis aucileblobas da amasTan aRniSnes, rom swored konkur- dasasruls ruseTi, aWaraSi damkvidrebis Semdeg, sakuTari enciis mizniT iyo saWiro afTiaqebis raodenobis zrda, rac mosaxleobis janmrTelobis interesebidan gamomdinare, Sesabamisad gamoiwvevda medikamentebis xarisxobrivi maCve- baTumis samkurnalo gamajansaRebel kerad gadaqcevas neblebis amaRlebas. gabrazebulma melqonianma butbutiT cdilobda. isini acxadebdnen, rom baTumi maTTvis iyo: datova sxdomis darbazi. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1, ,,Теплица России, который несомнено может и должень превратится в saqme 183 gv.17). санитарную станцию". (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1, saqme gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg, rigiT mesame afTiaqi 461 gv.13). gaixsna Tu ara 1894 wels dokumentalurad ucnobia. ruseTis mmarTvelobis periodSi, pirveli afTiaqis “1902 wlis 3 oqtombers (Zv. st.) baTumSi gaixsna qalaqis gaxsnis sakiTxi kamaTs ZiriTadad ar iwvevs, magram, rogorc saavadmyofo (aJamad respublikuri centraluri klinikuri saarqivo masalebidan vgebulobT, jer kidev 1889 wlis 27 saavadmyofo. (r. surnaniZe, regionuli medicinis ganviTareba aprils (da ara 1898 wels) baTumis TviTmmarTvelobis saqarTveloSi. wigni I. s.s. “gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi, 2001, sxdomaze gadawyda sakiTxi baTumSi ukve rigiT meore gv. 44)”. afTiaqis gaxsnis Sesaxeb. “saavadmyofos afTiaqi muSaobas Seudga 1902 wlis 28 provizori petkeviCi arwmunebda quTaisis samxedro oqtombers. afTiaqs dauTmes 2 oTaxi. erT oTaxSi idga gubernators, rom afTiaqis gaxsna qalaqs sargebels karadebi medikamentebisaTvis, xolo meore gamoyenebuli iyo samarago medikamentebisaTvis, boTlebis, sadezinfeqcio 139 140
xsnarebis Sesanaxad. [«Кавказское Товарищество Торговли Аптекарскими Товарами въ afTiaqis gamged muSaobda eqimi al. Satilovi. wamlebis Тифлисъ, отделенiя; въ Баку и Батумъ. Очеркъ 25-лътней въеятельности. damzadeba davalebuli hqonda saavadmyofos ferSals. yvela 1882-1907 г. стр.34-35], xolo wignSi «Всеобщiй Адресъ Ежегодникъ galenur preparats afTiaqi Rebulobda kavkasiis amxanagobis города Батума на 1902 годъ» , изд. книжнаго магазина М. Николадзе, Годъ adgilobrivi sawyobidan. Aalkaloidebs, qloroforms da sxv. I-й, стр. 88, vkiTxulobT: iwerdnen hamburgidan jer merkis, Semdeg brandtisa da timanisagan, rac garkveulwilad ekonomiuri iyo. А П Т Е К И : gaxsnidan 14 TveSi afTiaqSi Semovida 3310 recepti. mxolod stacionaruli avadmyofebisaTvis (ambulatoriul Витушинскаго В.А., арендаторъ провизоръ Н.А. Бялускiй. Дондуково- avadmyofebs aqedan wamlebi ar eZleodaT). receptis Корсак., с. д., при аптекъ заводъ искуств. минер. водъ (axlandeli yoveldRiuri raodenoba saSualod 20-s udrida. gamsaxurdias q. #3 afTiaqi). Aamave periodSi afTiaqSi daixarja: spirti – 8 vedro (64 Петкевича Ю.Ю. , уголъ Марiинск. и Тифлисской, д. Iоселiани (memed litri), benzini 5 fuTi (80 kg.), mwvane saponi 10 fuTi (160 abaSiZis q. axlandeli #1 afTiaqi). kg.), qloroformi 14 kg., Termometri 16 duJina (184 cali), Элiашвили С.С., уг. Михайловской и Лорисъ-Мелик., д. Каппиди Spricebi – 18 cali, medikamentebisaTvis gadaixades 1442 man. (axlandeli 9 aprilisa da Jordanias quCebis kuTxeSi). saafTiaqo sagnebisaTvis 450 man.” (r. surnaniZe, regionuli medicinis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. wigni I. s.s. АПТЕКАРСКIЕ МАГАЗИНЫ. “gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi, 2001, gv. 65). saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom “baTumSi moRvawe Джероянъ А.О., Лорисъ-Мелик. (axlandeli Jordanias q.), д. qarTvel da rus qvelmoqmedTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Лемли-Оглы, Химическiе продук., резин. изд., парфюмерiя и пр. araerTi samkurnalo da saafTiaqo dawesebuleba gaixsna. maT Имнадзе И.В., Набережная (axlandeli gogebaSvilis q. ), д. Soris aRsaniSnavia rusi generali, grafi tatiSCevi, Куртъ-Оглы. romelmac 1896 wels baTumis saavadmyofos mSeneblobisaTvis Курджiанъ Е. Г., Барятин. (axlandeli vaxtang gorgasalis q.), 100 000 maneTi gaiRo. swored am da sxva qvelmoqmedTa damsa- д. Мдивани xurebiT, 1896 wlis 15 oqtombers baTumSi daiwyo saavadmyofo Михайлиди И.Т., Лорисъ-Мелик. (axlandeli Jordanias q.), д. 120 sawoliT”. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1, saqme 244 Ипполитова. gv.5). Степановъ А.Н., Кутаисская, д. Григорiади. vfiqrob am dokumentebs erTxel kidev kargad Seswavla Согоянцъ М.С., Кутаисская, д. Муфтеазади. sWirdeba. Чандарлiоти П.Д., Базарная (axlandeli zurab gorgilaZis q., saarqivo da dokumenturi wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom 1902 прот. гауптвахты, Нурiя. wlisaTvis baTumSi funqcionirebda sami afTiaqi, 8 Якалисъ Н., Оглобжинская у. (axlandeli kostavas q.), Д. saafTiaqo maRazia da saafTiaqo saqoneliT vaWrobis Хелимъ-Эфенди. Химическiе продукты, резин. изд., парфюмерiя русск. и kavkasiis amxanagobis baTumis ganyofileba. aRniSnuli загранич. фабрикъ, Фотографическiя принадлежности. ganyofileba “saafTiaqo saqoneliT vaWrobis kavkasiis Кавказское Т-во торговли аптекарскими товарами, уголъ amxanagoba”-m 1901 wels gaxsna baTumSi mixailovis (amJamad 9 Михайловской и Марiинскаго пр., с. д. (axlandeli 9 aprilisa da aprilis) quCaze mdebare Saxnazarovis orsarTulian qvis memed abaSiZis quCebis kuTxeSi). saxlSi, romelic sakuTrebaSi 23,000 maneTad SeiZina 1904 wels x.m Smaevskis tipografiaSi baTumis TviTmmarTve-
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lobis gadawyvetilebiT daibeWda qalaqis saavadmyofos aisaxa qalaqis Tavis ivane wesdeba, romelic daamtkica Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma, andronikaSvilis specialur Tavadma sviatopolsk-mirskim. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-6, mimarTvaSi, gakeTebuli Tvi- anaw.1, saqme 635a gv.3). TmmarTvelobis 1905 wlis 30 baTumis TviTmmarTveloba, qvelmoqmedTa daxmarebiT, did seqtembris sxdomaze. baTumis mzrunvelobas iCenda eqimTa sazogadoebis mimarT. saavad- TviTmmarTvelobis myofos wesdeba iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobis momsaxurebas iniciativiT amasTan dakavSi- minimaluri Tanxebis farglebSi, qalaqSi mudmivad Tu rebiT mowveuli iqna qalaqis droebiT mcxovreb mosaxleobaze, miuxedavad wodebisa da sazogadoebis kreba, sadac erovnebisa...… mTavari eqimi angariSvaldebuli iyo TviTmmar- general-adiutantma, rusma Tvelobis winaSe, Tavis mxriv TviTmmarTveloba yoveli Tvis Tavadma golicinma da kav- dasawyisSi saavadmyofos Sesanaxad gascemda garkveul Tan- kasiaSi samoqalaqo saqmeTa xas. aseve baTumis TviTmmarTveloba saavadmyofos moTxovnis mmarTvelma, general-maiorma safuZvelze uTanxmdeboda qalaqis afTiaqs, romelic trofimovma, qalaqSi arsebu- gascemda medikamentebs. qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba erTgvarad li viTarebis gamo didi saavadmyofosa da afTiaqs Soris Suamavlis rols asru- SiSi da Zrwola gamoTqves. lebda. saavadmyofos mier gacemuli receptebis nusxa inaxe- maT mimarTvaSi aRniSnulia: boda afTiaqSi arsebul gansakuTrebul wignSi. baTumis ,,Город Батуми по своему гео- TviTmmarTvelobas ufleba hqonda gaexsna afTiaqi qalaqis графическому положению, нахо- saavadmyofosTan. rogorc saavdmyofos ise afTiaqis gerbs дится в исключителных условиях, warmoadgenda baTumis gerbi warweriT qalaqis saavadmyofo служа проводником для занесения an kidev qalaqis afTiaqi... в империю зараэных болеэней 1905-1907 wlebSi, ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare movlenebma череэ свой порт и обяэань поэтому (iaponiasTan omi, ekonomikuri krizisi, ris gamoc rusuli принимат для локалиэации етих navTi ver gadioda Soreul aRmosavleTSi) gamoiwvia aWaraSi болезней меры, требуюшых эна- savaWro-samrewvelo warmoebis dacema, ramac asaxva hpova чителных расходов". aWaris a/r samkurnalo-profilaqtikur da saafTiaqo dawesebulebebis arqivi fondi i-6, anaw.1, saqme saqmianobaze. miuxedavad aseTi krizisuli viTarebisa, 648 gv.10). gamoCndnen adamianebi, romlebmac moraluri da finansuri rogorc zemoT Tqmulidan daxmareba gamoucxades aRniSnul dawesebulebebs. aseTi iyo Cans, rus mmarTvelebs ruse- baTumis portis savaWro ganyofileba da baroni nolde, Tis imperiis da sakuTari romelic kavkasiis regions kurirebda. 1905-1907 wlebSi mosaxleobis bedi ufro awu- baTumis portma sakuTari specialuri saxsrebidan qalaqis xebda da amitom gasamr- samkurnalo-profilaqtikur da saafTiaqo dawesebulebebs jelosac ar iSurebdnen. 17,500 maneTi gamouyo (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-6, anaw.1, “1909 wlisaTvis aWaraSi saqme 648 gv.2). moRvaweobda 5 umaRlesi da 7 aRniSnul periodSi, baTumis TviTmmarTvelobas qalaqis saSualo ganaTlebis mqone saavadmyofos SenaxvisaTvis saWiro Tanxa ar gaaCnda, rac 143 144
farmacevti” (v. maxaraZe, farmaciisTvis aWaraSi. gazeTi 95.915, xolo mogebis Tanxa receptebis mixedviT Seadgenda “farmakoni”, #5 (52), ivlisi, 2008 w.) 58.519. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-81, anaw.1, saqme 123 gv.7). ……”...1910 wlisaTvis baTumis olqSi moqmedebda 7 afTiaqi, romelTagan 5 iyo normaluri, xolo 2 sasoflo. yvela maTganSi wamlebi iyideboda sruli asortimentis mixedviT. saangariSo wels am afTiaqebma miiRes 86391 recepti, amaTgan Semosavlis ricxvma 49531 maneTs miaRwia, xolo xelze gayiduli wamlebis Semosavali 6403 maneTi iyo, e.i. sul 55934 maneTi. afTiaqebis revizias atarebda olqis eqimi (i.n. soko- lovski). arc erT SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi darRveva, Secdoma da danaSauli ar gamovlinebula.saerTod unda iTqvas, rom saafTiaqo saqoneliT vaWrobis afTiaqis muSakebi tradiciulad gamoirCeodnen keTilsindi- kandelakis afTiaqi kavkasiis amxanagobis baTumis ganyofileba (Saxnazarovis sierebiT, punqtualobiTa da kolegialobiT. orsarTulian kerZo saxlSi) 1910 wlisaTvis baTumis olqSi muSaobda 22 farmacevti da 14 afTiaqaris mowafe” (r. surnaniZe, regionuli medicinis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. wigni I. s.s. “gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi, 2001, gv71) ”...afTiaqebis gaxsna dawyebula aWaris raionebSic. Amis Sesaxeb mkiTxvels auwyebs gazeTi “iveria”: “CvenTan erTi sasiamovno ambavi mxolod isRa aris, rom amas winaT provizorma b-nma i. kasinskim Cvens daba CuruqsuSi afTiaqi gamarTa, Tumca imis survils erTi gavleniani kaci ar swyalobda” (“iveria”, 163, 31 ivlisi, 1890 w.). CvenTvis ucnobia provizor kasinskis vinaoba da isic, kerZod sad mdebareobda es afTiaqi. arc is viciT, romeli gavleniani Cinovniki ewinaaRmdegeboda qobuleTSi afTiaqis gaxsnas. Tumca es cnoba sakurorto qalaqis istoriisaTvis mainc sainteresoa. baTumis ganyofilebis TanamSromlebi rogorc Cans am afTiaqma didxans iarseba. 1921 wlisaTvis qobuleTSi erTi afTiaqis cnoba gvaqvs da es swored i. zemoT aRniSnuli afTiaqebi quTaisis guberniisa da kasinskis mier gaxsnili afTiaqi unda iyos” (r. surmaniZe, baTumis saolqo mmarTvelobis saeqimo ganyofilebas da etiudebi farmaciis istoriidan. gazeTi “farmakoni”, #6 (53), kavkasiis samedicino sammarTvelos eqvemdebarebodnen. agvisto 2008 w..). («Кавказское Товарищество Торговли Аптекарскими Товарами въ 1915 wels, baTumis olqSi arsebobda Semdegi afTiaqebi: Тифлисъ, отделенiя; въ Баку и Батумъ. Очеркъ 25-лътней въеятельности. nikitinis, kokoCevis, petkeviCis, vituSinskis, eliaSvilis, 1882-1907г. стр.34-35; «Всеобщiй Адресъ Ежегодникъ города Батума на kandelakis, qobuleTSi kosinskis afTiaqi, CaqvSi kaxianis 1902 годъ» , изд. книжнаго магазина М. Николадзе, Годъ I-й afTiaqi, arTvinis olqSi CxeiZis afTiaqi arendirebuli fotosuraTebi mogvawoda zaur margievma). aboiancis mier. am periodSi receptebis raodenoba udrida 145 146
manuCar loria modgmis xalxebi. saarqivo, samecniero literaturuli da savele-eTnografiuli masalebis urTierTSecerebiT Cans, rom icxak davidi aWaraSi mcxovreb ebraelTa kompaqturi dasaxleba aWaraSi ZiriTadad 1878 wlidan ebraelTa Sesaxeb iwyeba (dawvr. ix.: loria, 2009). maTi gamoCena regionSi SesaZlebeli gaxda mas Semdgom, rac berlinis traqtatis Se- kavkasiaSi mcxovreb ebraelTa istoriis calkeul sakiTxebs sabamisad baTumi daubrunda saqarTvelos da Sevida ruseTis i. davidma rusul enaze fundameturi naSromi miuZRvna - «История imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. aq Camoyalibda ZiriTadad ori евреев на Кавказе», romelic or tomad gamoica. monografiaSi ebrauli saTvistomo: „aSqenazi” da „qarTveli ebraelebis”, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia kavkasiis ebraelebis statistikis, Tumca „sefardi” ebraelebis mcireodeni jgufebis arseboba demografiis, eTnolingvistikis, socialuri da sameurneo aWaraSi 1878 wlamdec dasturdeba, razec miuTiTebs icxak yofis, tradiciis, religiis, ganaTlebis da sxva sakiTxebze. es davidi. igi aRniSnavs, rom SavizRvispira qalaq baTumiT ru- naSromi qronologiurad XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan XX seTTan SeerTebis Semdgom rusul jarTan erTad qalaqSi saukunis 20-ian wlebamde periods moicavs. Sevidnen „rusi ebraeli” xelosnebi, romlebmac iq arsebuli se- statiaSi zogadad mimovixilavT im cnobebs, romlebic aWaris fardi da qarTvel ebraelTa Temebis paralelurad, male Seq- ebraul diasporas exeba. am mxriv mniSvnelovania avtoris mier mnes rus ebraelTa Temi. igi iqve amatebs, rom baTumSi yvelaze gamoyenebuli ucxoeTSi gamomavali periodikis masalebi, Zveli ebrauli saflavis qva TariRdeba imave, anu 1877 wliT mogzaurTa informaciebi, sadac vxvdebiT baTumSi ebraelTa da- (Давид, I ,1989:389, 271). osmaluri marTvelobis periodSi saxlebis, saqmianobis, religiuri cxovrebis, sionizmTan dakav- ebraelTa mcire jgufis arseboba aWaraSi marTlac Sesa- Sirebul farTo sazogadoebisaTvis nawilobriv ucnob faqtebs. Zlebeli iyo. z. WiWinaZis TqmiT: „saqarTvelodan XIX saukunis damdegidan saqarTvelos qalaqebSi dasaxlebas gadasaxlebulni ebraelni osmaleTSic arian” (WiWinaZe, cnobis iwyebs ruseTis ebraelebi. es moZraoba upiratesad 1804 wlis furceli,№1971,1902). brZanebis Semdgom SeiniSneba, rodesac ruseTis ebraelebs kavka- saerTod, qarTveli ebraelebi, regionis osmalTa bato- siaSi dasaxlebisa da miwebis sakuTrebaSi SeZenis neba misces. am nobisagan ganTavisuflebamde aWaraSi dasaxlebas eridebodnen, brZanebiT kavkasia da, ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelo gamocxadda razec sxvadasxva avtori miuTiTebda. am mxriv CvenTTvis „evropel ebraelTa dasaxlebis zonad” (Sukini, 1940, 60-62). sayuradReboa iuda haliv Cornis cnoba digvireli ebraelebis kavkasiaSi Camosaxlebuli evropeli ebraelebi i. davidis Sesaxeb: „roca rusebi Sevidnen, Turq batons iqauri ebraelebis cnobebiT ZiriTadad poltavis, kremenCukis, berdiCevis, mogile- aWaraSi gadayvana ganuzraxavs, magram ar wayolian... ebraelebis vis, kievis, kurlandiis, vitebskis da sxva guberniebidan, mier digviris mitovebis mTavari mizezi Turqebis mier maTi agreTve, poloneTidan, avstriidan, belgiidan, Cexos- ZaldatanebiTi gamahmadianebis mcdeloba yofila. gansacdels lovakiidan, amerikidan iyvnen. maTi didi nawili dasaxlda Tavi imiT daaRwies, rom sul erTianad axalcixesa da awyurSi saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT – TbilisSi, mogvianebiT quTaissa gadasaxldnen” (Corni, 1945:174). amasve aRniSnavs i. davidic da baTumSi (Давид, I ,1989:117). „mahmadianTa sistematiuri Tavdasxmebis gamo 27-ma ojaxma XIX aWara polieTnikuri regionia. qarTvelebis gverdiT saukunis 40-ian wlebSi samudamod datova abasTumani da axalci- cxovroben: berZnebi, ebraelebi, qurTebi, slavebi da kavkasiuri
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xeSi gadasaxlda”. am mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli, rom ebraelebi cxrili №2 SeiaraRebulebi dadiodnen (Давид, I ,1989:84, 412). ebrauli mosaxleoba ebraelTa sul Tanafardoba gubernia, olqi sainteresoa i. davidis cnobebi zogadad kavkasiaSi saerTo mosax- mamakaci qali orive ebraelTa gansaxlebasTan mimarTebaSi ( ix. cxrili № 1). leobasTan daRestanis gubernia 5.256 4.594 9.850 1,72 cxrili №1 elizavetis gubernia 992 1.031 2.023 0,23 kavkasiis qalaqebis mosaxleoba wels (Давид, I ,1989:409). yarsis olqi 1,118 90 1,208 0,42 ebraeli yubanis olqi 2.453 2.346 4.796 0,25 qalaqebi mTliani mosaxleoba sul (aTasobiT) quTaisis gubernia 4,703 4,199 8,902 0,84 baqo 86,6 0,4 stavropolis gubernia 717 574 1.291 0,15 Tbilisis gubernia 4.666 3. 838 8.504 0,81 Tbilisi 78,4 1,6 erevnis gubernia 1.197 876 2.073 0,25 quTaisi 22,6 2,8
axalcixe 16,1 2,6 aWaris mmaCis arqivis masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1890-1897 wlebSi baTumSi ebraelTa mateba
dakavSirebuli iyo mosaxleobis meqanikur moZraobasTan momdevno periodSi SesamCnevia ebraelTa raodenobrivi (dawvr. ix.: loria, 2009) Semcireba, rac dakavSirebuli iyo ekonomikur safuZvelze 1904 wlis monacemebiT Cans rom kavkasiaSi ebraelTa umravle- ebraelTa gaZevebis konkretuli SemTxvevebiT. «The Jewish sobam Tavi moiyara Semdeg qalaqebSi (ix. cxrili №3 – Давид, I Chronicle» 21.IX. 1884; «Недельная Хроника востока» 1889, №, 15, 21 1989:58). cnobiT: „baTumSi qalaqis mmarTvelebi moiTxovdnen cxrili №3 ebraelebisagan xeli moeweraT valdebulebaze, romlis qalaqis mosaxleoba soflis mosaxleoba
mexedviTac isini ori dRis ganmavlobaSi datovebdnen qalaqs”
(Давид, I ,1989:311). amgvari viTarebis gamo Tu 1889 wels baTumSi gubernia, olqi sul iyo 200 ebrauli ojaxi, 1890 wels 100 ojaxi darCa (Давид, II, sul mamakaci mmamakaci dedakaci 1989:312). dedakaci elizavetis 44 49 93 021 872 1893 ebraelTa raodenoba 1897 wlis monacemebiT, kavkasiis gu- yarsis olqi 30 21 51 25 12 97 berniebsa da olqebSi Semdeg suraTs iZleva (ix. cxrili №2 – quTaisis 2785 2129 4914 737 1425 3162 Давид, I ,1989:57). Tbilisis 3093 2194 5287 184 1608 3792 erevnis 201 162 363 92 65 157 baTumis olqi 477 365 842 2 0 2 sul: 12804 9942 22746 6590 5007 11597
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am periodis aRwerebi urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa da aqedan ga- siidan da sxva adgilebidan mosuli ebraelebi, romlebic lapa- momdinare, yovelTvis identur Sedegs ar iZleva. Sesabamisad, am rakoben „idiSze” (Давид, I ,1989:95). aRwerebTan dakavSirebiT unda gamoiTqvas Semdegi SeniSvnebi: aWaraSi rogorc ukve aRiniSna, cxovroben rogorc aSqenazi, a) mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwera, romelic upirvelesi ise sefardi ebraelebi. zogadad ebraelTa amgvar dayofas xan- wyaroa erovnebis dasadgenad, ruseTSi ganxorcielda mxolod grZlivi istoria gaaCnia. maT Soris gansxvaveba vlindeba XIX saukunis miwurulSi, Tanac eTnikuri Semadgenlobis locvis wesebSi, sinagogis mowyobaSi, tradiciuli yofiTi gasarkvevad gamoiyenes dedaena da ara erovnebis niSani; kulturis sxva sakiTxebSi. aSqenaz ebraelebs miekuTvnebian ev- b) ufro adrindeli periodisaTvis iyenebdnen kameraluri ropeli ebraelebis didi nawili. isini Camoyalibdnen Sua sau- aRweris masalebs da xelisuflebis organoebis mier Segrovil kuneebis, germaniaSi da gavrceldnen evropis sxva qveynebSi, ag- periodul cnobebs; es monacemebi ar iyo sruli, Seicavda bevr reTve amerikaSi, afrikaSi, avstraliaSi. sefardi ebraelebi ki uzustobas, radgan erovnebas xSirad aigivebdnen sarwmunoebriv Camoyalibdnen: espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, italiaSi, TurqeTSi, da eTnografiul niSnebTan; aziaSi, balkaneTSi, afrikis nawilSi. mkvlevarTa nawili maTTan g) migraciuli procesebis farTo masStabis gamo sakmaod aerTianebs im ebraelebsac romlebic ar arian aSqenazebi da didi iyo cvlilebani erovnul SemadgenlobaSi rogorc droSi, pirdapiri kavSiri ar aqvT sefardebTan. magaliTad, kavkasiis eb- ise sivrceSi; amave dros mimdinareobda asimilaciis procesi; es raelebi. am saTvistomoTa salaparako enaa idiSi da ladino, ro- garemoebani da xelisuflebis moxeleTa naklebi mlebic TandaTanobiT xmarebidan gamodis. es enebi ebraelTa kompetenturoba eTnikur sakiTxebSi bevrad aferxebda swori sxvadasxva xalxebTan asimilaciis produqts warmoadgens da cnobebis Segrovebas; msoflios ebraelTa umravlesobam ar icis. amJamad, israelSi d) aranakleb mnivnelovania is garemoeba, rom carizmis saxelmwifo enaa ivriTi – Zveli ebrauli. i. davidis rusifikatoruli politika sagangebod iTvaliswinebda ru- TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiis ebraelebi ar arian arc sefardebi da seTis ganapira mxareebSi erovnul-uflebrivi interesebis arc aSqenazebi, isini warmoadgenen gansakuTrebul ucxo Selaxvas, aTanabrebda eTnografiul da erovnul niSnebs da am eTnoss, warmoSobils iberiul-kavkasiuri geopolitikuri da gziT cdilobda daenawevrebina erTiani erovnuli sxeuli polieTnolingvistikuri garemos safuZvelze. misi varaudiT, (dawvr. ix.: loria, 2009; jaoSvili, 1996). samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovrobdnen ebraelebi, iber-baskebi, sainteresoa agreTve kavkasiaSi mcxovreb ebraelTa berberebi da keltebi. igi uaryofs ebraelTa semitur lingvistur sakiTxebTan da warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebuli warmoSobas da miaCnia, rom ebraelTa winapari _ habirus tomebis i. daviTis mosazrebebi. igi savsebiT marTebulad kavkasiaSi pirvandeli formireba kavkasiaSi moxda. maT ganicades semi- mcxovreb ebraelebs yofs oTx enobriv jgufad: saqarTvelos tizacia, roca daiwyes gadaadgileba egvipte-palestinis mimar- ebraelebi, romlebic laparakoben qarTul enaze, agreTve mis TulebiT (Zv. w. XVs.), aiTvises semituri ena, ganicades fizikur- dialeqtebze; CrdiloeT kavkasiis ebraelebi, romlebic lapara- rasobrivi semitizacia-qanaanizacia. e. mamisTvaliSvils miaCnia, koben TaTur enaze; urmidan, salamasidan, Sirvanidan, samxreT rom i. davidis es mosazrebani gasaTvaliswinebelia, yovel Sem- azerbaicanidan da qurTistanidan gamosuli ebraelebi, rom- TxvevaSi, igi qarTvelebis da kavkasieli ebraelebis anTropo- lebic iyeneben arameul enas; ruseTidan, poloneTidan, maloro- logiuri monacemebis, zogierTi toponimisa da legendis sxva- gvarad gagebisaken gvibiZgebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom germaneli 151 152
mecnieris fridrix kahnis mixedviT istoriuli israelis miwaze sainteresoa qarTveli da aSqenazi ebraelebis kavkasiis xalxebis didi migraciebi xdeboda, romlebic Semdeg damokidebulebis ganxilvac. z. WiWinaZe gazeT droebaSi werda: ukan brundebodnen. daaxloebiT aseTive mosazreba germaniaSi „evropis uriebis ToraSi saqarTvelos uriebi ar Sevlen da arc ufro adre gamoTqva s. vainsebergma. misi SexedulebiT, kav- maTSi eseni, mTeli weliwadi ulocveladac rom darCnen” kasiaSi cxovrobda eniTa da wes-CveulebebiT gansxvavebul (WiWinaZe^ droeba^ ~103). aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom ebraelTa ori Sto: qarTveli da mTieli ebraelebi. s. kavkasiis ebraelebi religiuri TvalsazrisiT da tradiciis vainsebergs Cauweria cnoba orive Stos saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviTac ufro metad Zveli wes-Cveulebebis erTgulni iyvnen Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac qarTveli ebraelebi miCneulni (iveria^ ~143^ 1902* cnobis furceli^ ~1783^ 1902). ruseTidan arian sufTa Stod, romelic ar Sereula arc TaTebTan da arc gamosul ebraelebTan dakavSirebiT aq moviSveliebT i. davids: xazarebTan da rom kavkasieli ebraelebi warmoSobilan „sajarod ismis xmebi, romlebic iuwyebian ruseTSi ebraelTa palestinidan wasuli aTi tomisagan (Давид, I ,1989:29; asimilacias” (Давид, I, 1989:486-572). mamisTvaliSvili, 1995:48). asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom am erTi eris daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom icxak davidis ori Sto saukuneebis siRrmidan modis. saqarTveloSi qarTvelma naSroms aqvs didi mecnieruli Rirebuleba da igi did ebraelebma garkveulwilad Semoinaxes is sulieri da ideuri daxmarebas uwevs ebrauli TematikiT dainteresebul siZliere, romelic exmareboda maT erovnuli meobis mkvlevarebs. gadarCenaSi. es procesi amave dros mimdinareobda qarTul yofasTan da kulturasTan mWidro kavSirSi. sayuradReboa literatura isic, rom oficialuri statistikiT saqarTveloSi 100-mde erisa da erovnebis warmomadgeneli cxovrobs, magram maT aRsa- 1. iveria, 143^ 1902. niSnavad aravin iyenebs ormag eTnonims, magaliTad: qarTveli 2. loria m. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis ebraelebi: istoria, eTnografia, kultura, baT., 2009. rusi, qarTveli somexi, qarTveli azerbaicaneli da a.S. 3. mamisTvaliSvili e. qarTvel ebraelTa istoria, 1995. , qarTveli ebraelis rogorc saxelwodebis arseboba ara marto 4. Sukini m. saqarTvelos ebraelTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba am ori xalxis istoriuli Tanaarsebobis, aramed ebraelTa mier XIX saukuneSi. – saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eT- qarTuli enis mSobliur enad gaTavisebisa da qarTul eTnogra- nografiuli muzeumis Sromebi, I, Tbilisi, 1940. fiul yofaSi myarad Semosvlis Sedegia. 5. Corni i. mogzauroba imier da amierkavkasiaSi.- saqarTve- i. davidi monografiaSi exeba saqarTveloSi arameul enaze los ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis molaparake ebraelebis, anu „laxluxebis” dasaxlebasac. Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1945 romlis mixedviTac aRniSnuli ebraelebi, sparseTis 6. jaoSvili v. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tbilisi, 1996 qveSevrdomebi iyvnen. somxeTis gavliT isini dasaxldnen 7. WiWinaZe z. uriebis Tora da maTi dResaswauli - droeba, 103. TbilisSi da Semdeg aWaraSi. maT Soris bevri yofila xaxami da 8. WiWinaZe z. cnobis furceli, 1971, 1902 rabini, kerZod, gamoCenili rabini mixail mizraxi da misi Svili 9. cnobis furceli^ ~1783^ 1902& icxak mizraxi, romelTac hyavdaT bevri moswavle qarTvel 10. Давид И. История евреев на Кавказе, I-II, Тель-Авив, 1989. ebraelTa Soris mTel saqarTveloSi: quTaisSi, foTSi da sxva qalaqebSi (Давид, I ,1989:68).
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Манучар Лория S i n a a r s i ИЦХАК ДАВИД О ЕВРЕЯХ zaza SaSikaZe - ,,wiTeli aWaristanis sal-name” 4 ПРОЖИВАЮЩИХ В АДЖАРИИ fridon qardava - aWara profesor aleqsandr jakobs
sCemis wignSi ”omi aRmosavleTSi, ruseTsa da TurqeTs 9 Ицхак Давид издал на русском языке фундаментальную Soris”
монографию- «История евреев на Кавказе» в двух томах, посвященную jemal karaliZe - a. frenkelis Txzuleba “narkvevebi отдельным вопросам истории проживания евреев на Кавказе. В данной Curuq-susa da baTumis Sesaxeb” _ XIX saukunis aWaris 19 istoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaro труде особое внимание уделено статистике, демографии, этно- revaz uzunaZe – baTumi Zvel evropul osmalur лингвистике, социальному и хозяйственному быту, традициям, wyaroebSi 25 религии, образованию и другим вопросам, связанными с евреями Sorena maxaWaZe - romani aWarisa da aWarlebis Sesaxeb Кавказа. Этот труд хронологически включает в себя, период времени от /artur zutneris ,,aWarlebi"/ 31
второй половины XVIII века до 20-х годов XX столетия. ramaz surmaniZe – frangi mogzaurebi saqarTveloSi В данной стате отмечен тот факт, что труд Ицхака Давида имеет (aWaraSi) 36
большую научную ценность и оказивает большую помощь лицам, oTar gogoliSvili - didi saxelmwifoebis baTumis заинтересованными еврейской темматикой. olqiT daintereseba pirveli msoflio omis win 43
malxaz CoxaraZe - ahmed javadis ~kavkasiaSi mogzauroba” da samuslimno saqarTvelos erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi 47 sakiTxebi XX saukunis I meoTxedSi
merab megraliSvili - a.n krasnovi aWaris kulturul- geografiuli garemos Sesaxeb 55
kaxaber surgulaZe - saqarTvelo-burgundiis urTierTobis istoriidan 58
ermile mesxia – baTumi baron fridrix kres fon kresenStainis memuarebSi 62
irma bagrationi - baTumuri STabeWdilebebi ucxoel avtorTa etiudebSi 73
nodar kaxiZe - italieli mogzauri emil levie aWaris Sesaxeb 83
nugzar mgelaZe, Temur tunaZe - artur fon zutneris romani „aWarlebi“ da XIX saukunis II naxevris samxreT- dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis 91 problemebi
qeTevan iakobaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe - Sardenis cnobebi aWaris Sesaxeb 110
naTia beriZe, maka beJaniZe, qeTevan futkaraZe - Jan muries 114 155 156
cnobebi aWaris Sesaxeb marina Salikava - ucxoeli mogzaurebi aWaruli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb 118
Temur tunaZe, Tamar oragveliZe – knut hamsuni baTumis Sesaxeb 125 aWara ucxoel avtorTa naila CelebaZe - eriqsonis eTnografiuli kolaJi aWaris SromebSi Sesaxeb 132 (samecniero konferenciis masalebi)
SoTa maxaraZe - zogierTi cnobebi saafTiaqo dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb aWaraSi (1860-1915 wlebSi) 138 manuCar loria - icxak davidi aWaraSi mcxovreb ebraelTa Sesaxeb 147 kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: fridon qardava, qeTevan iakobaZe koreqtori naTia beriZe
xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 15.01.2010 qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/8 SekveTa @#25, tiraJi 100
gamocemloba “alioni” daibeWda Sps “GAMAprint”-is stambaSi baTumi, m. abaSiZis 35
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