ff ctt of FreeFreeze-e-Tha',"Tha'" yelingycling on�on the ompreoll1pre ion trrnothtrenath of I olding�olding Cartoartonn nlademade froIufrol11 Different i\latcrials�I\latcrial
K IIIK IIA\ ,131 L I II \Rl12, 1\1 m R;I ~s alii , L Jll r L L I 1 1 \' 1,1 I Ill/II Proj ur. l"dll\lrt d !tlhllll/ll," ( 1/1' III Ill, I "1\.1,111,� , 1/1 111/\ Ob/\po. C I 9_ ./()~ :I'rojl!ssvr .' 'IIVol oj P d.l/gll/g. 1//()lIg 11/ \111,' 1"1\. nlll I I\t I 11/\11/,', 111./\\.'./� lRr l!arc!I I., OClltl!. ' "!Iool oj I' / .f.. /gll/g. II/dllg 1/1 • ttlI, I 11/\ <'r\/f ,� /.a.\ I I IIL.\ 1I1~. \ 11./. _./�
ABSTRACT: The quality of frozen food is known to deteriordet rior t Inin tor age due to water migration, in-pack desiccation and frost form liontlon These same factors can affect folding cartons. The rate of frozroz n foodood and folding carton deterioration is further dependent on temperaturtemper tur fluctuations during storage, transportation, loading andan unlo ding This study was conducted to compare the compressioncompr ssion strengttlstrengtll of folding cartons made from CNK (Coated NaturNatural I Kr ft), SBS (Solid Bleached Sulfate), CRP (Coated recycled paperboard) and PCSBS (Poly coated Solid Bleach Sulfate) after subjecting them to multipl freeze-thawfreeze-thaw cycles. Compression tests were performed on mpty car tons and cartons filled with frozen peas.peas A two inch headspaceheadspac wasw s maintained above the peas to prevent them from contributing to car ton compression strength The moisture content of all four carton ma terialsterials WaS also determined forfor all treatments.treatments. CNK cartons showed better capacity to withstand compression compared to folding cartons made from SBS, CRP and PCSBS, following freeze thaw cycling.
III 'TRODTROD TIO~
large p rti 11 r rr 7en/ell ~ ddare arc pa'ka'pa "a' I illin (I 11111'11111 1 ,lIll1l1.I'lllll \1'\1 Apr ;-..imalcl 7 % or all f Ilinl art n In, upIII 'fl11,1I"Imalk I Ill/'11111/ 'n ~ d ca e arc made r 13 lid l3lt.:a Il ulhtcullmc allan II I'Ie Il1al1lhan IIon0" ~0 arc made r K ( aled alural Krall a rep ned h) .1111'1)1 I allol1(Ilion mamalerialL upplicr [I]. I here Ill" heen a II n I tllndlll d h,I\C "h ilLtil 111til . l) pc or cart n material needed to redu c un , It.:abl L'1I1 dI byb) (;.11'II 1011[ 1I1
• \ulh\ulhl rr tolO \I\\ hlh 'nl01 lIT"rrc PI nd n~n c h uld b(Ix .wdrcaddr d I -01.111 I (I II pc. I du Journal ofApplied Packagmg ResearchRes arch Vol 44, 0 4 Oetob0 ob r 2010 257
1557-7244/10/041557-7244101 257-13257- 3� Q 2010 DEStechDES ech PublicaPublICa IonsIOns IncInc� -
258 Y SA A B HARTEARTE G BURGESS andadS S ADUDODLAAOUDOOLA
dama JC, 0 maged art nand main rid t _. ..., illi n d liar in I e'> () the n umer ppa kak Jin,in' indu tt:tl\ f, r th \ ar -t [_]. n in-In dep<.:ndent audit mn und th t m 1l fthf the fr zcn f,Ci d aa11n n damagdamuuc occurredJccum:d aft r rcarea hin'hin J th ')upup rmarl-.nnarh. t lading d I-.h. [2]. Th r f,~ r , there ii<; a riliriti alI nen d t d "el\ I p P a art n material that an \\ ith tand tIthee rigor'>rig r" faf r /cn d di tributi n }'J terntem.. III heequalityqual it)- f r /cn d i I--nI-.n \\n\Yn t deteri raler te at fr ezinzino temtem- peratureperature,; due It vvaler\\ater mi ·rati'rati n, in-pa h.I-. de i atiali nand frfr t f,fi rma tion. 'J'J he rate f rI' /cn d and f, IdinIdin) cartart n d It ri ratirali n i fur thertI er epcndentepcndcnt n temperaturtemperature Ouflu luatituati n in theth (oragctorage chamber and
n Il( n11 i'>i<, h.n"n \\11WI1 a.a, \ ateratcr migralimigrati n.n, Thihi enable mailer crycrystals tal to grow
I,ll'loll' 'erJ 'I' bh aadherin' Ihcrin ,t t frI' IV\i ater IIIm I'I eule ule [[3] ] thusthu accumulating on the pI"(pr( lu'lIII t urfa cI.: and internal urfaL1rfac fthe folding carton.carton, SuchSlIch crystals grgrc \ at a fa,ra~Le lcrr ralrat \ ilhith nuflu tuating t mperaturesmperature [4,5]. ,Si il1librl111 ilarl , in papack I-. dedc i caliati n rer uLiltII in frfro t f,fi rmationrrnation on the prod LIu ,['I ~urfa'!>Urf~1 e and intcrnalinternal papack kaa e \... all. Thi mechani m hahas been ex-ex pia iill11 'dd I I a"" follo\~ II \\ s::
I.I. "I f the out"idul"id' ' Itcmp I11p raturcralure fa pa kagekag decrealecreases es,, then the insidein ide S"rI~l"lIfl~\"" ol'lhcflit Ipa a kapckagc will\ ill dr p bbel I \ Ihthe produpr duct t urface tempera lurture kadinL:kadill~ 10tl) iic e ,L1blil11ati'ublil11ali n fr 111m produpr duct I urface caucall ing con-con tiI'll 'n";11 aliOIl iOIl Ollt)Ilt til'th ill iid I wawallII r[thl;the pa kagekage'"." , _. "Silllil;Il"" illlilarl" , when\\ h~n thctile utLit ide tcmperaturetemp ralure increa e ", the process i rI' '\ '\ 'rscd'('scd 1111all I \\~l1c\\ aterr vap I' ndndcn n e n the product mface"urface'".. .,~ ."•. Ssill' Ihe fr'l:/['r'elC Illa\thaw y lill c ntinues,ntinlle , the cry talstalon on the product ar'~Ir' IIIIn rer' illflucllillf1u Il cId b thth· J a ka JeJC ttemp mp rahlrcrature than ththe productproducl 11l:ISS.l1l;\SS. Thi.'Thi: resull'I' '$ull~ inill fUl1hf"rtherr ublil11atiublimati 11n ficef ice frfromIn product urface E 0' F z -r, ,\ C
1 til urfa ~. I \ '1l11kill) [hi I ',,!lIt-- in rr 'I f nll,Hi)1l l)1l th
d tb l fr l'n r d P,IC"i~' 'ill h' ,\lhl'l~el. II' rt In til' r )U pI' IU'1 in"il '. I he P.II 'rl,),lr I an \\ 'II. Thi dcr rmll) 111 Ih' "olltn' '.lnt)ll ~ll11 '1111 ' lead in I art 1\ dama lC. I III \\ alcr mil.!. ,Hi n .Hld in-p,I'1.. I ':,i T,l ti n re aITe led b) pI' du t IIr~ 'c arCd I) \ lum' rali,. \ l1iull r.lli) make a fr Len Ii d pa I..ag' m rc lb Cllit I . It 1.11' 'eI' '1') ~t:ll I~ nnn Ii nand gre, ter fr t Ii nllati n on b III pI' lu '[ :-url~ll'C 111 I I :1 ''':)''l' \.-\all. hi an cau rapid del ri rali n ill r KI IlHilil all I 'arlon': tru tural inlegrity. early 57% f IIpennarl..cl relurn' arc tiu' ( pa'l..nnilll!, 1<111W" au ed during hipping, handlint', re i\ ing Clnd I 'I..illg r I' (Ill' r ':1 on menti n d ab e [-J. Thi make it Ill" S 'an 10 Lt, • lJ robll"! folding cart n material I I' duc~ lin 'aleabl " duc 10 'art n 1:\Inag '. A maj r mat rial upplier pI' lu a' [llcd alural Kraft' ( K) calion malerial I pped \\ illl a pr prietaI' ating I..no\\ n as . 'USIOIII Kate'. A research tudy done by an ind I endcnt audit finn, JlO\V~d tl1at 'Cu 10m Kote' cart n board redu ed fr len r I 1111 alcabl" b
1 TERlALTEl L L :\ID'0 M1\1 J Til.II. D0,
Tv. e of die ut cart n In h in h (22. m 12.7 em 6. 'II tOll mat rial ,,\ere pr vided b) l\\ plied n the ul ide f an n. tiffnetiITn \\ere determined in D64-/64 645 -97[], The G Iding art nn. \\ere Cc Icd u in' a h 1 ))- lene I ne ba e lue tili I-.l-- a the adhc i\ e. 260 K SAHA, B G BURGESS and S AOUDODLAADUDODLA
to ASTM D685 [j[11]11 pnor to testmg. Frozen peas were were purchased from a local grocery Slore L."'.H~""'''J mtoInto cartons Frozen peas \vere packed mIn the a moisture source the freeze/thaw cycle. Fro- chosen to provide the maximum surface area to volume freeze-thaw cyclmgcycling abuse of the folding cartons. A c-offin freezer held at -18c C (Kelvinator, Cleveland, was used for this A Lansmont "Squeezer" compression test
r>rH' ....-"nnl Corporation, CA) was\vas used to detemline the com presslOn using a fixed platen moving at 0.5 m/mlIlm/mm (1.27 cm! min). The soft\vare used to interpret peak load was a Squeezer Reader version 2.0.0. (Lansmont Corporation, Monterey, CA). Cartons were filled w1thwIth 900 grams offrozen peas wlthw1th a 2 inch (5.04 em)cm) headspace (Figure I). Cartons containingcontain ing the frozen product were placed mIn the freezer on the1rthen 9 mchInch x 2-3/4 mch (22.8 cm x 6.9 cm) side to maximizemaxim ize freeze-thaw abuse on the four carton faces. Cartons were subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle of 23 hours at -18°C, and then I hour at 2323°CDC and 50%500/0 RH for five days pnor to compression testing. This condition was chosen on the basis of frozen distribution environ ment [12].I: 12]. From a preliminary study it \vaswas determined that the cartons would bebc compresslOncompressIOn tested on the 9 mch x 2-3/4 inch (22.8 emcm x 6.9 em)crn) face as it showed the least variation. In addition, the compression strength of empty folding cartons was measured to compare the differ
12.7 em
/ / I5.08 em ~
22.8 em
V/ V/ 16.9 em Figure 1. Fill height of frozen peas in the folding carton. Effect of Freaze-Freeze- Thaw on ent carton materials at ambient conditions (23 and to foldfold- ing cartonscanons subjected to freeze-tha\vfreeze-thaw Percent moisture content \vas\\'3S determdererm ined for the four carcar- ton materials subjected to the three treatrnents.treatments. The three treauncntstreatments were empty foldmg cartons;canons; empty folding cartons subjected to five freeze-thaw cycles and pcapea filled folding cartons five thaw cycles. For moisture analysis three carton samples weighing ap proximately 15 g were cut from three ditTerentdifferent locations frolnfrom a11 f(jldingfl-'J1ding carton. Tv·/oT\vo of the locations v/erewere from the carton t11ces 22.8 cmem x 12.7 cmem x 6.9 em. The third location \vas\,vas on the OppOSiteopposIte 22,822.8 cmem x 12.7 emcm face. Moisture content of the carton materials \vaswas determined accord ing to ASTM D644 [13J. The data vvaswas analyzed using statistical software MMinitabinitab 13.]3.1 [ by Minitab Inc, Pennsylvania. Analysis of variance was performed on the collected data for compression strength and percent moisture content. The means were separated using Fisher's LSD and the standard devia tion for each treatment was noted.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cartoll material properties (basis weight and thickness) were deter mined prior to conducting the freeze-thaw experiments. It was foundfOllnd that the CNK provided by the first supplier had the highest basis weight (355.5 g/m2) followed by CRP, PCSBS and CSBS ('fableCfable I). The CRP provided by the second supplier had the highest basis weight (382.2 2 g/m2) followed by CNK, PCSBS and CSBS. The thickness of aI Icarton board material provided by both supplierssuppl iers was measured to be approxi-
Table 1. Basis Weight and Thickness of Carton Mater/fiJI.Material.
Supplier 1 Supplier 2
Basis Weight Thickness BagisBasis Weight TtlickrH'S8ThickrHHH, 2 Carton Material (g1m(glm 2) (mm) (min)(rmn)
'Custom Kate'Kote' Coated Natural 3555 0457 3568 0457 Kraft (CNK) Coated Solid Bleached Sulfate 324.43244 0457 3307 0470 (CSBS) Coated Recycled Paperboard 3532 0457 3822 0457 (CRP) Polyethylene coated solid 35063505 0457 3572 0495 bleach sulfate 262 K SAHA, 8B HARTE, G BURGESS and S AOUDOOLAADUDOOLA
0.457 0.457 ± 0.00254 mm thethe variation In carton material was mmanal between thethe twotwo supplIers Under ambIent test conditIons (23°C, 50%RJi)50%RJ-f) there was a sigmfi cant difference (p < 0.05) in compressIon strength between the empty cartons made from the different carton materials from both supSlIp 2 and J).3). However cartons from both supplIers did not show a difference m compressIOncompressIon strength between CNK and PCSBS empty cartons under ambient conditions. The hIghest aver age force was observed for cartons made from CN K at 283.3 N (FIgure 2) for the first supplIer and CRP at 274.3 N (FIgure 3) for the second suppIJer. The lowest average peak force was\vas SIgnificantly dIf ferent from the highest average peak force for cartons made from CRP at 235.8 N (FIgure 2) for thetIle first supplIer and CSBS at 245 N (Figure 3) for the second supplier. It was also observed that CNK folding car ton had the highest bendIngbending stiffness in the cross direction compared to cartons made from CSBS, PCSBS and CRr (Table 2). The cartons were compressedcom pressed top to bottom 111In the cross direction. Therefore, high er bending stlffnessstIffness can contrIbute to a carton's compression strength 1'14'lr'14-l So, it could be expected that prior to exposing folding cartons to a freeze-thaw test protocol, CNK cartons may have the highest com pression strength at 21°C, 50% RH followed by SBS, PCSBS and CRPCRr fold ing cartons. As expected, after pea filled folding cartons were subjected to freeze/ thaw cyclll1g,cycllllg, the average peak force decreased for all carton materials compared to empty cartons tested at ambient conditions (Figures 2,3,2, 3, 4 and 5). ThIS trend was observed in both suppliers. After testing there was a slgniflcant dlfferencedIfference 10In the compreSSIOn strength ofca110nscmions made 4c::JIW~')) 1lnth~"qJ{nJ ij fmn'Ldfen ]1"' ...d IffrtmntJi{)IHfn:n nlU"ifH:UH"'. 'lVW, mntflrzwLc:,('h;i:,CLIJlJ':,<;;mntR 17 iB L<:,O:;; gn J1:J~<: 4c:J rtcL)) .EnrEn rllnth ~~ llJ{Jll Ler:s.th.ei.e rs.the IIhighest average peak force was observed for cartons made from CNK (129 7 Nand 139 N), whIchWhlCh was significantly hIgherhlgber than the lowest average peak force for cartons made from PCSBS (45.9 Nand 64.6N). Average peak force for CSBS and CRP were not slgl1lficantly dIfferdlffer ent fromf1'om each other but \"lerewere SIgnIficantlyslgl1lficantly lower than the average peak
Table 2. Bending Stiffness of Different Carton Materials.
Folding Carton Machine Direction (TBU) Cross Direction (TBU)
CNK 170.2170,2 98.398,3 CSBS 152.9152,9 83.4 CRP 176.8176,8 55.1 PCSBS 165.0 83.1 EffectEffectofofFre€ze- FroezB-ThEn",'Thai'll ttie 263
500500 -,------
.. .._. l 4504501----- -t----------- _------_._ -1 I 400400 1------
350-1------
100
50
o CoaledCoated Recycle Coated Natural Kraft Coated SSSSBS Poly.COaledPoly.CaBled SBS llecycle Carton Substrate Figure 2. Compression strength of empty cartons at ambient conditions (Supplier 1). Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
500 ...,------,..,.------.------~
450 +------.----+------ 400 J------1--l
Cil 350 4----2·-58~.-8-b------2-5-9-.4-b------2-7-4.-3a--- 350 259.4b 274.3a if) 258.8b (5()_~_-== 1:10.79 ~ () == J:11.52 c6 300 +__(50'_=_:t1 == :t11.03 i .03 _i:_10_._7_9__ () = i:11.62 ~ 300 ~ QJOJ ~ 250250 ~~ EE 200200 ..>4-'4 '"Q)gs Cl..Cl.. 150150
10tOO0
5050
oo Poiy.COiMKl SSS Coated Natural Kraft Coated SSS CartonCaftan SubstrateSubstrate FiFigure ure 3.3. CompressionCompression strengthstrength ofof emptyempty CartonsC.8rtonS atat ambientamlJi;.nt conditionsconditions (SupplIer(Supplier 2)2) M~anMeanss withWitll differentdifferent lettersletters areare significanllyslgmficanlly differentdifferent (p(p << 0.05).0.00) 264 rI" St<$1< ,.A BATEB HI- E G BURGESS anda"d S OUDODLADUDODLA
9Y:)9)Q .,.------,...------..,
450 1------,~------l
400 +------j+------1
'JCJO3'..0 ·t------.,+------1
•• )1)0 .\------1
L ,,~.\ ,
,~ ?OO 1----,.,,,.,,.,,...------11297 ISO .! __..;CT,:...;;;" • ..:.::.;1~7=:9~3:_17 3_ _ 665bSb 64 lb1b o 13713.71 C1cr = _10.58 100 " so50 o COil I alural Kr tt Coaled SBS Poly.Coated SBS CoatedCoaled Recycle
Carton Substrate Figure 4. Compr,Compre ionIon strengthlrength of cartons after freeze-thaw cycling (Supplier 1). Means Will>wilh d,ff,dlf~ nr ntlnIl 1101'tier are1'0 significantly different (p < 0.05).
500 ,------..,
.SO.:;0 1------1
4OO t so ~~ .' ~ 200 121 b 122.2b Ql a. cr 1753 cr = 17.91 100 646C cr = fIO.58 tOO
SO
0 C I d Natur I Kraft Coated SBS Poly.Coated SBS Coaled Recycle Carton Sub Irate Figure 5. Comp"ompr sslOnion stronglhsrrongth of cartons afterfter freeze-thaw cycling (Supplier 2). Means WIthWlrlJ dlff< r;n nt Iloti Iter I' 8"or, significan(Jysignificantly different (p 0.05).O. 05). E
'1\\ "11
III ,II ri
11 286266 K. SAHA, B.8. HARTE, G. BURGESS and S. ADUDODLA
sesass IlII Coated Racycta l1liII POf]Poly coatedcoaled sasses
r~~~-·-_c
I t-~~---~----~------j I 7~E~---·····... * : 1- ~~._.~.._.~.~~.~-.~====~..~------~~~------
~~~---"------I -
+~~ ~-~~~----~------~----- 20%20"k, +~.~._---~~------..- .. -
10'10 t··· ··~;,,';tr?~CN1....~[~T;1'1'_...L.---k O%···"~~ ~ EmptyEmp1y MFT Empty MFT Peas Treatment Figure 6. Moisture content (dry basis) of folding carton materials (Supplier 1). Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
CNK CRP l1li Coated SBS II Poly coated SBS
70 ,----~--~------
ill eo .~ o 50 +--~.------~------___1 ~ ?J1. 40 +---~------.------'-____1
30
20 .._~_._-_.--~~~.------
Empty MFT Empty MFT Peas Treatment Figure 7. Moisture content (dry basis) of folding carton materials (Supplier 2). Means witliwith different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05). Effect of Freeze- TtI8W from differemditTerent canon materials.materials" It has been observed that moisture up~ take is mainlymain Iy from the peas inside the carton.canon. 'rhcrel'ore the'th(' surL'lcesurface coating on the outer face does not a major role moisturt'moisture absorption. This trend \vas observed f~)forr all canon types frolll both supsup- pliers (Figure 8). There is a distinct diA"erencedifference betweenbet\veen the carton ma tenals, wherewherc frozen pea filled CNK carionscartons had thethc percent rere- tained compression strength and the ]O\VeSllowest moisture content 1'ollO\vingfollO\ving freeze/thav\'freeze/thaw cycling (Figure 8). Since, CNK has unbleached pine {lbcrsfIbers with higher levels of natural, residual internal sizing, it \\'ill\vill absorb less moisture compared to the other carton materials. The carton materlliHe rial had obstructed moisture ingress of condensed \\,ater\vater droplets on the carton surface during FT cycling. Frozen pcapea fdled PCSBS cartons had the lowest average peak force with the highesthighesl moisture content afteraHer FT cycling (Figures 4 and 5). Since the moisture uptake was observed to be from the inside of the carton, this explaexplained ined adhesion faifailure lure in the PCSBS folding cartons between the polyethylene layer (inside layer of carton) and the SBS paperboard substrate (outside layer of carton). 'ThisTh is resulted in the carton's poor performance during eOlnpressioncompression strength testing. It appears that irrespective of the carton material supplier, fold ing cartons made from CNK hold their structural integrity better in a frozen distribution networknetwork..
<>• Supplier 1 IIIill Supplier 2
% df)1dry Figure 8. Effect of freeze-thaw cycling on compression strength of folding. -
268 K. SAHA, 8B HAHTE, G BURGESS and S AOUDODLAADUDODLA
CNK (Table 2) can be attributed to
f>Arn,,,\/),'prlE''''rY'In"r£;>n to the other carton matenals thus posinve
-111'·c.r-hhn carton strength. Itit was also observed that frofro- zen pea filled CNK cartons subjected to freeze-thaw cycling had slgnifi-slgnifi h capacity to withstand compression compared to folding cartons made from SBS, CRP and PCSBS (Figures 4 and 5). Multiple freeze- thaw cycling (Figure 8) of folding cartons resulted in increased moisture uptake and decreaseddecrea.sed compression strength. Since, frozen pea fllledfllJed cartons absorbed the least mOlsturemOIsture from the inner surface of the carton during the multiple freeze-thaw cycling (Figure 8), they had the highest compression strength. Surface coating does not affect comcompression pression strength because moisture uptake is due to in pack desic cation as a result crystal formation on the inner surface of the carton. Coated Natural Kraft compnse of unbleached pme fibers providing stronger bonding sites compared to other cal10ncarton materials thus retaining better dry value strength. This explains higher compression values for CNKK cartons compared to SBS, CRP and PCSBS cartons, after multiple freeze-thaw cycling. It can be concluded that Coated Natural Kraft will rrovideprovide more carton compression strength for packaging frozen food compared to folding cartons made from SBS, PCSBS and CRP.
REFERENCES
fvleadWestvacoMeadWestvaco Research Proves CNK(!O Reduces Frozen Food Unsaleables. hnp://www.meadhttp://www.mead W(;SlVtICo·.\;om'fJo1:lreD\)lJ1\1'(JC\lSfnl'It.\VN~~(QI,)\'lt;lS:WCI""Xlf"C1,1wcStvdCO~\;Orny";onreDll,OOl'GC\lSf/h'it,'J'\'~~~(;;tal'it;>j)Qcl,I,IXl\,,IJ,I _2005_200':' 2 CarlonCartonboard hoard Change Makes Dollars and Sense In Food and Drug Packaglllg,Packagll1g, hnp://www.fdp.http://www.fdp com/contenLphp?s=FP/2005/04&p=2com/contenl.php?s=FP/2005/04&p=21, I. 2005 3J larit7ky,Zaritzky, N E.,I:., Ann,Me..Ann,Me., Calvelo, A Meat Science 1982, 12, 105 4 Reid, D. S Fundamental PhysIOcher11lcaiPhYSiochemical Aspects of Freezing. Food Technology 1983, 37, 110-115I IO-I 15 5.5.� Martillo,Manilla, M N.,N.. Zantzky,N.E. Icclee Crystal Size Modifications during Frozen Beef Storage.Storage. ./ourt)o!journa! qjqf Food Science 1988,1988. 53, 1631-16371631- I637
6.�6. Martino,Martino. fvlM N., N.. laritzky,N.EZaritzky,N.E IceIcc Recrystallization Il1IJ1 a Model System and III111 Frozen Muscle Tissuc.rissuc, Cryobiology 1989, 26. 77� Ill
Paper and Paperboard" ASTI\'!t\STI\'! lntcmatJonaLIntcmatJonal. \lv'cst\lv'est Consholl\){~ken,Cot1sholl\){~ken. PA,::007,PA,2D07. DOl 10.1! O. I:'\.20/ D5342-97R07 ! 1 ASTMASnv1 Standard D 685 1993 (2007)U007) "Standard"Sllmdard 1}n1Ctlc('l)nKti,'(' fbr Condltiot1H1g" .." .. "",,,,,, PapaPalx~r and Products for Testmg" ASTMASTtv\ lmcmational.Imcmationa!. \ly'estVies! Consht\hockcn.CO!1sht)hoCKen. PA, 2007. DOl 10.10, \ D0685-93R07 12�12 V/dls J HHandand SinghSmgh R, P .'PerformancePerformance evaluatIon of time-tcmpantun,'tin1l'-tcmpcratun,' U1liicntnrstndlcntors fc)r(()r thvenfnvel1 food transpon'transport' .lournoiJournal ofFood SCience.SCit'lIce. 2006: 50:2 pp 369-371 ii33� ASTM Standard D 644 1999 (2007) "MOisture Content of Paper and Paperboard by Oven Dry mg" ASTM International. ASTI\i\lnternational.ASTI\i\lnternationul, West Conshohocken,ConsholHKKcn. 1'!\.2007.P!\.2007, DOl 10.1520110.1 ':.201 D0644-99R07 14�14 Beldie L.,L, Sandberg G"G., Sandberg L. 'Paperboard men!mem l110delmgmodelmg and experiments' PackoglligPackoglt1g SCIence