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Ceramic Resource Selection and Social Violence in the Gallina Area of the American Southwest Connie Constan

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Ceramic Resource Selection and Social Violence in the Gallina Area of the American Southwest Connie Constan University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2011 Ceramic Resource Selection and Social Violence in the Gallina Area of the American Southwest Connie Constan Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Constan, Connie. "Ceramic Resource Selection and Social Violence in the Gallina Area of the American Southwest." (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds/15 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CERAMIC RESOURCE SELECTION AND SOCIAL VIOLENCE IN THE GALLINA AREA OF THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST by CONNIE IRENE CONSTAN B.A., Anthropology, University of Montana, 1999 M.A., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2002 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico August 2011 © 2011, Connie Irene Constan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to voice great appreciation for my committee. Dr. Patricia Crown (chair) stuck with me through various permutations of dissertation topics over many years. Without Patty’s support and encouragement, I would not have completed this research. Thanks to Dr. James Boone for his insightful comments and font of knowledge. I could stop in and ask questions any time and Jim would suggest a reference without having to check an author or title. Dr. Richard Chapman provided a substantial sounding board for my ideas with respect to patterns in the Southwest. Dick also provided me with a job at the Office of Contract Archeology when I was in need of one. Dr. Jane Selverstone from Earth and Planetary Sciences was a superb outside committee member. Her assistance with the petrographic slides and geologic background was integral to many aspects of this dissertation. This study has been funded by a Clay Minerals Society Student Research Grant, a Research Project and Travel grant and a Graduate Dean’s Dissertation Nominee award from the Office of Graduate Studies (UNM), several Graduate Research Development grants from the Graduate Professional Student Association (UNM), a Hibben Trust dissertation grant from the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology (UNM), a Hibben Trust fellowship from the Anthropology Department (UNM), and a Whipple Scholarship from the First United Methodist Church of Albuquerque. The field aspect of this project involved many people. Michelle Baland was a field assistant extraordinaire. She put up with heat, rain, long days, and camping for over ten weeks. Archaeologists from the Santa Fe National Forest, Mike Bremer, Jeremy Kulisheck, Jennifer Dyer, and Tony Largaespada, facilitated the permits, provided us with a truck and radio, and helped in numerous other ways. Richard Montoya, Fire iv Management Officer for the Cuba Ranger District, made sure we were in the loop with restrictions and fires on the district and that we were safe by having the Deadman Lookouts (Jared Taylor and Sean Sandoval) check in with us daily via radio. A special thank you goes to Dave Phillips and Catherine Baudoin at the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology for access to collections and amazing flexibility in scheduling. The genuine interest and well-wishes from all the staff at the Maxwell Museum was so wonderful. Jim Connolly, X-ray Diffraction Lab Manager, assisted immeasurably and put up with my flying into his office at odd times with desperate pleas. Duane Moore provided invaluable help in understanding the world of clay minerals. Dewey showed me how to prepare my X-Ray diffraction samples and looked at almost 300 XRD tracings for me. He also introduced me to the fabulous people of the Clay Minerals Society. The support and feedback I received at the annual CMS meetings aided in many aspects of this study, not just monetarily. Dewey Moore and Shelley Roberts also gave me a huge amount of moral support during the dissertation writing phase. It took an army of friends to get all the laboratory work done. I am grateful to Marilyn Riggs, Teresa Cordua, Lauren Alberti, Cathy Brandenburg, Michelle Baland, and Doug McConville for lots of help with the mind-numbing lab tests. Special thanks to Dorothy Larson for work on the chemical analysis, Natalie Heberling for the cost distance map, and Mia Jonnson for redrafting the artifact sketches. There are many other friends who have helped along the way. My dissertation writing group (Beth Stone, Veronica Arias, and Wes Allen- Arave) provided a forum for venting, problem solving, and accountability to the process. v I will really miss the 9pm phone calls every night. I truly believe that I would not have finished this year, if I had not been involved with this group of people. I sincerely appreciated all your ideas and encouragement. Graduate school was so much more fun being a part of the Millennium Cohort: Audrey Salem, Gwen Mohr, Hannah Mattson, Jo Snell, Kelly Peoples, Kristy Worthington, Luke Kellett, Marcus Hamilton, Roberto Herrera, Scott Worman, and Sue Boone. You guys rock! The patience of the Heritage Team on the Gila National Forest also is appreciated as it took me a while to finish my degree. I now look forward to working with you all on a permanent basis. Additional thanks go to Dr. Ann Ramenofsky for her heart-felt support throughout my time at the University of New Mexico. The other Gallina groupies, Adam Byrd, Paula Massouh, Erik Simpson, and Lewis Borck, always were quick to provide a reference or an opinion. But the most important acknowledgements go to my parents, Kerry and Beverly Constan, and my close friends, Jennifer Dyer and Kari Schleher. I couldn’t have done it without you. Words are inadequate to express my appreciation for everything over the years. vi CERAMIC RESOURCE SELECTION AND SOCIAL VIOLENCE IN THE GALLINA AREA OF THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST BY CONNIE IRENE CONSTAN B.A. Anthropology, University of Montana, 1999 M.A., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2002 Ph.D., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2011 ABSTRACT My dissertation examines the relationship between social violence and ceramic resource procurement. Do people in middle-range societies alter resource use in response to conflict? Specifically, does social strife influence the distance to which potters in middle-range societies will travel to collect ceramic resources? This work builds on a technological choice theoretical framework. Technological choice studies examine the choices made by artisans during the production sequence. These choices can create variability in the final product, or conversely a more standardized form. Artifact variability has been approached through economic and social interpretations. Each approach brings a different theoretical mind set to the study of technology and choice. Also behavioral archaeologists have focused on performance characteristics of artifacts and how they may reflect choice. Technology encompasses both behavioral and material aspects. A holistic approach to raw material selection incorporates both materials science work on the physical characteristics of objects and investigation of the cultural and social situation in which the items were produced. Focusing on societies in conflict requires understanding of both the potters’ materials and their cultural setting. vii Distance and quality are primary elements in clay selection. Clay is heavy, so for many potters distance is the determining factor in clay selection (Arnold 1985, 2000). Dean Arnold (1985, 2000) estimated procurement thresholds using worldwide ethnographic data from 111 traditional societies. He found that for both clays and tempers, people prefer to travel only one kilometer, but they will go up to four kilometers if necessary. These thresholds were the basis for the field component of my research. Pottery production occurred throughout the American Southwest under conditions of pervasive conflict in the 13th century A.D. The Gallina area is an ideal location for investigating resource procurement and social violence in northwestern New Mexico. Conflict in this area is evidenced by defensive architecture, such as towers and cliff houses (Haas and Creamer 1985; Mackey and Green 1979; Schulman 1949, 1950), burned structures with human remains (Gallenkamp 1953; Hibben 1944; Mackey and Green 1979), and human remains with embedded projectile points and skull trauma (Chase 1976; Mackey and Green 1979). Two sites in the Gallina area were chosen, one with a defensive setting and architecture the other with an open site plan and no defensive structures. Ceramics from each of the sites and the clay resources in proximity to the sites were examined to see if conflict affected resource selection. In this research, X-ray diffraction (XRD) determined the clay mineralogy of ceramic pastes and the collected natural clays, petrography identified the aplastic mineralogy of the sherds and collected samples, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) provided the chemistry of the ceramic pastes and the natural clays. Numerous field and laboratory characterizations provided more information about the qualities of the available clays and the ceramics themselves. The combined results of viii the laboratory tests, mineralogical studies, and chemical
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