Keywords: Bhutanesedwellings,culturallandscape,sustainability, revitalization,traditionalcommunities people, andprofessionaskeystoregeneratingthestateofwellbeing-nesscommunity. of place, by theDCHS,thispaper proposesthesmartcollaboration interviews anddocumentsprovided surveys, field on Based concerns. nationwide the representing study case the as selected is village Shari abundance of natural and cultural landscape vis-à-vis the deficiency of human resource and skill in agriculture, the context. Considering the evolving in dwellings of theBhutanese the stateofwellbeing-ness sustain dwellings. communities andindigenous in vitalityoftraditional decline how to This paperaimstoexplore USD $250perpersonnightfor themonthsofMarch, April, May, September, October, andNovember. USD $200perpersonnightfor themonthsofJanuary, February ABStrAct [email protected] Faculty of Architecture, ChulalongkornUniversity Waricha Wongphyat Sustaining theStateofWellbeing-ness Bhutanese Dwellings: philosophy, modelsof rejectsconventional than theGrossNationalProduct(GNP)development Gross NationalHappiness(GNH)asmore important response to its own past and pace.Embracingthe in to pursuethepathmodernization determined is and high aims nation this small countries, other lands forsubsistence(Achavanuntakul,2006).Unlike significant number of the Bhutanese own agricultural comparatively largemulti-storiedbuildingsanda however, peasants; humble is in reside they beggars inthe country. The majority of its population of economicwellbeing,therearenosquattersor the forty lowest-ranked nationsin the world interms Despite the fact that Bhutan is categorized among Intro 1 A The minimum daily package for tourists travelling in a group of 3 persons ormoreisasfollows: The minimumdailypackagefortourists travellinginagroupof3persons development, the country’sdevelopment, brought abouta hasinevitably and urbanization pursuitofmodernization lthough GrossNationalHappiness(GNH)isacclaimedastheBhutaneseoverarchinggoalof d uct i on low impact” tourism policy launched in 2005. This unifyingvisionmanifeststhe“highvalue, and culturally. sustainable development economically, ecologically, global development.Itemphasizesbalancedand the following essential policies have beenenacted: essentialpolicies the following governance culture, andgood of national promotion development, conservation of the environment, culture. Inaddition,forsustainableeconomic minimal, negativeimpactonitsenvironmentand tourism that responsiblecauses while encouraging experience, high quality service and amenities, a high-enddestinationthatprovidesrewarding tourists, the state strives to promote Bhutan as ofprospective thenumber thanlimiting Rather , Thailand , June,July, August, andDecember. Bhutanese Dwellings: SustainingtheStateofWellbeing-nessBhutanese Dwellings:

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Nakhara 111 Nakhara 112 modernization, whichBhutanenthusiastically soughtthroughitsdevelopment2 which reachedBhutaninsidiously andspreadacrossthecountry, particularlywithfastcommunication. 2 Paro townandtheParochhuriverviewedfromRinpungDzong Figure 1: Waricha Wongphyat village, whichisatraditionalagrariansettlement in thechangingcontext. The studyselectsShari wellbeing-ness of the traditional Bhutanese dwellings This studyaimstoexplorehowsustain thestateof buildable lands,butalsotheurban-ruralmigration. increasing demandto convert wetlandsintodryor recent yearshasgeneratednotonlythecitizen’s modernization Council of Bhutan, theactive 2014). Nonetheless, and health by the Royal Government (Tourism promoted as an important hub for tourism, education, thecountry’sParo isconsidered basketto be with naturalandculturalresources biodiversity, home to Bhutan’s only international airport. Endowed (Figure 1). It is oneoftwentydzongkhagsand Paro valleylocatedinthe eastern region of Bhutan Paro isatownandtheseatofdistrictin Pillars ofHappiness.” sectors as key mechanismsinreinforcingthe“Four combines monastic, military, and administrative of Dzongs,theBhutan’s governancesystemthat Bhutanese style architecture, together with asystem attire and national concerning rules andregulations sixty percent of the total land area under forest cover, strict forestryprogramsinpreservingaminimumof

Bhutan’s socioeconomicandculturalchangescanbesaid tohaveoccurredthroughtwomainprocesses:active 2 and encroaching urbanization during and encroaching urbanization during revitalization of traditional dwellings in Shari village. inShari dwellings of traditional revitalization includes suggestionsthatcouldcontributetothe the hygienic condition of the case studies. The result to in relation organization spatial the studyanalyzes together witharchitectureandmanners. Accordingly, usage, and functional components as physical well of dwellings including structure and materials, as aspects tangible Next, thestudyexamines village. ofthe background anessential comprise which and structure,inhabitants’ lifeandlivelihood, landscape ofSharivillage,communityinfrastructure with, thestudyinvestigatesnaturalandcultural level. pre-culture level,andmicro-cultural To begin village onthreeculturallevels,infra-culturelevel, and examinesthetraditionaldwellingsinShari framework (Hall, 1966), the study categorizes of agrariansociety. GroundedinHall’s theoretical and dwellings, but also the socio-cultural aspect settlement of traditional dimension on thephysical Home andCultural Affairs, thestudyfocusesnotonly Sites, DepartmentofCulture,Ministry of Heritage documents provided by the Division for Conservation and inhabitants, with interviews surveys, field on Based concerns. that wouldrepresentthenational style ofdwellingsandwaylife,astheareastudy city,bustling yet haspreservedtheindigenous and located notfarfromParo,thecountry’s second

programs, and passive globalization, passive and programs, well asafamouspoet.Heintroduced BuddhismtoBhutanandestablishedthemonasteryofChimi Lhakhangin1499. temporality, learningandacquisition, play, defense,andexploitation. village. The PMS, or ten components of culture the culturalsystemofShari framework toexamine Message System(1959),orPMS,asa key Primary Hall’s employs study the of part first The Shari Vllge 4 3 temporality. with theagrariancycle,traditionalnotionof how the villagers interact with nature inaccordance ness. Subsequently, lifeandlivelihooddiscusses attributes thathelpfosterthe collective wellbeing- condition, but also notes the psychological settlement thatfacilitatethevillagers’ living include notonlythephysicalaspectsof Community infrastructureandstructurefeatures the villagers’ wayofsubsistenceandexploitation. The studyofterritorialityprovidesanoverview accounts, and cultural heritages of the village. historical settings, physical of study the with begins Understanding thenaturalandculturallandscape of dwelling(1985);natural,collective,andprivate. are outlinedinrelationtoNorberg-Schulz’s modes ximately 3 kilometers from Paro Shari villageisapproximately 3kilometersfromParo with the Dochhu river flowing into the Parochhu river, three housesintheZI area. Setinthevalleyalong houses inthe RA area, a house inthe ZI area, and houses inthe TO area, ahouseintheHIfour which includes two houses in the BE area, six the map, Shari village consists of seventeen houses, respectively.southwest ofthevillage As shownin in thesouth,southeast,and the Zikha(ZI)located (RA), theZakha(ZA),and the Ratongang including (TO)the east, (HI) in west, theHingshingwog the in the north, the (BE)in Buelchhukha the Totokha households areregisteredundersixsub-villages; selected astheareaofstudy(Figure2). These cluster of seventeen gungs, or households, was a village, Shari in households for short).Ofeighty locates Rinchhending-Shari chiwog (or Shari village administrative blocks,oneof which, Sharigewog, P Natural andCulturalLandscape

aro dzongkhagcomprisestengewogs,or Drukpa Kunley,in the Buddhisttradition,as madman,” wasagreatmaster ofMahamudra alsoknownasa“divine Primary MessageSystem, or PMS, consists of interaction, association,subsistence, bisexuality, territoriality, 3 ,

master, namedDrukpaKunley(1455-1529) Buddhist exists alamatabletonwhichrenowned In the orchard of the historic house BE-01, there good harvestwerebuiltinandaroundthevillage. for flags prayer of clusters and gods; underwater chotens, or small chedi;anumberof drup chhu,or large building(Departmentof Culture, 2014). Three to a deity) that are consideredto be remnantsof a neyko (roughly translated as a holy place related of thick-rammed earth walls, called pumotsen-gi- central partofthe Totokha area,thereexistruins area and the house ZI-01 in the Zikha area.In the years ago:thehouseBE-01inBuelchhukha two historicbuildingsconstructedoverahundred are There century. fifteenth the to back dates that history has along The settlementofSharivillage from themainmotorroad. Rinpung Dzongandthe Parotown andis450meters have apple and pear orchards. Wheat, vegetables, orchards. pear and apple have 2014). Culture, of (Department villages A houses few portions of land owned by residents from other of the settlement; however, there are also small situated approximately600meters from the center scattered. The major portions ofthelandsare land; rather, they are somewhat fragmented and are cultivated are not homogenous pieces of farms where local Bhutanese and Japanese rice Paro RinpungDzongasatax. These terraced in the harvest toagranary their and deliver lands own their of tracts large to addition in fields paddy to workonthegovernor’s were obligated villagers registered aspaddyfields.Inearlierdays,the agriculture for generations. Most of the lands are The residents of Shari village have engaged in daily use. to thehouseRA-03towardseastisfor adjacent to beholywater;thespring the northisconsidered The waterspring behindthehouseBE-01towards villagers prior to theintroduction of piped water. that servedtheShari there aretwowatersprings Lhakhang founded by Rinpoche. Furthermore, Chhumphu of entrance first the is temple this that constructed inthethirteenthcentury. Itisbelieved village is Rimdhang Lhakhang, or Rimdhang temple, of the vicinity meditate. Locatedinthenorthwestern Bhutanese Dwellings: SustainingtheStateofWellbeing-nessBhutanese Dwellings: 4 , used to , usedto

Nakhara 113 Nakhara 114 Settlement ofSharivillage,Paro Figure 3: Map ofSharivillage,Paro Figure 2: Waricha Wongphyat leaves areediblewhendeepfried. Children commutingtoschool(left) andmaintenanceofcommunity’s waterchannel(right) Figure 4: contribute laborfor its maintenance. In cases where owners whousethemainwaterwayannually waterway aremaintainedby individuals. All paddy (Figure 4).Channelsbranchingfromthemain cooperative worksamongallthebeneficiaries irrigation channelhasbeenundertakenthrough communities, maintenanceofthecommunity’s agrarian in role vital a plays water that Given (Department ofCulture,2014). is almostsixkilometersfromthesettlement hospital There is no basic health unit in the area. The nearest schools arelocatedtwo kilometers from the village. School fromclass9to12.Both Secondary School from class 1 to class 8 and Shari Higher Children commute to Gaupay Lower Secondary services inthe1990s. and broadcasting telephone modern toiletfacilities,gasstovesforcooking,and of drinkingwaterin1989; town in1985;asupply concrete channel and themotor road leading to Paro introduced tothevillage:electricityin1965;a were infrastructures basic 1960s, the Since Structure Community Infrastructureand plant, houses. Zocha,apoisonous bananas, aregrowningardenssurroundingthe and peppers as chili such fruits, and sunflowers, 5 to themainstreet(Figure3). the village grow wildalongasmallroadconnecting

Zocha is a contact-poisonous plant. It can causeitchingandburningpainafter touching the leaves. However, the 5 and marijuana vitality ofthevillage. the ever-growing modern lifestyle decreasing the have beenstronglyfeltandwellinheriteddespite Such traditionalpracticeandmutualcooperation days everyyear.auspicious on eight are performed responsible forthepreparationofritualsthat also privateproperties. Each villageis alternately each otherrepairnotonlypublicthoroughfares,but roofs. shingled wooden Additionly,help thevillagers of the maintenance annual undertook villages both labor force.Inprevious years, the residents of north ofthesettlement,havetocontributetheir locatedinthe ofKempavillage, and theresidents temple, areinneedofrenovation,thevillagers such When communalbuildings,astheRimdhang (Department ofCulture,2014). ownersloserichandfertilizedsoil the upperpaddy a consequence, As fields. upper the from directly lower paddyowners have the right totake water maintenance of the channel by upper paddy owners, elevation donotreceivewaterbecauseofpoor lower the on fields paddy when rule, management this water with amonetarycontribution.Following there isnoattendance,theownerhastocompensate urban-rur of Because people. one-hundred around numbered N Life andivelihood ot untilrecently, thepopulationofSharivillage Bhutanese Dwellings: SustainingtheStateofWellbeing-nessBhutanese Dwellings: al migrations only sixty people, of whom only sixtypeople, al migrations

Nakhara 115 Nakhara 116 way oflife. Agricultural farmingisnolongerseenasadesirableoptionbymostoftheeducated youth. worldview,the Bhutanese structures, andhasrevolutionized and economic to thesocial,cultural,political, outlook,and the program of education. introduction of The nationwidemodernschooleducation brought aboutfundamentalchanges 6 Rice fieldssurroundingthevillage(left)andcowyard,appleorchards andchiligardens(right) Figure 5: and leavingtheirhomesby7.00-7.30 am. They work breakfast preparing the morning, in up early wake and harvestseasons,thevillagers planting During labor from other villages to work in their paddy fields. hire as wellthosewho in thevillage other people workonwet who doagricultural landsrentedfrom however,of households number thereareasmall Most inhabitants do farming on their inherited lands; of Culture,2014). is full(Department sell theirriceaftergranary only their granaryamplystockedwithrice,theywill the endofyear. Believingthatitisauspicioustohave and as tomarkthebeginning harvest aswell good performritualsathomeinhopesofa The villagers auspicious dayinconsultationwithanastrologer. are carriedoutonan seeds andplantingseedling in the ninth month (October/November). Sowingrice harvest and (May/June), month fourth the in fields calendar (February/March),plantseedlingonpaddy the lunar of month first the in seedling preparing performed accordingto lunar cycles.Farmersstart and works areplanned agricultural At Sharivillage, (Figure 5). or soldatthemarketforcashincome consumption productionthat can beeitherfor household and for milk cows they raise from ricecultivation, work astheirmajorsourceofsubsistence. Aside the village. Most villagers engage in agricultural one-third are school children, currently reside in Waricha Wongphyat

By far,of thechangesBhutansawduringmoderneracanbeattributed to themostdramatic andfar-reaching professions oftheyounggenerationinSharivillage. for thechangesinworldview, aspiration,andthe have accounted education of modern introduction progressand 2014). Furthermore,socio-economic water sourcestodryup(DepartmentofCulture, veinscausing water change that floods flash and farm machines,wildlifeattacking,irrigationshortage, for obstacles major that are terrains hilly the include reasons. for various left uncultivated These factors At present, a certain number of agricultural fields are be purchased. crops, andvegetables.Onlysaltsugarhaveto villagers’ way of life is self-sufficient by growing rice, manure for the paddy fields. It is noteworthy that the leaves, whenmixedwithcowwaste,serveasgood pave the ground where they keep their . These goto the villagers forest to collect dryleaves , winter In sunset. until fields the leave not do and long hours having lunch and tea breaks in the fields Then, thestudyexaminesphysicalcomponents materials including their construction technique. such asearthandwoodentimber as mainbuilding resources the useofnatural illustrate materials and aspectof and thephysiological dwellers.Structure involves boththephysicaldimensionofdwellings village at Shari dwellings The studyofindigenous Bhut anese Dwelling 6 of Bhutanesebuildingtradition. practice the to challenge huge a presented has earth ramming labor of skilled shortage a consequence, machinery toolscanbeverytimeconsuming. As is low,material without earth construction rammed Whilethecostof andheating. for airconditioning winter, in warm and demand the reducing thus theinteriortobecoolinsummer variation allowing thermally massive.Itdailytemperature moderates its materialproperties,therammedearthwallis to of sixtycentimeters.Owing thickness minimum main structureof the building. These wallshavea elevation, the rammed earthwall,functionsasthe materials and methods. Built in anL-shaped building one ofthemostsustainable are considered Rammed earthwallsarestronganddurable rammed earthwallsthanwoodencomponents. earth walls,whereastempleconstructionusesmore portion ofwoodenmaterials than that of the rammed Toa larger illustrate,constructingahouserequires in theportionofmaterialsusedconstruction. difference betweenthese architectural typologieslies wall structures and wooden components. A slight earth rammed including materials, and technique house construction employs the same building In traditional Bhutanese architecture, temple and Structure andMaterials is tosay, dwellingsanddwellers. relationship between architecture andmanners, that (Hall, 1966), the following discusses an intimate his environmentparticipateinmoldingeachother Buddhist culture of Bhutan. Given that both manand are significantly influenced by the agrarian and which dwellings, these of usages functional and Rammed earthwallasbuildingstructure (left)andboundarywall(right) Figure 6: gradually replacedtheoldwoodenshingles. today,seen sheets have iron galvanized corrugated industry.building Bhutanese the into introduced As of wooden materials, new materials have been on preservingforest area thattheuse discourages roofs; however, ofthepolicy since theinauguration Traditionally, Bhutanesehouseshadwoodenshingle covered withceilingplankandtoppedearth. cham, byaxed supported is floor attic The mats. with andcovered planks quarter ismadeofwooden living the of floor The 6). (Figure storage firewood as an L-shapedelevationthatservessimultaneously have thickand are particularly walls earth boundary rooms aremadeofbrickandconcrete.Rammed are typicallybuiltofbrickandcement. Additional New facilitiessuchastoilets pinewood. particularly are rammedearthwallsandwoodencomponents, structural materials attic. Main or enclosed an open Shari village are two-storied buildings with either Built in the traditional Bhutanese style, houses in houses unveilsharedaspectsasfollows: date, dimension, and detailed decoration, these of damage. degree Though different inconstruction were affected bythe2011 earthquakewithdiffering houses Most old. years fifty to thirty approximately are over a century old; the other houses are two houses in Sharivillage, houses Of seventeen Shari village is equipped with abathunit,wooden Shari villageisequipped peppers, bananas, andapples, each house in Surrounded bysmallhomegrowngardensofchili space. their use they way the and life of way reflects a harmonious relationship between dwellers’ dwelling landscapeoftheBhutanese The inhabited Physical ComponentsandUsages Bhutanese Dwellings: SustainingtheStateofWellbeing-nessBhutanese Dwellings:

Nakhara 117 Nakhara 118 A ladderconnectingthemainlivingfloorandattic(left) theatticusedfordryingstraws(right) Figure 8: Lamps forburningincense(left)andfrontbalconyadornedwitha prayer wheel(right) Figure 7: of functionanddecoration,thislivingquarteris serves astheinhabitants’ mainlivingarea.Interms to agriculture-related activities, the upper floor space the house. While the lower floor space is dedicated a toilet is often constructed after the completion of are hungoveranentrancedoor. At thebackbalcony, balcony (Figure7).calendars Palm-sized religious small prayerwheelsisvisibleononesideofthefront and normallyhas no risers. Upon arrival, a line of A wooden stairway leading to the upper floor is steep nighttime. domestic animals acts as a natural heater during agricultural tools.Itisnotedthatheatfromthese serves asacowshed,granary, andstoragefor olfactory experience. The ground floor of the building a unique the Buddhistpracticethatgivesvillage andpinewood, incense for burning walls boundary in thefrontyard.Lampsarelocatedalongside the houseswithspaciousareas,aseparatecowshed bathtub, buckets containing cowfeed and, incaseof Waricha Wongphyat attic floor as a living area, it is widely utilized as utilized is widely it area, a living as floor attic Bhutanese regulationsprohibit the use of the at eitherthefrontorbackbalcony. Sincethe located ladder a by reached be can floor attic The of this ritualspaceconnotestheageof the building. altar rooms.Hence,itcanbeinferredthatthesize large recently built,oldhouseshavecomparatively carved bylocalcraftsmen. Whencomparedto those of the altar room is richly painted anddelicately exterior walls filled with small windows. The interior the frontcornerofbuildingandhaswooden spaceofthehouse.It the mostdecorated occupies ritual space,choeshumoraltarroom,isinvariably spite ofthedwellers’status, the economic humble daily.tools used for storingharvestedriceand In living area,sleepingarea(s),a kitchen, androom(s) or space consistsofamultipurpose The household life andritual. divided into two spaces that accommodate everyday Bhutanese floor-sittingculture. the reflect dwellings traditional these of elements In thisregard,itisnoteworthythatarchitectural forvisualprivacy.or closed be openedforviewing when inasittingposition,theseopaquepanelscan wooden panels.Dependingonthedwellers’ demand, those inthelowestrowareadditionallycoveredwith the upper two rows are filled with fixed glass panels, of three to five small windows. While the windows in grid consistsofthreerows.Eachrowiscomposed are installedinthenon-rammedearthwalls.Each panels. Windowgrids curtains, insteadofwooden interior spaceisseparatedandconnectedby cloth back balcony. As evidentinseveralcases,the walls—one atthefrontentrance,other Typically, doorsinexternal there aretwowooden due totheirphysicalcondition. villagers, acertainnumberoftheelderlyownbeds on the floor is the most common practice among the wintertime (Figure9).onamattress While sleeping essential itemthat helps keeptheinteriorwarmin isthemost kitchen, inthe located usually pipe, bukhari, oran old style heater equipped with asmoke modern appliancesinthehouse. Among them, and pieces furniture fixed few are There oriented. floor- much very been has dwellers’life The of way Architecture andManners preserving staple(Figure8). for drying clothes and rice straws in addition to so thatitissuitable attic spaceairyandbreathable mats thatmakethe bywoven structure isenclosed exposed the Furthermore, flagpole. ancestral an forhoisting area an and utensils, household and a service space, storage for agricultural products Floor-oriented livingspace(left)andatraditionalheater calledbukhari(right) Figure 9:

outlined below: which has a differing degree of hygienic condition as each of with separatekitchenandcowshed; houses integrated kitchenandseparatecowshed,the integrated kitchen and cowshed, the houses with categorized intothreescenarios;thehouseswith can be in Sharivillage dwellings spaces, traditional the servicequarter, i.e.thecookingandcattle served quarter, i.e.themainlivingspace,and Based on the interrelationship between the the entirevillage. hygienic conditions,andthe living environmentof but alsoaffects thedwellers’ qualityoflife, their characteristic ofthetraditionalBhutanesedwellings, the servicespacenotonlycontributestoaunique modern homes. Therefore, it is essentialto note that of time and space in traditional dwellings than in portion takes upalarger domestic animals, feeding meals forfamilymembersand activities, preparing domains. The service domain,which includes various life andwork,inotherwords,servedservice manifestation ofanintricaterelationshipbetween In the agrariancontext, each dwellingisaphysical Spa Hygienc Condit and thehouseZI-03;botharesituatedinlower served andservicequartersincludethehouseZI-02 dwellings with limited land. The cases with integrated aretypicalexamplesof into asinglebuilding theold The houses that integrate kitchen and cowshed and Cowshed Houses withIntegratedKitchen tial Bhutanese Dwellings: SustainingtheStateofWellbeing-nessBhutanese Dwellings: Organiz tion and

Nakhara 119 Nakhara 120 (C) =Unusedcowshed K =Kitchen, Floor plansandexteriorofhouse ZI-02(left)andhouseRA-01(right) Figure 10: A = Altar, Note: (Figure 10). off,and partitioned inthehouseRA-01 as shown be evenworseifthekitchenisnotproperlylocated living environment.Suchsituationscould unhealthy large number of flies account for an unhygienic and fresh garbageusedasfodderforlivestock,anda aspects. Undesirable smells from animal waste, during thenight,theyhavecertaindisadvantageous heater that helps make the main living quarter warm kept on the ground floor of the house act as a natural part ofthevillage. the domesticanimals Although Waricha Wongphyat K’ =Newkitchen, L = Livingarea, (K) =Unusedkitchen B =Bedroom, RA-04, and the upper part of the village, such as RA-04, andtheupperpartofvillage, RA-03andhouse suchashouse part ofthevillage, the middle located in space. Mostare open ample normally locatedinthehousecompoundswith are separate cowshed and kitchen with integrated Regardless oftheperiodconstruction, the houses and SeparateCowshed Houses withIntegratedKitchen C =Cowshed, S= Storage, C’ =Newcowshed, T = Toilet, (C) =Unusedcowshed K =Kitchen A = Altar Note: their home; the family boughtlandfrom the owner family wholivedinthehouse TO-02 toabandon the caused The severedamageoftheearthquake façade. 01 becamesmallerinsizewitharenovated in 2011,earthquake 6.9-magnitude thehouseBE- house BE-01andBE-02. Since thestrong Floor plansandexteriorofhouse BE-01(left)andhouseBE-02(right) Figure 11: K’ =Newkitchen L =Livingarea (K) =Unusedkitchen B =Bedroom In additiontoricecultivation,theresidentsofhouse paddy fields rented from the family of house TO-04. in the BE-01 dofarming the residentsofhouse wet landsforagriculture, own While mostvillagers house BE-02,situatedinthesouthofBE-01. of houseBE-01andbuiltanewhouse,whichisthe Bhutanese Dwellings: SustainingtheStateofWellbeing-nessBhutanese Dwellings: C =Cowshed S= Storage C’ =Newcowshed T = Toilet

Nakhara 121 Nakhara 122 (C) =Unusedcowshed K =Kitchen Floor plansandexteriorofhouse TO-04 (left)andhouseHI-01(right) Figure 12: A = Altar Note: smell andthesmallernumberofflies(Figure 11). that contributestothelesserdegreeofundesirable asakeyfactor is regarded from themainbuilding by the government, constructing acowshedseparate of thehouse.Encouraged and atoiletinthevicinity as akitchen structure tobeutilized construct anew is practicalintermsofmaintenance,theyplanto the servedspaceandservice separating BE-02 engage in construction work. Considering that Waricha Wongphyat K’ =Newkitchen L =Livingarea (K) =Unusedkitchen B =Bedroom vast paddy fields. Built in an L-shaped plan, itis plan, anL-shaped in Built fields. paddy vast house HI-01isalargecompoundoverlooking Situated onthe eastern boundary of the village, often constructed separatelyfrom the mainhouse. house and TO-04,are and thecowshed thekitchen In caseofthelargeestatessuchashouseHI-01 Cowshed Houses withSeparateKitchenand C =Cowshed S= Storage ’ Nw cowshed New = C’

T = Toilet the inhabitants’ modern lifestyleandensuretheir toaccommodate are required equipment sanitation spatial relationship,andinstallation ofproper structures, improvementof theserved-service and underutilized.Reinforcement ofdamaged traditional dwellingshavebecomepoorlymaintained in the inhabitants’ occupation, anumber of these migration andthechange Owing totheurban-rural Place of itsinhabitants. and thewellbeing-ness the village presented tremendouschallengestotheexistenceof aspiration andskillinagriculturalprofessionhas of its population and the decline in its inhabitants’ aspects. multidimensional number The decreasing changesin Shari villagehasinevitablyencountered Like traditional communities inother Asian cities, Wellbeing-ness Sust be plannedandmanaged(Figure12). needs to spatialrelationship proper served-service dwelling, butalsothedwellers’ qualityoflife,the issues influence not only the quality of space of the off the mainlivingquarter. Given that the hygienic zone and unhealthy way todelimittheunhygienic efficient most the thereby is organization spatial of the servicespace. Among three categories, this type occupies that garbage fresh from flies and smell of degree significant a reduce helps TO-04 house in and ontherooftopofnewcowshedasevident HI-01 as showninhouse in thenewannex kitchen from themainlivingunit,constructionof are in . Besidesseparating the cowshed and workingovernmentsectors,mostofwhich engage inagriculture. They releaselandsforrent the previous case, the inhabitants however no longer prosperity of the family’s farm business. Resembling the illuminates of thisservicequarterundoubtedly built paralleltothemainbuilding. The dimension onitsrooftop kitchen a new with cowshed spacious part of the village, house TO-04 has a separateand farm their lands. Located onamoundinthemiddle owners work as government officers and hire labor to the background, economic and to theireducational locatedattheotherend.Owing and thecowshed related work andasabuffer zonebetweenthehouse simultaneously asamultipurposeareaforfarm- enclosing an open space. This courtyard serves composed ofanoldbuildingandanewannex aining theSt a te of with themoderntechnologyishighlyencouraged. where theoldtraditioncoexists prototypal dwellings inherited through future generations, the proposalfor not about thestaticpastbut,instead,ofcustoms benefit eachother. Consideringthattraditionis allow boththeinhabitantsandvisitorstomutually of existingstructurestobeservedashome-stayswill hygienic livingconditions.Inaddition,adaptivereuse coherence amongthevillagers. social reinforce will life communal of center this products. Together withthenetworkof mutual help, market placeforpromotinganddistributinglocal farming andaccumulatedculturalwisdom;a sustainable in experience first-hand gain and learn allows not only youngvillagers,butalsovisitorsto space that platform andworkshop place; alearning initiatives, casualgatherings,andfestiveeventstake space wherevariousactivitiessuchascommunity center willplaymultiplerolesasacommunal community of Shari this respect,theestablishment and collective attempts are equally important. In inasmartway,the village revitalize bothindividual is an individual effort and thus insufficient. To pursuing theirancestralwalkof life, suchpromise andyoung’s house the inheriting to commitment Despite theeldermembers’ strongbeliefintheir People cultural landscapeofthevill will conserve the natural environment and the eco-tourism of management efficient Last, visitors. activities andthroughcultural exchangeswiththe theeco-touristic inpromoting among thevillagers will beheightenedthroughmutualcollaborations being apart of the villageandthe senseof belonging Furthermore, theinhabitants’ psychologicalvalueof to thecitiesinsearchforabrightfutureandbetterlife. inhabitants realize that it is not necessary to migrate products. Sucheconomicprospects will makethe raise thequalityandvalueoflocal technologies, family’s income,andwiththehelpofmodernfarming a increase will it Economically, benefit. threefold a place throughtheirprofession. This programhas be employedasameanstoengagepeoplewith the lackofhuman resources, eco-tourismcan abundance ofnaturalandculturalresources Given the paradoxical situation between the Profession Bhutanese Dwellings: SustainingtheStateofWellbeing-nessBhutanese Dwellings: age.

Nakhara 123 Nakhara 124 this event. of Architecture, Chulalongkorn Universityforsupporting Faculty Planning, the DepartmentofUrbanandRegional comments, andlastly totheDepartment of Architecture and juries for international sharingperspectivesandinsightful during theworkshopandcompetition,contestantteams appreciation toherstudentsfortheirco-operativework August 7-20,2014.Shewouldliketo express hersincere International CompetitiononCulturalLandscapeinBhutan, the ofBhutanfororganizing Affairs, RoyalGovernment Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural The author would like to express her gratitude to the AcknowledgmentS take rootinthesoilofthistraditionalsettlement. will truesustainability place, andprofession people, to note that only through the collaboration between holistic approach to achieve the goal. It is significant as a profession, and of education the reintegration of theoldtraditionandnewtechnology, and served-service space in dwellings, the integration of theseparation proposed ness, thispaper wellbeing- of sense the ecological—determining and economic, cultural, factors—social, significant all trust oftheGNHistoinclude Given thatthemain separate kitchenandcowshed. kitchen andseparatecowshed,thosewith kitchen and cowshed, the houses with integrated studies, whichcomprisesthe houseswithintegrated the of served-service spatialorganization thecase dwellers’ qualityoflife. Therefore thestudyanalyzed condition of theseindigenous dwellings and the domains isakeyfactorcontributingtothehygienic that therelationshipbetweenservedandservice surveys andinterviewswithinhabitants,it is clear the physiological aspect of dwellers. Based on field the physicaldimensionofdwellingsinrelationto context, the study delvedintothecontent that is the investigationofcultural Shari village.Following the culturalsystemof key frameworkstoexamine and Norberg-Schulz’s(1985) as modesofdwelling Hall’sIt adopted PrimaryMessageSystem(1966) ongoing processofmodernization andurbanization. ness oftraditionalBhutanesedwellingamidstthe the stateofwellbeing- in sustaining smart approach This paperstartedwithanintentiontoexplorea Conclusion Waricha Wongphyat sthash.pbzRQ2uA.dpuf http://www.tourism.gov.bt/plan/minimum-daily-package# 11FYP.pdf http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ 2014. August 7-20,2014. International CompetitiononCulturalLandscapeinBhutan in Bhutan,and Tourism andCommunityDevelopment,” Tourism CouncilofBhutan, “Tourism Policy, Tourism Trends 1930. Massachusetts:HarvardUniversityPress. Architecture, Domestic SpaceandBourgeoisCulture 1880- Sand, J. (2003) House . Phuntsho, K. (2013) International Publications. Waythe Figurative to Architecture C. (1985) Norberg-Schulz, Books. Hall, E.T. (1989) Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books. Hall, E.T. (1966)TheHiddenDimension . New York: Anchor Books. E.T.Hall, (1959) & KeganPaul. Fromm, E.(1955)TheSaneSociety.London:Routledge on Cultural LandscapeinBhutan 2014. August 7-20, 2014. Shari gewog, Paro dzongkhag,” in Specimen ofCulturalLandscape: A ClusterofHousesin Affairs, Royal Governmentof Bhutan, “Introductiontothe Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Heritage JournalVolume 2. Thimphu: Kuensel. Affairs, RoyalGovernmentofBhutan.(2011) Architectural Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural books. Sudthai [Bhutan: The Last Civilization] Bangkok: Open Achavanuntakul, S. (2006) References The Silent Language The Silent House and Home in Modern Japan: . Noida: Random The . Noida: Random The Concept of Dwelling: On The ConceptofDwelling: Bhutan Arayatham Haeng Bhutan Arayatham International Competition International Competition . New . New York: Rizzoli . New York: Anchor in