VOLUME • 73 NUMBER • 3 MARCH 1990 IEUIITIIESS

^ ^H #• •pv^ aft ^ H^^ publication.

and CUBA reuse for required Permission DFMS. / Church Episcopal the of Archives 2020. Copyright Letters

U.S. policy co-alcoholic fall of Noriega, but I have long held that ask that military aid to El Salvador be our national policy on drugs to date is cut off and to protest the arrest of church Thanks to THE WITNESS for its inci- unrealistic and ignores the lessons of our workers there. Then I called the Em- sive reporting on U.S. aggression in history, notably from 1918 to 1935. bassy of El Salvador, which was curt, Central America. The United States has I also know well that the entire history rude, and difficult to understand. a co-alcoholic foreign policy. A co-alco- of West Indians and others who were When I dialed the White House, I was holic helps his relative or friend, the al- imported to work, literally from birth to told that political commentary had to be coholic, in such a way that the sickness death, on the Panama Railroad, the directed to another number. I called worsens. The "co" gives money, food French Canal and the American Canal there and was put on hold. After a long and support to the alcoholic. The sick under the brutal gold and silver system, wait, I hung up because I couldn't afford person gets sicker. which represented total discrimination

publication. the mounting cost. Maybe that's the Our U.S. "co" policy in Central and — at least until 1948 and probably ploy. If the White House is counting, it and South America purports to help the longer. A change did take place, during certainly cuts down protest calls from people of those regions. Take Panama. my years as rector of Christ Church, those like myself on limited budgets. reuse We want to help the people throw off a when the silver workers organized and Shouldn't the White House have a 1-800 for dictator, establish a better economy and for the first time received recognition of number to receive political comments stop the drug traffic. To help our sick mainland labor. Even though the initial from the people? neighbor, we invade the country, kill effort ran into difficulties under the Would you please send me another required thousands of people, and perpetuate United Public Workers, expelled from copy of the January issue? I sent mine to widespread looting. We establish a gov- the CIO on grounds of communist lean- Barbara Bush, along with materials on ernment that suits us. We lend them ings, the succeeding union was, I be- El Salvador which a Catholic nun had money and supplies which they can't lieve, effective in eliminating the gold Permission given me. I asked the nun if she knew pay back. The sickness will worsen. and silver standard and accomplishing about THE WITNESS and she said yes, What assists an alcoholic is taking re- some much needed parity in salaries for she thought it was terrific and a number DFMS. sponsibility for one's self. What will non-U.S. citizens. / of her friends subscribe. I just wanted help Central and South America is self- you to know you had readers in the Ro- determination. The leadership and Nevertheless, at best the native work- man Catholic community here. Church people of those countries can handle ers as a whole have continued to suffer economic hardship, aggravated by gov- Louise D. Smith their own problems if we co-alcoholics ernmental graft during the last 30 years, Holt, Mich. will get out of the way. and if, as it appears, drug use spread Episcopal I must be missing something in all this widely through the populace, many of Militarism rekindled the Panama stuff. If we were unhappy with the causes do not lie far beneath the sur- of Your editorials are always right on and Maggie Thatcher, could we go in and face. I would like to read a more detailed kidnap her and bring her to the United pertinent to current social problems. Ra- appraisal by Waldron in support of his cism is still with us, and militarism has States for trial? Isn't there something in painful long-term solution, i.e., broad, Archives international law that suggests this to be been rekindled with the bloody and "suc- national repentance. Certainly the cessful" invasion of Panama. Washing- a no-no? United States has never measured up to 2020. ton keeps sending financial and military The Rev. Robert Warren Cromey its responsibilities and opportunities, and San Francisco, Cal. support to the butchers in El Salvador. Panama, on the other hand, has been too People everywhere in the country prone to rely on Canal income instead of sympathize for the murdered Jesuits and Copyright For legalizing drugs developing her own national resources, associates down there. Protests ended in generally neglected over the years. As former rector of Christ Church by the arrests for trespassing on federal prop- Sea, Colon, it is with considerable satis- The Rev. John Chisholm erty here and elsewhere. Over 20 of our faction that I endorse the article by the Huntingdon Valley, Pa. people were arrested here in New Or- present rector, Edward O. Waldron, en- leans, including visiting professor, Dan titled "Drugs: Legalize the supply?" in Berrigan. the January WITNESS. I do not know White House 'on hold' I wish you grace and blessings. the present situation in Panama, and I After reading your January editorial, I The Rev. Joseph H. Fichter, S J. assume his article was written before the called my representative and senator to New Orleans, La.

THE WITNESS Likes keeping up to date ishment and our country's lethal aid to I joined the Anglican Church in 1974 El Salvador). The pro-choice claim here .in Montreal and will always be grateful. I was pleased to read Anita Cornwell's is that it is contradictory to be against I learned that the church is not an option profile of Angela Davis in the January abortion and for capital punishment or or a denomination, but a nation tran- WITNESS, because I had not seen any- lethal foreign aid. This claim, however, scending political boundaries, within thing written about her for a long time. It is a serious complication not for the anti- which each citizen possesses integrity was interesting to find out what Davis is abortion advocate but for the pro-choice and has the right not to be ignored, or doing now, and her vision for the future. one. The complication is this: There is a worse, crushed. Like Our Lord, people She has always been one of the most contradiction only if abortion and capital who try to put such a belief into practice consistently hard-working, aware and in- punishment, or lethal foreign aid, each are unpopular. telligent activists who came out of the involves the loss of human life. The pro- Vivian Lewin publication. 1960s. choice criticism here entails that abor- Gainesville, Fla. and As a Quaker with a longtime commit- tion involves the loss of human life. ment to social action, I like reading THE According to Bland et al, it is most

reuse Getting on with it WITNESS and being updated about the important to uphold the separation of

for In view of the message of the whole ar- people who have provided leadership church and state. If this recommendation ticle ("AIDS and the survival of the fit- and inspiration in the movement for so- is right, then Christians must be politi- test" by John Snow, December) it's cial change. It's important to keep up cally still and silent. And stillness and required probably "picky" to note Carnegie's with them. silence are deadly. name on page 8 leading the Vanderbilts Cathryn Coate John D. Munday Philadelphia, Pa. and Rockefellers as laissez faire capital- Rockledge, Pa. ists. In one respect he differed. As I re- Permission member from reading Annie Dillard, Letter gives pause Not mainstream enough Carnegie did as he had planned and dis- It seems to me that there are a few DFMS. I do not wish to renew THE WITNESS tributed his wealth at his death (all those / alarming points sounded by the pro- for the coming year, either my own sub- Carnegie Libraries) leaving only a mil- choice letter of Jeanne Bland et al in the scription or my gift subscriptions. I feel lion or so for his family — not enough to

Church January WITNESS. Their characteriza- the magazine does not represent the be a self-perpetuating "empire." tion of the anti-abortion perspective mainstream of Episcopalian thought. I like the idea that it's "the fear" of seems ordinary and misleading. The articles are too one-sided with basi- death that makes us give in (and give Offering myself and knowing others, Episcopal cally the same opinions in all of the is- up). But some things seem to be falling secular and religious, I must insist that in place — a possible program for train- the sues. I do not feel that I would be a good

of anti-abortion protestors need not be Ro- steward of the monies entrusted to me if ing and retooling for a peace time econ- man Catholic or Protestant fundamental- I continued. omy, Tom Wicker correcting our view ist, and that their aim is not necessarily Mrs. Geri Stirling, Director of nuclear waste (it cannot be "solved" Archives to proscribe contraception and sex edu- Church Peridical Club and done with; it's with us for thousands cation. Some advocate these things. Diocese of Arizona of years). Might as well get on with it.

2020. The authors of the letter unacceptably Eleanor Miles suggest that the actions of anti-abortion Madison, Wise. protestors are appropriate only to a scene Picks up tab

Copyright from a Fellini movie. Indeed, Christian- Last spring you wrote and offered me a ity stands to suffer greatly if, within any- year's subscription when I'd finished my Missing the mag one's community, even Christians genu- degree, as you do for seminarians. Well, Please send me THE WITNESS as soon inely ridicule or impugn the display of I'm happy to say I received the MFA in as possible. I've had nothing to read crucifixes, priests, kneeling and praying. creative writing recently for a collection since I stopped subscribing. What is hap- According to Bland et al, some anti- of 38 poems, plus those term papers of pening in South and Central America? In abortion people support capital punish- course. But I'd like to kick in one year's Africa? What about health care, the age- ment and our country's lethal aid to El worth because surely your generosity ing, the homeless, etc.? Salvador (even though some anti-abor- will find good use for the revenue. I en- Janet Dickerson tion protesters also execrate capital pun- joy THE WITNESS each month. DesPeres, Mo.

March 1990 THE WITNESS THE

Editor Mary Lou Suhor Assistant Editor Susan E. Pierce umriEss Promotion Manager Lynne Hoekman Editorial Assistant Susan Small

Sr. Contributing Editor Robert L. DeWitt

Contributing Editors Barbara C. Harris Carter Heyward James Lewis Manning Marable J. Antonio Ramos William W. Rankin publication. Publisher Episcopal Church Publishing Co. and

reuse ECPC BOARD OF DIRECTORS for

Chair J. Antonio Ramos Table of Contents required Vice-Chair Carman St. J. Hunter Cuba studies role in an abandoned Third World Secretary Gloria Brown 6 Sam Day

Permission Treasurer Robert N. Eckersley Doing theology in a Marxist ambience John H. Burl 9 Alice Callaghan Alice L. Hageman DFMS.

/ Otis Charles Migdalia DeJesus-Torres Cuba's love affair with children William R. MacKaye

Church 12 Margaret E. Ferry Nan Arrington Peete William W. Rankin Chester L. Talton 'A revolution with the Revolution': Women's rights in Cuba Chris Weiss Susan E. Pierce Episcopal 14 the

of Havana is not East Berlin THE WITNESSS (ISSN0197-8896) is published monthly except July/August by The Episcopal 18 J. Antonio Ramos Church Publishing Company. Editorial Office:

Archives P.O. Box 359, Ambler, PA 19002. Telephone Churches crucial in breaking barrier (215) 643-7067. THE WITNESS is indexed in 22 Religious and Theological Abstracts and the Jim Lewis 2020. American Theological Library Association's Reli- gion Index One Periodicals. University Microfilms How not to evangelize International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, 25 Mary Lou Suhor

Copyright Ml 48106, reproduces this publication in micro- form: microfiche and 16 mm or 35 mm film. Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 1989. SUBSCRIP- TIONS: $20 per year, $2.50 per copy. Foreign subscriptions add $5 per year. CHANGE OF ADDRESS: Please advise of changes al least 6 weeks in advance. Include your label from the magazine and send lo: Sub- scription Dept., THE WITNESS, P.O. Box 359, Credits Cover, Beth Seka, TSI Visuals; graphics pp. 6-7, David Bragin; photos pp. 8, Ambler PA 19002. 13, James Lewis; photos pp. 15, 24, Mary Lou Suhor; graphic p. 17, Susan Small; photo p. 19, courtesy Alice Hageman; photo p. 21, Susan Pierce.

THE WITNESS Editorial

Welcome home, Nelson Mandela

/ am the first accused. At the outset, I want to say that the suggestion made by the state in its opening that the struggle in South Africa is under the influence of foreigners or Communists is wholly incorrect. I had done whatever I did both as an individual and as a leader of my people, because of my experience in South Africa and my own proudly felt African back-

publication. ground, and not because of what any outsider might have said .. . / have been influenced by Marxist thought, but this is also true of many of the leaders of and the new independent states. Such widely different persons as Gandhi, Nehru, Nkrumah, and reuse Nasser all acknowledged this fact. We all accept the need for some form of socialism to for enable our people to catch up with the advanced countries of this world to overcome their legacy of extreme poverty . . .

required During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cher- ished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony

Permission and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. — Nelson Mandela in his 1964 defense speech, reprinted in THE WITNESS, 2/87 DFMS. /

Church Arliter 27 and 1/2 years — almost a Africa, in a campaign which allowed Suites. As peace activist Dan Berrigan generation in time — Nelson Mandela Angola and Namibia to successfully de- put it, "governments vanish like Punch is free. We prayerfully rejoice, along fend themselves against South Africa in and Judy puppets, and prisoners become Episcopal with his wife, Winnie, and the rest of the their struggles for sovereignty. It was the heads of state" abroad, but "we Ameri- the world united around the struggle against defeat of the invading South African cans are stuck. This country is like a of apartheid in South Africa — at the same forces in Cuito Cuanavale, Tchipa and mortuary convention led by the stalking time suppressing outrage that this Afri- Calueque, which forced South African dead. Except these convening corpses are potent indeed; they mock the living, Archives can National Congress leader had to authorities to sit at the table with Angola spend some 10,000 days of his life be- in negotiations mediated by the United lie and smile and kill by proxy . . . We

2020. hind bars. States. Another consequence of Cuban see horrific images of the dead of Roma- Mandela's first speech after his release military presence was the creation of nia, nothing of the dead of Panama. Evi- reflected that he still affirms violence as conditions for Namibian independence. dently to paraphrase Orwell, some Copyright a defensive, last resort to achieve libera- Interestingly, Cuba has named as head corpses are more equal than others." tion. In that respect, it is fitting that the of its Anti-Apartheid Committee the Therefore, this Lent we rejoice for release of Mandela coincided with this Rev. Adolfo Ham, a Presbyterian pastor. Nelson Mandela and the hope his release issue of THE WITNESS about Cuba, a This is the first time in recent history offers for ANC efforts to create a new country which has fought at great cost that a church person has been asked to South Africa. Toward that end, we will against racism and colonialism in south- lead a government effort there. intensify our support to maintain eco- ern Africa. Cuba recently buried more But in these months of explosive so- nomic sanctions. But equally, we will than 2,200 men and women who had cial change, even in South Africa, we continue to work and pray for change died in military and civilian service in seek in vain for perestroika in the United and justice in our own hemisphere. FI71

March 1990 Cuba studies role in an

'ecember 7th. That date has special ban soldiers were returning home as he- ment has defended throughout its heroic meaning not only in the United States roes — and President Jose Eduardo Dos and inspiring history. However, if fate but also in Cuba, where it marks the day Santos of Angola had come to help Fidel were to decree that, one day, we would one of its noted revolutionaries, Antonio Castro honor the dead. be among the last defenders of socialism Maceo, was killed in the struggle for The rumble of slow-moving artillery in a world in which U.S. imperialism Cuban independence in 1896. Because caissons bearing flag-draped coffins had realized Hitler's dream of world of its significance, Cubans chose Dec. underlined the solemnity of this farewell domination, we would defend this bul- 7th last year to lay to rest the remains of salute. The words and tone of the Cuban wark to the last drop of our blood." their men and women who died in fur- leader imparted an additional note of Cuba welcomes the Cold War thaw, publication. therance of other independence struggles somberness. with its prospect for nuclear disarma-

and — mainly in Africa, the land of Maceo's On this December 7th Cuba said good- ment, Castro said, but it sees the grow- ancestors. The special memorial cere- bye not just to its sons and daughters ing U.S.-Soviet political accord as po- reuse mony took place at El Cacahual mauso- who died in the cause of international tentially dangerous to the Third World. for leum, near Havana, where Maceo's re- socialism on distant shores. It also bade "They speak of peace," he said, "but mains are interred. a public farewell to old friends from what kind of peace? Of peace between More than 2,000 Cuban "international- across the waters who had helped protect the major powers, while imperialism re- required ist fighters" have died protecting the re- socialism at home. serves the right to intervene in and at- gime that emerged 15 years ago from His beard turning grey but his voice tack the Third World countries." Portuguese colonial rule in Angola. On a still strong and defiant, Fidel Castro, He cited several examples of growing Permission per capita basis, that's higher than the now 63, told the hushed crowd that Cuba U.S. intervention in the affairs of under- U.S. death toll in Vietnam. will go it alone if necessary rather than developed nations, unaware that within

DFMS. Now, with Angolan independence ap- follow the Soviet Union and Eastern Eu- two weeks the invasion of Panama / parently made secure by negotiated rope in dismantling communism. would provide him with another. withdrawal of South African forces, Cu- He stressed that socialism cannot be "The imperialist government of the Church saved by resorting to the tools of capital- United States demands that no one help ism; and the cause of socialism cannot the Salvadoran revolutionaries and tries Samuel H. Day, Jr. is co-director of Nukewatch be advanced by joining capitalism in to blackmail the USSR into ending its Episcopal in Madison, Wise, and a member of THE WIT- plundering the Third World. economic and military assistance to the NESS Editorial Board. He recently spent six Castro said, "We have never aspired to Nicaragua and Cuba because we express of months in jail for non-violent civil disobedience at a missile silo site. While in jail, he edited a having custody of the banners and prin- solidarity with the Salvadoran revolu- book entitled Prisoners on Purpose. ciples which the revolutionary move- tionaries, even though we abide strictly Archives 2020. Copyright

THE WITNESS abandoned Third World by Sam Day

by our commitments concerning the intention of relinquishing one-party con- larly among young people, who don't weapons supplied by the USSR . . . trol, ordering Western-style political remember the old days. Meanwhile, that same imperialist gov- elections, cutting back their system of Though a poor nation not overly-en- ernment which is demanding an end to centralized social planning, or returning dowed with natural resources, Cuba has solidarity with Salvadoran revolutionar- to a market economy. made giant social strides since 1959 — ies is helping the genocidal Salvadoran They freely acknowledged that there is bringing health care, education and government and sending special combat popular discontent in this island nation housing within reach of all, eliminating units to El Salvador; supporting the of 10 million, particularly among young great disparities between rich and poor. counterrevolution in Nicaragua; organiz- people. But Cuba is in no danger of But these achievements have come at the publication. ing coups d'etat and the assassinations of going the way of Poland, East Germany, cost of market place austerities. leaders in Panama; sending military aid and Czechoslovakia or Romania, they as- No Cuban goes to bed hungry or to UNITA in Angola — in spite of the sured us, because socialism has deeper homeless, we were told, but the food is reuse successful peace agreements in south- roots here. The revolution was achieved plain and the apartments are apt to be for western Africa — and continuing to sup- by the Cubans themselves (rather than cramped with relatives and in-laws wait- ply the rebel forces in Afghanistan with being imported by the Red Army) and it ing for a home of their own. Such con- large amounts of weapons, ignoring the continues to enjoy a far greater degree of sumer shortages, partly the result of poli- required Geneva Accords and the fact that Soviet popular participation. cies that deliberately favor underlying troops have withdrawn," said Castro. "Popular participation is the key to our social programs, are compounded by bu- For a WITNESS writers' group tour- revolution," we were told by Fernando reaucratic inefficiencies — freely admit- Permission ing Cuba in early December, the defi- Garcia-Bielsa, a Communist Party Cen- ted by the government — and U.S. eco- ance of Castro — who led Cuba out of tral Committee official whose job is to nomic strategies designed to deny the Castro government badly-needed hard DFMS. the U.S. political and economic orbit in help keep the party leadership abreast of / 1959 — dispelled any questions of hemispheric developments. currencies. whether Cuba will trim its sails to meet "Here we made our own revolution. At the heart of the U.S. economic of- Church the new winds blowing from the Com- But it wasn't just an historical happening fensive is a trade embargo which, by munist world. 30 years ago. It has been happening ev- sealing off the nearby U.S. market, has The answer, reiterated in interviews ery year," said Garcia-Bielsa. stunted and distorted the Cuban econ- Episcopal with lesser government and party offi- He and others acknowledged the diffi- omy, making it heavily dependent on the the cials, is an emphatic "No." Unlike their culty of maintaining enthusiasm for the socialist trading bloc half a world away. of allies in the Soviet bloc, the people who revolution in the face of continuing scar- In addition, U.S. policy has aimed, often have ruled Cuba for 31 years have no city and rising expectations — particu- successfully, at denying Cuba access to Archives 2020. Copyright

March 1990 oihcr trading partners and international grab headlines and stimulate public pro- lending sources. test. The United Stales makes no bones 5. Churches do not provide the same about the purpose of its economic and link. Much of the U.S. domestic support ideological warfare against socialist for revolutionary movements in Central Cuba. The purpose is to isolate that America comes from the identification country economically and politically, to of religious people with that struggle. In hamstring its development, and thereby the revolution, which preceded the ad- to deter others in Latin America and the vent of liberation theology, the Cuban Caribbean from following the Cuban ex- churches identified with the forces of re- ample. I action. 6. Communist Cuba, like any govern- Can Cuba survive the continuing U.S. Ramon Sanchez-Parodi "cold war" in the face of changing ment under virtual siege by a powerful circumstances in the Eastern bloc which remained the victim of bipartisan U.S. nearby foe, has repressive features such could terminate the ideologically-based foreign policy consensus which seems to as occasional summary trials and execu- publication. grants and trade subsidies that Cuba has regard the Cuban revolution as a threat. tions, political prisoners, sanctions re- and enjoyed since the revolution? What the Deputy Foreign Minister garding religion, a controlled press, and That question was put to Ramon San- said was doubly true. The U.S. govern- an excessively regimented economy. reuse chc/.-Parodi, Cuba's Deputy Foreign ment has succeeded in isolating Cuba This has understandably alienated many for Minister for American affairs. He said not just from much of the world econ- Americans, including some on the left. yes. omy but from the U.S. peace and justice Despite the difficulties standing in the required "The embargo has been going on for movement as well. way of a fully-informed public opinion, 30 years. We're almost used to it." He Why do American political activists, U.S. policy toward Cuba ought not to said what concerned him more was the properly sensitized to their government's remain unchallenged. At stake is the

Permission adverse impact on Third World nations interference in Nicaragua and El Salva- simple question of justice for a neighbor- from current changes in Eastern Europe dor, evince little awareness or concern ing country that has done us no harm. and the Soviet Union. He said he already about bludgeoning of Cuba? Several ex- But the issue goes deeper than that. DFMS. / saw signs of international capital aban- planations come to mind: The effort to isolate and cripple the doning Third World projects in order to 1. The embargo has worked all too independent government of Cuba is part

Church pursue new investment opportunities in well. It has curtailed U.S. travel in Cuba, of a larger policy of projecting American Eastern Europe. restricted cultural contacts between the power and influence elsewhere in the As for its dealing with the United two countries, and cut off the informa- world to the detriment of other countries

Episcopal Suites, Cuba would like to normalize re- tion we need in order to make a fair and also to Americans, who ultimately the lations, Sanchcz-Parodi said, but not on judgment of the Cuban revolution. wind up bearing the burdens of empire. of the basis of the past, when the United 2. The information vacuum has been We can best challenge that policy by ex- States treated the island like an eco- filled by a government disinformation amining all its parts. The U.S. war on nomic colony. From Cuba's standpoint program aimed at falsely portraying Cuba is a significant part of that policy. Archives there arc no serious issues between the Cuba as a threat to vital U.S. interests Now that the tensions and the hysteria

2020. two governments, and it would welcome and other nations in Latin America and of the East-West cold war are subsiding cooperation in such common problems the Caribbean. at long last, it would be a shameful irony as combatting the illegal drug trade. 3. A large and influential Cuban exile if those forces were rechanneled into a

Copyright Periodic peace feelers from Havana or community in the United States has North-South war against bogus enemies Washington always have foundered on aided and abetted our government's in the Third World. the rock of U.S. ideological hostility, campaign of lies and distortions about For many years the cold warriors in Sanchcz-Parodi said. From time to time the Cuban revolution. our midst have been preparing for that over the years U.S. domestic opinion has 4. Except for the abortive Bay of Pigs eventuality through the villainizalion of exerted a restraining influence on U.S. invasion in 1961, the U.S. campaign poor Third World countries that dared to policy toward such places as Vietnam, against Cuba has been a bloodless one. deviate from our control. Cuba is the southern Africa and Central America, Unlike the wars in Nicaragua and El Sal- place where that process began. It's a Sanchcz-Parodi observed. But Cuba has vador, there have been no atrocities to good place to bring it to a halt. E3

THE WITNESS Doing theology in a Marxist ambience

by Alice L. Hageman

As rapid changes come to Eastern Chinese and Russian delegates were alike have tried to sort out some of the European countries, churches have been prominent; by 1964, the Chinese were tensions between traditional and contem- working within socialist frameworks to no longer attending. For many years the porary understandings on the part of help reshape the emerging political and CPC served as the Eastern European both church and government. social order. Although socialist countries quasi-counterpart to the World Council The first of these international meet- are usually stereotyped as totally anti- of Churches. The Russian Orthodox ings of theologians took place in 1979,

publication. religion, Christian-Marxist dialogue has Church provided primary CPC financial on the theme, "Evangelization and Poli- been going on quietly in these countries support, as the churches in the United tics." The second meeting, or encuentro, and for many years. But this dialogue has States and Western Europe did for the was held in November 1983, with par- also shaped a new theology in the reuse WCC. In those days theological dis- ticipants gathering at the same time that

for churches of Latin America and the Car- course in the CPC, as in the WCC, was the bodies of Cuban construction work- ibbean. shaped chiefly by "east-west" rather than ers and others killed in the U.S. invasion Last winter, for example, a group of "north-south" issues. of Grenada were being returned home. required 100 academics, activists, and clergy Early CPC deliberations were domi- Just as the second gathering took place gathered at a Cuban seminary in Matan- nated by "the German question," and al- under the cloud of Grenada, so also was zas for the Third International Encu.en.tro though persons from the Southern Hemi- this third encuentro dominated by politi-

Permission (Encounter) of Theology, sponsored by sphere were present from the beginning cal events — this time in El Salvador the Latin American and Caribbean re- at CPC assemblies, Third World issues and in anticipation of U.S. action in Pan- gion of the Christian Peace Conference. were secondary to the conversations be- ama. And the Eastern Europeans present DFMS. / Most participants came from outside tween Christians east and west. Of par- — a Czech and an East German — were Cuba, although Cubans constituted the ticular interest in early CPC gatherings overtaken by events occurring in their

Church largest single delegation, including sev- were the contrasting assessments of homelands in the brief time they had eral participant observers from the De- Marxism made by those whose daily been traveling, as news came daily of partment of Religious Studies of the Cu- lives were shaped by institutions mod- far-reaching and seemingly irreversible

Episcopal ban Academy of Sciences. There were eled after the thoughts of Marx and changes. November 1989, like Novem- the also six European and six U.S. partici- Lenin, versus those who had difficulty ber 1983, was an historic moment to be of pants. imagining any option other than exile present at such a gathering. The Christian Peace Conference origi- open to a Christian living in a Marxist The theme was "Evangelization and

Archives nated in the Eastern Europe of the late society. Since the early 1960s, partici- Colonization: Past, Present and Future of 1950s, under the tutelage of noted Czech pants in CPC gatherings were no strang- Latin America and the Caribbean." The

2020. theologian Josef Hromadka. Since its in- ers to Christian-Marxist dialogue. keynote biblical text was taken from ception CPC's international headquarters It was not until the 1970s that CPC Micah 5:2a, "Yawch will abandon them has been located in Prague. Its first as- regional groups began to develop in the only until such time as that which is to

Copyright sembly took place in 1961, when both Southern Hemisphere. It is appropriate be born will be born." (Latin American that all three of the theological version.) This encuentro was also no- encuenlros sponsored by the Latin table as one of the first gatherings in which a Christian organization evaluated Alice L. Hageman a Presbyterian minister and American-Caribbean group have taken attorney, has been inquiring into religion in Cuba place in Matanzas, since Cuba is the first the heritage of 1492, when Christopher since 1969. Co-author of Religion in Cuba To- country in the Western Hemisphere Columbus arrived in the Western Hemi- day, she recently made her 11 th trip to the is- where Christian-Marxist encounters have sphere, in anticipation of the 500th anni- land. She currently investigates allegations of versary of the event in 1992. lawyer misconduct for the Massachusetts Board taken place on an informal and daily ba- of Bar Overseers. sis, and where Christians and Marxists Luis Rivera Pagan, a professor at the

March 1990 University of Puerto Rico, gave the key- cuentro. During a Bible study on the Temple. Pixley posited that those who note speech, a systematic evaluation of Gospel of Luke, Pixley asserted that stayed tranquilly rooted in the Temple in European presence in the Southern por- Luke lied, describing in his Gospel a Jerusalem were accomplices in the per- tion of the Western Hemisphere over the false, temple-based view of the early secution of early Christians. The discus- past 500 years. Exploring potential pos- church. Luke's perspective, according to sion, though spirited, was geared espe- tures towards 1992 — celebration, com- cially to those well-versed in contempo- memoration, or acknowledgement of Pope invited to Cuba rary New Testament studies. conquest — he identified the impact of Maria Vasconcclos Rezcnde, a Brazil- the Columbus voyages as conquest, re- Pope John Paul II may go to Cuba next year. Jose Felipe Carneado, ian, was the only woman to make a ma- sulting in ethnic genocide of native head of the Office of Religious Affairs jor presentation. She was the third peoples. of the Communist Party of Cuba, vis- speaker on the second morning's pro- Rivera especially emphasized the ited the Vatican in May and delivered gram. The two men who preceded her negative impact of the conquest on in- a message from Fidel Castro, encour- took more than their allotted time. She aging the Pope to accept an invitation digenous women. Describing the near- extended by Cuba's Roman Catholic did not protest, but rather told them to

publication. ideal (and possibly idealized) role of Bishops. take all the time they wanted; instead of women in pre-Columbian culture, he as- Commenting on his meeting with 30 to 40 minutes, she was left with less and serted that the encounter of the two the Pope, Dr. Carneado said, "This than 15. In her brief remarks she empha- visit, for which the Cuban govern-

reuse worlds meant that woman went from a sized that, as Rivera had pointed out, ment feels conditions exist . . . will for situation in which she was a natural part- reaffirm the new relationship, and 1992 is an opportunity to celebrate the ner with man in a setting where both had that differences which existed in the role of women in resistance. However, a relationship with nature, to one in a pa- past have been overcome, it will be she pointed out that this is also a time to required triarchal, nature-denying society where an extraordinary contribution tor recognize that persistence in women's she was required to submit to man and both the Catholic Church and the domestic work had made daily life toler- Cuban people, as well as tor our gov- was confined to a private world in which ernment, which is interested in unity able, not only in the kitchen and home,

Permission her identity and value was derived solely between believers and nonbelievers," but also in contributing to the domestic through her body. he added. and nurturing aspect of various Once raped, she was marked by the Several Latin Americans present at workplaces. DFMS. / aggressor; whether mistress, concubine the Christian Peace Conference Vasconcclos later explained that her questioned Cubans in informal con- or wife, she was placed at the disposal of versation about why Fidel Castro had refusal to protest the diminution of her Church the erotic needs of the conquistadores, Invited the Pope. The critics said they allotted time had been a form of protest producing the children who assured the thought John Paul II was very con- against the patriarchal organization of continuity of society. Women, argued servative in his positions; in light of the encuentro. Most of the time was his activities during his visit to Nica- Episcopal Rivera, were the true representatives of spent in plenary session as speakers ragua, they warned that he was a po- the cultural resistance — they sought ways tentially damaging guest to receive. (most of whom were male) made formal of to preserve their own society while The Cubans pointed out, however, presentations. The lunch break was only learning the culture of the new society. that the invitation had come from the an hour long. There was little opportu- Cuban bishops, not from Castro, and nity for informal interchange or gather- Archives Hector Diaz Palanco, from the Do- although a calculated risk they felt minican Republic, further explored the Cuba had more to gain than lose in ings in which the spirit might blow loose

2020. theme of ethnic genocide resulting from the visit. among this unique gathering. Lodging the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. The Pope's visit is tentatively logistics further contributed to a lack of Diaz asserted that the anti-ethnic bias of scheduled for 1991; the exact date cohesion and the difficulty of informal

Copyright Christianity as the "one true faith" depends on his travel schedule. interchange. Cuban delegates were played a significant role in eradicating housed at the seminary, while other par- the historic roots of various ethnic ticipants were bused back and forth from groups. Pixley, represented an effort to legiti- a hotel 45 minutes away in the beach Jorge Pixley, a North American who mize Peter's role and the importance of resort of Varadcro, thus segregating en- has lived most of his life in Latin Amer- the apostles' stay in Jerusalem, while de- cuentro participants from 6 p.m. until 9 ica and currently teaches at a Baptist emphasizing the popular church and the a.m. each day. seminary in Nicaragua, provoked the importance of radical anti-ecclesiastical To some extent Vasconcelos' observa- most lively discussion during the en- actions such as the cleansing of the tion about the organization of this event

10 THE WITNESS reflected a tension inherent in the en- was an emphasis on and affirmation of political analysis of contemporary Latin cuentro. Many participants were aca- our interconnectedness and our vision of America, Christian-Marxist collabora- demics and church administrators who, being one people facing common threats tion was addressed more implicitly than although acquainted with grass-roots ac- and sharing common dreams. Many explicitly. That may be symbolic of tivities and fluent in the "option-for-the- speakers were optimistic that, despite the where the issue now finds itself, as the poor" language of liberation theology, decline of emphasis on collaborative attendant anxiety of previous decades nevertheless are accustomed to formal work since the '60s, and the dominance has subsided, and relations have pro- presentations and structured delibera- of individualism in the '80s, new winds gressed to the point where both tions in conference settings. Those par- might be stirring in the '90s. This en- collaboration and distinctiveness are as- ticipants who were more activist than cuentro gave a taste of the rich fare re- sumed. As Sergio Mendcz Arceo, former academic, although no strangers to disci- sulting when persons met one another Roman Catholic bishop of Cuernavaca, plined reflection, find more informal set- and shared their preoccupations in such a Mexico, pointed out in his closing re- tings and less structured schedules more global perspective. marks, although there are no contradic- conducive to productive interchange. The issue of collaboration between tions between Christianity and Marxism, publication. For example, a young priest from Bra- Christians and Marxists was the third neither is there an identity. Yet, he con- and zil displayed photos of his friends and theme. Although Fernando Martinez, of cluded, there is mutual understanding — colleagues who had been murdered re- the Cuban Communist Party's Center for and that does represent an explosive pos- reuse cently, and in a persistent and quiet way the Study of the Americas, presented a sibility. Id for sought opportunities to share his story informally with others. He told of the courageous few who are taking on big required landowners and their hired vigilantes to assert the claims of the landless to the land they work and occupy. The specif- Permission ics of his story made the theory and rhetoric of the conference come alive,

DFMS. and his photos gave human faces to / those who are all too often forfeiting their lives in the many struggles through- Church out Latin America for land, bread, and Facts about Cuba dignity. Cuba is the largest island in the West Indies and lies on the northern In addition to consideration of issues

Episcopal boundary of the Caribbean Sea, about 90 miles south of Key West, related to 1992, there were three other the Fla. Measuring approximately 745 miles from west to east, its width recurring themes. One was the impact of of ranges from 22 miles to 125 miles. In land area, Cuba is about the the external debt, a continuing preoccu- size of Pennsylvania. Its harbors — Havana, Santiago, Guantanamo, pation throughout Latin America. Per- Bahia Honda, etc. are among the best in the world. Archives haps less widely known, and one more Population: Approximately 10.4 million. Some 73% live in urban of the connections made in this setting,

2020. areas, 27% in rural areas. Ethnic breakdown is 66% Caucasian, 12% is that several countries in Eastern Eu- Black, 22% "Mixed." rope, including Rumania, Poland, and Workforce: About 62% male and 39% female. Unemployment rate Hungary, are also struggling with a ma-

Copyright is 3.4%. Average monthly salary is 190 to 210 pesos (1 peso = jor debt burden. Lubomir Mirejowski, US$1.25). Rent, by law, is no more than 10% of a worker's income. General Secretary of the CPC Interna- Health care and education are free. A liter of rationed milk costs .25 tional, pointed out that the temptation to pesos. A kilo (2.2 lbs.) of rationed chicken costs 1.54 pesos. seek loans from foreign banks to finance Literacy: 98%; enrollment among primary school-age children is everything from major development 100%. projects to consumer goods is one of the Life expectancy: 74 years, men; 76 years, women. Infant morality greatest threats to Eastern European rate 11 per 1000. countries in the coming years. A second, and more hopeful, theme

March 1990 11 Cuba's love affair with children by Margaret E. Ferry

he American citizen lucky enough to on behalf of some of its 180 million citi- had been their inspiration. Pre-revolution meet the strict U.S. government guide- zens, was unsuccessful in invading children in the countryside could look lines for a legal visit to Cuba receives a Cuba, a country of less than 9 million at forward to a short life of poverty, hun- little red brochure at the Miami airport. that time. ger, disease, and illiteracy. An early pri- It does nothing to relieve any twinges of So what did I go to see in Cuba on my ority of Fidel Castro was the provision of first trip in 1986? My professional inter- potable water throughout the island. This publication. anxiety the traveler may have regarding this country Americans know so little ests were in the fields of health and edu- public health measure meant an immedi- and about, and around which the U.S. gov- cation, and I had heard and read stories ate improvement in the health of the ernment has erected an invisible wall. of great Cuban successes in these two children as waterborne diseases were reuse practically eliminated. for The little red pamphlet explicates the areas. I wanted to see for myself. I came regulations issued under the Trading home depressed and shamed by the con- Food, to be sure, is rationed, but each with the Enemy Act as they apply to trast in priorities set by my country and a person is guaranteed a monthly basic required Cuba. As these regulations do not apply poor little nation 90 miles from Florida. diet which meets or exceeds the nutri- to either of the well-known communist In both health care and education Cuba tional and caloric guidelines of the countries, the Soviet Union and China, demonstrated its concern for children in United Nations. Additional and different

Permission the American traveler cannot help won- proactive programs for prevention and foodstuffs are available for those fami- dering how evil Cuba may be. The pam- early intervention. Planning emphasized lies who can afford higher prices. There phlet does not explain. It simply states an inclusive attitude for the common is little beef but ample quantities of DFMS. / that the United States issued these regu- good. The United States, however, has beans, rice, fruits, and vegetables. Well- lations in 1963 "in response to certain been more reactive. Prevention has had balanced meals are provided for children

Church hostile acts (unspecified) by the Cuban less emphasis than has crisis intervention in schools or day care centers, and no government" and that "the basic goal of and rehabilitation. Individual rights and deduction is made from the basic ration the sanctions against Cuba is to isolate privileges seem more important than the for meals or snacks. No one goes hun-

Episcopal Cuba economically and deprive it of common good. gry; there is no need for soup kitchens or the U.S. dollars." Violations of the regula- I decided I wanted to go back to Cuba food pantries. There are no Third World of tions can be punished by prison terms of to be sure my observations were valid, swollen bellies or emaciated babies. up to 12 years and fines for individuals and that what I had seen was not a fluke Like food, clothing is rationed; every- as high as $250,000.

Archives of time, places, or personalities. And I one receives two sets at a price the low- One explanation for Cuba's status as wanted to sec more of the churches in a est salary can afford. Again, families

2020. enemy may be found in the 1961 disaster country where the governmeni seemed with more than the basic income can known as the Bay of Pigs. That was to act in accordance with what we con- purchase additional clothes at a higher when the U.S. government, presumably sider "Christian values" but restricted price. School children wear simple but

Copyright church activities. I was fortunate enough attractive uniforms — skirts and blouses to become a member of THE WITNESS for the girls and shirts and trousers for news-gathering group. the boys. Impeccably clean and neat Margaret E. Ferry, Ed. D., has served in the field of health and education for 34 years and Again I was charmed by the warm and children come romping out of the poor- has studied health care systems in the USSR, friendly Cubans and their handsome est of housing. Day care center tots China, Europe, Japan, and Australia, as well as children, and impressed by how a poor change into play clothes which are kept Cuba. A long-time activist around social justice country look care of its children, the at the center and laundered there. They issues in the Episcopal Church, she has been a member of St. Stephen's, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., for least powerful of any group in society. A are dressed in a rainbow of colors and, the past 18 years. visitor might assume that Matthew 25 like their clothes, these youngsters arc

12 THE WITNESS bright and attractive. tertiary care is provided in regional hos- group which deals with local problems With basic needs for food, water, and pitals. A new children's hospital was and nominates representatives to the clothing adequately fulfilled, medical opened during my last visit. municipal CDR. In the case of potential care for children is in a position to de- The number, specialities, and place- delinquents, the CDR meets with the vote attention to health as well as to ment of physicians have encouraged the parents to support them in working out a sickness. From the moment of concep- development of systems integration be- solution to the problem. tion until death, health care is available, tween health, housing, education, and Articles 29 and 30 of the Cuban Code accessible, and free of charge for all Cu- production. Physicians can be found in on Children and Youth reads: bans; and it is of high quality. Cuban day care centers, schools, universities, The state pays special attention to the children now experience the lowest in- housing developments, communities, development of specialized schools for fant mortality rate in any nation in Cen- nursing homes, senior centers, and facto- children with physical or mental handi- tral or South America, and can also look ries. This strategic placement supports caps or with behavioral problems, in or- forward to the longest lifespan. Cuba's the Cuban belief that the health of the der to permit them, to the degree pos- sible and according to individual apti- infant mortality rate and longevity statis- nation, particularly the health of the chil- tudes, to take care of themselves and publication. dren, is essential for the future of the tics approach those of the United States. become a part of society.

and country. The success of the health care system Through the local bodies of the may be attributed to multiple interde- In addition to the hungry, thirsty, People's Power, the state pays particular reuse pendent causes. The need for shelter has naked and sick, Matthew 25 also ex- attention to minors between the ages of for been attacked through vigorous, massive pressed concern for the prisoner and the 13 and 17 who are behind in school or construction and rehabilitation programs. stranger. Neither of the trips provided have dropped out of the national educa- first-hand experience with the prison tion system, providing special schools required More housing is still needed, and build- ing continues, but new construction and system, but I did learn that children are where their scholarship level can be extended-family hospitality together en- not included in the adult system. If a raised and where they can be given job sure that no one will be homeless in youngster is not doing well in school, is training. Permission Cuba. having behavioral problems, or is sus- We did not see any of these schools. In addition to having the physical pected of petty thievery, he or she be- We did, however, visit a model day care center for hearing-impaired children be- DFMS. comes a concern of the local Committee

/ needs of children attended to by other tween 18 months and 6 years old. If spc- systems, the ratio of physicians to pa- for the Defense of the Revolution, the tients is about 1:400. The health care CDR. This is an organized neighborhood Continued on page 18 Church system has an adequate number of physi- cians and has the authority to determine their distribution by speciality and by Episcopal geographic location according to per- the

of ceived need. Family physicians live in the same neighborhood as their patients, provide

Archives health education, family planning, pre- ventive medicine, primary care, and care 2020. for the chronic illnesses of the elderly. The assumption has been that physicians who live among their patients will know Copyright them better, be more accessible, and bet- ter understand those problems, environ- mental or personal, which may affect the health of both children and adults. For conditions which demand more specialized pediatric care, the family physician makes referrals to the neigh- borhood clinic, or the most appropriate hospital in the area. Highly specialized, School students in Havana.

March 1990 13 'A revolution within the Revolution'

iirty-one years is but the blink of an Cuba. Much more attention has been lowed to work in stores or banks," Rivas eye in world history. But in Cuba, 30 paid in the United States, she noted, to noted. years has seen the reordering of society those who fled than to those who re- In 1959, Rivas said, "Infant mortality from top to bottom. Since the Cuban turned. was over 60 per 1,000 live births in the Revolution in 1959, the country has "Many Cubans repatriated after the city — the number in the countryside worked to leave behind its colonial past Revolution. For example, I went to a was not even known. Educational stan- and to shape its own future. school in Havana for repatriates' chil- dards for women were very low — 70% As part of that process, Fidel Castro dren in 1961 — there were 700 kids in had less than a third or fourth-grade edu- called the women's movement "a revo- my school alone," she said. cation, 25% were illiterate. Less than 1% lution within the revolution," and Cuban FMC headquarters is located on a tree- attended university. publication. women are still defining their role in a lined street in a building typical of many "Infant mortality is now about 11 per and society that is yet defining itself. In this government agencies — the former 1,000 in Cuba. There are many more sense, the revolution is "an unfinished home of an upper-class family. Floors women university students. In 1987-88, reuse product," in Castro's words. are marble and high-ceilinged rooms are there were 30,000 graduates, 16,600 of for Women have gained considerable paneled in mahogany. whom were women. Half the high school power in Cuban society, and have been Rivas said that FMC's membership population is women. In adult education, freed of many problems their sisters required numbers 3,400,000 women — 80% of out of 54,000 students, 26,000 were have in other developing countries be- the female population over 15 years old. women," she said. cause of the government's commitment Women have borne much of the brunt There is a history of a strong feminist to health care, nutrition and housing. of the enormous changes Cuba has gone movement in pre-revolution Cuba, Permission However, life is still austere — the ba- through. Before the revolution, women though it was mostly confined to middle sics are available, but it means standing were mostly confined to the home and and upper-class women. In 1939, the

DFMS. in long lines, dealing with ration books

/ childrearing. Wealthy women had ser- third Feminist Congress helped push and having to buy whatever is for sale vants, but poor women often had to take benefits for women. that day instead of one's first choice. care of their families and work outside "In 1940," said Rivas, "a Constitution Church These hardships, combined with the lin- the home. was passed, and was one of the most ad- gering influence of traditional male atti- Cuba at that time also had an vanced in the world in terms of women's tudes that scorn helping with housework, enormously profitable sex trade (much rights, but nobody paid attention to it." Episcopal have made women impatient for speed- as do the Philippines and Thailand to- She added that provisions for women the ier reforms. of day) run by the U.S. crime syndicate and were so good in the 1940 Constitution That women have such high expecta- corrupt Cuban officials. According to that when the revolutionary government tions is due in great part to the work of one account, there were special Friday took power, it simply implemented those

Archives the Federation de Mujeres Cubanas night Miami-Havana flights for business- provisions until new legislation was (Federation of Cuban Women), the na- men where a woman was available for passed in 1975. 2020. tional organization for promoting each passenger. "The FMC brought together the prc- women's rights. It was founded on Aug. The massive exploitation of women by and post-revolution women's groups. 23, 1960, a year after the revolution. At the prc-revolution sex industry is a pain- Women were claiming their place in the Copyright its national headquarters in Havana, ful memory for Cubans. "Thousands of development of a new society, which Catherine Rivas, FMC's energetic Secre- women were prostitutes," said Rivas. couldn't be built with only 50% of the tary of Foreign Relations, talked about "Less than 12% of the labor force was population participating," said Rivas. the ever-evolving role of Cuban women. women, and those working were mostly It was a huge undertaking to dismantle Rivas, who speaks fluent English with maids." Women also worked in the to- the colonial structures and redefine a trace of a New York accent, was born bacco fields, a job inherited from slaves. women's place in society, Rivas ex- in the South Bronx and lived there until And women of color suffered double plained. "The first task was the elimina- she was a teenager. Her parents had fled oppression. Despite Cuba's strong Afri- tion of prostitution. The workers taught the political repression in pre-revolution can heritage, "black women were not al- them to read and write, got them medi-

14 THE WITNESS Women's rights in Cuba by Susan Pierce

forts: "At the time of the revolution, "For example," she said, "in the old there weren't facilities in the countryside- code, a couple could marry when the for political education, and there were a man was 16 years old and the woman lot of counter-revolutionary influences. was only 14 — or even 12 if she was The FMC created the first school for pregnant. This discriminates against the peasant girls. They were taught how to girl, who has to drop out of school and sew, had classes in political education, has a frustrated life." hygiene and nutrition. When they came Cuba has the same problems with to the city, it was their first sight of run- sexually-transmitted diseases and teen ning water and electricity. Fidel gave pregnancy as does the United States and publication. each graduate a sewing machine. other countries. Rivas said the govern- and "This was in the first decade of the ment constantly promotes sex education revolution, a time of enormous goals and through the media because "we have to reuse efforts. In the literacy campaign, 55% of educate adults so they can educate their for the teachers and 59% of the students children," she said. "Sex educators arc were women," said Rivas. giving attention to teachers and doctors.

required After the ground-breaking advances of But it's still not enough — there's a lot the 1960s, said Rivas, "the '70s were the of resistance." decade of institutionalization." She ex- The resistance comes from ingrained Catherine Rivas plained that during that time the Poder cultural habits, held in particular by Permission cal care, found them jobs, got the pimps Popular (Popular Power) — a body of older people. "Sex education has always jailed. Those who didn't want to change locally-elected officials who oversee been taboo in Latin families," she said DFMS.

/ emigrated to Miami. daily affairs in the municipalities — was and smiled ruefully as she told how she "The second task was to convince created, a new constitution was written gave a book on sex education to her two women to join the labor force; this had and the first Party Congress took place. nephews, and "their grandmother took Church to be discussed with women and their As Cuba was building its legislative the book and hid it." families. It was a door-to-door job." infrastructure, women's rights were an Attempts to combat biases against important component, she said. And Episcopal Despite the intensive campaign by homosexuality has run into even greater government workers, women were often since the center of Cuban life is the fam-

the resistance, said Rivas. "It is a very of unable to deal with the double demands ily and the revolutionary government's touchy problem in Cuba and in all Latin placed on them. "They would work for a aim has been to effect change starting societies — there is an aversion to gays. week or two and then quit because of with the family as the basic unit of soci- No Cuban law condemns them or limits Archives responsibilities at home," she said. ety, these rights became part of what their rights. It's a social aversion. Sex In order to facilitate women's entrance was called the Family Code. "All issues education tries to explain that being gay 2020. into the work force, the government dealing with women were taken from the is like being left-handed." launched a massive day care program, civil code and studied by jurists and the But again women suffer from a double building hundreds of centers, but "it's FMC. In 1974, the Family Code was standard, as lesbianism is more harshly Copyright still not enough. We have a great need drawn up. On March 8, 1975 — condemned. Rivas admitted, "People can for day care," Rivas said. Women's Day in the U.N. International accept gay men more readily than lesbi- One problem with social change in Year of Women — the Family Code was ans. Some fathers say they would rather developing countries is that it often takes passed." However, Rivas explained, a have their daughter be a prostitute than place in urban centers, at the expense of new code is presently being formulated be gay. We have to be patient, it takes the rural population. Rural culture is and a draft will be issued for public dis- time to change attitudes." usually more traditional and resistant to cussion because "there are things in the Birth control is an important issue in a change. Rivas said that was true in the old Family Code that are still discrimi- developing country and the Cuban gov- early days of the FMC's organizing ef- natory to women." ernment promotes smaller families.

March 1990 15 Abortions are not encouraged, but are asked Castro at the 15th Congress of the tral and South America, Rivas said it permitted. Another difficult pre-revolu- Central Organization of Cuban Trade was not an issue in Cuba. "A battered tion memory is that abortion was illegal, Unions. Rivas agreed women have come wife has never been acceptable in Cuban but wealthy women could get them. Ba- a long way, but there was plenty of room society, even before the revolution," she tista, the dictator overthrown by the for improvement. said. "If a man hits a woman, he's con- revolution, allegedly built a hospital to "The transformation of society has to sidered less of a man." And child abuse service rich U.S. women who wanted start from its fundamental unit, the fam- is so repugnant to Cubans that it is ex- abortions. Poor women were left to ily. Both men and women have to share tremely rare. back-street butchers and many died. responsibility. Women sometimes volun- Cubans not only respect women and To prevent more needless deaths, said tarily limit themselves by taking all the adore and cherish children, but also the Rivas, "the revolutionary government responsibility for the child care and the elderly, said Ribas. "The FMC gives an made it illegal to have abortions done at housework. And emphasizing double 'Outstanding Grandparent' award. It's home, or not by a doctor, or with inade- standards in education creates new male the support the grandmothers give at quate equipment. Abortions are free, and chauvinists. If we want a new family, we home that has allowed Cuba to ad- publication. a high number are performed." She have to educate the kids," she said. vance." and noted also that "IUDs are free and birth Jose-Louis Dominguez, a tour guide And the country is increasingly faced control pills are available at a low price, and translator with Havanatour, a gov- with an aging population. "The average reuse as are diaphragms and condoms." ernment tourist agency, told us about the lifespan has increased dramatically," for When asked about adoption as an al- difficulty of being a liberated male in said Ribas. "It was 54 years in 1959; it's ternative, Rivas said, "Adoptions are Cuba. He and his wife live with his par- 74 now. We have to build more homes for the elderly. There are even day care required rare in Cuba. If an unwed mother carries ents — a common occurrence in a coun- the baby to term, someone in her family try where housing is in short supply — centers for them now. It's a new problem will help take care of it." and he said when he helped his wife with in Cuba." The country had to deal with the sub- housework or the care of their son, his Rivas has been to the United States Permission ject of adoption during the social up- father would walk by and say disapprov- numerous times to attend meetings and heaval caused by the 1980 Mariel boat- ingly, "Are you a man or a baby, to do give talks at universities. She said she

DFMS. women's work?"

/ lift, where over 100,000 were permitted was impressed with the U.S. women's to leave Cuba by sea. Later, during dinner, when challenged movement, but was negatively im- "A lot of children were abandoned by to prove if he really knew how to change pressed by a sight now commonplace in Church Marielilos. Some were adopted but most a diaper, Dominguez picked up a napkin most U.S. cities — the homeless. were taken care of by family and and proceeded to demonstrate by skill- "It had great impact on me," she said. friends," said Rivas. fully diapering an imaginary baby. "You would never find a homeless per- Episcopal As Cuban society rapidly changes, so According to Rivas, the government son in Cuba. We have the extended fam- the

of does the foundation of society, the Cu- tries rigorously to root out sexism wher- ily here, there is always someone to take ban family. Large families with the ever it can. "Inspectors check day care them in. Before the revolution, there mother at home or working nearby were centers to make sure play isn't gender- were beggars, many homeless. The

Archives the rule in the past but now "there are divided — that both boys and girls play people who came in from the country- approximately 1.6 children per family," equally with trucks and dolls — but it side looking for work ended up in the 2020. said Rivas. "As women get more in- has to be done at home, too," she said. streets." volved in society and the work force, As women attain more equality, they The Cuban government's emphasis on they have less time for bearing children. become dissatisfied with traditional atti- social services, bolstered by the memory Copyright Now 39% of the total labor force are tudes and in this once-strongly Roman of widespread poverty and suffering in women — 54% of working women are Catholic country there is no longer such the old Cuba, has created a generation technicians." a strict bias against divorce. "Everyone that has never gone homeless, hungry or But since vestiges of traditional Latin has to read the Family Code before they without medical care. Rivas said, "My macho culture still strongly influence get married," said Rivas. Still, much to niece recently went with her swim team Cuban life, women rarely attain posi- the government's distress, four out of to Colombia; all she could talk about tions of power. "Why aren't there more every 10 marriages end in divorce. when she got back was the beggars. She women in leadership posts in the party, Though domestic abuse is an endemic couldn't conceive of children without the state and the mass organizations?" problem in the United States and in Cen- food, clothing or a home." S3

16 THE WITNESS Short Takes

Whatever happened to clout? New social model What has happened to the clout of U.S. I am glad to be associated with the men Protestant mainstream churches? A re- and women who are changing our soci- cent 24-page report, entitled Progres- ety. My hope is that Hungary can be- sions, released by Lilly Endowment, Inc. come a model for other Eastern Bloc includes these major findings: countries by combining a free-market • Baby boomers have dropped out of economy with socialist goals. the churches in droves. Bishop Karoly Toth, member • With church operations increasing in Hungarian Parliament complexity, pastors have become more Quoted in Sequoia 1/90 managers than spiritual guides. As gov- publication. ernance has become more participatory, Black Union troops no exception

and many pastors have lost their sense of au- The movie "Glory" gives the false sense thority and influence. that black troops were an exception to reuse • From the mid-'70s to the mid-'80s the the rule in Civil War combat. Actually, a for number of ordained women in the United total of 180,000 blacks had fought in the States doubled. But the women's move- All about Eve? Union Army by the end of the war. ment has brought new understanding to A Tanzanian participant (in the Maryknoll More than 38,000 died, a 40% higher required the meaning of ministry and has Summer School of Theology) told me casualty rate than for white northern prompted some church women to ques- how the story of Adam and Eve struck troops. Blacks fought in over 250 sepa- tion the institution of ordination itself. him as a young boy. For him Eve was not rate engagements, beginning as early as • Differences between denominations a weak creature, a fallen woman, a se- the fall of 1862. There were also scores Permission are fading. The crucial identity issues ductress. He spoke of his secret envy of of black officers, including abolitionists tend to focus on conservative/liberal ele- Eve. The fruit Eve was eating was called Major Martin R. Delany and Captain

DFMS. ments within, rather than between, de- an apple in his Bible stories for children. P.B.S. Pinchback. / nominations. But he had no idea what an apple was; Ex-slaves, both women and men, For further information: Lilly Endow- he only knew that they were very expen- worked as spies behind Confederate Church ment, P.O. Box 88068, Indianapolis, IN sive in Tanzania. lines. African-Americans, civilians and 46208, (317)924-5471. He imagined an apple would grow like soldiers alike, were not passive wit- other fruit, high up on a palm tree. It rep- nesses in the struggle for freedom. De-

Episcopal Champion of L.A.'s homeless resented an enormous challenge and ad- spite these weaknesses, "Glory" makes a venture for a young boy to climb up a substantial contribution to our awareness the The Rev. Alice Callaghan, founder of the of storefront family center Las Familias del palm tree and collect the fruit. Girls would of the role of African-Americans in the Pueblo, was awarded the Los Angeles never climb the trees, but instead, pick conflict to abolish human bondage. County Bar Association's 1989 Distin- up the fruit from the ground after they Manning Marable

Archives guished Citizen Award for her achieve- were dropped by the boys. Along the Color Line ment in relocating some 1,500 homeless For him, Eve was an adventuress, a

2020. people to better surroundings. She is the model, to shin up a high palm tree and Central America protest driving force behind a project to clean up return with the fruit. What a tough, ad- An interfaith march for an end to the war Los Angeles' Skid Row hotels, giving a venturous woman Eve must have been in Central America is set for March 24 in

Copyright shelter option to many singles, handi- to do all that! And what a friend to have Washington, D.C., marking the 10th anni- capped and elderly people. The first hotel — because parents always forbade the versary of Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar was dedicated last May, with 10 more in boys to climb trees! He asked his mother Romero's assassination. There will be a 9 the works. to buy him an apple for his next birthday a.m. prayer service at St. Aloysius Journal of Women's Ministries and found it very appetizing. He won- Church, followed by a march to the White Winter 1989 dered how people reading the Bible in his House, via the Capitol. Civil disobedience (Alice Callaghan also sits on the Board of country liked the other, the "agreed" is planned. Simultaneous marches will Directors of the Episcopal Church Pub- interpretation of this text. take place in cities across the country. lishing Company, publisher of THE WIT- Dorothea McEwan in Chrysalis Contact the Archbishop Romero Coalition NESS. — Ed.) November '89 at (202) 483-3911.

March 1990 17 Children . . . continued from page 13 ties with the Cuban Pioneers. is obliged to use his creative ability, ap- There is a striking difference between titudes and knowledge to help build the cialized schools for behavior problems Cuban and U.S. priorities when it comes new society. or drop-outs resemble this day care cen- to children. Children in Need, a report of Our government's protracted attempts ter in expertise and commitment, they the U.S. Research and Policy Committee to strangle the economy of Cuba by big- should experience considerable success. of the Committee for Economic Devel- bully tactics of isolation are more subtle As far as the Cubans' treatment of opment stated in its report on the U.S. than the support of the Contras, but po- strangers was concerned, we had first- educational system and disadvantaged tentially as lethal. Trade agreements hand experience. Despite our affiliation children that: which force other countries to forgo with "the enemy," we were welcomed (The schools) must also reach beyond commerce with Cuba as a precondition and made to feel at home wherever we the traditional boundaries of schooling to trade with the United States can be went. And children were particularly to improve the environment of the child. devastating. Are we trying to coerce welcome. The 8-year-old American on An early and sustained intervention in Cuba's economy into collapse to prove my first trip became the pal of the main- the lives of disadvantaged children, both we arc bigger and better, no matter what in school and out, is our only hope for publication. tenance man and the pet of the rest of human suffering may be caused? Or the staff at the guest house of the Minis- breaking the cycle of disaffection and can't we tolerate a little communist and try of Education. At the farewell dinner despair. country that is kinder and gentler to its they presented "Ches" with a baseball The report then goes on to list cost- reuse children? effective programs for which sufficient for mitt, on the fingers of which were their And why should our tax money sup- autographs in memory of his delight at U.S. government funding has not been port Miami's Radio Marti — named al- being taken to a Cuban baseball game. made available: 1) Supplemental Food most blasphemously after Jose Marti, required The tears and hugs that followed all for Woman and Children (WIC); 2) pre- Cuba's "George Washington" — and the around were unforgettable. natal care; 3) Medicaid; 4) childhood development of TV Marti, both intended Because the U.S. government isolates immunization; 5) preschool education; to beam American propaganda to Cuba? 6) compensatory education; 7) education Permission Cuba, I assumed that everyone else did. I The Cuban attitude which regards was astonished to discover that Cuba for all handicapped children; 8) youth children's development as the most im- employment and training. welcomed travelers from all over the portant priority is sadly lacking in the DFMS. / world. A ride in the hotel elevator On the other hand, it is interesting to United States, where children are indeed note that the Cuban health care system sounded like an international group among the least of our brethren. Cuba for mothers and children funds services Church meeting, and a day at the beach could also sends its teachers and doctors to de- covered under items 2, 3, and 4 above. become a competition in people-watch- veloping countries to educate and to heal Food rationing takes into account the nu- ing. There seems to be no end to the the children, and train teachers and doc- tritional needs of the entire population, Episcopal Cubans' tolerance for all species of the tors. and day care centers and schools supple- the human race, no matter the color or lan- Our "Christian" country has not been

of ment this. Preschool education, item 5, guage. was carried out in 1988 in 1,021 day providing compassion for millions of its In its spirit of hospitality to children, care centers which served 142,073 chil- children. As we who presume to be

Archives Cuba offers a safe haven for children dren and 131,815 mothers. In 1990 the called Christians sit in our straight- from war-torn or disadvantaged coun- Federation of Cuban Women expects backed pews, let us beware lest the 2020. tries. They are housed and educated on that 1,283 centers will serve 212,000 "Kingdom of God be taken away from the Isle of Youth. Counselors come with children. Education for the handicapped, (us) and given to a nation producing the the children from their particular cul- item 7, begins in day care centers; main- fruits of it." We should be aware of what Copyright tures to ensure preservation of these cul- streaming takes place in first grade if our government is doing — or not doing tures. Children also are taught in their appropriate, or the child continues in — for and to children not only in our native language because it will be their special classes. Item 6, compensatory own country but also the world over. task to return to their native lands in or- education, is discussed extensively in the Have we already forgotten Khadafi's der to share their education with the Code on Children and Youth, but is best daughter, killed by U.S. bombers? Let us children of their homelands. Young Pio- summed up in its Article 43: expose the absurdities of the little red neers from all over the world also con- According to the Constitution, work is a brochure which tells me that my Cuban vene periodically on the beautiful right, a duty and a point of honor for friends — either Christian, communist, beaches of Varadero to share in activi- each citizen. Thus, every young person or both — are my enemies. EH

18 THE WITNESS U.S. troubador 'objective but not impartial'

Lois Kroehler went to Cuba more than embargo, she did not accept a car until 40 years ago straight out of college, in- 1985, even though many Cuban pastors tending to learn Spanish in preparation had use of a car much earlier. She often for work in Costa Rica. She never left had to leave her home at 5:30 a.m. in Cuba, and today is the only "main- order to arrive at a given destination by stream" U.S. Protestant church worker to erratic Cuban bus. have remained there since pre-revolution Kroehler became a pioneer in compos- days. ing new songs for the church. During her Initially an administrative secretary, 40 years in Cuba she has helped put to- then English teacher at the Presbyterian gether approximately 25 songbooks, in- secondary school La Progresiva in cluding at least two major hynmnals. As

publication. Cardenas, Kroehler's life took a dra- Director of the Department of Music for matic turn in 1961, when the U.S. broke the Cuban Ecumenical Council, she en- and relations with Cuba. She did not get to couraged Protestants to lessen their reli- Lois Kroehler reuse visit her family for nine years, waiting ance on translations of European and

for until she had assurance from both sides looked at the solders' swords which had North American hymns. Kroehler stimu- that she would be able to return to Cuba. slain his people and asked, 'Are Chris- lated use of music drawing on rhythm In '69, '74, and '76 she had to get her tian soldiers going to heaven? If so, I do and instruments and expressions more required passport stamped, "Good for one round- not want to go there.'" familiar to Cuban society. She organized trip to Cuba," to assure she could con- Although not especially political when conferences in 1975 and in 1982 which tinue her work, because U.S. passports she first went to Cuba, her capacity for brought together composers and singers

Permission then read, "Not valid for Cuba, North political analysis was stretched by her to share their creativity and celebrate the Viet Nam and North Korea." daily experiences with the revolution. growth of the New Song movement

DFMS. After the revolution, more than half Kroehler was fond of making biblical within Cuban churches. / the Presbyterians fled from the island. comparisons for what was happening in In her musical compositions, Kroehler Those who remained did much soul Cuba in the early days of the revolution tried to show the similarities that exist in Church searching to determine why they were for visitors from the States. For example: the efforts of Christians and Marxists looked upon with distrust and suspicion "To produce the shocking effect that working together to build a new society. by the government. "We analyzed our Jesus intended in his time, he might use For instance, she set to music the words Episcopal actions to see if we as the church, we as the word Communist, rather than Sa- of Jorge Ricardo Masetti, an Argentine the Christians, were not responsible for the maritan in the parable of the Good Sa- of journalist who fought with Fidel in the atheism of many who said they did not maritan. The 'good Communist' makes Sierra Maestra mountains, to illustrate believe. Perhaps our lives had presented many Christians uncomfortable, no?" the biblical theme of "weep with those

Archives a God who should have been denied," In the early '60s, Kroehler joined a who weep, rejoice with those who re- Kroehler said. team overseeing Christian education in joice": 2020. She cited an example from Cuba's the Presbyterian-Reformed Church of We want to know who suffers in order to early history which illustrated com- Cuba. She also assisted in Presbyterian alleviate their suffering monly-held attitudes toward the church parishes in Cardenas, and taught at the And who laughs so we can rejoice with Copyright following the revolution: "Institutional- Protestant seminary in Matanzas. Since them in their joy ized religion was introduced to Cuba by 1980 she has served a small parish in the Who is subjugated, so we can help them to rural town of Coliseo as lay pastor. Ini- liberate themselves the Spanish conquistadores They killed And who subjugates in order to combat most of the indigenous natives and fi- tally a missionary, after the revolution them with all our might nally captured the last rebel chief, Hat- she became a lay worker employed di- We are objective, but not impartial. uey. When he was about to be burned at rectly by the Presbyterian-Reformed Most recently she helped edit a new the stake, a priest held out a cross and Church of Cuba. As one expression of hymnal published in 1989 under the aus- asked if he would not like to become a her solidarity with the situation of Cu- pices of the Cuban Ecumenical Council, Christian and go to heaven. Hatuey bans suffering the effects of the U.S. Toda la Iglesia Canta (The Whole

March 1990 19 Church Sings). Kroehler comes from a family with a strong ecclesiastical heritage. Her father is a retired UCC minister. Two brothers, Churches crucial in Armin and Bill, are UCC missionaries in Japan. While on leave to visit them in A young woman comes and stands stered mostly by Spanish priests and re- 1974, she had a "small world" experi- before the congregation to sing a Christ- ligious. ence. "Would, you believe I was taken to mas carol. Raul Suarez, the pastor of Ebenezer a Cuban restaurant in Tokyo by one of I am seated in the Ebenezer Baptist Baptist Church and President of the Cu- my former students who works in the Church. In the adjacent parish hall is a ban Ecumenical Council, confirmed Cuban embassy there?" This past sum- picture of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Treto's account in a meeting where he mer the Kroehlers had a reunion in Bre- and a copy of the proclamation of a King explained some of the history of the merton, Wash, on the 67th wedding an- holiday signed by Mayor Andrew Young Protestant church in Cuba. Suarez remembered the prc-revolution publication. niversary of their parents. of Atlanta. Her relatives and friends in the States The young woman's voice is fresh and Protestant churches: "The message was and are always surprised that she wants to go clear. The tune is Greensleeves, with simple. Don't drink, smoke, curse or dance. To tell Cubans they'll go to hell reuse back to Cuba after such visits. But familiar words: "This, this is Christ the

for Kroehler has strong feelings about her King, whom shepherds guard and angels if they dance is very surely to put them vocation. sing. Haste, haste to bring Him laud, the there. A Cuban who isn't allowed to "I was shocked, saddened, unbelieving babe, the son of Mary." dance is already in hell." required when I saw a TV commercial showing a It feels like home. But I am not home But the post-revolution churches be- choice of eight different kinds of meat in Raleigh or even in Atlanta at Dr. came more inclusive. Suarez celebrates combinations for dogs, when two out of King's Ebenezer Baptist Church. I am in the changing of the words in a hymn:

Permission every three persons in this world go to Havana, Cuba. "Before the revolution we sang, 'Apart bed hungry at night. We have rationing In 1492, Christopher Columbus made from the world, I live my faith. I leave in Cuba, to assure an equitable distribu- a landing in Cuba. Greeted by brown- the world and follow Jesus.' Now the DFMS. / tion of foodstuffs across the countryside. skinned Taino, Siboney and Guanajat- words go, 'I go to the world because it is We are a developing society, and of abey natives, he thought he was in India. the object of God's love.'"

Church course, the U.S. embargo has taken its He was confused. After the revolution, Suarez said, 90% toll. The Cuban churches, both Catholic Landing in Havana almost 500 years of Methodist and 70% of Baptist and and Protestant, have taken strong stands later, given my own misconceptions, I Presbyterian clergy followed the money

Episcopal condemning the U.S. embargo as caus- could just have easily have been con- and deposed power structure to the the ing needless suffering for the people," fused. After all, isn't Cuba an atheistic United States. By 1970, half the Episco- of she said. state? Haven't all Christians long since palian congregations had left. What this In an unpretentious way, for more than departed for Miami following the revo- did, in essence, to the Christian church lution in 1959? remaining in Cuba was to force it to un-

Archives 40 years, Lois Kroehler has been living out the concept of "Christian presence." Raul Gomez Treto, a Cuban Roman derstand its history and mission in light

2020. She became an astute observer of devel- Catholic layman, said in his book, The of the social and economic realities of opments within Cuba, an articulate ad- Church and Socialism in Cuba, that the the revolution. vocate for the vitality inherent in the life pre-1959 Cuban church was a weak Since the revolution, Christians in

Copyright of post-1959 Cuban churches. She has church. It was poorly attended. Of the Cuba have continued to theologize and shared her perceptions through letters, 72.5% of the population claiming to be redefine the church in the context of occasional visits to the United States, Catholic, 75% of them were non-practic- Vatican II in the early '60s, the develop- and extended conversations with many ing. It was a church controlled by those ment of liberation theology, and the pro- visitors to Cuba from various Christian with money and power, and admini- nouncements of Latin American Roman communities. The quintessential modern Catholic bishops in Medellin in 1968 "missionary" in the best sense of that and Puebla in 1979. word, she went — and remained — The rise of base communities in Cen- The Rev. James Lewis is Director of Social where she was needed. — Alice Hage- Ministries for the Diocese of North Carolina, and tral and South America, relying heavily man and Mary Lou Suhor. GH3 a Contributing Editor to THE WITNESS. on lay ministry, and the liberating mes-

20 THE WITNESS breaking barriers byjmLewis

sage that God calls the church to "a pref- Cuba could find itself more and more from Wisconsin, recently commented on erential option for the poor," closely par- isolated as the communist bloc nations the military implications of the cold war alleled the changes and growth the Cu- of Eastern Europe come unglued. Cu- thaw, east and west. He said, "The mili- ban church has experienced since 1959. bans fear the possibility of economic tary is going through a real soul-search- Reminders of Cuba's colonial past are cutbacks by Eastern European trading ing. They are looking for a mission." never far away. From Matanzas, a port partners as those nations become more That mission, given the fact of the in- city east of Havana, runs the "Hershey solicitous of and dependent on U.S. capi- vasion of Panama, could well trigger train." Built and owned by the huge U.S. tal and government aid. new covert, and even overt, military op- candy manufacturer, it linked the com- publication. Valuable subsidized sugar markets in erations against Cuba and deeper in- pany's sugarcane plantations and Ha- the USSR, along with vital trade links volvement in Honduras, El Salvador, and vana. involving oil, food, and machinery could and Nicaragua.

reuse Up on a hill, the Evangelical Theo- dry up as the cold war thaws and politi- Cuba was repeatedly invaded and

for logical Seminary overlooks Matanzas cal vultures in the United States declare colonized by European and U.S. forces harbor. The seminary's dean, Oden Mar- moral and economic victory over com- over a 500-year period. Now, once ichal, an Episcopalian, has invited Pres- munism. again, Cuba finds itself forced to re- required byterian theologian, Sergio Arce Marti- That kind of shallow analysis, com- spond to the great giants of the north, the nez, who teaches at the seminary, to bined with changing military strategics United States and the USSR. have a conversation with us. Joining the in the United States, could spell trouble. The fall of the Berlin Wall is being

Permission group is an Episcopal priest who pastors Les Aspin, Democratic representative felt on this island, which is just 90 miles a local congregation and a Canadian woman studying at the seminary. The DFMS. / discussion goes on as a blinding rain- storm pounds against the building.

Church Arce talks about the significance of liberation theology in Cuba but is quick to point out that Cuba's revolution hap- Episcopal pened prior to the publication of Peru- the vian Gustavo Gutierrez's monumental of work, Theology of Liberation. "Our revolution has already taken

Archives place. Our major concern isn't for lib- eration, but for creation. As helpful as

2020. the Exodus events are, our major focal point is Genesis. Creating a new society is what we are about," said Arce. Copyright That task has been anything but easy, particularly given the fact of the U.S. embargo against Cuba, which has forced it to rely heavily on trade with the USSR and Eastern European nations. We discuss the recent events in East- ern Europe and how they will affect Cuba, a question that emerges in practi- cally every conversation. Cubans are Padre Miguel Tamayo, dean of the Episcopal Cathedral in Havana, baptizes Enrique, concerned about their future because son of Enrique Olivera Ojedo and Angela Ojedo Falcon, during Sunday services.

March 1990 21 south of Florida. That 90-mile stretch is the reality of the revolution to confront has stimulated other young Chris- its own kind of wall — a wall of water its own elitist mission and misguided tians to play a conscious part in it. that must be parted for the good of both evangelical piety. This implies strengthening one's Cuba and the United States. In a conversation with Fernando Christian identity in a society that Padre Miguel Tamayo splashes water Bielsa-Garcia, a Communist Party offi- calls itself Marxist, socialist, athe- on a child being baptized on Sunday cial, he confessed that he had belonged ist... Daily practice in Cuban so- morning at the Episcopal cathedral in to the Catholic Youth Program when he ciety has inspired me to under- Havana. There are about 50 people pres- was younger. However, when forced to stand that theoretical atheism is ent. Among them is an older woman choose between a reactionary church not as important as practical athe- who has recovered from having both serving the rich and a political party ism, and that at times religious knees operated on and can say nothing working for revolutionary change for the people can be atheist . . .We bad about the health care in Cuba. How- poor, he abandoned the church. preach what we don't practice." ever, she is unhappy about the fact that Before the revolution, many Cubans Ortiz goes on to say, "We need to chicken and meat are in short supply at became disillusioned as they watched evangelize from a different perspective, publication. local state markets. their church side with colonial domina- from that of helping to build the new

and She expresses the same hope that tion. society. The best values of human people at the seminary shared with us. Fidel Castro was raised by a Catholic beings, men and women alike, must be reuse Cuba, they all say, needs personal as mother in Oriente Province, an area reaffirmed." for well as economic contact with the owned by U.S. fruit companies. Even Cuba has come through a period of United States. They see the church as the though he was influenced profoundly by history, immediately following the revo- vehicle for breaking through the wall be- Bible stories learned under Jesuit tute- lution, when Christians weren't wel- required tween the two countries. Exchanges of lage, particularly the Moses stories, the comed into the structures for creating the people are vital in order for Cuba to lose church offered him no model for change. new society. The memories were too its demonic image in the eyes of the Since then, Castro has grown in his fresh of a church co-opted by the rich, Permission United States, so that diplomatic and appreciation of the church as a revolu- and Christians were therefore denied economic relations can be re-established. tionary force. In the book Fidel and Re- government and occupational positions.

DFMS. ligion, Frei Betto, a Brazilian Dominican But the situation is different now. The

/ Cubans are conscious of the role the churches can play in defusing potential priest, interviews Castro, who reveals a Cuban church, with a revised and re- conflict between peoples or nations. changed attitude towards religion. The newed sense of evangelism, one compat- Church They hope that can happen with Cuba book should become compulsory reading ible with the goals of the revolution, and the United States. They remember for North Americans concerned about could well offer important gifts needed Jesse Jackson's 1984 visit to Cuba. the presence of a new theology and if the goals of the revolution are to be Episcopal Jackson and Fidel Castro attended a church in Cuba. Thirty years has made a fully realized. The church is now quali- the difference, given the changes in the fied, because of its commitment to the of United Methodist church service in Ha- vana where Castro was touched by church. revolution, to offer a constructively criti- Jackson's sermon. Hope runs high that In Jean Stubb's book, Cuba: The Test cal voice on behalf of a more open news

Archives Pope John Paul II will pay a visit to of Time, Angel Ortiz, a black minister media and social, political and cultural Cuba in the near future. from Matanzas, gives personal testimony dissent. 2020. The new church in Cuba, built since to the centrality of atheism to his new All of that may well depend on how the revolution, has made a profound dis- understanding of evangelistic faith: successful the church can be both in covery. There is widespread recognition "The revolution has motivated my Cuba and the United States in reducing Copyright that atheism has been an unexpected gift faith on more than one occasion. Cuba's isolation through the exchange of of God. That admission on the part of In my personal life, I have lived Christians willing to work at changing many Cuban Christians has profound crises of faith, crises that have U.S. policy. Heightening the already ex- implications in the building of a new so- stemmed from incomprehension isting tensions between the two countries ciety. of the church and its incompre- through a continued policy of economic The pre-revolutionary church, out of hension of the struggles of soci- and social isolation will not contribute to touch with the poor and representing ety. I am by no means enamored peace. only the interests of the rich, was com- of pain, but the revolutionary A simple slogan might read: "No to pelled by the nature of the Gospel and process has stimulated me, as it embargos — Yes to exchanges."

22 THE WITNESS Havana is not East Berlin by J. Antonio Ramos

c today is the focus of much at- will try to provide some insights as to and demilitarization in the North among tention, curiosity and speculation be- how these two historic movements — the superpowers, there is regression in cause of the dramatic changes taking which are shaping a new world order in the South, especially in our hemisphere. place in Eastern Europe and the unex- Europe and Africa — particularly relate Civil war, human rights violations, pov- pected turn of events in the Soviet Un- to Cuba. erty, injustice and death are still ram- ion. So much hype is being given by the Since 1981, when I was on the staff of pant, and a growing tension exists be- Western powers and its media to these the National Council of Churches' Latin tween the United States and Cuba. American and Caribbean office, I have A new heaven can be constructed to publication. events, that in-depth coverage of other historic changes taking place in South had the opportunity to travel to Cuba on the North, while the South remains in and Africa and its neighboring countries of various occasions, mostly at the invita- the shadows of hell and death. Increas- Angola and Namibia is being overlooked tion of its Ecumenical Council. Contrary ingly now, because of the North's atten- reuse

for in the furor. to what the majority of people in the tion to itself, the South will be the It seems that in the Western world United States may think, both the Ro- Lazarus of the parable, recipient of the view, especially that of the United States man Catholic Church and the various "crumbs that fall from the table" of the required and Great Britain, the evil of racism and Protestant so-called historical churches, rich man. the scourge of apartheid are lesser sins as well as the Pentecostals, have contin- What about Cuba? The visit by THE than those of ideology. If one compares ued to operate and expand their work WITNESS group was indeed a timely

Permission the attitudes toward the dramatic and ministry in Cuba. one. We were there in the midst of two changes in Europe versus the ones in Two summers ago, at the invitation of significant events: the International Africa, it is obvious that the former have Latin-American Film Festival which

DFMS. the Ecumenical Council, I spent six / the blessing, encouragement, and sup- weeks in Cuba on sabbatical, at which brought thousands of people from differ- port of the West, while the collapse of time I was able to preach in various con- ent parts of the world; and, more signifi-

Church the immoral scourge of apartheid in gregations, travel on my own to different cant for our visit, the observance of the South Africa is taking place in spite of, parts of the country, spend time in pri- Day of Mourning (similar to Memorial and quite often against, the wishes of vate homes, and have conversations with Day) for those Cuban military and civil-

Episcopal much of the Western world. diverse sectors of the population. ian personnel who had died in interna- the It is no wonder that while Sakharov Earlier, in the summer of 1984, just tional service, especially in Angola. of and Walesa were immortalized, Mandela after the conclusion of the U.S. Presiden- At the memorial service, Castro gave was left to rot in prison for 27 years. tial primaries, I had the privilege of ac- a foreboding speech, exalting Cuba's

Archives And Archbishop Tutu and other religious companying the Rev. Jesse Jackson in contributions to the liberation of Angola leaders of South Africa are often ridi- his peace trip to Panama, Nicaragua, El from South African imperialism and the

2020. culed and considered by some to be dan- Salvador and Cuba, which turned out to ushering in of independence in Namibia. gerous "subversives." be a momentous occasion for their reli- It was also a serious analysis of events in As we look at Cuba historically and gious communities — especially in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union Copyright even today, the issues of ideology and Cuba, where Fidel Castro attended the and their possible repercussions on racism cannot be separated. That con- ecumenical service where Jesse Cuba. He referred to "the current crisis nection was quite clear to me in my re- preached. in the socialist camp, from which we can cent trip there with THE WITNESS. I It is out of such experiences that I only expect negative economic conse- share these reflections, as we look to the quences for our country." future in this rapidly transforming world, Undoubtedly, because of its trade rela- also taking into account the recent inva- tions with Eastern Europe and the USSR, The Rt. Rev. J. Antonio Ramos, Chair of the Board of the Episcopal Church Publishing Com- sion of Panama by U.S. troops. For there will be additional hardships for pany is former Bishop of Costa Rica. while there is progress in disarmament Cuba over and above the conditions of

March 1990 23 scarcity created by the 30-year U.S. em- powers. Cuba's struggle turned into a na- and corruption. bargo. This will place further demands tionalist and anti-imperialist movement Cuba chose a socialist model, which in for austerity measures, and will add frus- because of the historic pattern of U.S. spite of its flaws is quite different, quali- tration to efforts underway to make the behavior in the hemisphere. It started tatively and quantitatively, from that of economy more self-reliant. with the economic and military occupa- Eastern European countries. That this In a recent speech in Miami, Jeanne tion of Cuba and Puerto Rico in 1898 model has proven effective is evident Kirkpatrick, former U.S. Ambassador to and, since then, of Nicaragua, Guate- when one compares the quality of life in the United Nations, predicted that per- mala, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Cuba with the rest of Latin America in estroika would soon reach Cuba and Panama, etc. Because of that, the U.S. terms of health, nutrition, education, par- Central America. Only history will tell. embargo against Cuba did not create ticipation in mass organizations and so Yet my question remains: Is perestroika humilation and submission. Instead, Cu- on. exportable to a hemisphere where the bans had a greater sense of national The situation in Cuba is also quite dif- fundamental issues are those of life and pride, internal strength, and discipline in ferent religiously and ethnically speak- death, not of individual freedoms? Con- the face of hardship and austerity. ing. There is not a monolithic church, or ditions have worsened, especially in a popular religious body in confrontation publication. As a Puerto Rican, whose country's Central America over the last 10 years, history has been closely tied to Cuba in with the political power, or a church that and in spite of the electoral democratization our struggles for independence from has a hold on the population. Ethnically, which has taken place. Cuba does not face the multi-cultural reuse Spain and later from the United States, I problems of Eastern Europe or the So- for And how do conditions in Cuba today have always appreciated Cuba's contin- differ from those in Eastern Europe and ued solidarity with Puerto Rico. viet Union. There is strong Cuban iden- the Soviet Union? In general, electoral democratization tity and it is a culture proud of its Afro- required The struggle in Cuba in the late 1950s, in Latin America has not led to eco- Latin heritage. This was evident in the as has been the case of Nicaragua more nomic democratization; rather, social Cubans' warm response to Jesse recently, or in the Philippines, was and economic situations have worsened. Jackson's visit in his role as a religious leader, a black person, and a champion Permission against oligarchical power structures The fundamental concern in Latin Amer- benefiting an elite minority. The regimes ica has been not only to struggle against of the causes of the poor, the minorities, of Batista, Somoza, and Duvalier exem- oligarchical power, but also how to and the Third World. To understand DFMS. / plified dictatorial, oligarchical, oppres- bridge the economic and social gaps un- Cuba's role in Southern Africa one sive systems, often allied with military der the prevailing conditions of poverty needs to look at the historical connection with its African roots and the participa- Church tion of blacks in Cuba's own independ- ence and revolutionary struggles.

Episcopal My own view is that in contrast to

the Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, of there is a wide base of popular participa- tion and support for the Communist- Party. The continued rejuvenation of the Archives party and government apparatus, and the

2020. process referred to as "rectification," has intensified. Events in the socialist world will push the process even further.

Copyright I believe that ultimately in Eastern Eu- rope, the Soviet Union, and Cuba, as well as in the rest of the world, the fun- damental question for the future is Raul Suarez, left, head of Cuba's Ecumenical whether there will be a true democratiza- Council, with the tion of all sectors of society — and a de- author at the CEC mocratization process that considers eco- office on the grounds nomic and social equality to be a pri- of the Episcopal it Cathedral, Havana. mary goal. B3

24 THE WITNESS How not to evangelize by Mary Lou Suhor

G'uban history provides some clues, in neediest mission field." by General Leonard Wood. In 1900 he this "Decade of Evangelism" proclaimed Bishop Candler's phrasing was classic: wrote to President McKinley from his by the Episcopal Church, of how not to "The churchmen of our land should be position as head of the American mili-

publication. evangelize. One of the first Episcopal prepared to invade Cuba as soon as the tary government in Cuba: "The people worship services held in Havana was army and navy open the way, to invade here, Mr. President, know that they are and presided over by Bishop Benjamin Cuba in a friendly, loving Christian not ready for self-government, and those

reuse Whipple in 1871 aboard a U.S. gunboat spirit, with bread in one hand and the who are honest make no attempt to dis- for anchored in Havana harbor. According Bible in the other." guise the fact. We are going ahead as to Cuban theologian Adolfo Ham, "This Candler's hand might have held bread, fast as we can but we are dealing with a act was to become typical of the direct but it also grasped a bottle of Coke. He race that has been steadily going down- required relation of U.S. political and economic persuaded his older brother, Coca-Cola hill for 100 years and into which we interests in Cuba to the development of exec Asa Candler, to enter Cuba as a must infuse new life, new principles, Cuban Protestantism." new market, and they both set about to new methods." Permission On the Roman Catholic side, most are capture the island for Methodism and In marked contrast to Wood's words, familiar with the entry of Catholicism Coca-Cola. Bishop Candler raised over "downhill for the last 100 years," Cu-

DFMS. with Columbus and the subsequent pair- $100,000, mostly for church property, bans characterize that same period as / ing of "cross and sword" as the conquis- and by 1915 his mission led all other cien anos de lucha — 100 years of tadores proved invincible against the in- Protestants in Cuba, both in membership struggle. They were well on the way to Church digenous tribes who suffered genocide at and number of U.S. missionaries. Asa winning their War for Independence their hands. Christians aware of this his- opened the first Coca-Cola bottling plant against Spain before the United States tory are already alerting their denomina- in 1906 in Havana, the second in San- intervened and began to rewrite Cuban Episcopal tions to the injustice and insensitivity of tiago in 1913, to take advantage of sales history. The United States changed the the at the U.S. Naval Station at Guantan- name of the conflict to the Spanish-

of "celebrating" the 500th anniversary of the "discovery of America" — seen by amo. Grateful for skyrocketing profits, American War, and after victory, forced Latin American and Caribbean nations Asa in turn helped Warren, who also the Platt Amendment upon the island,

Archives as the beginning of a long history of op- owned stock in the company, to finance calling for the leasing of naval stations pressive Spanish colonialism. several major religious enterprises for on Cuban soil and the right of the United 2020. But the story of early Protestantism af- Methodism. States to intervene militarily, if neces- ter the so-called Spanish-American war Other Protestant ministers running sary, in Cuban affairs. This set Cuba also produced its share of cultural impe- schools, clinics and dispensaries in rural back into colonial status with a new Copyright rialism as missionaries "targeted" Cuba areas were similarly led to accept finan- master. for evangelism. One could almost pic- cial assistance from Hershey and United The U.S. model of economic penetra- ture Protestant Mission Board members Fruit Company, putting them in compro- tion skewed the Cuban economy. By rubbing their hands in glee, given some mising positions during labor strikes and 1933, with the United States investing of the public statements of this period. worker disputes. All of these factors led profitably in Cuban industry, some 60% Perhaps one of the best examples of this Protestantism to become committed to of the native population lived outside the was Methodist Bishop Warren Candler, homeland mission boards, U.S. business- money economy. One historian calls this who in late 1898 returned from Cuba men, and U.S. foreign policy. period "Plattismo sin la Emienda Platt." proclaiming it "our ripest, nearest, The tone for U.S. occupation was set "Intervention without the Platt Amend-

March 1990 25 ment" presumed complicity of Cuba's were ill-equipped, theologically and eco- The Assault Brigade is constituted domestic oligarchy to assure an admini- nomically, to deal with how to serve by thousands of Cubans who in their stration capable of conducting itself in God in a Marxist land. totality are Christian and Catholic. accord with the interests of Wall Street Commenting on how mission churches Our struggle is that of those who be- and the State Department. were dependent on their sending bodies, lieve in God against the atheists, the struggle of spiritual values against When the Cuban Revolution inter- J. Merle Davis, author of "The Cuban materialism, the struggle of democ- vened to change that situation, Fidel Church in a Sugar Economy," con- racy against communism. Ideologies Castro adopted a socialist model of de- cluded, "We have here reached the crux can be vanquished only by superior velopment. Some of the resulting ac- of the economic problem of the mission- ideology, and the only ideology that complishments of the revolution in the ary church — not only in Cuba but in can vanquish the Communist ideol- areas of health, women's rights, and edu- many other lands. How can a relatively ogy is the Christian ideology. That is cation which have propelled Cuba to expensive institution, a product of an why we have come and that is why leadership among the Third World and alien, high-grade economy and living we fight. Non-Aligned Nations, are discussed in standards, be indigenized and financed Catholics of Cuba: our military other articles in this issue. in countries of lower economic standards might is crushing and invincible, and publication. Those who disagreed with Cuba's na- where the bulk of the church members even greater is our moral strength and and are drawn from the classes of the lower our faith in God and in His protection tionalization of schools and industries and in His help. Cuban Catholics: I fled the country. This included more economic levels?" reuse embrace you on behalf of the soldiers than half the Protestant missionaries, de- for By August of 1960, all U.S. firms had of the liberating army . .. pendent on their U.S. boards for pen- been nationalized, and by October, most sions and operating budgets, and de- Cuban firms. The United States declared In historic context, then, government required pendent, too, on "the American way of an embargo on all U.S. exports to Cuba hostility toward the churches can be un- life." in 1960, and in 1961 broke diplomatic derstood, if not condoned. The mission- Surely here was a strange twist, Raul relations with the island. ary effort, with notable exceptions of

Permission Gomez-Treto, a noted Havana Catholic By 1961, thousands of Cuban exiles course, proved inglorious. layman, marveled. Christians, who con- had emigrated to the United States. In On an ecumenical trip to Cuba in sidered themselves "spiritual," left in April of that year, many of them took 1975, I heard a visiting church official DFMS. / multitudes because of material changes part in the U.S.-backed mercenary inva- congratulating a Cuban administrator on in their lives, and communists, whom sion of the Bay of Pigs, with several what he had seen. Impressed by ad-

Church Christians called "materialists," stayed priests and one Methodist minister vances in medicine, education, housing, to try to build a new society with better among them. Three priests, all Spanish the visitor said he thought that the Cu- distribution of goods, he said. nationals who had served in Cuba and bans had developed a truly Christian so-

Episcopal In a similar vein, Sergio Arce, profes- accompanied the troops as chaplains, ciety by feeding the hungry, clothing the the sor of theology at the Protestant semi- were captured. Cubans turned the invad- naked, providing shelter for the home- of nary at Matanzas, once told a visiting ers back in 72 hours, and Castro read, in less. The Cuban corrected, "I know you U.S. pastor that he is frequently asked in his victory speech, the following procla- mean that as a compliment, but you are mation, prepared by the mercenaries' mistaken. These advances have been ac-

Archives Western countries, "How is it possible to be a Christian in a communist country?" head priest-chaplain, intended to be complished by a Marxist-Leninist meth- odology. When Christians had our coun- 2020. to which he responds, "How is it pos- broadcast after the mercenaries won: sible to be a Christian in a capitalist try, they raped it." country?" The liberating forces have landed But what about the future for the

Copyright Arce's response has deep theological on the beaches of Cuba. We come in churches in Cuba? Early resentment to- implications for the future of the mis- the name of God, justice and democ- ward the churches by the Communist racy to restore the rights that have sionary enterprise, and for evangeliza- Party has somewhat dissipated. Even been abridged, the freedom that has Castro has said that "nobody wants to tion. been trampled upon and the religion hear again that for centuries, the church The Cuban churches, which before the that has been subjugated and slan- revolution ran schools, hospitals, and dered. We do not come because of didn't deal with those problems," and it clinics, began to critically analyze their hatred, but because of love; we come is time to move on, he indicated. Today failures and to reflect upon their new to bring peace even if to earn it we progressive Christians in the churches role in society, but by and large they must wage war. perceive an openness on the part of the

26 THE WITNESS government for rapprochement. affairs." The article cites that Marta When our WITNESS editorial group Lopez, in addition to her church duties, Back Issues Available: visited Havana's Catholic Cathedral in has also been active as a member of the • Our church has AIDS: Features a December we saw a sign in the vestibule Federation of Cuban Women, a union, theological reflection: "AIDS and the saying "The Pope is coming." And Fidel and the Committee for the Defense of survival of the fittest" by the Rev. John Castro in his conversations with Frei the Revolution. Cuba's other deacon- Snow; welcomes Bishop Barbara C. Betto, published as the book, Fidel and esses are Griselda Delgado, in Santiago Harris back into THE WITNESS Religion, discusses the phases he has and Nerva Cott, in Matanzas province. pages with her article on "The politics gone through in dealing with the Cuban-born Bishop Hernandez was of AIDS"; includes touching vignettes churches after the revolution, even indi- out of the country during our visit, at a of people with AIDS by a nurse who cating an openness now to Christians meeting exploring the possibilities of a tends them; critiques by blacks and joining the Communist Party. Fidel is Hispanics of racist approaches to new autonomous Caribbean church prov- dealing with "the viral holocaust." quoted in the book as saying to a group ince comprised of Haiti, the Dominican December 1989. of Chilean Christians for Socialism that Republic, Puerto Rico and Cuba. An in- publication. believers can take a revolutionary stand, terview with Bishop Hernandez by the • Justice and Peace: A special and and "Christians and Marxists can join in Rev. Cora Cheney Partridge appeared in WITNESS devoted to issues ad- a strategic alliance to carry out social THE WITNESS in January 1986. dressed by peace activists. Joseph B. reuse change." Later, to Jamaicans, he said, "It In sum, Cubans who have traveled re- Ingle's penetrating article, "Death row for isn't enough just to respect each other; cently in the United States are shocked must go," describes his experiences we must cooperate with each other." by the human callousness and indiffer- with prisoners facing the electric And in a 1980 speech, Castro said, "I ence which tolerates homelessness and chair; Jim Lewis addresses how the required don't know what the imperialists think drug dealing that they see on U.S. U.S. Army is recruiting youth for war in about this (Christian-Marxist alliance). streets. To be sure, Cubans are economi- high schools and even at Boy Scout But I'm absolutely convinced the for- cally strapped by a battered economy Jamborees; Pat Washbum describes

Permission her dark night as a tax resister, and mula is highly explosive." He totally and foreign debt, as are the rest of the Anne Rowthorn her struggle against supports the church's option for the Latin nations, plus a 30-year-old block- Trident missiles in her neighborhood;

DFMS. poor, which he sees as a real advance, ade imposed by the United States. But / Stan Rich deals with nukes and met- both theologically and politically. Fidel they feel that given their history of anoia in South Carolina. Produced in and Religion has been published in 22 underdevelopment, their revolution has conjunction with the Episcopal Peace Church languages, and 2 million copies have proceeded apace, and if anything, it is Fellowship on its 50th anniversary. been sold in 29 countries. the American Revolution that is in November 1989. Cuba's official publication, Granma, trouble. Episcopal now regularly carries articles reporting Resources To order, fill in coupon below and the mail to THE WITNESS, P.O. Box on religion. Last summer it ran a full- of Fidel and Religion, Fidel Castro's con- 359, Ambler PA 19002. page interview with Msgr. Carlos Man- versations with Frei Betto, Touchstone uel de Cespedes, director of the Cuban (Simon and Schuster) New York. Yes, please send me the back

Archives Catholic Bishops' Secretariat, on the Religion in Cuba Today, Alice Hage- issues I have checked at $2.00 proposed visit of the Pope. In its weekly man and Phil Wheaton, Association each. (Pre-paid orders only.) 2020. review (after THE WITNESS trip), it Press, New York. carried not only an account of the burial Cuba: People Questions, Friendship • Our church has AIDS of Cuba's Angolan war dead, but on Press, New York, especially "Religion: • Justice and Peace Copyright page four, a three column story entitled Cuba," by Margaret E. Crahan; Introduc- "Cuban Episcopal Church Has Three tion, Mary Lou Suhor. Name Deaconesses," featuring an interview "Contextualizing the Faith; Protestant with the Rev. Marta Lopez, who heads Churches in Cuba," by Paul Deats and Address two Havana province churches. It quotes Alice Hageman in One Faith, Many Bishop Emilio Hernandez of Cuba, "Just Cultures, Orbis 1988. City as women in Cuba are leaders in the "Georgia Methodism and Coca-Cola," country's political and economic life Institute for Southern Studies pamphlet, State Zip they are taking major roles in religious Atlanta, Ga. M

March 1990 27 Half price for small budgets

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