TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. To know the definition of Forensic Science 2. To know the history of Forensic 3. Physiologic Science of Forensic 4. Social Science of Forensic 5. Forensic Crimilistics 6. Digital Forensic 7. Related Discipline FORENSIC SCIENCE (often shortened to forensic) – is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer the question of interest to a legal system. FORENSIC – comes from the Latin adjective forensis meaning “of or before the forum”. In modern use, the term “FORENSIC” in the place of forensic science can be considered correct as the term forensic is effectively a synonym for legal or related courts. • FORENSICS IN ANTIQUITY Lacked standardized forensic practices Forced confessions and witness testimony. EUREKA LEGEND TOLD OF ARCHIMEDES (287–212 BC) –ancient sources contain several accounts of techniques that foreshadow the concepts of forensic science. SONG CI (1186–1249) In 1248 during the Sung Dynasty China – The 1st written account of using medicine and entomology to solve (separate) criminal cases is attributed to the book of Xi Yuan Lu (translated as “Washing Away of Wrongs”). The book also offered advice on how to distinguish between drowning and .strangulation . 16th century European Medical Practitioners in Army and University settings began to gather information on cause of manner of death. AMBROSE PARÈ – A French army surgeon systematically studied the effects of a violent death on internal organs. FORTUNATO FIDELIS & PAOLO ZAACHIA – Italian surgeons who both laid the foundation of modern pathology by studying changes that occurred in the structure of the body as a result of a disease. In the late 18th century writings on these topics began to appear. FODÈRÈ – A French Physician wrote a “ Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health”. JOHANN PETER FRANCK – German medical expert wrote “The Complete System of Police Medicine”. 1776 CARL WILHELM SCHEELE a Swedish chemist devised a way of detecting arsenous oxide, simple arsenic in corpses. 1806 VALENTIN ROSS a German chemist expanded the investigation who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim stomach. 1863 JAMES MARSH an English chemist used chemical process to confirm arsenic as the cause of death in an 1863 murder trial. Two early examples of English Forensic science in individual legal proceedings demonstrate the increasing use of logic and procedure in criminal investigations. - 1784 in Lancaster, JOHN TOMS was tried and convicted for murdering Edward Culshaw with a pistol. - 1816 in Warwick, a farm labourer was tried and convicted of the murder of a young maidservant. 20th Century BERNARD SPILSBURY, FRNCIS CAMPS, SYDNEY SMITH and KEITH SIMPSON pioneered new forensic science methods in Britain. RODOLPHE ARCHIBALD REISS in 1909 founded the first school of Forensic Science in the world: “Institut de Police Scientifique” at the University of Lausanne. Some forensic techniques, believed to be scientifically sound at the time they were used, have turned out later to have much less scientific merit or none. Some such techniques include: Comparative bullet-lead analysis John F. Kennedy assassination in 1963. ammunition National Academy of Sciences FBI abandoned the test in 2005. Forensic dentistry has come under fire: two cases bite-mark evidence has been used to convict people of murder who were later freed by DNA evidence. A 1999 study by a member of the American Board of Forensic Odontology found a 63 percent rate of false identifications and is commonly referenced within online news stories and conspiracy websites. The study was based on an informal workshop during an ABFO meeting, which many members did not consider a valid scientific setting. Forensic Examples in popular culture Sherlock Holmes, the fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in works produced from 1887 to 1915, used forensic science as one of his investigating methods. Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple books and television series were also a big hit worldwide. Decades later the comic strip Dick Tracy also featured a detective using a considerable number of forensic methods, although sometimes the methods were more fanciful than actually possible. Barry Allen (alter ego of The Flash) is a forensic scientist for the Central City police department. Defence attorney Perry Mason occasionally used forensic techniques, both in the novels and television series. Popular television series focusing on crime detection, including Dexter, The Mentalist, CSI, Cold Case, Bones, Law & Order, NCIS, Criminal Minds, Silent Witness, Case Closed, Monk, Midsomer Murders and Waking the Dead, depict glamorized versions of the activities of 21st-century forensic scientists. Some claim these TV shows have changed individuals' expectations of forensic science, an influence termed the "CSI effect". Non-fiction TV shows such as Forensic Files, The New Detectives, American Justice, and Dayle Hinman's Body of Evidence have also popularized forensic science. The Ace Attorney series features forensic science, mainly in Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney and the DS-only game in Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney. Physiologic Science of Forensic Forensic Anthropology Forensic Archeology Forensic Dentistry Forensic Entomology Forensic Pathology Social Science of Forensic Forensic Psychology Forensic Psychiatry Forensic Crimilistics Ballistics Ballistic Fingerprinting Ballistic Identification DNA Profiling Fingerprint Analysis Forensic Accounting Forensic Footwear Evidence Forensic Toxicology Questioned Document Examination Vein Matching Digital Forensic Computer Forensic Database Forensic Mobile Device Forensic Network Forensic Related Discipline of Forensic Fire Investigation Detection of Fire Accelerants Forensic Linguistic Forensic Engineering Vehicular Accident reconstruction Top 10 Most Famous Forensic Experts in History Henry Lee: Born in China as the 11th of 13 children, Lee fled to Taiwan with his family at the end of the Chinese Civil War. He was a police captain in Taiwan by the age of 25. In 1972, Lee came to the United States to study Forensic Science. He also has a Ph.D. in biochemistry. Lee worked on the Jon Benet Ramsey case, the O.J. Simpson Case and the Laci Peterson case. He also consulted on the murder of Deputy White House Counsel Vincent Foster, as well as worked on the D.C. sniper shootings. Lee was accused of accidentally destroying, or even hiding, evidence in the Phil Spector case. He is one of the most well forensic experts today. Cyril Wecht: Originally, Wecht wanted to be a musician. He was even concertmaster at the University of Pittsburgh. However, he went on to get his M.D. Wecht served in the Air Force, and later became a forensic pathologist. He eventually became coroner of Allegheny County in Pennsylvania. He served as coroner from 1970 to 1980, and from 1996 to 2006. He has personally performed more than 14,000 autopsies. Wecht is famous as a consultant, especially on TV. He has consulted on the outcomes of the deaths of John F. Kennedy (he is famous for disputing the findings of the Warren Commission), Sharon Tate, issues relating to the Branch Davidian incident, Anna Nicole Smith, JonBenét Ramsey and Vincent Foster. Wecht also has a pathology private practice, in which he and associates provide consultations on cases. However, he was tried for fraud, but it was declared a mistrial. Michael Baden: Baden’s high profile comes from the fact that he is seen everywhere, lending his insight as a medical doctor and forensic pathologist to a number of famous cases. He hosts the HBO show Autopsy, and also contributes on the Fox News Channel. He has written two non-fiction books that are quire popular. Baden served as the Chief Medical Examiner for New York City between 1978 and 1979. He has served as an expert witness or as a consulting pathologist on a number of famous forensic cases (some that require him to re-evaluate events of past history), including John F. Kennedy,Czar Nicholas, O.J. Simpson, John Belushi, Phil Spector, Kathleen Savio and Lisa McPherson. Baden has a private practice as a pathology consultant. Clea Koff: Forensics has spawned a number of different sub- fields, and one of those is forensic anthropology. Clea Koff is one of the premier forensic anthropologists in the world, studying deaths in cases where the remains of a victim may be in advance stages of decomposition. Koff worked for the United Nations for several years, and helped on missions in Bosnia, Rwanda, Serbia, Coatia and Kosovo. Koff received her degree in forensic anthropology, and has written an autobiography about her work. Koff founded The Missing Persons Identification Resource Center, and works to help people identify their loved ones if they can’t find them through official missing persons channels. William Maples: This man was a noted forensic anthropologist working in the middle of the 20th century. He had a Ph.D., and authored a book (with Michael Broning), Dead Men Do Tell Tales: The Strange and Fascinating Cases of a Forensic Anthropoligist. He became well-known for consulting on cases of the deceased, by looking at their remains. He worked on the U.S. president Zachary Taylor, looks at the case of “The Elephant Man, John Merrick, Francisco Pizarra and the Ramanov family, of which Czar Nicholas II was the head. He worked at the Florida Museum of Natural History, and was known for helping to solve unsolved cases. Joseph Bell: This man pioneered some of the techniques known today in forensic pathology. At the time (in the late 19th century and early 20th century), forensic pathology was rarely used as a way to help solve crimes. Bell taught his students about observation, and built upon knowledge from his great-grandfather, the forensic surgeon Benjamin Bell.Bell is considered to be an inspiration for Sherlock Holmes, since Arthur Conan Doyle met him in 1877 and was impressed by him. Bell taught at the University of Edinburgh in the medical school, and served as Queen Victoria’s personal surgeon whenever she was in Scotland.