Selected References

The following are some of the principal references consulted by the author in compiling this book. Additional information was obtained, or consulted for verification purposes, from a wide variety of publications, journals, and newspapers too numerous to list in entirety. Where apparent inconsistencies and discrepancies existed, the author selected what he considered to be the most reliable/accurate source of information. For ease of reading and comprehension, no attempt has been made to litter the text with a multiplicity of references.

The United Kingdom

Allcock, J. F., Natural Purchasing, The Institution of Gas Engineers, 1978. British Gas Corporation, Annual Report and Accounts (various years). Chandler, Dean and Lacey, A. Douglas, The Rise of the Gas Industry in Britain, British Gas Council, 1949. Continental Shelf Act 1964, Chapter 29, HMSO, 1964. Gas Council Annual Report and Accounts, HMSO (various years). Kelf-Cohen, R., Twenty Years of Nationalisation-The British Experience, Macmillan, 1969. Messham, Susan E., Gas-An Industry, HMSO, 1976. and Submarine Pipe-lines Act, HMSO, 1975. Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Gas Industry, Cmd 6699 (Heyworth Report), HMSO, 1945.

223 224 EVOLUTION OF THE GAS INDUSTRY

The United States

Gas Facts, American Gas Association (various years). Gas Rate Fundamentals, American Gas Association, 1960. Economics of the Controversy-A Staff Study, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, 1977. Federal Power Commission-1977 Final Annual Report, US Department of Energy, July 1978. Natural Gas-A Study in Industry Pioneering, American Gas Association, 1963. National Gas Survey, Volume I, Federal Power Commission, 1975. Natural Gas , US Bureau of Mines, 1978. Pipeline and Gas Journal, Petroleum Engineer Publishing Co., July 1976. Story of Gas, American Gas Association, 1964.

Japan

Far Eastern Economic Review, various issues. Gas Energy-its Present Situation and Future Course, Tokyo Gas Company Ltd, June 1977. Gas Utility Industry in Japan, Japan Gas Association, various years. History of the Gas Industry in Japan, Tokyo Gas Company Ltd, 1978. Osaka Gas Company Ltd, Annual Reports, various years. Tokyo Gas Company Ltd, Annual Reports, various years.

The

Energy from the Depths, N.V. Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, 1965. Gas-Aardgas, N. V.Nederlandse Gasunie, 1972. Gas Marketing Plan, N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie (various years). Gasunie Annual Report (various years). Kloosterman, A. H., Development of the Natural Gas Pipeline System in the Netherlands, International Gas Union, 1964. Liquefied Natural Gas on the Maasvlakte, N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, 1978. Man and Energy, N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, 1978. Natural Gas, VEG-Gasinstituut, 1971. Natural Gas in Holland, N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, 1977. Peebles, M. W. H., Pass, V. H., Salkeld, J., The Development of Groningen Gas, Shell International Gas Ltd, 1971. Power from the Depths, Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, B.V., 1973. Voogd, J. G. de, Natural Gas in the Netherlands, The Institution of Gas Engineers, 1964. SELECTED REFERENCES 225

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Campbell, Robert W., The Economics ofSoviet Oil and Gas, Resources for the Future Inc., 1968. Ebel, Robert E., Communist Trade in Oil and Gas, Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1970. Ebel, Robert E., The Petroleum Industry of the Soviet Union, American Petroleum Institute, June 1961. Elliott, lain F., The Soviet Energy Balance, Praeger Publishers Inc., 1974. Hassman, Heinrich, Oil in the Soviet Union, Princeton University Press, 1953. Oil and Natural Gas Industries of the USSR, Petroleum Economics Ltd, January 1959. Orudzhev, S. A., 'The Development of the USSR Gas Industry', 13th World Gas Conference, 1976. Park, Daniel, Oil and Gas in Comecon Countries, Kogan Page Ltd, 1979. Russell, Jeremy, Energy as a Factor in Soviet Foreign Policy, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1976. Soviet Oil Gas and Energy Databook, Petro Studies Co., 1978. USSR: Development of the Gas Industry, Central Intelligence Agency, July 1978.

Liquefied Natural Gas

Coppack, C. P., Practical Aspects of LNG Projects, Australian Gas Association, October 1976. History of the Importation Scheme, The Gas Council and Conch Methane Services Ltd, October 1964. Liquefied Natural Gas, Shell Briefing Service, July 1978. Liquefied Natural Gas and the International Energy Market, Worldmark Economic Publications Inc., 1958. Prew, L. R., Technical Aspects of LNG and NGL Shipping, Shell International Gas Ltd, 1977. Perspective, Conch International Methane Ltd.

General

Adkins, J. M., Town Gas from Petroleum, The Shell Petroleum Company Ltd, 1958. Annual Bulletin of Gas Statistics for , United Nations, various years. Asimov, Isaac, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Doubleday & Co. Inc., 1964. Carter, E. F., Dictionary of Inventions and Discoveries, Frederick Muller, 1966. 226 EVOLUTION OF THE GAS INDUSTRY

DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics, 1976. Lawrie, James, Natural Gas and Methane Sources, Chapman & Hall Ltd, 1961. Natural Gas Terms and Measurements, Shell International Gas Ltd, 1969. Pipeline and Gas Journal, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Publications, November 1978. Rose, J. W. and Cooper, J. R., 'Technical Data on ', The British National Committee, World Energy Conference, 1977. Short History of the German Gas Industry, Ruhrgas A. G., 1976. Shnidman, Louis, Gaseous -Properties, Behaviour and Utilisation, American Gas Association, 1954. World Energy Supplies 1971-1975, United Nations, 1977.

In addition to the foregoing, the following journals in particular, in their various issues over the years, contained a wealth of information on specific aspects of the gas industry which proved invaluable either in cross-checking or adding to that which was available elsewhere.

Gas World Oil and Gas Journal Oil Gas European Magazine Petroleum Economist (formerly Petroleum Press Service) Petroleum Intelligence Weekly Petroleum Times Platt's Oilgram News Index

Abu Dhabi 104, 201 Baku, USSR 148,167 Abu Dhabi Liquefaction Company Baltic Republics 161 Limited 201 Baltimore 8, 53 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company Baltimore, Gas Light Company of (ADNOC) 110, 201 10, 11, 53 Adelaide 11 Bar, USSR 175 Afghanistan 166, 169 Barents Sea 179 Africa 88,123,210 Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij Agha Jari (oilfield) 167 (BPM) 120, 121 Air, liquefaction of 187 Beaumont, Texas 55 Alabama Gas Corporation 194 Becker, Johann 7 Alaska 76, 77, 84, 85, 104, 110, 194 2, 7, 11,113,123,138, Algeria 29, 174, 192, 193, 194,201, 142, 175, 194,207 204 Ben Bella 192 Algerian LNG 29, 39, 44, 84, 85 Bergisch Gladbach, 138 Alkmaar, Netherlands 115 Berry, Miles 1 5 American Gas Light Journal 54 'Big Inch' pipeline 56 Amoco 30 Birmingham, England 8, 1 7 Amsterdam 115 Black Sea 1 70 Andrews, Thomas 187 Board of Trade, UK 23 Angren, USSR 151 Bolsward, Netherlands 115 Annual contract quantity (ACQ) 32 Boston 187 Arctic Circle 158 Boston Gas Light Company 10 Armenian SSR 16 7 Boulton and Watt 8 Arpet 30 Bovanenko (gas field) 158 Arun, North Sumatra 110, 201 Bratislava, Czechoslovakia 172 Arun Natural Gas Liquefaction Bratstvo (Brotherhood) pipeline Company 201 161,172,173,174,178 Arzew (and Arzew liquefaction plant) Brent oil and gas field 44 192, 198, 201 Bridgestone Liquefied Gas Company As tara, Iran 16 7 110, 201 Atlanta, Georgia 54 British Gas Corporation 8, 21, 3 2, Australia 194,210 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 11, 113, 168, 172, 173, 174 46,47,48,49,194 Azerbaijan SSR 167 British Methane Limited 192, 194 British National Oil Corporation Badak, East Kalimantan 110, 201 (BNOC) 48, 49 Badak Natural Gas Liquefaction British Petroleum (BP) 30, 31, 110, Company 201 201 227 228 Index

British thermal unit, adoption of 23 COMECON 171, 172, 175, 176 Broadway, New York 53 Commissie Samenwerkende Regionale Brooklyn 54 Organen Gasvoorziening (SROG) Brunei 104,109,110,195,196 132, 134, 136 Brunei Coldgas Limited l 09, 198 Committee of Enquiry, UK l 0, 26 Brunei government 109, 196, 197, Compagnie Algerienne du Methane 198 Liquide (CAMEL) 192, 193, Brunei LNG Limited 196, 197 194 Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Conch International Methane Limited Limited 196, 197 190, 192, 194 Buenos Aires ll Conch Methane Tankers Limited Bukhara, USSR 167 192 Bulgaria 170, 172, 175 Conch self-supporting tank design Bunsen burner, invention of ll 192,202,207 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm von ll Constantine the Great 5 Bykovo, USSR 175 Constock International Methane Limited 190 Cabot, Godfrey 187 Constock Methane Corporation Caesar, Julius 5 190 Cailletet, Louis Paul 187 Continental Oil Company (CONOCO) Calcasieu River, Louisiana 190 30, 190 Calcutta ll Continental Shelf Act of 1964 30, Canada 11, 76,84,85,89,194 31,48 Canvey Island 28, 29, 33, 190, 192, Cook Inlet, Alaska 195 193 Cooper, H. C. 187 Carbon black production 58 Cornwall, West Virginia 187, 188 , liquefaction of 187 Cove Point, Maryland 198 Carbon monoxide, liquefaction of Coze, Andre 15 187 Critical point, temperature of 186, Carburetted water gas 15 187 Carter, President Jimmy 76, 78, 80, Cryogenics, science of 186 81,83,84 Culross Abbey, Scotland 8 Caucasus 167 Czechoslovakia 168, 169, 170, 172, Central America 210 173,174, 175 Central Asia 151, 154, 157, 167 CFP 110, 201 Das Island, Abu Dhabi 110, 201 Chicago 54, 56, 189 Dashava (gas field) 1 72 Chicago District Pipeline Company Deborah (gas field) 30, 44 189 Denekamp, Netherlands 121 China (and Chinese) 5, 51 Denmark 11, 30 Chita, Japan 110, 201 Department of Energy (DOE), USA Chlorine, liquefaction of 187 79, 84, 85 Chubu Electric Power Company Department of Energy Organisation llO, 201 Actofl977,USA 79 Clayton, John 7 Depletion-type contract 3 2 Clegg, Samuel 10, 15, 16 Deutsche Erdgas Transport G.m.b.H. Cleveland, Ohio 188, 189, 194 (DETG) 138 Coal, underground gasification of Dienst Voor Het Stoomwezen (Dutch 151, 152, 153 bureau of steam ) 130 Coevorden, Netherlands 121 Dinnendahl, Franz l 0 Coldgas Trading Limited 109, 110, Distrigas Corporation, Boston 84, 197, 198 201 Columbia Gas 64 Distrigaz, S. A., Belgium 138 Index 229

Dixon, George 8 Federal Energy Regulatory Commis• Dnieper, USSR 175 sion (FERC), USA 64, 79, 80, Donbass, USSR 151 82,83 Dottie (gas field) 30, 44 Federal Power Commission (FPC), Drenthe,Netherlands 119,121,174 USA 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, Dresser Industries 188 78, 79,99,189 Dundonald, Lord 8 Federal Trade Commission, USA 59 Durham, England 27 Finland 173, 174 Dutch State Mines (DSM) 115, 119, Fos-sur-Mer, 200 125, 126, 128, 129 France 2, 8, 113, 123, 142, 168, 174,192,193,194,207 East Kalimantan 201 Fredonia, New York 11, 51, 52,54 East Ohio Gas Company 187 Fredonia Censor 52 East Siberia 157 Friesland, Netherlands 115, 119 Economic Regulatory Administration Frigg (gas field) 31, 32, 44, 45 (ERA), USA 79, 80, 85 Fukuoka Gas Company 92 Edison, Thomas 92, 94 Edison and Swan Electric Light Gadinia (LNG carrier) 199 Company 94 Gas, origin of name 7 Eems Estuary 144 Gas Act, Japan 96, 97, 98 Eemshaven, Netherlands 144 Gas Act of 1972, UK 39, 42 Eisenhower, President Dwight 60, 81 Gas Bill, UK 2 7 El Paso Algeria Corporation 201 Gas company, world's first 10 El Paso Natural Gas 64, 179 Gas cooker, world's first 11 El Paso LNG projects 84, 85, 198, Gas Council (British) 27, 28, 29, 31, 201 32,33,39,40,41,42, 190,192 Electric dynamo, invention of 23, 66 Gas , introduction of 94 Electric incandescent lamp, invention Gas from shale 151, 152, 153 of 66,92 Gas holders (gasometers) 16, 17, 52 Electric Lighting Act, UK 23 Gas mantle, incandescent 11, 23, 66, Electric tungsten lamp, invention of 94,95 94,95 Gas Transport membrane tank design Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977, 195,200,202,207 USA 78 Gas-Union G .m. b.H. 140 Empresa Nacional del Gas (Enagas) Gas works, America's first 10, 52, 53 201 Gas works, Germany's first 10 Energieversorung Weser-Ems A.G. Gas works, world's first 10 (EWE) 138 Gasdistributiebedrijf, Netherlands Energy Act of 1976, UK 48 129 Energy Resources Council (ERC), Gasoil, derivation of name 28 USA 80 Gasunie, N.V. Nederlandse 126, 127, England 2, 7,33, 115,190 128, 129, 130, 131,132, 133, English Channel 46 134, 136, 137, 140, 143, 144, Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) 145 140 Gaz de France 138, 168, 174, 192, Esso (Exxon) 30, 120, 125, 126, 193, 194,200 128, 138, 195 Gelderland, Netherlands 119, 120 Esso self-supporting tank design 207 Georgia SSR 167 Estonian SSR 151 German Democratic Republic (East Etrez, France 174 Germany) 170, 172, 173, 175 European Russia 154, 161 Germany 7, 10, 15,113,123 Germany, Federal Republic of (West Faraday, Michael 11, 186 Germany) 2, 30, 113, 119, 230 Index

Germany, Federal Republic of (West Indefatigable (gas field) 30, 44 Germany) - continued Indonesia 110,201,202 140, 14~ 168, 172, 173, 174, International Convention on the High 194,207 Seas 30 Germany-Russia war, outbreak of lnternationale Gas Transport 150 Maatschappij N.V. (IGTM) Gewerkschaft Brigitta 140 128, 140, 141 Ginza, Tokyo 92 Interruptible sales 74, 75, 134, 143, Glasgow 8 166 Great Kanto earthquake disaster Iran 167, 168, 169, 170, 174 (Kanto Daishinsai) 96 Iranian Gas Trunkline (IGAT-1 and Greeks 5 IGAT-11) 167, 168 Groningen (gas field) 2, 113, 119, Irish Sea 44, 46 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, Isis, temple of 5 129, 131, 138, 142, 143, 144, Ismail, USSR 1 70 146 Italy 11' 113, 140, 142, 174, 195 Groningen Province 119, 122, 128 Ivan IV (the Terrible) 148 Groznyy, USSR 167 Guebers (fire-worshippers) 148 Jablonica, Czechoslovakia 172, 173 Japan 2, 11, 84, 86,179,194,201, Haarlem, Netherlands 115 207,209 Hague, The 115 Japan Gasoline Company Limited Hannover 10 199 Harland and Wolff 192 Japan Indonesia LNG Company Hartis-Fulbright Act, USA 60 Limited (JILCO) 201 Hart, William 52 Japan Siberia Gas Company 179 Hassi R 'Mel (gas field) 192, 194 J.J. Henry Company 190, 192 Hawaii 11 Joliet, Illinois 189, 194 , liquefaction of 187 Joule, James Prescott 187 Helmont, Jan Baptista van 7 Jules Verne (LNG carrier) 192, 193 Henfrey, Benjamin 8 Hewitt (gas field) 30, 44 Kagoshima Prefecture 91 Heyworth, Geoffrey (Lord) 26,27 Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike 18 7 'High-Speed Gas' 28 Kanevskaya, USSR 167 Hiroshima 98 Kansai Electric Power Company Hodja-Gugerdag (gas field) 166 110, 201 HongKong 11 Kelif, Afghanistan 166, 167 Honshu, Japan 92 Kerr Bill, USA 60 Hope Natural Gas Company 187 Kharasavei (gas field) 158 Horizontal rotary retort, invention of Kharkov, USSR 148, 154 10 Kobe Gas Company 92 Houlder Brothers 192 Kockums (ship builders) 195 Huffington 110, 201 Kokhtle-Jarve, USSR 151 Hume, W. F. 148 Koninklijke Hoogovens en Staal- Hungary 170,172,175 fabrieken 115, 117 Konink.lijke Nederlandsche Maat• IJmuiden, Netherlands 115 schappij tot Exploitatie van Illinois 189 Petroleum bronnen in Imatra, Finland 1 73 Nederlandsch-Indie 120 Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Kotka, Finland 173 28 Kouvola, Finland 173 Incandescent gas mantle, invention of Krasnodar' Kai 160 11 Kremenchug, USSR 17 5 Index 231

Kyushu, Japan 91 Marsa el Brega, Libya 195 Kyushu Electric Power Company Marum (oil field) 167 110,201 Marum, van M. 186 Mauritius 11 Lacey, T. S. 15 Maykop, USSR 167 Lake Charles, Louisiana 190 Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan 16 7 Lampertheim, Germany 138 Medvezh'ye (gas field) 158 Le Havre, France 192, 193 Melville, David 8 Lebon,Phillipe 8,94 Meter, gas dry, invention of 15 Leeds, England 29, 193 Meter, gas wet, invention of 15 Leeuwarden, Netherlands 121 Meter, prepayment, introduction of Leman (gas field) 30, 44, 124 15, 23 Leningrad 151, 153, 173 Methane, critical temperature of 186 Libya 174,195 Methane Pioneer (LNG carrier) 190, Lieden University 187 193, 194, 206 Limburg, Netherlands 115,119 Methane Princess (LNG carrier) 192, Linde, von, Karl P. G. 186 193 Line pack 75 Methane Progress (LNG carrier) 192, Liquefied natural gas (LNG) 28, 29, 193 44,64,65,80,83,84,85,88, Mexico 11, 84, 89 91, 99, 100, 104, 106, 107, 108, Middle East 88, 123, 159 109,110,111,143,174,179 Minister of Economic Affairs, (LPG) 69, Netherlands 122, 128, 130, 86, 99, 101, 104, 107, 109, 164, 138, 145 201 Minister of Power, UK 26, 30, 31, Liquid Fuel Company 187 192 'Little Inch' pipeline 56 Minkelers, Jean Pierre 8 London 17,21 Mississippi 18 9 London and Westminster Gas Light Mitsubishi Corporation (Mitsubishi and Coke Company 10, 21, 26 Shoji Kaisha) 109, 196, 197, Louisiana 28, 55, 189, 190 198 Louisville 53 Mitsui 110, 201 Louvain University 8 Mittelrheinische Erdgastransport Lowe, George 15 G.m.b.H. (METG) 138 Lowe, Professor Thaddeus S.C. 13, Mobil Oil 110 15 Mobil Oil Indonesia 201 Lumut, Brunei 196, 199, 200 Morecambe (gas field) 44 Lurgi plants 28, 40 Moscow 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, Lutte, De, Netherlands 121 161, 165, 167, 188 Lyons, France 174 Moss-Rosenberg spherical tank design 207 Maasvlakte, Rotterdam 143, 144 Mubarek, USSR 167 Maatschap (financing partnership for Muirkirk, Scotland 8 Groningen gas) 126, 128 Munich, Germany 7 Magadan, USSR 1 79 Murdock (Murdoch), William 8 Magnolia Gas Company of Dallas 55 Murmansk, USSR 179 Malam, John 1 5 Malta 11 Nagasaki Gas 92 Manchester 29 Nagoya, Japan 108 Manchester Corporation 22 Nakhodka, USSR 179 Manchester Police Commissioners 8 NAM/Gas Export 127, 128, 138, Mannesmann steel pipes 15, 173 140, 141 Marathon Oil 109, 195 Naples 5 232 Index

National Energy Plan, USA 76, 78, North Star project 179 80 Northern Ireland 33 National Iranian Gas Company 168 Norway 30,44,174,207 Natural Gas Act of 1938, USA 59, Norwegian gas 44, 45, 46 60,62,63,64,66, 78,79 Natural Gas Advisory Committee, Netherlands 121 Occidental Petroleum 179 Natural Gas Conference Bill of 1978, Odessa 148, 170 USA 81 Oesterreichische Minearloelverwaltung Natural gas for automotive uses 152, A.G. 168, 172 174, 189 Ohio, USA 188 Natural gas liquids (NGL) 85, 86, Okhotsk, USSR 1 79 Orenburg (gas field) 158, 160, 175, 87,88 Natural Gas Note, Netherlands 128, 176,177,179 Organisation of Petroleum Exporting 138 Natural Gas Pipeline Company of Countries (OPEC) 75, 76, 204 America 56,64 Orudjev, S.A. 157 Natural Gas Policy Act (NGPA) of Osaka Gas Company 92, 95, 108, 1978,USA 81,82,83,85 109,110,196,200,201 Natural-gas-powered railway loco• Osaka Mint 91 motives 152 Overijssel, Netherlands 119 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij , liquefaction of 187 (NAM) 120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128 Panhandle (gas field) 55, 56, 123 Nederlandse Gasunie see under Paris 8, 174 Gasunie Peak shaving 7 5 Nederlandse Staatsmijnen see under Peale, Rembrandt 10 Dutch State Mines Pelegrin 91, 92 Negishi, Yokohama 109, 195 Pennsylvania 13, 15, 56 Nesis, island of 5 Permian Basin Area rate case 61 Netherlands 2, 30, 33, 164, 174, 194 Pertarnina 110, 201 Netherlands Mining Act of 1810 Peter the Great 148 119, 120 Petroleum and Submarine Pipe-Lines New Orleans 53 Act, UK 48 New York Gas Light Company 10, Petroleum Revenue Tax (PRT) 48 53 Philadelphia 53 Newcastle, England 92 Phillips Petroleum 30, 60, 61, 109, Newport, Rhode Island 8 195 Niigata Prefecture 92 Phoenixville, Pennsylvania 15 Nippon Steel Corporation 110, 201 Pictet, Raoul Pierre 187 , liquefaction of 187 Pipe, laminated 162 Nixon, President Richard 76 Pipe, multi-layer 162 Noord Brabant, Netherlands 11 S, Pittsburgh 53, 54 119 Pixii, Hippolite 23 Noord Holland 115, 119 Plan van Gasafzet (Gas Marketing Nordrheinische Erdgastransport Plan), Netherlands 145 G.m.b.H. (NETG) 138 Planologische Werk-commissie Norristown, Pennsylvania 13 (Planning Working Committee), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Netherlands 130 (NATO) 172 Plutarch 5 North Caucasus 154 Podzemgas 151 North Sea 30, 32, 38, 39,42, 43, 44, 11,169,172,175,176 46, 124, 140 Port Nikishi, Alaska 109, 19 5 Index 233

Pous, de 128 Senboku (gas terminal) 109, 200 Prince, William Wood 189 Sever-1 automatic machine Pritchard 192 162 Procon Incorporated 199 Shanghai Gas Company 91 Project Independence, USA 76 Sharp, James 11 , liquefaction of 186 Shatlyk (gas field) 158 Public Utilities Committee, Japan 99 Shatsk, USSR 151 Public Utilities Ordinance of 1950, Shebelinka (gas field) 170, 172 Japan 98,99 Shell (Royal Dutch/Shell Group) 28, 30, 109, 120, 125, 126, 128, Redruth, Cornwall 8 138, 190, 196, 197, 198 gas 28, 107, 117, 119, 129 Shell Petroleum N. V. 120 Reserves classification, Soviet system Shell Tankers (UK) Limited 197 156 Shell Transport and Trading Company Retorts, horizontal 10, 15, 91, 9 5 Limited 120 Retorts, inclined 15 Shibarghan, Afghanistan 166, 167 Retorts, through 15, 95 Shinwell, Emmanuel 26 Retorts, vertical 15 Siberia 148,151,159,172,179 Rheinisch-Westflilisches Elektrizitiits• Singapore 11 werke A.G. 140 Skikda,Algeria 200,201 Richmond, Virginia 8 S1ochteren (see Groningen) Ridderzaal (Knights' Hall), The Hague SNAM, S.p.A. 140 113 Soc. d'Exp1oitation des Hydrocarbures Riga, USSR 148 d'Hassi R'Me1 (SEHR) 192 Rio de Janeiro 11 Sodegaura (gas terminal) 109, 110 Romania 170,171, 172,175,176 Sofia 170 Romans 5 Sojuzgazexport 168 Rossum, Netherlands 121 Sonatrach 44,144,194,201 Rostov, USSR 148, 167 South America 210 Rotliegendes (strata) 123, 124 South China Sea 199 Rotterdam 115, 117, 143 South-East Indefatigable gas field 30 Rough (gas field) 30, 44 Ruhrgas A.G. 138, 168, 173 Soviet Plans, Russelheim, Germany 138 First Five-Year 149 Second Five-Year 150 Saibu Gas Company 108 Third Five-Year 150, 151 St Augustine 5 Fourth Five-Year 150, 151, 152, St Petersburg, USSR 148 153 Salford, England 8 Fifth Five-Year 151, 153 San Diego Gas and Electric Company Sixth Five-Year 153 194 Seven-Year 153, 154, 155, 156 Saratov, USSR 150 Eighth Five-Year 159 Sarawak 110 Ninth Five-Year 159, 161 Satsuma Clan, Japan 91 Tenth Five-Year 159 Savannah, Georgia 198 Soyuz pipeline and project 161, 162, Saveh, Iran 16 7 175,179 Schlesinger, James 85 Spain 11,113,194,195,207 Schoonebeek, Netherlands 121, 138 Spirit of coals 7 Scotland 28, 33 SROG -see Commissie Samenwerk• Sea of Japan 179 ende Regionale Organen Sea of Okhotsk 179 Gasvoorziening Secretary of State for Energy, UK Staats Gasbedrijf (Netherlands State 39,48 Gas Board) 121, 122, 125, 234 Index

Staats Gasbedrijf (Netherlands State Ukraine 150,151, 154, 160, 161, Gas Board)- continued 169, 170, 172 129, 138 United Gas Pipeline 64 Staphorst, Netherlands 121 United Kingdom 2, 7, 8, 10, 15, 18, State Mineral Exploration Service, 51, 91, 101, 124, 140, 164, 173, Netherlands 120 192,194,207 Stavropol' Krai 160, 161, 167 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Steele, Essen 10 (USSR) 2, 123, 188,209 Stryji (gas field) 169, 172 Union Stock Yard and Transit Suddeutsche Erdgas Transport Company 189, 190 G.m.b.H. (SETG) 138 United States Bureau of Mines 187, Sulphur dioxide, liquefaction of 18 7 188, 190 Sulphuretted , liquefaction United States Coast Guards 190 of 187 United States of America (USA) 2, Swan, Joseph 92, 94 8, 10, 99, 101, 103, 104, 134, Sweden 11,175,195,207 146, 153, 164, 179, 182, 188, 11,140 190,194,195,201,202,203, Sydney, Australia 11 207,209 Synthetic (or substitute) natural gas Urals 148, 159, 160, 161, 167, 175 (SNG) 47, 84, 85, 89, 111 Urengoy(gasfield) 157,158,162, 179 Takashima, Kaemon 91 Utrecht, Netherlands 115, 119, 121 Take-or-pay 32 Uzbekistan (Uzbek SSR) 160, 167 Tallinn, USSR 151 Uzhgorod, USSR 172, 175 Technigaz membrane rank design 200,202,207 Technip 192 Valley gas 3 2 Tehran 167 Varna, Bulgaria 170 Tenneco 64, 85 Vereinigte Elektrizitatswerke Terry, L. F. 55 Westfalen A.G. 140 Texas 56 Vereniging van Exploitanten van Texas Eastern 64 Gasbedrijven in Nederland Thames Estuary 28, 190 (VEGIN) 132 Thyssengas A.G. 138 Vickers-Armstrong 192 TNT 24 Vienna 11 Toho Gas Company Limited 108, Viking (gas field) 30, 44 110 Volga, USSR 154,161,175 Tokyo 92,96,98,108,201 Vorarlberg, Austria 173 Tokyo Electric Power Company Inc. 104, 109, 110, 195, 196,201 Waidhaus, West Germany 173 Tokyo Gas Company Limited 92, Wales 33 95,9~ 108,109,195,196 Wanneperveen, Netherlands 121 Toronto 11 Warsaw 169 Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Washington D.C. 54 Corporation 194 Washington, George 5 Traviso, Italy 174 Water gas, invention of 13 Trinidad 84 Welsbach, Dr Carl Auer von 11, 66 Troostwijk, A.P. 186 Western Approaches 46 Truman, President Harry 60, 81 Western Siberia 157, 161 Trunkline (LNG project) 84, 202 West Sole (gas field) 30, 31, 44, 124, Tubbergen, Netherlands 121 140 Turkmeniya, USSR 160 West Virginia 187 Tyumen Oblast 158, 160, 161 Wigan 7 Index 235

Wijk, De, Netherlands 121 Yakutsk ASSR 179 Wilson, President 78 Yamburg(gasfield) 158 Winterswijk, Netherlands 120 Yatim Tag (gas field) 166 Winzer, Friedrich Albrecht (Winsor, Yokohama, Japan 91, 96, 98, 195 Frederick) 10 Yokohama gas works 92 Wisconsin Natural Gas Company Yorkshire 2 7 194 Yugoslavia 171, 175 Wisconsin Public Service Commission 60 Zapolyarnoye (gas field) 158 World Gas Conference, 13th 157 Zeeland, Netherlands 119 Worms self-supporting tank design Zlonice, Czechoslovakia 1 73 192,207 Zoroaster, Temple of 148 Wright, Alexander 15 Zuid (South) Holland 117, 119, 121