Ablard Whitesage NAHA 2020 Handout Salvia Updated

PROTECTING Dr. Kelly Ablard WHITE SAGE, PhD,RA,EOT ITS POLLINATORS, NAHA 8/2020 & ITS USE IN INDIGENOUS

COMMUNITIES © Airmid Institute 2020 White sage is currently faced with a number of threats including habitat loss and overexploitation.

The rapidly degrading population of this widely recognized and powerful plant could have devastating effects on biodiversity, and on its use in traditional medicine and cultural ceremonies among Indigenous communities.

• CONSERVATION STATUS • BOTANY • POLLINATORS OUTLINE • THREATS • THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY • USE IN TRADITIONAL CEREMONY AND MEDICINE • PROTECTION

• Sixth mass extinction • 1,000,000 species are facing extinction • Habitat destruction • 9% of essential oil-bearing plants are threatened or near-threatened • White sage ‘At-risk’ (UpS)

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 4 CHARACTERISITICS • White Sage, California White Sage, Grandfather Sage • Salvia apiana • Lamiaceae • Evergreen perennial shrub • 1-2.5 meters tall • 1-1.5 meters wide • Grey-green to white leaves • White to pale-lavender colored flowers • Long stems and central root mass • Deep taproots

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 5 HABITAT • Desert plant • Southern California • Baja California • Colorado desert • Clusters • Low nutrient sandy soil • Drought-tolerant • Heat • Sunlight • Fire-loving

• Critical for reproduction and gene diversity • apiana – belonging to the bees • Pollination mechanism only triggered by certain bee species

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 8 LARGE BEES • Specialized pollinators • Genera Xylocopa (Carpenter bee) Bombus (Bumble bee) • Native bee populations are in decline due to habitat loss, pesticides, and disease • California - Endangered Species Act candidate • Bombus crotchii Endangered IUCN Red List

• Fragmentation of coast sage scrub habitat • Altered fire regimes • Invasive species (e.g. Echium candicans) • Human-driven habitat loss • Habitat loss - climate change • 66% reduction in as little as 80 years • Commercial demand

Wal Mart Urban Outfitters Amazon E-Bay Etsy

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 12 Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 13 INDIGENOUS CEREMONY • Daily use • Smudging or smoke cleansing • Practice is not universally referred to as “smudging” • Bundles, loose or powdered leaves and steams • Purify space • Purify people • Purify objects • Bear dance – Ohlone tribe • Traditional song – Cahuilla tribe Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 14 Traditional Medicine

• Cahuilla, Kumeyaay, and Kiowa tribes • Leaves • Cold remedy (sinus congestion) • Blood tonic • Cough medicine • Poison oak • Seeds - eye cleanser

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 15 • Leaves burned to clear air of microbes Avoid with pregnant or nursing women WHITE SAGE ESSENTIAL OIL • Steam-distilled leaves • Fresh and light green- camphoraceous fragrance • Rich in 1,8-cineole* (68.4%), b-pinene (8.0%), a-pinene (5.7%), and b-myrcene (2.3%) • Therapeutic activity: neurostimulant, expectorant, analgesic, antifungal, bacteriostatic, and bactericidal

• Legal harvesting only on private land with permission • Legal harvesting on sustainably-certified cultivated populations • Retailers and suppliers should be able to provide evidence that white sage was legally and ethically harvested if wild-harvested • Retailers and suppliers need evidence e.g. certification, ensuring cultivated plant material was sustainably managed and harvested

• Fragrance profile • Key chemical constituents • Therapeutic activity • Safety • Conservation status • Trade status

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 19 Salvia lavandulifolia • Spanish sage • Fresh green camphoraceous fragrance • Rich in 1,8-cineole (12-40.3%), b-pinene (5.5-7.8%), a-pinene (4.7-10.9%), and b- myrcene (1.0-4.9%) • Therapeutic activity: neurostimulant, expectorant, antibacterial, airborne antimicrobial, and analgesic • Precautions: Contraindicated (all routes) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Abortifacient. Maximum dermal use level:12.5% . Do not apply near the face of infants or children. © Gabriel Mojay 2020 • Conservation status: Least concern

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 20 Salvia rosmarinus ct. 1,8-cineole • Rosemary • Fresh-camphoraceous, green and sweet- herbaceous • Rich in 1,8-cineole (39-57.7%), camphor (7.4- 14.9%) b-pinene (5.5-7.8%), a-pinene (9.6-12.7%), and b-myrcene (0.7-1.6%) • Therapeutic activity: neurostimulant, expectorant, antibacterial, analgesic, and antifungal • Do not apply to or near the face of infants or children; may be neurotoxic based on camphor content • Conservation status: Least concern

© Gabriel Mojay 2020 Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 21 Eucalyptus camaldulensis ct. 1,8-cineole • Red River Gum • Fresh-camphoraceous fragrance • Rich in 1,8-cineole (46.9-83.7%), b-pinene (trace to 7.9%), and a-pinene (1.3-14.7%) • Therapeutic activity: expectorant, neurostimulant, antibacterial, analgesic, and antifungal • Oils rich in 1,8-cineole can result in CNS and breathing difficulties and should not be applied near the face of infants and children under 10 years old. Max dermal use level: 20% • Conservation status: No apparent threat Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 22 Eucalyptus globulus • Blue Gum • Fresh-camphoraceous • Rich in 1,8-cineole (65.4-83.9%) and a-pinene (3.7-14.7%) • Therapeutic activity: expectorant, neurostimulant, antibacterial, analgesic, and antifungal • Oils rich in 1,8-cineole can result in CNS and breathing difficulties and should not be applied near the face of infants and children under 10 years old. Max dermal use level: 20% • Conservation status: No apparent threat

• Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) • Conservation status: Least concern • Texan cedarwood (Juniperus ashei) • Conservation status: Least concern • Virginian cedarwood (Juniperus virginiana) • Conservation status: Least concern

• Seed or cutting • US plant hardiness zones 6-9 for perennial • Grows as an annual in other zones • Full sun • Warm weather (below 25º F indoors) • Very little to no water • Sandy soil that easily drains • Fertilizer not required • Minimal humidity

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 25 PLANTING SEEDS • Start seeds indoors in early spring • Germination takes 2-3 weeks • Sow 2-3 seeds ¼” deep in an individual container • Sprinkle lightly with water • Keep in the temperature range of 68º F – 86º F • Keep under a grow light or in full sun • Water when potting mix is dry – do not overwater • Transplant seedings to larger containers when leaves form • Plant outside in the fall – dig hole twice as wide

as theCopyright root © Airmid Instituteball 2020 about 2 feet apart 26 HARVEST AND STORE • 1.5 – 2 years • Harvest depending on use (drier leaves more potent) • Use pruners or snips • Never take more than 1/3 of the plant • Cut younger plant tips just above the leaf node • Harvest when plant is dry • Dry cuttings on mesh screen with low humidity and light or hang • Dried material should easily crumble (avg. 1 week) • Air drying is ideal • Store dried material in airtight storage container

Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 29 Ablard, K (2017). Essential and Carrier Oil-Bearing Plants: Conservation Consciousness. Journal of Medicinal Plant Conservation. United Plant Savers. Battaglia, S. (2018). The complete guide to Aromatherapy: Vol I – Foundations & Materia Medica (3 Edn). Black Pepper Creative, Brisbane Australia. Espiritu, K. (2019). White sage plant: Growing Guide and Seeds. www.epicgardening.com Grand View Research, Inc., 2015 (http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry- analysis/essential-oils-market, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/essential-oil- market-size-to-reach-1167-billion-by-2022-grand-view-research-inc-531216151.html) Accessed July 2019. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). www.redlist.org (Accessed July 2020). Kolbert, E. (2019). Climate Change and the New Age of Extinction. The New Yorker. May 13, 2019. Moerman, D.E. 2000. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press Inc. Mojay, Gabriel (2019). Institute of Traditional Herbal Medicine and Aromatherapy. Course notes. Murray, T. E., M. Kuhlmann, and S. G. Potts. 2009. Conservation ecology of bees: Populations, species and communities. Apidologie 40:211-236. Nautiyal, CS, Chauhan, PS, and Nene, YL (2007). Medicinal smoke reduces airborne bacteria. J. Ethnopharmacol. Dec 3; 114(3)Copyright © Airmidp.446 Institute-51. 2020 30

All images unless otherwise noted, are Creative Commons Licensed images Ott, D., P. Huhn̈ , and Claßen-Bockhoff. 2016. Salvia apiana—A carpenter bee flower? Flora 221:82-91. Riordan, E. C., and P. W. Rundel. 2014. Land use compounds habitat losses under projected climate change in a threatened California ecosystem. PLoS One 9: e86487. https://doi.org/86410.81371/journal.pone.0086487. Sokovic, M, Brkic, D., Dzamic, A., Ristic, M, and Marin, P. (2009). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Salvia desoleana Atzei & Picci essential oil and its major components. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1920 Tisserand, R. and Young, R. 2014. Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Churchill Livingstone; 2nd Ed. USDA Forest Service. (2018) SAAP2 Update 3. White sage: Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_apiana (Accessed July 2020). Zedler, P. H., C. R. Gautier, and G. S. McMaster. 1983. Vegetation change in response to extreme events: The effect of a short interval between fires in California chaparral and coastal scrub. Ecology 64:809-818. Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 31

All images unless otherwise noted, are Creative Commons Licensed images APIANA2020 • Seminar attendees receive10% off a regularly priced annual membership through September 1, 2020. • Email the code APIANA2020 to: [email protected]

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Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 32 START PROTECTING TODAY! • Reduced income/student Apiana2020 offer applies to: • Individual $25 USD • Educational/Non-profit/Indigenous $50 USD • Business $250 USD • Plant Protector Partners $350 WWW.AIRMIDINSTITUTE.ORG 501(C)(3) 84-2585041 @airmidinstitute Copyright © Airmid Institute 2020 33