IAUC Newsletter INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION for URBAN CLIMATE

Issue No. 8 December, 2004. IAUC Newsletter INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR URBAN CLIMATE

www.urban-climate.org

President’s Column Professor Tim Oke has been selected by the IAUC Luke Howard Award: I am very pleased to Awards Committee for the announce that the IAUC Awards committee have inaugural (2004) Luke How- selected Professor Timothy Oke of The University of ard award. He was selected British Columbia, Canada, as the inaugral recipient for his pioneering and semi- of the IAUC’s Luke Howard Award (see further nal work in the field of ur- details p13). This award honors an individual who ban climatology. The Com- has made outstanding contributions to the field of mittee could not think of an- urban climatology in a combination of research, teaching, and/or service to the international other person more deserv- community of urban climatologists. Tim, the ing of this honour. founding President of the IAUC, clearly has made profound contributions in each of these realms. papers. Papers that provide new insight into the nature Please join me in congratulating him on this highly of the atmosphere in urban environments or to the deserved recognition. The award will be presented application of such knowledge to the better design and operation of settlements are encouraged. The deadline at the ICUC-6 meeting in Goteborg, Sweden, 2006. th I would like to thank the Awards committee for all of for the submission of abstracts will be November 10 , their work and particularly those who submitted and 2005. To date the WMO, IGU, IUGG, ISB and AMS all wrote in support of nominations. I strongly have agreed to serve as co-sponsors. If you have encourage you to start considering deserved suggestions of other organizations it would be recipients for the next Luke Howard Award - the appropriate to contact, please do let me know. deadline is October 1, 2005. With best wishes to all of you for 2005 New Resources on the IAUC web site: Off the new section Urban Climate Resources there are Sue Grimmond now three subsections. Under Teacher Resources [email protected]. on Urban Climate we have the first of what I hope President, IAUC will be a series. The first document, written by Gerald Mills, is on the Urban Canopy Layer Heat Island, one of the most studied aspects of urban climate. If you are interested in contributing to this series, which I strongly enourage, please contact Gerald Mills ([email protected]). A second set of Contents documents are related to Siting of Instruments in p1. President’s Column. Urban Environments. Now linked to the web site is a report by Tim Oke for the World Meteorological p2. Urban Project Report: Urban CO2 fluxes.

Organization providing “Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations at p4. Atmospheric Sciences and Air Quality Urban Sites”. This is an important document for all Conference, 27-29 April 2005. of us engaged in the collection or use of urban climate measurements. The third subsection is p5. Country Report: Urban climate research in Urban Field Programs. Here it is intended to create the Czech Republic. a database of sites where urban climate data have been collected historically and are currently. Please p8. Challenges in Urban Meteorology: contact me if you want to make additions to this. For A Forum for Users and Providers the Urban FluxNet link at the moment we only have p10. Conference Report: The 13th World Clean Air some of the studies that include CO2 fluxes. This is being used as a test in terms of format and data and Environmental Protection. collection. p11. ICUC-6 Gothenburg, Sweden th ICUC6: The call for papers for the 6 International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC6) is now p12. IAUC Bibliography Report posted on the IAUC website and is being sent out to journals/list-servs. If you have suggestions on p13. The Luke Howard Award places that this would be good to send to please contact me. See p11 for the complete call for p14. IAUC business

1 Urban Project Report

Urban CO2 fluxes: Preliminary results of eddy covariance measurements in the city of Rome, Italy

fluxes has been based on standardized proce- dures to infer the mean daily or hourly CO2 emissions of a city on the basis of existing information on population density and mean local weather conditions (Laing et al., 1998).

Site description and preliminary results The Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council (www.ibimet.cnr.it) that partici- pates in the CARBIUS project, has recently established a flux measurement station in the centre of the city of Rome and is planning to establish two additional urban flux measurement sites in the cities of Firenze and Genova. The station in Rome has been installed in January 2004 at the Fig. 1 : A view of the Calandrelli tower in the top of Calandrelli tower, at the headquarters of centre of Rome the Central Office of Agricultural Meteorology (UCEA), a laboratory of the Italian Ministry of Ag- ricultural Policies. The tower (Fig. 1) has an oc- Introduction tagonal shape with a diagonal width of 8m and A bi-lateral scientific cooperation agreement has extends for about 20m above the height of the been recently signed by the Italian and the US roofs of city centre buildings. government to study global change impact, mitigation and adaptation. One important area of in- Micrometorological instrumentation has been investigation, within such a programme, is the ter- stalled on a 3m mast at the top of the tower, con- restrial Carbon Cycle and is addressed by the sisting of a sonic anemometer (Mod. USA1, ME- CARBIUS project that involves scientific collabo- TEK, D) and an open path Infrared gas analyzer ration between US and Italian research institu- (Mod. Li7500, Licor, Nebraska, USA) connected tions. The main aim of the CARBIUS project is via a serial link to a PC (Fig. 2). Raw data are ac- the quantification of the carbon balance at the required at 20Hz and the fluxes are calculated gional scale, as plans for the reduction of anthro- every half hour using the eddy covariance tech- pogenic emissions require verifiable information nique (Aubinet et al., 2000; Baldocchi, 2003). on regional sources of carbon and uptakes in ter- Footprint calculations made using an analytical restrial ecosystems.

The net Carbon (C) balance of a region is the result of C-sources and C-sinks. Sinks and sources of Carbon of terrestrial ecosystems vary over the course of the day and of the year in response to different factors such as irradiance, fraction of in- tercepted light, temperature, water availability and water vapour pressure deficit, land management and plant phenology. Sources are also varying during the day and over the year in response to changes in anthropogenic activities, road traffic and heating. Any meaningful information on the seasonality of the C-budget at the regional scale requires therefore that the main anthropogenic and biogenic fluxes are carefully measured or Fig. 2: A view of the micro-meteorological modelled. So far, the temporal dynamics of urban equipment installed on the top of the tower.

2 Urban Project Report model (Hsieh et al. 2000) showed that, on aver- However, the quality of the data that have been age, 90% of the flux measured at the tower was obtained so far is encouraging. Further detailed originating from an area of approximately 3-4 km2 analysis of the observed fluxes allowed in fact to centered on the tower. detect, with good accuracy, the impact of traffic limitations imposed to private cars during some Preliminary flux data (period February - June specific days of the week. Rome city authorities 2004) have shown that the central part of the city decided, in order to contain the level of atmos- of Rome is a significant anthropogenic CO2 pheric pollution over the city during winter 2004, a source. Measured CO2 fluxes have been ob- main traffic limitation measure. On each Wednes- served to vary significantly over time likely in re- day comprised between 28 January to 31 March, sponse to seasonal changes in combustion from from 15 to 19hrs, the circulation of private vehi- vehicles and heating. The daily CO2 source was cles with even and uneven plate numbers was -2 -1 observed to exceed 45 g CO2 m day during the alternatively prohibited. Statistics on circulation of coldest period of the year and then decrease to private vehicles during this period were made -2 -1 22 g CO2 m day in the early summer. A clear available by the STA agency in Rome (www2.sta. seasonal trend was observed during the study roma.it/centrale/). These showed, on average, a period with a rapid decrease in the CO2 flux when reduction of 18% ± 7.2% of the city traffic on the weekly average of mean daily air temperature Wednesdays compared to other days of the increased above 12-15°C (Fig. 3). week. The reduction of CO2 flux measured by Assuming that the level of vehicle circulation did eddy covariance during the same periods was not change substantially during the whole study 18.9% (Fig. 4). A fraction that is apparently higher period, this suggested that domestic heating was than expected since the CO2 source provided by contributing, during the winter months, to more domestic heating cannot be yet carefully esti- than 50% of the urban source of Carbon. mated.

Flux data measured over weekends and during periods in which traffic limitations were imposed CO 2 fluxes averages by the city authorities to limit air pollution levels, 35 were excluded from the analysis shown in Fig. 3. 30 ] -1

*s 25

Despite some scatter in the data, the fitted curve -2 can potentially be used to predict the mean CO2 20 mol*m source of the city on the basis of measured air 15 Flux [ Flux temperature, only. The reliability of such a predic- 2 10 CO tor obviously requires further testing and valida- 5 tion, but this is already part of the objectives of 0 the project in Rome. Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Day

Fig. 4: Daily average CO2 fluxes measured between 15 and 19h from 5 February 2004 to 30 Weekly averages CO2 fluxes vs w eekly average March 2004. tempera ture 20 18 Conclusions 16

] 14 The CO2 flux measurements in Rome will be con- -1 s 12 -2 tinued in the remaining part of 2004 and in 2005, 10

mol m in the frame of the CARBIUS project. We expect

8 6 that robust relations will be constructed and 4 flux [ flux

2 tested, both to obtain reliable statistics of the Car- 2 CO 0 bon source strength provided by the city as well 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 as good CO2 flux predictors to be applied in re- Te mper at ure [° C] gional C-balance estimates. The creation of two additional measurement sites in Firenze and Fig. 3: Relationship between the mean weekly -2 -1 Genova will potentially help in obtaining meaning- CO2 flux (mmol m s ) and the mean weekly air ful data and correlations to be applied to the temperature (°C), measured from 9 february to whole country. We also expect our observational 16 July 2004. The logistic function used for fit- data to provide an independent and robust valida- ting has the following equation: F = -a · Tb / (Tb + b tion of inferential methods that are currently used c ) + d , where F is the mean flux, T is the mean to obtain spatial and temporal statistics of the sur- temperature a, b, c, d are fitting coefficients. face CO2 fluxes over cities (Laing et al., 1998).

3 Urban Project Report Conferences

Atmospheric Sciences and Correspondents: F.Miglietta(1), B.Gioli(1), F.P. Vaccari(1), A.Peressotti(2), A.Zaldei(1), C. Air Quality Conference Pasqualetti(1), A.Brunetti(3) and D.Vento(3) 27-29 April 2005, San Francisco, California, USA (1) IBIMET-CNR, Inst. of Biometeorology, Na- tional Research Council, Via Caproni, 8 – 50145 The Conference has had a traditional focus on Firenze, Italy the broad theme of Pacific-Rim Air Quality Issues. (2) DPVTA, Dept. of Crop Production and Envi- ASAAQ2005 will cover all aspects of the observa- ronmental Technologies, University of Udine, P. tion, analysis, and simulation of air quality on all le delle Scienze, Udine, Italy scales (from urban to global), including emis- (3) UCEA, Ufficio Centrale di Ecologia Agraria, sions, transport, diffusion, chemistry, removal Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Via del processes, impacts, and air quality management. Caravita, 7 – 00100 Roma, Italy It will be organized around the following foci: Aerosols; Air Quality Forecasting; Emissions; New US eight-hour ozone standard; Long range References transport of Asian pollutants and natural dust to Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, ü., North America; Global changes in composition Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalsky, A.S., Martin, and climate; Urban and regional impacts resulting P.H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., from global atmospheric composition and climate Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Morgen- changes; Successful air quality programs, such stern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, as ozone attainment in the San Francisco Bay W., Valentini, R., Vesala, T. 2000. Estimates of Area; Specific field studies, e.g., East-Asia Joint the annual net carbon and water exchange of Campaign, Joint Urban 2003, and ICARTT2004; European forests: the EUROFLUX methodol- Real-time emergency response planning. ogy, Adv. Ecol. Res. 30, 113-175, 2000. Daily cross-cutting quarter-day plenary sessions Baldocchi, D. 2003. Assessing the eddy covari- are planned. Remaining papers will be presented ance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide in half-day sessions on each of foci, each with an exchange rates of ecosystems - past, present invited 30-minute review presentation. Posters and future, Global Change Biology 9:479- 492, will be available for viewing during the entire con- 2003. ference, along with dedicated viewing sessions. Please visit our web site www.ametsoc.org for Hsieh, C.I., Katul, G.G., Chi, T.W., 2000. An ap- updates on the program, special events, and reg- proximate analytical model for footprint estima- istration. tion of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows. Advances in Water Resources, Submission of Abstracts 23, 765-772. Abstracts are to be submitted electronically and Laing, RK., Wickert, B., Friedrich, R. 1998. will be available on-line via the Web. Instructions CAREAIR: A computer aided modeling toolbox for preparation of abstracts and manuscripts are to generate and analyze emission data in high posted on the Web Site. Please visit www. temporal and spatial resolution, Journal of The ametsoc.org and click on the Meeting Information Air & Waste Management Association, 48 tab. Go to Submission of Abstracts and the list- (12): 1175-1182, Dec 1998. ing for AASQ2005. 22 January 2005 is the deadline for abstract submission. A $60 abstract charge will be used to defray the cost of Web posting. Authors will be notified of acceptance by 15 February 2005. All accepted abstracts will be available on-line via the AMS Web page. It is hoped to also arrange for a dedicated issue of accepted papers in an international peer- reviewed journal.

4 Country Report Urban Climate Research in the Czech Republic

Introduction limit (60 µg m-3 and more). The improving trend in SO pollution is clearly evident (Fig. 1). The Research activities in the field of urban climate 2 trend for particulate matter concentrations is deal mainly with air quality issues and the role of very similar and it is not shown here. The most meteorological conditions that are influenced by problematic air pollution issue now is associated specific urban conditions. This research has in- with NO emissions as a result of the increasing creased in importance since the beginning of the x number of cars and an inadequate traffic infra- 1990’s and changes in the political and economi- structure. A complicating factor for air quality is cal conditions of the Czech Republic. that the historical centres in almost all cities and

towns here have relatively narrow streets. A con- Urban Air Pollution Problems sequence of these factors is a relatively high level of NOx pollution with no evidence of a de- By the mid of the mid-1990’s the most important creasing trend (Fig. 2). The linear pattern reflects kinds of air pollution even in the cities were emis- the main streets and roads in the area of Prague. sions of sulphur dioxide and particulate matters From this figure it is evident, that pollution due to that originates from burning. As there were a lot traffic is shows no trend. The emissions of NOx of local small house heating facilities in the cities from traffic are accompanied of intensive emis- and towns in the Czech Republic where lignite sions of VOC’s (Volatile Organic Compounds) was used as a fuel, the levels of concentration of which results in creation of photooxidation smog SO2 and particulate matter were very high. The pollution that plays an important role in summer situation has changed as this fuel is replaced by months. This problem will be mentioned later. electricity or natural gas and, in some towns or their parts, a remote (district) heating system has been adopted. Changes in SO2 annual mean COST 715 program concentrations in Prague are shown in the Fig.1. A problem of meteorological conditions and how The red colour corresponds to the area with an- these conditions can affect the level of urban air nual concentrations above the value of hygiene

Fig. 1 Evolution in SO2 ground annual concentration in Prague. (see www.atem.cz).

5 Country Report pollution was a main topic of the COST 715 ac- part in numerical and CFD modelling. For exam- tivity called Meteorology applied to urban air- ple, Prof. Jicha’s group from Technical University pollution problems. In the framework of this ac- Brno, Institute of Power Engineering - Depart- tivity two main branches can be seen. The for- ment of Thermodynamics and Environmental En- mer deals with physical modelling of the urban gineering can be mentioned. This group em- scale and street scale problems and the later util- ployed a modelling approach (using CFD models ized a numerical approach. A synthesis of this (STAR-CD)) to simulate car traffic in urban areas work is presented in the PhD. thesis of Strizik and its impact on air quality in the vicinity of the (2003) where the lidar measurement data and crossroads. The results of the research activities their comparison with the physical and numerical were given at the International meetings like the modelling results are given and discussed. Harmo9 meeting in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (9th International Conference on Harmonisation within Physical modelling activity is carried in the Insti- Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory tute of Thermomechanics of the Academy of Sci- Purposes) or 27th NATO ITM meeting in Banff ences of the Czech Republic. More information (27th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meet- about this activity can be found at the web page ing on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application). (www.it.cas.cz/modelovani/). This research group, led by Prof. Zbynek Janour, collaborates Another group, headed by Prof. Kozubkova, is with the Prof. Michael Schatzmann’s group from that from the Technical University Ostrava. The the Meteorological Institute of Hamburg Univer- topic of this group’s research is the numerical sity, Germany. In addition, The Institute of Ther- modelling of the small scale urban air flow and modynamics collaborates with the Department of pollutant dispersion under various meteorological Meteorology and Environment Protection, Fac- conditions. As a tool for this activity a Fluent CFD ulty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles Univer- software package has been used together with a sity Prague. These collaborations have resulted Geographical Information System (GIS). in several diploma and PhD theses on urban scale physical modelling topics (see Bezpalcova Mathematical methods used in numerical (2002) or Sedenkova (2004)). Details of these mesoscale and sub-mesoscale models have activities can be found on the website. been developed by the Prof. Kozel’s group from the Czech Technical University, Prague. For ex- In the framework of the COST 715 activity sev- ample, this group took part in the modelling activi- eral other groups from the Czech Republic took ties within ESCOMPTE campaign in France.

Fig. 2 Evolution in NOx ground annual concentration in Prague. (see www.atem.cz).

6 Country Report

of this program a project called Mathematical The topic of microscale modelling in complex ge- Modelling of Air Quality with Application in ometries is a part of research activities carried out Emergency Management is carried out in by Prof. Brechler and his colleagues. They are collaboration of three instuitutes: Institute of Com- also interested in the problem of photochemical puter Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the pollution modelling and in the framework of this Czech Republic, Charles University, Faculty of topic they collaborate with the Institute of Com- Mathematics and Physics, Department of Meteor- puter Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the ology and Environment Protection and the Czech Czech Republic and also with the Czech Hydro- Hydrometeorological Institute. meteorological Institute (see web pages www. medard-online.cz and www.chmi.cz, for exam- These two programs do not comprise all research ple). on urban-scale atmospheric processes in the Czech Republic. I did not mention all the ongoing Other ongoing activities or finished activities in this field in the Czech Re- public. But one can say that majority of the men- The COST 715 program was not the only activity tioned activities dealt with the air quality problems where the urban pollution research has been con- as this topic is quite important in the relatively centrated. Grant Agency of the Czech Republic dense populated area of the Central Europe. has supported projects dealing with the urban problems. Among those projects supported by Corresponding author: this Agency are the following.

Josef Brechler One project deals with physical modelling and in Dept. of Meteorology situ lidar monitoring aimed to investigate air pollu- and Environmental Protection, tion transport and dispersion in the urban and ru- Faculty of Mathematics and ral areas. Another project using physical model- Physics, Charles University, ling is studying air pollution dispersion in the ur- Prague ban or industrial areas. A detailed analysis of ur- V Holesovickach 2 ban aerosol with respect to its size should give 180 00 Prague 8 some basic information about aerosols in the Pra- e-mail: [email protected] gue region.

In the past there was also a project promoted by the Grant Agency of the Charles University. This project was called Classification of Prague Cli- mate and the head of this project was Dr. I. References: Sladek from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Strizik, Michal (2003), Utilization of Laser Spec- Charles University. troscopy in Air-Pollution Study. PhD Thesis, Fac-

ulty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Pra- The Ministry of Environment of the Czech Repub- gue 2003. lic also promotes research that is mainly aimed to the air quality problems in the urban areas. Top- Bezpalcova, Klara (2002), Estimation of concen- ics are issued every year and any organization tration distribution from line source in street can- that seeks support submits its proposal for inde- yon by the method of physical modelling. - di- pendent review. This scheme supports investiga- ploma thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Phys- tions that are focussed on specific problems that ics, Charles University, Prague. have to be solved.

Sedenkova, Hana (2004), Estimation of concen- The Future tration distribution from line source in urban set- In the near future the new activities that will deal tlement and rural area. - diploma thesis, Faculty with urban scale problems will be those coming of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, from the prepared new COST program: COST Prague. 728 Enhancing Mesoscale Meteorological Modelling Capabilities for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications. There is also a long term program (five year program) financed with the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic an called Information Society. In the framework

7 Urban Climate News

Challenges in Urban Meteorology: A Forum for Users and Providers

Background In recent years, there has been increased national and international attention focused on the need to address Challenges in Urban Meteorology urban weather and climate issues. Of the approxi- A Forum for Users and Providers mately 280 million people living in the United States (U. September 21-23 , 2004) S.) in 2000, nearly two-thirds live in urban areas, occu- pying less than two percent of the U.S. landmass. Weather extremes in the urban area are responsible for thousands of deaths annually, many of which could be avoided by more specific or accurate forecasts, adviso- ries, and warnings. To deal with weather and climate hazards to safety and property, urban leaders and managers are demanding more accurate and specific weather and climate information for use in their decision processes. Additionally, the events of September 11, 2001, dramatically sensitized the U.S. public, particularly those in urban areas, to the magnitude and range of the threat that it faces. The public is now impacts on urban communities and improve forecast- much more aware of the potential impacts of techno- ing for coastal and complex terrain areas. logical hazards not only from terrorist threats, but also • industrial accidents. In response to this demand, urban Identify better ways to integrate, apply, and deliver meteorology, a specialized, interdisciplinary approach weather and climate science and technology to urban to studying the natural and social environmental ele- decision makers and reduce high impact weather and ments associated with urban communities, has gained climate risk. attention and importance in science and technology • Focus attention on the relationship of natural hazards development, and in applications to a wide spectrum of to urban ecosystems and their management and fa- operational activities, to include homeland security. cilitate the transfer of emerging science and technology. A Call to Action • Raise the level of concern on priorities needed for The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorologi- funding research and application of science and tech- cal Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) is an nology on urban weather and climate problems/ interdepartmental office, which was established in re- issues. sponse to Public Law 87-843. Its primary purpose or mission is to ensure the effective use of Federal mete- Why address urban meteorology now? orological resources by leading the systematic coordi- Three factors have come together to make this the opti- nation of operational weather and climate require- mal time to address key issues in urban meteorology: ments, products and services, and the associated sup- • Recent national and international events have height- porting research among the federal agencies. Toward ened attention to potential acts of terrorism, particu- that end, the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, larly in large urban areas. Chemical, biological, ra- Samuel P. Williamson, in collaboration with the Depart- diological, and nuclear releases (whether intentional ment of Homeland Security Science and Technology or accidental) threaten public health and safety. At- Directorate, sponsored the September 21-23, 2004, mospheric transport and diffusion models used to forum on urban meteorology entitled, Challenges in predict the behavior of these harmful substances de- Urban Meteorology: A Forum for Users and Providers. pends on inputs from urban environmental observa- The theme of the forum was: Information to Improve tions. Community Responses to Urban Atmospheric Hazards, • Advances in observing systems, weather forecast Weather Events, and Climate. The forum brought to- models, and information technologies provide oppor- gether representatives from both the operational and tunities to address urban weather needs in ways not research communities to discuss and emphasize the feasible just a decade ago. key issues in developing a coherent end-to-end urban • meteorology program. It also provided the framework Health problems associated with extremes in urban for addressing the needs of the Federal agencies and weather and climate can threaten human health and user communities that have a stake in urban meteorol- strain response services. Other urban conditions, ogy. such as air and water pollution, can have long-term effects on health. The forum objectives were to: Critical urban meteorology issues: Many of the most • Promote close collaboration and integration of multid- pressing and serious issues fall within five areas of en- isciplinary research to address weather and climate vironmental concern:

8 Urban Climate News

• Severe weather in urbanized areas includes major Information dissemination and interpretation technolo- winter storms, hurricanes, flash-flooding due to lo- gies, systems, and interfaces to move data efficiently cally heavy precipitation, regional flooding along wa- from source to appropriate users in useful formats. terways, periods of extreme high or low temperature, Business continuity planning. and tornadoes. • Homeland security issues relate to the dispersion of Meeting the Challenge hazardous materials by atmospheric and/or water- To manage the risks to public safety, health, and borne transport. High-density urban populations and property, urban decision makers are demanding more the effects of urban topography on the local wind accurate and specific weather and climate informa- field combine to make accurate fine-scale prediction tion. If we are to deliver the improved weather and of plume movement and concentration essential, but climate services required by urban leaders and man- extremely difficult. agers, we must develop an end-to-end system solution. We must identify the problems we are trying to • Air quality is affected by atmospheric pollutants re- solve within the context of the whole urban system we sulting from human activities, including the effects of support and then optimize the solution. Approaching these pollutants on naturally occurring airborne sub- urban meteorology in a specialized, interdisciplinary stances. Urban traffic and the local, fine-scale ef- manner will provide an integrated response to the us- fects of the constructed environment on air move- ers’ demands for better, more useful information. ment can exacerbate the impact of air pollutants on

human health. Urban communities are also a major The results of the forum will provide valuable input as source of air pollution in downwind rural and natural the OFCM works to establish an interagency working ecosystems. • group to address the critical meteorological issues of Water quality is affected by the role of the atmos- the urban environment and their related crosscutting phere and precipitation in the Earth’s water cycle. themes. The purpose of the working group will be to Many airborne pollutants are eventually washed out develop and coordinate a vision and plan of action of the air and can be transported to surface or (strategy) to advance the state-of-the-science in ur- ground waters, and precipitation events affect the ban meteorology. The output of this effort will: load of contaminants carried into urban water sup- • Provide support for individual agency urban mete- plies and/or away from urban communities as storm orology operational and research requirements in drainage. • the planning, programming, and budgeting proc- Climate issues for urban communities include the ess. effects of natural variations in climate cycles (e.g., El • Provide a set of coordinated priorities to facilitate Nino) and of anthropogenic influences on climate. interagency partnering, collaboration, and leverag- Local and regional variations in seasonal conditions ing, regarding urban meteorology issues. and weather patterns are critical for long-term urban • planning and management. Serve as an education and outreach tool to adver- tise the urban meteorology program as a vital in- Crosscutting themes: The forum participants were teragency program. asked to consider the following themes which are • Focus on an end-to-end ecosystem management common to most (if not all) of the urban meteorological approach to urban meteorology issues and chal- issues and, therefore, should be taken into account lenges. when developing weather and climate products/ ser- • Emphasize the impact on society (in cost/benefit vices for urban areas: terms). Regional ecosystem planning and management (e.g., urban impacts of wildfires, waterway and coastal pollu- Acknowledgements tion impacts on aquatic/marine systems, and regional The Federal Coordinator for Meteorology wishes to air and water quality issues. thank the participants of the OFCM-sponsored forum. Research and technology tools, including models to Their thoughtful deliberations contributed significantly predict weather condition, atmospheric transport and to the development of a Federal interagency roadmap diffusion, and climate variations on local to regional to address the critical issue of urban meteorology. scales. Presentations from the urban meteorology forum key- Integrated observation systems to support and vali- note and invited speakers as well as the panelists and date these models, and provide data on current condi- workshop co-chairs can be found on the OFCM web tions. site www.ofcm.com. Education, outreach, and training for the entire range of current and potential users of urban environmental Corresponding Authors: data. Margaret McCalla & Robert Dumont Risk management and risk communication for time ([email protected]) scales, ranging from emergency preparedness (rapid ([email protected]) response) and severe weather (intermediate time U.S. Department of Commerce scales) to seasonal and generational climate fluctua- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tions (long-term planning). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Public health and safety, including immediate and Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) longer-term health effects.

9 Conference Report

The 13th World Clean Air and Environmental Protection Congress and Exhibition

The 13th World Clean Air and Environmental Pro- on energy and resource efficiency, included those tection Congress and Exhibition was held in Lon- by Korean, UK, and US speakers. The parallel don, UK on 22-27 August 2004. Its main theme, sessions during the remainder of the day again the environment at the turning point, stressed the continued some topics from the previous days, as interaction of climate change and pollution, as well as deposition of air pollutants, mega cities, well as their impacts on human health, natural health effects of pollutants, mobile sources, ana- resources, and social systems. The over 600 at- lytical technologies, emergency response, and tendees could attend oral and poster presenta- biogenics and VOC. tions, as well as half-day workshops on topics such as sustainable transport, noise, and re- The Friday morning closing ceremony featured an source efficiency and waste. A reception was address by Walter Kofler of the University of Inns- held at Durbar Court on Monday evening, while a bruck on hopes for the future of human health cruise to the Greenwich Royal Naval College was and the environment. Summaries of Congress held on Tuesday evening. The Thursday dinner conclusions and resolutions were given by Lord at Guildhall featured Baroness Young of the Envi- Julian Hunt of the UK and Yaacov Mamane of Is- ronment Agency of England and Wales, who rael. spoke on global warming issues. In summary, the 13th World Clean Air and Envi- The technical program on Monday consisted en- ronmental Protection Congress and Exhibition tirely of plenary invited papers, with an opening continued its tradition of providing an unique in- keynote address by Klaus Toepfer, Executive Di- ternational environmental forum. Its strengths rector of UNEP, on the long-range transport of air include a broad base of environmental technical pollutants. Remaining morning presentations, topics, as well as interactions between scientists which looked at opportunities and challenges for and planners. As one of its main foci is urban air sustainable environmental polices, were given by pollution, IAUC members can find many interest- Lord Whitty, Minister of the Environment, UK, ing presentations on the interactions between ur- John Manzoni, Deputy Managing Director, BP, ban climate and air quality. The 14th Congress and Gerry Keaney, Managing Director, Volvo Car will be held in Brisbane, Australia in September Corporation. The afternoon plenary session was 2007. on climate change and pollution.

The key Tuesday morning plenary address, by F. Sherwood Rowland, was on atmospheric chemis- By Robert Bornstein try issues, with the remaining full-morning plenary Department of Meteorology talks on new perspectives on air pollution, includ- One Washington Square ing health impacts, intercontinental transport, the San Jose State University California experience, and greenhouse gases. San Jose, CA 95192 USA Afternoon parallel sessions covered air quality [email protected] and health, indoor air quality, air quality management, particulates, ozone modeling, emissions, and climate change.

Wednesday half-morning plenary addresses, on cities and sustainable transportation, included those by Luisa Molina and Mario Molina. Parallel sessions during the remainder of the day continued some topics from Tuesday, but also covered air quality in Asian cities, long-range transport, transport and the environment, clean technologies, reactive nitrogen, ecosystems, and control technologies. The Thursday half-morning plenary addresses,

10 ICUC-6

ICUC-6 The deadline for submission of abstracts is 10th November, 2005. Abstracts will be submit- Sixth International ted via the web. Appropriate topics include, but Conference on Urban Climate are not restricted to: Göteborg, Sweden th th • Airflow over cities, including turbulence, urban June 12 - 16 , 2006 roughness and drag, changes of wind speed and direction, urban circulation systems, and wind engineering

• Anthropogenic Heat

• Building climates (interior and exterior) and the

climatic performance of built features

• Carbon exchanges in urban areas

• Cities and global change • Climate-sensitive urban design and planning

• Climates of paved surfaces such as roads, streets, highways, runways and parking lots The IAUC members have selected Göteborg • Climatic performance of urban trees, lawns, gar- (Gothenburg), Sweden as the site for the sixth dens, parks, green roofs, irrigation, rivers, lakes International Conference on Urban Climate. Fur- and reservoirs ther details will become available at the conference website www.gvc.gu.se/icuc6, which is also • Emergency response planning accessible via the IAUC website (www.urban- • climate.org). Exchanges of heat, mass and momentum between the urban surface and its boundary layer Call for papers • Forecasting urban weather, comfort, hazards, ICUC-6 welcomes papers seeking to understand and air quality the nature of the atmosphere in urban environ- • Interactions between urban climate and the ments or to the application of such knowledge to emission, dispersion, transport, transformation the better design and operation of settlements. and removal of air pollutants Scales of interest range from individual built ele- ments (roofs, walls, roads) through whole build- • Models, and their evaluation, of the urban at- ings, streets, factories, parks, clusters of buildings mosphere at all scales and urban surface- and neighborhoods, to whole cities and urban re- atmosphere exchanges gions and their impacts on weather and climate at • scales up to those of global change. The focus Remote sensing of cities and urban climate can be original research into the physical, biologi- • Road climatology in cities, including influence cal and chemical atmospheric processes operat- from traffic and other city related-objects ing in built areas; the weather, climates and surface hydrology experienced in built areas; the de- • Short- and long-wave radiation in polluted air sign and testing of scale, statistical and numerical and urban visibility models of urban climates; or reports on the appli- • Topoclimatology of cities, including the effects cation of climatic understanding in architectural of coasts, valleys and other landforms design or urban planning. Papers may relate to new concepts, methods, instruments, observa- • Urban biometeorology relevant to the function- tions, applications, forecasting operations, sce- ing of plants, wildlife and humans nario testing, projections of future climates, etc. • Sessions that focus on major field studies or Urban climates in high latitude settings other projects or topics may be proposed. For fur- • Urban heat islands, their nature, genesis and ther information please visit the website or email mitigation Professor Sven Lindqvist, chair of the local orga- nizing committee ([email protected]) or Prof. Sue • Urban impacts on surface moisture, dew, Grimmond ([email protected]), President evaporation, humidity, fog, cloud and precipita- IAUC. tion

11 IAUC Committee Reports

Bibliography

This has been a great year for urban climate pub- ments on Lanzarote, Canary Islands." Meteorologische lications. We have seen a wide range of interest- Zeitschrift 13(5): 413-420. ing papers spanning the breadth of the subject 7. Gurjar, B. R., J. A. van Aardenne, et al. (2004). from cities around the world. Thanks to everyone "Emission estimates and trends (1990-2000) for who has collected and sent in references. In the megacity Delhi and implications." Atmospheric Environ- New Year, look out for the complete 2003 and ment 38(33): 5663-5681. 2004 bibliographies on the IAUC website! 8. Jacovides, C. P., D. G. Kaskaoutis, et al. (2004). "Application of SPCTRAL2 parametric model in esti- mating spectral solar irradiances over polluted Athens Please send any further papers published since atmosphere." Renewable Energy 29(7): 1109-1119. January 1 2004 for inclusion in the next newslet- 9. Jáuregui, E. (2004). Mexico City´s air pollution prob- ter to [email protected]. As before, please lem. In Regional and Local Aspects of Air Quality Man- mark the header of your email with 'IAUC Publica- agement. D. M. Elsom and J. W. S. Longhurst, WIT- tions 2004'. In order to facilitate entering the infor- press. mation into the data base please use the follow- 10. Kim, J. J. and J. J. Baik (2004). "A numerical study ing format: of the effects of ambient wind direction on flow and dis- Author: persion in urban street canyons using the RNG k- epsi- lon turbulence model." Atmospheric Environment 38 Title: (19): 3039-3048. Journal: 11. Kuttler, W. (2004). "Urban Climate, Part 1: Basics Volume: and Causes." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff- Pages: Forschung. Zeitschrift für Umweltchemie und Öko- Dates: toxikologie 16(3): 187-199(In german). Keywords: 12. Kuttler, W. (2004). "Urban Climate, Part 2: Phe- Language: nomena and Impacts." Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung. Zeitschrift für Umweltchemie We look forward to hearing und Ökotoxikologie 16(4): 263-274(In german). from you soon! 13. Lien, F. S. and E. Yee (2004). "Numerical modelling of the turbulent flow developing within and over a 3-D building array, part I: A high-resolution Reynolds- Jennifer Salmond averaged Navier-Stokes approach." Boundary-Layer University of Birmingham Meteorology 112(3): 427-466. [email protected] 14. Longley, I. D., M. W. Gallagher, et al. (2004). "A case-study of fine particle concentrations and fluxes measured in a busy street canyon in Manchester, UK." Atmospheric Environment 38(22): 3595-3603. Recent publications in Urban Climatology 15. Saitoh, T. S. and N. Yamada (2004). "Experimental (Languages are specified where the publication is and numerical investigation of thermal plume in urban surface layer." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Sci- known to be in a language other than in English.) ence 28(6): 585-595. 16. Stathopoulos, T., H. Q. Wu, et al. (2004). "Outdoor 1. Blankenstein, S. and W. Kuttler (2004). "Impact of human comfort in an urban climate." Building and Envi- street geometry on downward longwave radiation and ronment 39(3): 297-305. air temperature in an urban environment." Meteorolo- 17. Sugawara, H., K.-i. Narita, et al. (2004). Represen- gische Zeitschrift 15(5): 373-379. tative Air Temperature of Thermally Heterogeneous 2. Dütemeyer, D., A.-B. Barlag, et al. (2004). "Applied Urban Areas Using the Measured Pressure Gradient." urban climatology in the course of conversion of an ur- Journal of Applied Meteorology 43(8): 1168-1179. ban waste land." UVP-Report 18(1): 21-26 (In german). 18. Weber, K., A. Ropertz, et al. (2004). "Measurement 3. Emeis, S., C. Munkel, et al. (2004). "Atmospheric and analysis of the air quality within the region of an boundary-layer structure from simultaneous SODAR, urban green area using optical remote measurement RASS, and ceilometer measurements." Atmospheric techniques." Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft 64(6): Environment 38(2): 273-286. 271-279german. 4. Engel-Cox, J. A., C. H. Holloman, et al. (2004). 19. Weber, S. and W. Kuttler (2004). "Cold-air ventila- "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of MODIS sat- tion and the nocturnal boundary layer structure above ellite sensor data for regional and urban scale air qual- an urban ballast facet." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 13 ity." Atmospheric Environment 38(16): 2495-2509. (5): 405-412. 5. Gao, Z. Q. (2004). "Estimation of aerodynamic roughness length and displacement height of an urban surface from single-level sonic anemometer data." Aus- tralian Meteorological Magazine 53(1): 21-28. 6. Graf, A., W. Kuttler, et al. (2004). "Dewfall measure-

12 IAUC Awards Committee The Luke Howard Award

The Luke Howard Award is to given annually to Tim has received numerous awards for his ef- an individual who has made outstanding contribu- forts. For example, in 1991 he was elected Fel- tions to the field of urban climatology in a combi- low of both the Royal Canadian Geographical nation of research, teaching, and/or service to the Society and Royal Society of Canada. He re- international community of urban climatologists. ceived the WMO Outstanding Service Award in 2001, American Meteorological Society Award The IAUC is happy to announce that Professor for Outstanding Achievement in Biometeorology Tim Oke of the University of British Columbia has in 2002, and Patterson Medal from the Meteoro- been selected by its Awards Committee for the logical Service of Canada in 2002. He became inaugural (2004) Luke Howard award. Tim was Fellow of the Canadian Meteorological and selected for his pioneering and seminal work in Oceanographic Society in 2003. the field of urban climatology. The Committee could not think of another person more deserving Tim’s numerous Ph.D. and Masters students of this honour. have also impacted urban climate research around the globe, both in continued collabora- His WMO reviews on urban climates, with their tion with Tim and through their own efforts and focus on the physical processes behind modifica- students. Examples include Dr Helen Cleugh, tion of the urban radiation, energy, and water CSIRO in Canberra, Australia; Prof. Sue Grim- budgets provided periodic landmark reviews of mond, Indiana University, USA; Dr. Rachel the evolution of our understanding of urban cli- Spronken-Smith, University of Canterbury, mate. His always “cutting edge” research and Christchurch, New Zealand; and James Voogt, publications over four decades have made him University of Western Ontario. Tim’s contribu- heir, in both stature and research, to Luke How- tions to the understanding of urban climate will ard and Helmut Landsberg as one of the founding thus continue, long after he formally retires, fathers of the science of urban climate. through the achievements of his students and their students. His book Boundary Layer Climates is a corner- stone for the teaching of cli- The award of the Inaugural (2004) Luke Howard mates in the lowest layer of Award to Tim Oke thus acknowledges his un- the atmosphere. Tim’s ver- equalled contributions to the science of urban satility and range of research climate over four-decades. Through this award, interests are reflected in this the IAUC membership thanks him for his past book, as it goes beyond ur- and current contributions, and looks forward to ban climates and covers cli- his continued insights into the causes and na- mates associated with natu- ture of urban climate. ral surfaces (including ani- mals). It is equivalent in The IAUC Awards Committee quality and value to Geiger’s Climate Near the Ground.

When his 1988 review of urban energy budgets was published in Progress in Physical Geogra- phy, Tim was already established as the leading international expert on urban climates. His over 200 published papers cover a wide range of important urban topics, including energy fluxes, urban heat islands, turbulent fluxes, heat storage, dew deposition, evapotranspiration, aerodynam- ics, remote sensing, and modeling. Most recently, Tim has produced WMO guidelines for siting meteorological equipment in urban land- scapes, an important and difficult task.

13 Board Information IAUC Information

The IAUC Board met on 23 August 2004 during Newsletter Contributions the “Fifth Symposium on the Urban Environment” The IAUC Newsletter is published bi-monthly. held in Vancouver, Canada. The minutes of the The next publication will occur in early February. meeting have been approved by the Board and Any items to be considered for the December are posted on the IAUC website (click on Board edition should be received by January 31, 2005. Actions on the IAUC webpage at www.urban- climate.org). The minutes contain the final ICUC- The following individuals compile submissions in 5 report including the Treasure’s report, update various categories. Contributions should be sent on the ICUC-6 planning status and reports from to the relevant editor: the various ICUC committees. Conferences: Jamie Voogt ([email protected]) The final versions of the IAUC logo are now Websites: Gerald Mills posted on the IAUC website. There are two col- ([email protected]) our and two black and white versions of the logo Bibliography: Jennifer Salmond (with and without text below the logo, respec- ([email protected]) tively) and thumbnail-sized versions for web pur- Urban Projects: Sue Grimmond poses. Members are invited to use the logos for ([email protected]) IAUC related business and communication. We would like to add an ’Urban Climatology in the News’ section to this list. Please contact Sue Matthias Roth Grimmond if you would like to be editor of this Secretary IAUC section. General submissions should be rela- ([email protected]) tively short (1-2 A4 pages of text), written in a manner that is accessible to a wide audience and incorporate figures and photographs where appropriate.

Board Members & Terms Non-Voting members of the Board: Past Secretary: John Arnfield, USA. President: Sue Grimmond (USA), 2007 Past President: Tim Oke, Canada. Secretary: Matthias Roth (Singapore), 2007 Local Organizer ICUC5: Kazimierz Klysik Poland. Janet Barlow (UK), 2007 Local Organizer ICUC6: Sven Lindqvist, Sweden. Ariel Bitan (Israel), 2006 Bob Bornstein (USA), 2005 IAUC Committee Chairs Krzysztof Fortuniak (Poland), 2007 Editor IAUC Newsletter: Gerald Mills Wilhelm Kuttler (Germany), 2008 Chair Bibliography Committee: Jennifer Salmond Gerald Mills (Ireland), 2007 Chair Membership Committee: Janet Barlow Yasuto Nakamura (Japan), 2005 Chair Teaching Resources: Gerald Mills James Voogt (Canada), 2006 Chair Awards Committee: Bob Bornstein WebMasters: James Voogt