LEELLEN FELTON SOLTER

Illinois Natural History Survey Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1816 S. Oak Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 Telephone: (217) 244-5047; e-mail: [email protected]

Professional Responsibilities General insect pathology, biology of entomopathogens, host-parasite-pathogen relationships, developmental cycles and host specificity of entomopathogenic microsporidia, epizootiology of insect diseases, microbial control.

Education Ph.D., University of Illinois 1996 Entomology M.A., Montclair State University 1987 Biology B.S., California State Polytechnic University 1976 Zoology

Professional Experience 2008-Present Program Research Leader, Insect Pathologist, Illinois Natural History Survey/Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability/University of Illinois 2002-present Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Affiliate Associate Professor Entomology Department, University of Illinois 2007-2009 Research Leader, Section of Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey/University of Illinois 2002-2008 Associate Professional Scientist, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 2005-2006 Interim Director, Center for Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey 2002-2005 Associate Director, Center for Ecological Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey 1997-2002 Assistant Professional Scientist, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 1988-1997 Assistant Research Scientist/Research Specialist in Biology, Illinois Natural History Survey/University of Illinois, Champaign, IL

Publications, Refereed Cameron, S.A., Lozier, J.D., Strange, J.P., Koch, J.B., Cordes, N., Solter, L.F., Griswold, T.L. 2011. Recent widespread decline of some North American bumble bees: Current status and causal factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 662-667.

Solter, L.F., Pilarska, D.K., McManus, M.L., Zubrik, M., Patocka, J., Huang, W.-H., Novotny, J. 2010. Host specificity of microsporidia pathogenic to the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.): Field studies in Slovakia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 105, 1-10.

Chen, Y-R, Solter, L.F., Chien, T-Y, Jiang, M-H, Lin, H-F, Fan-H-S, Wang, C-H. 2009. Characterization of a new insect cell line (NTU-YB) derived from the common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus) (Pieridae: Lepidoptera) and its susceptibility to microsporidia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 102, 256-262.

Lange, C. E., Johny S., Baker, M.D., Whitman, D.W., *Solter, L.F. 2009. A new Encephalitozoon species (Microsporidia) isolated from the lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera (Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae). Journal of Parasitology 95(4): 976-86. *Corresponding author

Hoch, G., Solter, L., Schopf, A. 2009. Treatment of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) host larvae with polydnavirus/venom of a braconid parasitoid increases spore production of entomopathogenic microsporidia. Biocontrol Science and Technology 19 (S1), 35-42.

Wang, C.Y., Huang, W.F., Tsai, Y.C., Solter, L.F., Wang, C.H. 2009. A new species, Vairimorpha ocinarae n. sp., isolated from Ocinara lida Moore (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in Taiwan. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 100, 68-78.

Tsai, Y.C., Solter, L.F., Wang, C.Y., Fan, H.S., Chang, C.C., Wang, C.H. 2009. Morphological and molecular studies of a microsporidium (Nosema sp.) isolated from the three spot grass yellow butterfly, Eurema blanda arsakia (Lepidoptera:Pieridae) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 100, 85-93.

Shajahan, J., Larson, T.M., Solter, L.F., Edwards, K.A., Whitman, D.W. 2008. Phylogenetic characterization of Encephalitozoon romaleae (Microsporidia) from a grasshopper host: relationship to Encephalitozoon spp. infecting humans. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 9, 189- 195.

Hoch, G., D’Amico, V.D., Solter, L.F., Zubrik, M., McManus, M.L. 2008. Quantifying horizontal transmission of a microsporidian pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae) in field cage studies. J. Invertebr Pathol. 99, 146-150

Bruck, D., Solter, L. and Lake, A. 2008. Effects of a novel microsporidium on the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 98, 351-355.

Caamano, E.X., Cloyd, R.A., and Solter, L.F. 2008. Effects of surfactants on the survival and infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), and Heterorhabditis indica (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) for control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). HortTechnology 18, 81-89.

Johny, S., Lange, C.E., Solter, L.F., Merisko, A., Whitman, D.W. 2007. New Insect System for Testing Antibiotics.. J. Parasitol 93, 1050-1511.

Goertz, D., L.F. Solter, A. Linde. 2007. Horizontal and vertical transmission of a Nosema sp. (Microsporidia) from Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 95: 9-16

Pilarska, D.K., Solter, L.F., Kereselidze, M., Linde, A., and Hoch, G. 2006. Microsporidian infections in Lymantria dispar larvae: interactions and effects of multiple species infections on pathogen horizontal transmission. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 93: 105-113

Solter, L.F. 2006. Transmission as a predictor of ecological host specificity with a focus on vertical transmission of microsporidia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92: 132-140.

Vavra, J., Hylis, M., Vossbrinck, C.R., Pilarska, D.K., Linde, A., Weiser, J. McManus, M.L., Hoch, G., and Solter, L.F.* 2006. Vairimorpha disparis n.comb. (Microsporidia : Burenellidae): A redescription of the Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) microsporidium, Thelohania disparis Timofejeva 1956. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 53(4): 292-304. *Corresponding author.

Fallon, D.J., *Solter, L.F., Bauer, L.S., Miller, D.L., Cate, J.R., and McManus, M.L. 2006. Effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on Plectrodera scalator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92, 55-57. *Corresponding author

Hylis M., Pilarska, D.K., Oborník, M., Vávra, J., Solter, L.F., Weiser, J. Linde, A., and McManus, M.L. 2006. Nosema chrysorrhoeae n. sp. (Microsporidia), isolated from browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) in Bulgaria: Characterization and phylogenetic relationships. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 91, 105-114.

Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V. and Vossbrinck, C.R. 2005. Physiological host specificity: a model using the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and microsporidia of row crop and other stalk-boring hosts. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90, 127-130.

Wang, C.Y., Solter, L.F., T’sui, W.H., and Wang, C.H. 2005. An Endoreticulatus species from Ocinara lida (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in Taiwan. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 89, 123-135.

Solter, L.F. 2005. Photograph of a gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, caterpillar. Amer. Entomol. 50 (4). Cover photo.

Hoch, G., Solter, L.F., and Schopf, A. 2004. Hemolymph melanization and alterations in hemocyte numbers in Lymantria dispar (L.) larvae following infections with different entomopathogenic microsporidia. Entomologia Experimentalis and Applicata 113, 77-86.

Goertz, D., Pilarska, D., Kereselidze, M., Solter, L., and Linde, A. 2004. Studies on the impact of two Nosema isolates from Bulgaria on the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 87, 105-113.

Goertz, D., Linde, A., and Solter, L.F. 2004. Influence of Dimilin on a microsporoidian infection in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Biological Control 30, 624-633.

Medeiros, J., Tavares, J., Simoes, N. and L. Solter. 2004. A new isolate of the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix (Microsporidia: Burinellidae) recorded in the Azores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 85, 58-60.

Fallon, D. J., Solter, L.F., Keena, M., McManus, M.L., Cate, J.R., and Hanks, L.M. 2004. Susceptibility of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Biological Control 30, 430-438.

Solter, L.F. 2003. Photograph of periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) Hemiptera: Cicadidae. Amer. Entomol. 49 (4). Cover photo.

Solter, L.F., Siegel, J.P., Pilarska, D.K. and Higgs, M.C. 2002. The impact of mixed infection of three species of microsporidia isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81, 103-113.

Henn, M.W. and Solter, L.F. 2002. Veränderungen der Proteaseaktivität im Darm der Schwammspinnerlarven Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) durch die Infektion mit der Mikrosporidie Vairimorpha spec. (Microsporidia, Burenellidae). Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. 13, 547-550.

Pilarska, D.; Linde, A.; Solter, L.F.; Takov, D., McManus, M.L., Goertz, D. 2002. Ultrastructure characteristics of a Nosema sp. (Microsporidia) from a Bulgarian population of Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lepidoptera). Acta Parasitologica 47, 1-5.

Pilarska, D., Linde, A., Solter, L., McManus, M., Takov, D. 2002. New data on the biology of the microsporidium Endoreticulatus schubergi infecting the browntail moth Euproctis chrysorhoea (Lepidopter: Lymantriidae). Acta Zool. Bulg. 54, 55-62.

Heilveil, J.S., Kohler, S.L., and L.F. Solter. 2001. Studies on the life cycle and transmission of Cougourdella sp., a microsporidian parasite of Glossosoma nigrior (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 34, 9-15.

Solter, L.F., Keena, M., Cate, J.R., McManus, M.L. and Hanks, L.M. 2001. Infectivity of four species of nematodes (Rhabditoidea: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biocontrol Sci. and Technol. 11, 547- 552.

Pierce, C.M.F., Solter, L.F., and Weinzierl, R.A. 2001. Interactions between Nosema pyrausta and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 94, 1361-1368.

Pilarska, D.K., Linde, A., Goertz, D., McManus, M., Solter, L., Bochev, N. and Rajkova, M. 2001. First report on the distribution of microsporidian infections of browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) populations in Bulgaria. Anz. Schädlingskinde/J. Pest Sci. 74, 33-37.

Hartman, G.L., Domier, L.L., Wax, L.M., Helm C.G., Onstad, D.W., Shaw, J.T., Solter, L.F. Voegtlin, D.J., D'Arcy, C.J., Gray, M.E., Steffey, K.L., Isard, S.A., Orwick, P.L. 2001. Occurrence and distribution of Aphis glycines on soybeans in Illinois in 2000 and its potential control. Plant Health Progress http://www.planthealthprogress.org/current/ notes/aphisglycines/.

Solter, L.S., Pilarska, D.K. and C.F. Vossbrinck. 2000. Host specificity of microsporidia pathogenic to forest Lepidoptera. Biol. Contr. 19, 48-56.

Bouzat, J.L., McNeil, L.K., Robertson, H.M., Solter, L.F., Nixon, J., Beever, J.E., Gaskins, H.R., Olsen, G., Subramaniam, S., Sogin, M.L., and Lewin, J.A. 2000. Phylogenomic analysis of the alpha proteasome gene family from early diverging eukaryotes. J. Molec. Evol. 51, 532-543.

Henn, M.W. and Solter, L.F. 2000. Food utilization values of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae infected with a microsporidium Vairimorpha sp. (Microsporidia: Burenellidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 76, 263-269.

Pilarska, D.K., Solter, L.F. and E. Danova, 2000. Microsporidia from Lymantriidae and Tortricidae from Bulgaria. Ann. Sofia Univ., "St. Kilment Ocridski". Faculty of Biol. 92, 57-61.

Maddox, J. V., Baker, M., Jeffords, M.R., Kuras, M., Linde, A., McManus, M., Solter, L., Vavra, J. and C. Vossbrinck. 1999. Nosema portugal n sp., isolated from gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) collected in Portugal. J. Invertebr. Pathol 73, 1-14.

Pilarska, D.K., Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V. and M.L. McManus. 1998. Microsporidia from gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) populations in Central and Western Bulgaria. Acta Zool. Bulgarica 50, 109-113.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1998. Timing of an early sporulation sequence of microsporidia in the genus Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Burenllidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 72, 323-329.

Solter, L.F. and J. V. Maddox. 1998. Physiological host specificity of microsporidia as an indicator of ecological host specificity. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 71, 207-216.

Solter, L.F. 1998. Is entomological research child’s play? Teaching children the scientific method. American Entomologist 43, 198-200.

Solter, L.F. and Maddox, J.V. 1998. Microsporidia as classical biological control agents: research and regulatory issues. Phytoprotection 79 (Suppl.), 75-80.

Undeen, A. H. and L.F. Solter. 1997. Sugar acquisition during the development of microsporidian (Microspora: Nosematidae) spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 70, 106-112.

Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V. and M.L. McManus. 1997. Host specificity of microsporidia (Protista: Microspora) from European populations of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to indigenous North American Lepidoptera. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 135-150.

Maddox, J.V. and L.F. Solter. 1996. Long-term storage of viable microsporidian spores in liquid nitrogen. J. Euk. Microbiol. 43, 221-225.

Undeen, A.H. and L.F. Solter. 1996. The sugar content and density of living and dead microsporidian (Protozoa: Microspora) spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 67, 80-91.

Solter, L.F., Roberts, S.J., Maddox, J.V., and E.J. Armbrust. l993. A new microsporidium in alfalfa weevil populations: distribution and characterization. Great Lakes Entomol. 26(2): 151-154.

Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V., and D.W. Onstad. 1991. Transmission of Nosema pyrausta in adult European corn borers. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57: 220-226.

Solter, L.F., Onstad, D.W., and J.V. Maddox. 1990. Timing of disease-influenced processes in the life cycle of Ostrinia nubilalis infected with Nosema pyrausta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 55: 337-341.

Solter, L.F., Lustigman, B., and P. Shubeck. 1989. Survey of medically important true bacteria found associated with carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae). J. Med. Entomol. 26(4): 354-359.

Submitted Manuscripts

Solter, L.F., Huang, W.F., Onken, B. 2011. Microsporidian Disease in Predatory Beetles. In “Implementation and Status of Biological Control of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid” [Onken, B., Ed.] USDA Forest Service Technical Report no. XXX

Book Chapters Thomas, D.L, Levin, G.A., Solter, L.F., and Epifanio, J.M. 2009. Canaries in the Catbird Seat: The Past, Present, and Future of Biological Resources in a Changing Environment.. 30, 299-306.

Solter, L.F. and Hajek, A.E. 2008. Control of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, in North America since 1878. In “Use of Microbes for Control and Eradication of Invasive Arthropods [Hajek, A.E., O’Callaghan, M. and Glare, T., Eds] Springer Publ. Co. pp. 181-212.

Solter, L.F. and Becnel, J.J. 2007. Entomopathogenic microsporidia. In “Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology; 2nd Edition” [Lacey, L. and Kaya, H., Eds.] Second Edition. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 199-221.

Solter, L.F., Gelernter, W.D. and Jaronski, S. 2007. Entomopathogens. In “Handbook of Forage and Rangeland Insects” [W.O. Lamp, R. Berberet, L. Higley, and C. Baird, Eds.] pp.146-153. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD.

Solter, L.F. 2004. Microsporidia. In "Encyclopedia of Entomology". J.L. Capinera [Ed.]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Pp. 1412-1414.

Solter, L.F. and Becnel, J.J. 2003. Environmental safety of microsporidia. In “Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides: Need and Methods for Risk Assessment” [Hokkanen, H.M.T. and Hajek, A.E., Eds.] Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 93-118.

Solter, L.F. and J.J. Becnel. 2000. Entomopathogenic microsporidia. In “Field Manual of Techniques for the Evaluation of Entomopathogens” (Lacey, L. and Kaya, H., Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 231-254.

Maddox, J.V., Brooks, W.M. and Solter, L.F. 2000. Bioassays of Microsporidia. In "Bioassays of Entomopathogenic Microbes and Nematodes" [Navon, A. and Ascher, K.R.S. (Eds.)] CAB International, Wallingford, pp.197-228.

Proceedings McManus, M.L. and Solter, L. 2003. Microsporidian pathogens in European gypsy moth populations. Proceedings : Ecology, survey, and management of forest insects. USDA Forest Service, Northeast Research Station Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-311, 44-51.

Solter, L.F. and Becnel, J.J. 2002. Managing microsporidian germplasm. Proc. VIII Intl. Coll. Invertebr. Pathol. Microbiol. Contr., XXXV Ann. Mtg. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol., VI ICBt. Doc. no. 184, 201- 205.

Solter, L.F. 1999. New technologies for studies of the gypsy moth and its pathogens. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 58, 9-16.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1999. Strategies for evaluating the host specificity of lepidopteran microsporidia. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 58, 146-150.

Pilarska, D.K., Solter, L.F., Danova, E. 1999. Microsporidia in Lepidoptera from Bulgaria. Proc. II Intl. Cong. Biodiv., Ecol., & Conserv. Balkan Fauna, Ohrid, Macedonia.

Maddox, J.V., McManus, M.L. and Solter, L.F. 1998. Microsporidia affecting forest Lepidoptera. In Proceedings: Population Dynamics, Impacts and Integrated Management of Forest Defoliating Insects. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-247.

Nonrefereed Articles and Bulletins Solter, L.F., Humber, R.C., Lacey, L. 2011. Insect Pathology Short Course. IOBC website: http://www.iobc-nrs.com/education_curriculum.htm

Solter, L.F. 2010. Microsporidia: Friend, Foe (And Intriguing Creatures). American Bee Journal 150, 1147-1149.

Solter, L.F. and Huang, W-F. 2010. Sweeter than honey: Honey bee health. INHS Reports, Summer Issue No. 404

Solter, L.F. 2008. Stuck on the border with bugs/ In “In the Field: Biologists at Work” INHS 150th Anniversary Publication.

Solter, L.F. and Cameron, S.A. 2007. Diseases of beneficial insects. Illinois Natural History Survey Reports. Summer Issue no. 392.

Solter, L.F. 2004. Microsporidia. In "Encyclopedia of Entomology". J.L. Capinera [Ed.]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Pp. 1412-1414.

Solter, L. 2001. European and U.S. Scientists Team Up to Study Natural Enemies of the Gypsy Moth. Illinois International Newsletter Vol. 4 (1) p. 2.

Solter, L., Helm, C. and Cavanaugh, J. 2001. Slow the spread: gypsy moth in Illinois. INHS Reports 368, 3.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1999. Microsporidia collection: an unusual (and living) resource. INHS Reports 356, 7.

Solter, L.F., Novotny, J., Maddox, J.V. and M.L. McManus. 1998. International biological control in the Midwest: research liaisons with the Slovak Republic. Midwest Biological Control News 5 (5).

Leal School Fourth Grade Students and L.F. Solter. 1997. European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis and its microsporidian pathogen, Nosema pyrausta. Midwest Biological Control News 4 (3).

Leal School Fourth Grade Students and L.F. Solter. 1996. Children conduct biological control research. Ill. Nat. Hist. Sur. Reports. No. 338.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1995. Host specificity of pathogens. Midwest Biological Control News 2 (9).

Solter, L.F., Wiedenmann, R.N. and J.V. Maddox. 1995. North Central Regional Committee on the biological control of arthropods: NCR-125 and the Ladybird Committee. Ill. Nat. Hist. Survey Reports. No. 332.

Weinzierl, R. and L.F. Solter. 1995. Bacillus thuringiensis. Midwest Biological Control News 2 (7).

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1994. Hunt for Biological Control of Gypsy Moths. Ill. Nat. Hist. Survey Reports. No. 326.

Solter, L.F., Roberts, S.J., Maddox, J.V. and E.J. Armbrust. l993. A newly discovered pathogen of alfalfa weevils. Ill. Nat. Hist. Survey Reports. No. 320.

Invited Presentations Solter, L. and Cordes, N. 2011. Bumble bee decine: Are pathogens involved? Department of Entomology & Acarology Seminar, University of Sao Paulo, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, Brazil. (February 16, 2011)

Solter, L.F. 2011. Microsporidia as biological control agents of agricultural and forest pests. Formal workshop presentation. University of Sao Paulo, Department of Entomology & Acarology. ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, Brazil

Solter, L.F., Cordes, N., Huang, W-F. 2010. What do surveys tell us about pathogen invasion in bumble bees? International Union for Conservation Biology, North American Conservation Planning Workshop, St. Louis, MO

Pilarska, D.K.*, Linde, A., Pilarski, P., Takov, D., Georgiev, G., Solter, L.F.* 2010. Release of Nosema lymantriae, Vairimorpha disparis and Entomophaga maimaiga for classical and augmentative biological control of gypsy moth in Bulgaria and the United States. Soc. Invertebrate Pathology, Trabzon, Turkey. *equal contribution

Solter, LF. 2010. Microsporidia as Classical Biological Control Agents of the Gypsy Moth: Research, Regulations and Release. University of Arkansas, Entomology Dept. Seminar

Solter, LF. 2009. Gipsy Moth Circles the World©: An International Program on Gypsy Moth Microsporidia. University of Illinois, Dept. of Entomology. Alumni Seminar Speaker.

Strange, J., Cordes, N., Solter, L., Griswold, T., Cameron, S. 2009. The prevalence and hosts of Crithidia bombi in wild bumble bee populations. Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Park City, Utah.

Cordes, N., Solter, L., Cameron, S., Lozier, J., Strange, J., Griswold, T. 2009. Are microsporidia involoved in bumble bee decline? Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Park City, Utah.

Huang, W-F., Solter, L., Wang, C.H. 2009. Nosema ceranae and nosema disease in honey bees. Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Park City, Utah.

Solter, L.F. 2008. Bumble bee decline: investigating the microsporidian mystery. University of Georgia, Dept. of Entomology. Invited seminar.

Solter, L.F. 2008. Microsporidian disease in beneficial insects. Soc. for Invertebr. Pathol. Annual Meeting, Warwick, UK

Solter, L.F. 2007. USA regulatory procedures for release of exotic pathogens for biological control: a recent case history. ESA Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA

Solter, L.F. and McManus, M.L. 2007. Releasing exotic microsporidia into North American gypsy moth populations: regulations and other issues. Soc. for Invertebr. Pathol. Annual Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

Bruck, D.J., Solter, L.F., and Baker, M. 2007. A unique microsporidium infecting the black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) a pest of landscape, small fruit and nursery plants. Soc. for Invertebr. Pathol. Annual Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Bruck presented).

Solter, L.F. 2007. Research toward release of an exotic entomopathogen for classical biological control of gypsy moth. Invited Seminar presentations (2), Dept. of Entomology, National Taiwan University and Dept. of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University (2 presentations)

Solter, L.F. 2007. Toward release of microsporidia as biological control agents of the gypsy moth. S- 1024-"Discovery of Entomopathogens and Their Integration and Safety in Pest Management Systems" Wooster, Ohio.

Solter, P.F. and Solter, L.F.2006. Fingerprinting the microsporidian proteome using 2-D electrophoresis techniques. University of Agricultural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, October 10.

Solter, L.F. 2006. Discovery of a new Encephalitozoon (Fungi: Microsporidia) pathogen in an invertebrate host. University of Agricultural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, October 10.

Solter, L.F. and McManus, M.L. 2006. Research toward release of an exotic entomopathogen for classical biological control of gypsy moth. 17th USDA Interagency Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD.

Solter, L.F. 2005. "Toward release of microsporidia, natural enemies of the gypsy moth". Illinois Chapter, American Society of Foresters. Springfield, IL.

Solter, L.F. 2005. Environmental safety of microsporidia: host specificity. Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria, October 26.

Solter, L.F 2005. Consideration of vertically transmitted microsporidia for biological control. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska.

Solter, L.F., Pilarska, D.K. and McManus, M.L. 2005. Taking it to the field: evaluating laboratory predictions of host specificity. North Central Branch, ESA, W. Layfayette, IN

Solter , L.F. 2004. “Natural enemies of European gypsy moth in North America and potential for release of microsporidia.” Long-term Management of the Gypsy Moth: A Forum at Volo Bog State Natural Area.

Solter, L.F. and McManus, M.L. 2004. Rhyme or reason: issues for release of European gypsy moth microsporidia into North American host populations. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting. Helsinki, Finland.

McManus, M.L. and Solter, L. 2003. Microsporidian pathogens in European gypsy moth populations. Proceedings : Ecology, survey, and management of forest insects. International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Krakow, Poland.

Solter, L.F. 2002. Managing microsporidia germplasm. VIII International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, VI International Conference on Bacillus thruingiensis (ICBt), Fos do Iguassu, Brazil.

Solter, L.F. 2001. Environmental impacts of microsporidia. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting. Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.

Solter, L.F. 2000. The Gypsy moth ensconced: an exotic becomes established. Central States Horticulture Inspection Society Annual Meeting. Wheaton, IL.

Solter, L.F. and Becnel, J.J. 2000. Sampling techniques for microsporidia. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting. Microsporidia Workshop. Guanajuato, Mexico.

Solter, L.F. 1999. The trouble with protozoa: pesticides or natural enemies? International Org. for Biological Control Meeting, Vienna, Austria. Plenary Presentation.

Solter, L.F. 1999. Host specificity issues for insect pathogens used as classical biological control agents. USDA/ARS Microbial Biological Control Workshop, Orlando Florida

Bauer, L.S. and Solter, L.F. 1999. Interactions between pathogenic microorganisms infecting the gypsy moth. Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Irvine, CA.

Solter, L.F. 1998. Evaluation of entomopathogenic microsporidia for classical biological control programs. Entomological Society of American Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV.

Solter, L.F. 1998. Microsporidia as classical biological control agents: research and regulatory issues. International Org. for Biological Control Meeting, Montreal, Canada.

Solter, L.F. 1998. Host specificity dilemma: can laboratory studies predict ecological host range? Purdue University, Entomology Dept. Seminar Series.

Solter, L. F. 1998. Strategies for evaluating the host specificity of lepidopteran microsporidia. IV Congreso Argentina de Entomologia, Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Solter, L.F. 1998. New technologies for studies of the gypsy moth and its pathogens. IV Congreso Argentina de Entomologia, Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V., Pilarska, D., and McManus, M.L. 1998. Laboratory and field studies used to evaluate the host specificity of gypsy moth microsporidia. USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis MD.

Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V. and McManus, M.L. 1997. Host specificity of microsporidia (Protista: Microspora) from European populations of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to indigenous North American Lepidoptera. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 135-150.

Solter, L.F. 1997. Evaluating developmental stages of microsporidia: a strategy for evaluating host specificity. Illinois Natural History Survey.

Solter, L.F. and Wiedenmann, R.N. 1997. Evaluating the host specificity of pathogens and parasites. North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Columbus, Ohio.

Solter, L.F. 1996. Gypsy moth microsporidia: ecological considerations for biological control programs. VII International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Córdoba, Spain.

Solter, L.F. 1995. Dispersal of insect pathogens; issues of establishment and host range. North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Lexington, KY.

Solter, L.F. 1995. Interaction of exotic microsporidia with forest Lepidoptera. Sixth Annual USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis, MD.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1994. Host specificity of exotic gypsy moth microsporidia. USDA Forest Service Workshop in association with the VI International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Montpellier, France.

Maddox, J.V., Becnel, J.J. and L.F. Solter (presenter). 1993. The occurrence of early spore forms in microsporidia. Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Asheville, NC.

Presentations and Abstracts Koch, J.B., Strange, J.P., Lozier, J.D., Griswold, T.L., Cameron, S.A., Cordes, N., Solter, L.F., Thorp, R.W. 2010. The Conservation Status of Several North American Bumble Bees in the Contiguous U.S.A. Entomology Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.

Jeffrey D. Lozier, Sydney A. Cameron, James P. Strange, Jonathan B. Koch, Nils Cordes, Leellen F. Solter, Terry L. Griswold. 2010. Bumble bee decline in North America. Ecological Society of America 95th Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh PA.

*Pilarska, D., Linde, A., Pilarski, P., Georgiev, G., McManus, M., *Solter, L. 2010. Release of entomophthoralean and microsporidian fungal pathogens for biological control of gypsy moth in Bulgaria and the United States. International Union of Forest Research Organizations 7.03.13, Eberswalde, Germany (Poster) *primary authors

Cordes, N., Solter, L.F. 2010. Distribution and variation of Nosema bombi in North American bumble bees. Soc. Invertebrate Pathology, Trabzon, Turkey

Solter, L.F., Pilarska, D.K., Huang, W.F., Solter, P.F., Goertz, D., Hoch, G,, Vavra, J., Linde, A. 2010. Morphological and molecular variability in the Nosema-Vairimorpha species complex infecting Lymantria dispar. Soc. Invertebrate Pathology, Trabzon, Turkey (Poster)

Solter, L., Pilarska, D., McManus, M., Zubrik, M., Patocka, J., Huang, W-F., Novotny, J. 2009. Host specificity of microspoirdia pathogenic to the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.): field studies in Slovakia. Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Park City, Utah and USDA Interagency Forum on Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD

Solter, L, Hoch, G., D’Amico. V., Goertz, D., Huang,W.-F., Hylis,M., Kolling,T., Linde,A., McManus, M. Novotny,J., Patocka, J., Onstad,D., Pilarska,D., Solter,P., Vavra,J., Weiser, J., Zubrik.M. 2009. Microsporidian pathogens of the gypsy moth: Research update. USDA Interagency Forum on Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD

Cameron, S.A., Griswold, T., Solter, L.F., Strange, J. 2008. Current Status and Potential Causes of Population Decline in Wild Bumble Bee Pollinators. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, Nevada (Poster)

Huang, W.F., Solter, L.F. Wang, C.Y, Yang, Y.T., Wang, C.H. 2008. Rapid DNA extraction from microsporidian spores of insect origin. Annual Meeting Society of Invertebrate Pathology Warwick, England

Solter, L.F. and Onken, B. 2008. Microsporidian pathogens in coleopteran predators of hemlock woolly adelgid. USDA Interagency Invasive Species Forum, Annapolis, MD. and 4th Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Hartford, CT. (Poster)

Cameron, S.A., Solter, L.F. Strange, J., and Griswold, T. 2007 Current Status and Potential Causes of Population Decline in Wild Bumble Bee Pollinators. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA. (Poster)

D’Amico, V., Hoch, G., Solter, L., Zubrik, M., and McManus, M. 2007. Microsporidia transmission in forest Lepidoptera, Part II: transmission of Nosema lymantriae in the field. IUFRO WP 7.03.06 Meeting, Vienna, Austria

Solter, L.F., Palmer, D. and Onken, B. 2007 Research on microsporidian pathogens of coleopteran predators of hemlock woolly adelgid. IUFRO WP 07.03.06 Meeting, Vienna, Austria

Solter, L., A. Linde, D. Pilarska, G. Hoch, and M. McManus. 2007. Methods for release of microsporidia into gypsy moth populations. Workshop poster and presentation, Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

Hoch, G., D’Amico, V., Solter, L.F., and McManus, M.L. 2007. Two approaches for quantifying transmission of microsporidia in semi-field conditions. 18th USDA Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD

Hoch, G., V. D'Amico, D. Goertz, L. Solter. 2006. Quantifying transmission of microsporidia in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Wuhan, China

Lange, C.E., L.F. Solter, M.D. Baker, S. Johny, C.W, Whitman. 2006. Discovery of an Encephalitozoon sp. (Fungi: Microsporidia) in an invertebrate host. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Wuhan, China

Johny, S., Lange, C.E., Solter, L.F., Merisko, A., Whitman, D. 2006. Eleven antimicrobials tested per os against a grasshopper pathogenic microsporidium (Fungi: Microsporidia). North Central Branch, ESA, Bloomington, IL. and Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Wuhan, China

Wang, C.Y., L.F. Solter and C.H. Wang. 2006. The phylogenetic analysis of Endoreticulatus sp. Taiwan by gene sequences.

Hoch, G., D’Amico, V., Solter, L.F., McManus, M.L. and Zubrik, M. 2006. Horizontal transmission of the microsporidium Nosema lymantriae in gypsy moth larvae. 17th USDA Interagency Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD.

D’Amico, V., Solter, L., Zubrik, M., McManus, M., and Hoch, G. 2005. Exploring horizontal field transmission of microsporidia. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska.

Bruck, D. and Solter, L. 2005. A microsporidium infecting the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Poster). Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska.

Pilarska, D., Solter, L.F., Linde, A. Kereselidze, M. & Hoch, G. 2005. Competition between the microsporidia Nosema lymantriae and Vairimorpha sp. parasitizing Lymantria dispar larvae: The importance of timing for successful establishment and horizontal transmission of infection. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska.

Solter, L.F., Pilarska, D.K., McManus. M.L., Zubrik, M., Novotny, J. and Patocka, J. 2005. Host specificity of gypsy moth microsporidia: field studies in Slovakia. 16th USDA Interagency Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD.

Hoch, G., D’Amico, V., Solter, L., McManus, M. and Zubrik, M. 2005. Quantifying transmission of microsporidia in the field. 16th USDA Interagency Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD.

Hoch, G., Schafellner, C., Henn, M.W., Solter, L.F., Schopf, A. 2004. Physiological interactions between the microsporidium Vairimorpha sp. and its insect host, the Lymantria dispar larva.(Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae). NATO Advanced Research Workshop: Emergent Pathogens in the 21st Century: First United Workshop on Microsporidia from Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts, Prague, Czech Republic.

Solter, L., D’Amico, V., Goertz, D. Hoch, G., Linde,. A., McManus, M., Novotny, J., Pilarska, D., Solter, P., Vavra, J., Weiser, J., Zubrik, M. 2004. Research on Microsporidia as Potential Classical and Augmentative Biological Control Agents of the Gypsy Moth. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD.

Fallon, D., Solter L., Keena M, Cate, J., McManus, M., Hanks, L. 2003. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematode strains for the control of Anoplophora glabripennis. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Burlington, VT.

Hoch, G., Solter, L.F., and Schopf, A. 2003. "Is permissiveness of L. dispar larvae to microsporidian infections determined by the host's immune response ? " Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Burlington, VT.

Solter, L.F., Solter, P.F., Pilarska, D.K., and McManus, M.L. 2003. Fingerprinting microsporidian isolates from European populations of Lymantria dispar. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Burlington, VT.

Fallon, D., Solter, L., Bauer, L., Miller, D., and McManus, M. 2003. Effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on Plectrodera scalator. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD

Fallon, D., Solter, L., Keena, M., Cate, J., McManus, M., and Hanks, L. 2003. Effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on Anophophora glabripennis. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and other Invasive Species, Annapolis, MD

Hoch, G. Solter, L.F., and Schopf, A. 2003. Unterschiedliche Immunreaktion von Lymantria dispar- Larven auf Infektion mit verschiedenen entomopathogenen Mikrosporidien ["Varying immune response of Lymantria dispar larvae to infections with different entomopathogenic microsporidia] Meeting of the German Society for General and Applied Entomology (DGaaE),Halle, Germany.

Hoch, G., Solter, L.F., and Schopf, A. 2002. Defense response of Lymantria dispar larvae to microsporidian species in the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha. VIII International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, VI International Conference on Bacillus thruingiensis (ICBt), Fos do Iguassu, Brazil.

Solter, L.F., Smith, M.T. and Bauer, L.., L. 2002. Biological control of the Asian longhorned beetle. North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, E. Lansing MI.

Smith, M.T., Fuester, R., Yang, Z., Herard, F., Solter, L., Keena, M., Bauer, L., D'Amico, V.D. 2002. Biological control of the Asian longhorned beetle: synthesis of current research. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species, Annapolis MD.

Solter, L.F., M. Keena, J. Cate, M. McManus, and L. Hanks. 2001. Testing of Rhabditoid Nematodes as Biological Control Agents for the Asian Longhorned Beetle. Asian Longhorned Beetle Research & Development Program Review.

Henn, M.W., Solter, L.F. Hoch, G., Schopf, A. and Schopf, R. 2001. The role of proteases in the gut of gypsy moth larvae Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to compensate the negative effect on their growth due to the infection with the microsporidium Vairimorpha spec. (Microsporidia, Burenellidae). Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting. Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.

Henn, M.W. and Solter, L.F. 2001. Veränderunngen der Proteaseaktivitat im Darm des Schwammspinners (Lymantria dispar) durch die Infection mit der Mikrosporidienspezies Vairimorpha lymantriae. German Society of Applied Entomology Annual Meeting.

Solter, L., Keena, M.., Cate, J., McManus, M., Higgs, M. and Hanks, L. 2001. Infectivity of Rhabitoid Nematodes to the Asian Longhorn Beetle. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species, Annapolis MD. New abstract to Environmental Horizons 2001, University of Illinois, March 24, 2001. (Poster)

Solter, L.F. and M. Henn. 2000. Development of Vairimorpha sp. in the fat body tissues of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae and effects on host food utilization values. Annual meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology. Guanajuato, Mexico.

Bauer, L.S., Miller, D.L. and Solter, L.F. 2000. Comparative pathogenicity of three Nosema species from Europe infecting the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology. Guanajuato, Mexico.

Pierce, C.M., Solter, L.F. and Weinzerl, R.A. 1999. Interactions between Nosema pyrausta and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). (Poster) Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Irvine, CA.

Pilarska, D.K. and L.F. Solter. 1999. The host specificity of microsporidia in field populations of Lepidoptera sympatric with the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Bulgaria. Intl. Org. for Biological Control Meeting, Vienna, Austria.

Pilarska, D.K., Solter, L.F., and E. Danova. 1999. Microsporidia in Lepidoptera from Bulgaria. Proc. II Intl. Cong. Biodiv., Ecol., & Conserv. Balkan Fauna, Ohrid, Macedonia.

Linde, A., Solter, L.F. and Winter, S. 1998. The influence of a microsporidian infection on bionomical parameters of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae. VIII Intl. Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Sapporo, Japan.

Pilarska, D., Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V. and McManus, M.L. 1998. Prevalence of microsporidia in Lymantria dispar L. populations in Bulgaria. European Entomology Congress. Ceska Budejovice, Czech Republic.

Pilarska, D., Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V. and McManus, M.L. 1998. Microsporidia from Lymantria dispar populations in Bulgaria, (Poster). USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis MD.

Novotny, J., McManus, M., Maddox, J. and L. Solter. 1998. Microsporidia- A potential agent for biocontrol of gypsy moth. (Poster). USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis MD.

Solter, L.F., Pilarska, D. and J.V. Maddox. 1997. Ecological host specificity of microsporidia: evaluating laboratory testing. Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting. Banff, Alberta, Canada.

Undeen, A.H., Vander Meer, and L.F. Solter. 1997. Sugars in microsporidian spores and changes in their concentrations during germination. Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting. Banff, Alberta, Canada.

Maddox, J.V., McManus, M.L., and L.F. Solter. 1997. Microsporidia of forest Lepidoptera. International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Banska Stiavnica, Slovak Republic.

Solter, L.F. (coordinator), Bauer, L.S., Jeffords, M.R., Linde, A., Maddox, J.V., McManus, M.L., Novotny, J., Onstad, D., Pilarska, D, and Vavra, J. 1996. Comprehensive program to evaluate exotic microsporidia for classical biological control of the gypsy moth. (Poster) Seventh Annual USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis, MD, and Intl. Union of Forest Research Organizations, Banska Stiavnica, Slovakia.

Undeen, A.H. and L.F. Solter. 1996. Buoyant densities and structural changes during sporogony of Vairimorpha necatrix in Helicoverpa zea. VII International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Córdoba, Spain.

Solter, L., McManus, M., Maddox, J. and M. Jeffords. 1995. Infectivity of non-indigenous gypsy moth microsporidia to native non-target forest Lepidoptera. Sixth Annual USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research , Annapolis, MD. Tech Report NE-213.

McManus, M.L., Maddox, J.V., Solter, L.F, and M.R. Jeffords. 1995. Distribution of microsporidia isolated from gypsy moth populations in Europe. Sixth Annual USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis, MD. Tech. Report NE-213.

McManus, M.L., Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1995. Infectivity of Eurasian gypsy moth microsporidia to non-target forest Lepidoptera: safety considerations related to their release for classical biological control. Eastern Branch, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Harrisburg, PA.

McManus, M.L., Maddox, J.V. and L.F. Solter. 1995. Microsporidian pathogens of the gypsy moth: distribution and significance in biological control. (Poster). IUFRO Meeting, Finland.

Maddox, J.V., Baker, M.D., McManus, M.L., Solter, L.F. and C.R. Vossbrinck. 1995. Taxonomic and ecological considerations for ten different microsporidia isolated from European gypsy moths. Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Ithaca, NY

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1995. Susceptibility of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) to microsporidian parasites of native North American Lepidoptera. Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Ithaca, NY.

Undeen, A.H. and L.F. Solter. 1995. The timing of sugar acquisition during the development of Vairimorpha necatrix (Microspora: Nosematidae) spores. Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Ithaca, NY.

Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V., Jeffords, M.R. and M.L. McManus. 1994. Host specificity of three species of exotic gypsy moth microsporidia to native nontarget Lepidoptera (Poster). Fifth Annual USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis, MD. Tech Report NE-188.

Solter, L.F., and J.V. Maddox. 1994. Laboratory host range vs. ecological host range: a biological control issue. North Central Branch, ESA Annual Meeting, Springfield, IL.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1994. Early events in microsporidian infection: transmission from the midgut to target tissues. IV Intl. Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Montpellier, France.

Undeen, A.H. and L.F. Solter. 1994. The sugar content and density of living and dead microsporidian (Microspora) spores. VI Intl. Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Montpellier, France.

McManus, M.L., Solter, L.F., Maddox J.V., and M.R. Jeffords. 1994. Host specificity of exotic gypsy moth microsporidia to native nontarget Lepidoptera. (Poster). VI International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, Society of Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Montpellier, France. Also presented at the ESA Annual Meeting, Dallas Texas, and the Sixth Annual USDA Interagency Gypsy Moth Research Forum, Annapolis, MD.

McManus, M.L., Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1994. Effect of a nonindigenous microsporidian, infectious to the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), on nontarget Lepidoptera. Eastern Branch, ESA Annual Meeting, Newport, RI.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. 1993. Preservation of microsporidian spores in liquid nitrogen. North Central Branch, ESA Annual Meeting, Fargo, N.D.

Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox. l993. Host specificity of three gypsy moth microsporidia. Annual meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Asheville, NC

NCR-125 Committee on the Biological Control of Arthropod Pests. 1993. Permanent informational poster coordinated, edited, and assembled by L. Solter for first presentation, North Central Branch, ESA, Fargo, ND.

Solter, L.F., Roberts, S.J., Maddox, J.V. and E.J. Armbrust. l992. Characteristics and distribution of a new microsporidian pathogen in Illinois alfalfa weevil populations (Poster). NCR-125 Committee on Biological Control of Pest Arthropods, Symposium, Minneapolis, MN.

Solter, L.F., Onstad, D.W., and J.V. Maddox, 1991. Influence of European corn borer density on transmission of Nosema pyrausta in field cages. (Poster). North Central Branch, ESA Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI.

Roberts, S.J., Solter, L.F. and J.V. Maddox, 1991. Microsporidia found in the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, emphasizing a new species widespread in alfalfa weevil populations. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Flagstaff, AZ.

Solter, L.F., Onstad, D.W., and J.V. Maddox, 1991. Pathogens found associated with European corn borers in field collections in Illinois. Society for Invertebrate Pathology Annual Meeting, Flagstaff, AZ.

Solter, L.F., 1990. Transmission of the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta in adult European corn borers. NCR-125 Workshop-The Progress and Potential of Biological Control in the Midwest, West Lafayette, IN.

Solter, L.F., Lustigman, B., and P.P. Shubeck, 1987. Medically important true bacteria found associated with Silphidae. New Jersey Academy of Science Annual Meeting.

Research Support, Federal and State Agency $21,632. L.F. Solter (PI) Role of Pathogenic Microsporidia in Field & Lab Populations of Coleopteran Predators of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. USDA Forest Service, Cooperative Agreement no. AG 10-CA-11420004-301. 2010-2012. $56,000, LF. Solter (PI) Sustainable solutions to problems affecting health of managed bees. USDA CSREES CAP award no. 200855302004471, Subaward RC293-502/3843828. Total award: see below). 2010-2011. $56,000, LF. Solter (PI) Sustainable solutions to problems affecting health of managed bees. USDA CSREES CAP award no. 200855302004471, Subaward RC293-502/3843828. Total award: $4,100,000. 2008-2010. $399,957. S. Cameron (PI), L. Solter, J. Strange and T. Griswold. Current Status and Potential Causes of Population Decline in Wild Bumble Bee Pollinators, Solter: $119.097. CSREES, NRI 2007-2010. $19,842, L.F. Solter (PI). The establishment and persistence of microsporidia released into Illinois gypsy moth populations as classical biological control agents. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement. 2006-2010. $19,960. L.F. Solter (PI). Role of microsporidia in the hemlock woolly adelgid natural enemy complex. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement. 2005-2009. $20,000. L.F. Solter. Hatch funding for project no. S-1024 2005-2010 $1,000 L.F. Solter. International Organization for Biological Control. Insect Pathology Short Course. $12,001. L.F. Solter (PI), S. Cameron. Survey for Nosema bombi: a potential causative agent for decline of Bombus franklini and Bombus occidentalis U.S. Fish & Wildlife, Oregon State Office. 2007- 2009 $7,925. L. Solter (PI), S. Cameron. Survey for Nosema bombi: a potential causative agent for decline of Bombus franklini and Bombus occidentalis U.S. Fish & Wildlife, Oregon State Office. 2005-2007 $14,480. L.F. Solter (PI), S. Cameron. Survey for Nosema bombi: a potential causative agent for decline of Bombus franklini and Bombus occidentalis U.S. Fish & Wildlife, Oregon State Office. 2006- 2008 $17,500 L.F. Solter (PI). Use of Proteomics to Identify and Differentiate Isolates of Gypsy Moth Microsporidia from Europe. 2003-2008. $6,500 L.F. Solter, USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement: Entomopathogens of Economically Important Forest Lepidoptera and their Potential for use as Classical Biological Control Agents. 2004-2006. $24,390. L.F. Solter. USDA ARS Cooperative Agreement. Suppression of Eastern Tent Caterpillar Populations with Insect Pathogens in Central Kentucky. 2003-2006. $34,500. L.F. Solter. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement: Entomopathogens of Economically Important Forest Lepidoptera and their Potential for use as Classical Biological Control Agents. 2001-2005. $45,000. L.F. Solter. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement: Entomopathogenic Nematodes Infecting Asian Longhorn Beetle in North America. 2001-2006. $4,950. L. Solter, L. Hanks, M. McManus, and J. Cate, Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Heritage. Nematode control agents against Asian longhorn beetle. Cooperators on Exotic Species Special Research and Education Project, R. N. Wiedenmann and M. R. Jeffords, PIs. 2001-2002 $23,000, L.F. Solter. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement: Testing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes against the Asian Longhorn Beetle. 2000-2002. $17,000, L.F. Solter. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Agreement Extension: Feasibility of Using Molecular Technology to Identify Isolates of Gypsy Moth Microsporidia from Europe. 1999- 2002. $2,500, L. Solter, Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Heritage. Gypsy moth pathogens. Cooperator on Exotic Species Special Research and Education Project, R. N. Wiedenmann and M. R. Jeffords. 1999-2001. $2,000, Solter, L.F. Assessment of Entomopathogens for Control of Aphis glycines in Illinois. College of ACES Funding. 2000. $2,000, L.F. Solter. Insect Pathology Training Course: a Biological Control Perspective. National Biological Control Institute. 2000. $4,400, L. Solter, L. Hanks, M. McManus, and J. Cate, Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Heritage. Nematode control agents against Asian longhorn beetle. Cooperators on Exotic Species Special Research and Education Project, R. N. Wiedenmann and M. R. Jeffords, $109, 105. 1999-2000. $5,200, L. Solter, Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Heritage. Gypsy moth pathogens. Cooperator on Exotic Species Special Research and Education Project, R. N. Wiedenmann and M. R. Jeffords, $109,105, 2000-2001. $3,000, S. Gladstone, A. Hajek, and L. Solter. USAID, AOL. Sustainable Agriculture (WG10). 1999. $10,000, 1999-2000. C-FAR SRI. Microbial control decision making. D.W. Onstad, D. E. Dockter, and L.F. Solter. $117,402, USDA/CSRS. 1994-1999. Predicting ecological host specificity of microsporidian pathogens of insects. J.V. Maddox and L.F. Solter $16,200, USDA/FAS/RSED 1997-1999. Evaluating host specificity of microsporidian pathogens being considered for biological control of the gypsy moth. L.F. Solter $15,000, Forest Service Cooperative Agreement Continuation Grant. 1993-1997. Host specificity of gypsy moth microsporidia , J. V. Maddox, L. F. Solter, and M. R. Jeffords.

Pending Support $499,715. Competitive Replacement of the Microsporidian Pathogen Nosema apis by Nosema ceranae in Honey Bees. Solter,L.F., Huang, Z., Aronstein, K., Webster, T. 2010. USDA, NIFA, AFRI.

Additional Support Taiwan Science Foundation Fellowship for Dr. Wei-Fone Huang, Taipei, Taiwan. 2010-2011. Title: Host laboratory. Co-wrote proposal. $40,000 National Science Fund, Ministry of Education and Science, Bulgaria. #DO-251. 2009-2011. Co-wrote with D. Pilarska and cooperator. Austrian Government Fellowship for Dr. Gernot Hoch, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria. 2001-2002. Parasitoid-induced alteration of the immune response of Lymantria dispar larvae to permissive and nonpermissive microsporidian infections. Host laboratory, 15 months. Co-wrote proposal for this fellowship. $30,000. Fulbright Fellowship for Dr. Daniela Pilarska, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Sofia, Bulgaria. 2001-2002. Variability within species and taxonomic relationships between microsporidian pathogens occurring in Central European populations of Lymantria dispar and Euproctis chrysorrhoea.Host laboratory, 6 months. Co-wrote proposal for this fellowship. $17,800.

Grants Administered USDA Hatch Allocations, 2005-2010, approx. $300,000. West Nile Virus, Federal. 2005-2008 Federal CAPS program (co-PI with Kelly Estes), 2006-2009 Illinois Crop Improvement Assn. Memorandum of Understanding 2004-2009, UI C7468

Professional Activities Societies President, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 2010-2012 Vice President, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 2008-2010 Nominating Committee, Microsporidia Division, Soc. for Invertebrate Pathology 2010- present Assistant Subject Editor, Journal for Invertebrate Pathology, 2003-present Associate Subject Editor, Environmental Entomology 2002-present S-1024 (301, 235, 265), Regional Project Committee on Discovery of Entomopathogens and their Integration and Safety in Pest Management Systems, State Representative 1997-present NCR-125 Arthropod Biological Control, State representative 2010-present; ex officio member, 1990- 2010; Alternate State Rep. 1990, 1992 NCAC-15 North Central Advisory Committee, Entomology and Economic Zoology, Institution Representative, 2007-present Chair NCAC-15, North Central Advisory Committee, Entomology and Economic Zoology, 2008-2009 Acting Chair, NCAC-15, N. Central Advisory Committee, Entomology & Economic Zoology, 2007-2008 Newsletter Editor, Soc. for Invertebrate Pathology, 2001- 2007 Publications Committee, Soc. for Invertebrate Pathology, 2001-2008 Chair, Student Travel Awards Committee, Microsporidia Div., Soc. for Invertebrate Pathol. 2002-2008 Local Arrangements Committee, S-1024 Microbial Control of Insect Pests Annual Meeting 2008 Local Arrangements Committee, North Central Branch, ESA, Annual Meeting, 2005-2006 Trustee, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 1998-2002 Development Committee, Regional Project, S-301 Development, Evaluation and Safety of Entomopathogens for Control of Arthropod Pests, 2000 Co-Chair, Subcommittee, Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of leaf feeding insect defoliators. Multistate Res. Funded Proj. S-301, 2001-2003. Assistant Newsletter Editor, Soc. for Invertebrate Pathology, 2000-2001 Chair, Subcommittee, Pathogens of the Gypsy Moth, Multistate Res. Funded Proj.S-265, 1999-2000. Chair, Microsporidia Division, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 1996-1998 Vice-chair, Microsporidia Division, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 1994-1996 Insect Expo Committee, Entomological Society of America, 1996 Student Affairs Committee, Entomological Society of America, 1994-1995 Student Awards Committee, North Central Br., Entomological Society of America, 1994-1995 Program Committee, North Central Br., Entomological Society of America, 1993-1994 Student Affairs Committee, North Central Br., Entomological Society of America, 1993-1994

Symposia/Workshops Co-organizer, 2007 Symposium on pathogens in greenhouse, nursery and beneficial insect. So.c for Invertebr. Pathol. Ann. Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec. Co-organizer, 2006 Symposium on Silk Moth Microsporidia, Soc. for Invertebr. Pathol. Ann. Meeting, Wuhan, China Co-organizer, 2005 Symposium on Studies of Microsporidia other than Taxonomy and Biological Control. Soc. for Invertebr. Pathol. Ann. Meeting, Anchorage, AK. Co-organizer, 2005 NCB, ESA, “Physiological and Ecological Determinants of Insect Pathogen and Parasitoid Host Range”. Co-organizer, 2000 Microsporidia Division Workshop; Sampling Techniques for Microsporidia, Society for Invertebrate Pathol., Guanajuato, Mexico Co-organizer, 2000 Symposium on Insect Immune Systems, Soc. for Invertebrate Pathol., Mexico Co-organizer, 1999 Symposium on Microsporidia of Forest Insects, Soc. Invertebrate Pathol., Calif. Co-organizer, 1999 Microsporidia Workshop, Intl. Organization for Biol. Control, Vienna, Austria Co-organizer, 1997 Biological Control Symposium, North Central Branch, Entomol. Soc. America Organizer, 1996 Microsporidia Division Workshop; Molecular Taxonomy of Microsporidia, Society for Invertebrate Pathology Organizer, 1995 Microsporidia Division Workshop; Life Cycle, Ultrastructural, and Molecular Information for Microsporidia Species Descriptions, Society for Invertebrate Pathology

Other Professional Activities USDA-ARS Review Panel. NP 304 C: Biocontrol: Insects and Parasites, 2010

Teaching IB-483 Insect Pathology (Entomology 320/Integrative Biology 383) / NRES-443/CPSC-475, Spring 2000, 2003, 2006. 2009 Insect Pathology Short Course, International Organization for Biological Control, Midwest Institute for Biological Control, Organizer and Co-instructor, 2010 Insect Pathology Workshop, February, 2011. Dept. Entomology and Acarology, University of Sao Paulo ESALQ, Instructor. Insect Pathology Short Course, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Pecnuaria, Instituto de Microbiologia y Zoologia, Castelar, Argentina. June 2011. Instructor Midwest Institute for Biological Control, Insect Pathology Short Course, Organizer and Instructor, July 2000, June 2004, 2007 Animal Science ANSC 199 Discovery Course- Guest lecturer- 2009, 2010 Entomology 319 (Integrated Pest Management), 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 Guest lecturer Insect Pathology Course, National Taiwan University. Guest lecturer. April 2007. Midwest Institute for Biological Control, web course development team. Insect Pathology Entomology 426 Seminar course invited lecture, November 2003. Insect Pathology Short Course for Central America and Mexico, Pan American School of Agriculture, December 1999. Co-organizer and Instructor Biology 105, Guest lecturer, 2002, 2008 Ethology, Ecology, and Evolution 316 (Parasite Ecology), 1998, 2000, Guest lecturer Entomology 321 (Biological Control)- 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Guest lecturer Entomology IB-444 (Insect Ecology), 2008 Guest lecturer

Graduate Students Supervised Gwyn Puckett, Dept. of Entomology, PhD advisor Jeffrey Le, St. Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, thesis examiner, 2009 Nils Cordes, Dept. of Entomology, MS advisor, MS 2010 Rob Mitchell, Dept. of Entomology, MS advisory committee member, MS 2009 Christina North, Dept. of Entomology, MS co-advisor, MS 2008 Erick Caamano, NRES, MS advisory committee member, MS 2007 Dr. Jeffrey Heilveil, Entomology, MS advisory committee member Dr. Jonathon Lundegren, Entomology, PhD advisory committee member Dr. Christopher Pierce, NRES, MS advisory committee member

Postdoctoral Researchers Supervised; Visiting Scientists Dr. Wei-Fone Huang, November 2008-present (postdoctoral research scientist) Dr. Richard Lankau, May 2007-2010 (post doctoral research scientist) Dr. Carlos Lange, August 2005-February 2006 (visiting scientist) Dr. Declan Fallon, May 2002- July 2003 (postdoctoral research scientist) Dr. Gernot Hoch, September 2001-December 2002 (postdoctoral research scientist)

Undergraduate Studies Roberta Helm- Honors Credit, James Scholar Project, Spring 2009

Outreach Illinois Natural History Expo, 150th Anniversary, 2008 St. Joseph/Ogden High School Honors Biology tour and lccture on insect pathology, annually 1995-2009 An Evening of Entomology. INHS and Fox Devel. Corp., Sept. 22, 2007 Volunteer, Insect Expo South, 2001, 2003, 2005, Illinois Natural History Survey Allerton Bioblitz 2001; Urbana Park District Bioblitz, 2005 ACES Open House/ExplorACES Co-organizer, Insect Expo, 1995 - 2002. Illinois Natural History Survey/Univ. of Illinois Girls in Engineering, Math and Science (GEMS), Champaign Schools, 1998-1999 Character in Careers Program, Urbana Schools, 1998 Expanding Horizons in Science and Mathematics Conference, 1997-1998 Education for Careers and Professions Program, Unit 4 High Schools, Champaign, 1997-1998 Coordinator, Classroom Science Projects, Leal Elementary School, 1994-1997

Awards University of Illinois Extension Award of Excellence for Outstanding or Innovative Program (Team) for Insect Expo. October 2006 Francis & Harley Clark Research Support Grant (2 awards: Spring 1994 and Spring 1996)

Service to University of Illinois, Illinois Natural History Survey INHS Safety Committee- 2009-present INHS University Relations Committee- 2009-present INHS Senior Management Team, 2002-present INHS Facilities Committee- 2008-present INHS Promotions Advisory Committee- 2007-present Illinois Interagency Committee on Pesticides, 2008-2009 NSRC Building Advisory Committee, 1999-present Search Committee, Dean for Research, College of Agric. And Environ. Sci. 2006 Search Committees, Ctr. for Ecological Entomology, 2001 (Chair), 2004 (Weed Biological Control), 2005-2006 (Center Director search), Medical Entomology 2007 (Chair), Medical Entomology 2010-2100. INHS Reorganization Committee, 2006. Entomology Department Graduate Student Advisory Committee, 2002-2005 Outreach Committee, INHS, 1999-2007 NRES Courses & Curriculum for Undergraduate Policy, 2002-2003 Procedure and Information Manual, 2002-2003 New Building Committee, 2000-2004 Search Committee, Center for Biodiversity, 2001, 2003 Entomology Retreat Committee, 2001 By-laws Committee, Center for Economic Entomology, 2000-2001 Luckmann Award Committee, INHS, Chair, 1998; Chair, 2000; 2011 Seminar Committee, INHS, 1997-1999 Seminar Committee, Center for Economic Entomology 1996 -1997 Newsletter Committee, Center for Economic Entomology 1996 -1997 Greenhouse Utilization Committee, 1990-1996 Staff Advisor, Graduate Student Linnaean Team, 1992-1994

Memberships-Current Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society Society for Invertebrate Pathology Manuscript and Proposal Reviews: Agricultural and Forest Entomology American Entomologist Annals of the Entomological Society of America Applied and Environmental Microbiology BioControl Biological Control Biologia Biocontrol Science and Technology Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council- United Kingdom Proposal Review Bulletin of Entomological Research Canadian Forest Service, Genomics R&D Initiative Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Environmental Entomology Experimental Parasitology Florida Entomologist Journal of Agricultural Entomology Journal of Applied Entomology Journal of Economic Entomology Journal of Environmental Entomology Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Journal of Insect Physiology Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Journal of Pest Science Journal of Tropical Insect Science Louisiana Board of Regents Support Fund, Research and Development Program Grants Parasitology Proceedings National Academy of Sciences UIUC Campus Research Board Proposals USDA, SIBR Competitive Research Grants USDA, CSRS National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Austria Science Foundation Board of the Austrian Science Fund John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation NSF, Cellular Organization, Proposal Review