NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 5, May -2020 ON THE HISTORY OF AMIR TEMUR'S DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE EGYPTIAN ELIMOV LOCHIN Teacher of Samarkand State University Email address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Temur's military operations with Kara Yusuf. The article explains the diplomacy of When Amir Temur's troops withdrew from Amir Temur and the sultans of on the Tabriz in late 1388, Qara Yusuf sent a letter to basis of sources. Particular attention is paid the Egyptian , minting money in to embassy relations, military operations his name in Tabriz, stating that his name was and agreements between the two countries. being read in mosques, and asking for his Keywords: Amir Temur, Sultan Barquq, appointment as the sultan's deputy in Tabriz. Sultan Boyazid, Atalmish, Qara Yusuf, Sultan Temurid scholar Ubaydullo Uvatov Faraj, Xalab, . writed that, “The official relations between Amir Temur and Sultan Barquq date back to INTRODUCTION: 1385. In a relatively short period of time, The study of the diplomacy of the Amir from 1386 to 1405, there were about 25 Temur period will be a great impetus for exchanges of letters and ambassadors widely understanding of the history and between Amir Temur and the Egyptian maintenance of our national statehood. Sources sultans Barquq and Faraj, as well as their and historical evidence show that in Amir deputies in ”. Temur's diplomacy there was peace, mutual It is known that in November 1385 Amir respect, compassion for his opponent and a Temur sent a letter to Sultan Barquq through a great opportunity for him, respect for the special envoy. The ambassador was well ambassador in any difficult situation, as well as received by the ruler of Egypt in , and strict adherence to the rules of diplomacy, gave him a decent reply. However, the embassy inviolability of human life, humanism. indicates did not change relations between the two that the verses are a priority.1 countries. Because the Barquq Egyptian scholar Fathi al-Guwayli was did not stop helping Amir Temur's enemies. right when he said that "the diplomatic Therefore, this embassy connection also ended methods used by Amir Temur in his ineffectual. relations with other statesmen and some of In 1388, between Amir Temur and the their subtleties deserve a deep theoretical , first weapons crash happened. The and practical study." Amir Temur's political clash stemmed from the fact that the Turkmen relations with the Egyptian state are very of Sivos turned to Amir Temur for help due to edifying from a diplomatic point of view. the attack. Because of the small Due to the specific international situation that number of Amir Temur's troops in the war, the emerged at the end of the 14th century, victory was in the Mamluks led by 's Ottoman Turkey, the state of Amir Temur, and deputy Yalbuga an-Nosiri. Egypt emerged as political powers in Asia, After the war of 1388, Sultan Barquq's partly in , and part of Europe. In 1382, attitude towards Amir Temur worsened. We Sultan az-Zahir Barquq came to power in can see this from his sentences below. He Egypt. He was directly involved in Amir always said, "I am not afraid of him, because 78 | Page NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 5, May -2020 everyone supports me against him, I am to the former governor of , Ahmad ibn only afraid of Ibn 'Uthman (Bayazid).”4 Uwais. In addition, with the help of the After the war of 1388, relations between Amir Turkmen Kara Yusuf, the city of Baghdad was Temur and the Sultan of Egypt remained tense. taken from Mironshah. The return of Amir Temur to Baghdad in 1393 After the death of Sultan Barquq in also affected relations between the two 1399, his eleven-year-old son al-Nasir Faraj countries. In October of this year, Amir Temur, ascended the throne of the sultanates of Egypt who was in Baghdad, sent a special letter with and Syria. The Turkish Sultan Boyazid took valuable gifts to the special envoys under the advantage of the instability in Egypt due to the leadership of Sheikh Sovai, one of the most death of Sultan Barquq to annex some authoritative scholars. When the ambassadors territories.5 arrived in the Syrian city of al-Rahba, the city's In the autumn of 1400, Amir Temur trustee told them to ask Sultan Barquq for wrote a letter to the young Sultan Faraj, permission to enter the country. The reminding him of the "mistakes" his father had ambassadors were imprisoned by order of the made: the killing of ambassadors and the Sultan of Egypt. Amir Temur ordered to send imprisonment of Atalmish. He demanded that letters and gifts to Cairo. Faraj release Atalmish immediately, otherwise In a letter to the Sultan of Egypt, Amir he would "take revenge on the people of Syria Temur demanded the expulsion of Sultan and Egypt." Ahmad ibn Uwais, the former governor of When the ambassadors of Amir Temur Baghdad, who had fled to Egypt. In addition, arrived in Xalab, the deputy of the city, as usual, the letter called on Amir Temur to establish sent a message about them to the sultan. Faraj, good-neighborly relations due to the border like his father, ordered the ambassadors to be with Egypt, to exchange ambassadors and to imprisoned. Amir Temur, knowing that his strengthen friendly relations, so that traders ambassadors had been insulted for the second and merchants could move from one country to time, decided to punish Faraj. He therefore another without any difficulties. such ordered military action against Egypt.6 suggestions were made. But these proposals In November 1400, Amir Temur's army were not accepted by Sultan Barquq. marched on al-Bahasna. He soon captured Practical cooperation between the Aleppo, which belonged to Egypt. After the Egyptian Sultan Barquq and the Turkish Sultan occupation of this city, Amir Temur wrote Boyazid and other groups began at this time. another letter to Sultan Faraj, demanding the Meanwhile, during the battle with Atalmish, a release of Altamish, and if so, announced the close relative of Amir Temur, the captain of the release of his captives and other captives. fortress of Kara Yusuf Avnik captured him and Sultan Faraj again rejected the demands sent him to Sultan Barquq. The Sultan of Amir Temur. As a result, relations between immediately throws him into prison. In April the two countries deteriorated. Receiving a 1394, the Egyptian sultan Barquq began rejection from Sultan Faraj, Amir Temur left for military operations against Amir Temur. He Damascus. The sultan of Egypt also left Cairo will arrive in Damascus in May this year. At and set out to defend Damascus. In January that time, Amir Temur left his son Mironshah in 1401, Sultan Faraj arrived in Damascus and Baghdad and returned to India to prepare for stopped at the plain of Yalbu, two miles from his trip. Taking advantage of this situation, the southern wall of the city. Amir Temur's Sultan Barquq provided all possible assistance troops were stationed in the village of Katana

79 | Page NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 5, May -2020 on the outskirts of Damascus, watching the Amir Temur invited the Egyptian sultan Faraj movements of Sultan Faraj's troops. to sign a peace treaty. Ibn Doqman, a well- Amir Temur, who preferred a diplomatic known Egyptian historian who lived in the late solution to any conflict, once again sent a letter 14th and early 15th centuries and witnessed through ambassadors to the Egyptian sultan in these events, testified that such a truce was Damascus in order to prevent war. This time, indeed signed and that the sultan of Egypt Amir Temur's efforts were ineffectual. recognized himself as a vassal of Amir Temur. Meanwhile, a revolt against Sultan Faraj in In short, the relationship between the state of Cairo prevented a military confrontation. Amir Temur and the state of Egypt covers a After the victory of Amir Temur over the period of twenty years. After the death of Amir Turkish sultan Boyazid, the sultan sent a letter Temur, the struggle for the throne led to the to Faraj. The main issue in this letter was the suspension of embassy relations between the release of Altamish from prison. This time two countries for some time. During the reign Sultan Faraj responded appropriately to the of Shahrukh, the youngest son of Sahibkiran, letter. He freed Altamish and presented him diplomatic relations with Egypt were restored. with five thousand dirhams. Then Amir Temur We have seen above that the relations with forgave him and said, “Because he (Faraj) was Amir Temur and the sultans of Egypt were deprived of the shadow of his father's blessing various at different times. Amir Temur's first when he was young, I adopted him for the sake embassy exchanges with Egypt were relatively of Allah. If he remains steadfast in his ineffective. The conflict between the two commitment to good service, I will continue to countries did not allow for good diplomatic help him and give him the strength to lead the relations for a long time. However, Amir country.” Temur's victorious wars over Boyazid also In 1403, Amir Temur again sent affected relations between the two countries. ambassadors to Sultan Faraj with a letter on Therefore, the relations between the two the establishment of friendly relations between countries have a unique place not only in the the two countries. This embassy was more history of Uzbekistan, but also in the history of effective than the previous ones. Relatively the world. good relations have been established between the two countries. REFERENCES: Despite the complexity of relations 1) Amir Temur in world history / Responsible between the two countries and the fact that the editor: H.Karomatov. Team of authors: S. two flags, which were a symbol of Saidkasimov, A. Ahmedov, B. Ahmedov and subordination, were not accepted by Amir others. Tashkent: Sharq, 2001.304 p. Temur, Egypt was still under the influence of 2) Nizamiddin Shamiy. Zafarnoma / the state of Amir Temur. According to Ibn Translator from Persian Yunuskhon Arabshah, in the autumn of 1404 in Konigil Hakimjanov. A.Orinbaev, editor and editor- near Samarkand, the Egyptian ambassadors in-chief of the translation.-Tashkent: also took part in a grand ceremony dedicated Uzbekistan, 1996.527 p. to the victory of Amir Temur over the Turkish 3) Ibn Arabshoh. History of Ajaoib al-maqdur sultan Boyazid and the wedding of Sahibkiran's fi Taymur Book 1 / Translated from Arabic six grandchildren. In response, Amir Temur by U.Uvatov. Responsible editor sent ambassadors to Egypt. Abdullah Keshi was A.Urinboyev.Tashkent: “Ijod” 1992. 326 p. the ambassador. Through the ambassador,

80 | Page NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 5, May -2020 4) Oljayeva Sh. Diplomacy of Amir Temur. 6) Fathi al-Guwayli. Amir Temur's diplomacy Tashkent: “IJOD-PRESS”, 2018.156 p. // Amir Temur and his place in world 5) Uvatov U. Amir Temur and Mamluks // history: materials of the international Oriental Studies. Tashkent: 1996. N 7.p. 60- conference. Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 72. 1996.p.108-109.

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