Reports from the Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Moving the Global Oceans Agenda Forward

GLOBAL FORUM ON OCEANS, COASTS, AND ISLANDS June 2006

Biliana Cicin-Sain, Veerle Vandeweerd, Patricio A. Bernal, Lindsey C. Williams, Miriam C. Balgos, and Julian Barbière

Co-Chairs’ Report—Volume 2 Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands UNESCO, Paris, January 23-28, 2006

Fisheries and Oceans Canada

OR P F AFR HI IC S A R ¥ E S

N D ! T E

Consejo Consultivo R V

A E

del Agua A.C. O

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE CAMPECHE W P

N E

T H T DIREZIONE GENERALE PER LA PROTEZIONE DELLA NATURA Ministero dell¥Ambiente NEPAD e della Tutela del Territorio Notes to Readers

This report should be quoted as: Biliana Cicin-Sain, Veerle Vandeweerd, Patricio A. Bernal, Lindsey C. Williams, Miriam C. Balgos, and Julian Barbiere, Eds., Reports from the Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Moving the Global Oceans Agenda Forward, Co-Chairs’ Report – Volume 2, Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, June 2006.

A companion publication, Meeting the Commitments on Oceans, Coasts, and Small Island Developing States Made at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development: How Well Are We Doing? by Biliana Cicin-Sain, Veerle Vandeweerd, Patricio A. Bernal, Lindsey C. Williams, and Miriam C. Balgos, Co-Chairs’ Report—Volume 1, Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts and Islands, June 2006, is also available from the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands.

To obtain these publications, please contact Ms. Shelby Hockenberry, Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA, telephone: 1-302-831-8086, or via email at [email protected].

Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Moving the Global Oceans Agenda Forward January 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, Paris

Conference Co-Chairs: Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair and Head of Secretariat, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, and Director, Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware; Dr. Veerle Vandeweerd, Director, UNEP Regional Seas Programme, and Coordinator, UNEP Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities; and Dr. Patricio A. Bernal, Executive Secretary, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO. Conference Program Coordinators: Dr. Miriam C. Balgos, Program Coordinator, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands; and Mr. Julian Barbiere, Program Specialist, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO. Conference Coordinator: Ms. Shelby M. Hockenberry, Coordinator, Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware. Conference Secretariats: International Coastal and Ocean Organization (The Secretariat of the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands) hosted at the Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware, USA, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Acknowledgements We acknowledge, with sincere thanks, the financial and other support received from the following organizations and individuals. Without their support and dedication to advancing the global oceans agenda, this effort would not have been possible. Major Organizers and Sponsors: Portuguese Committee for Intergovernmental Oceanographic Global Environment Facility Commission GEF Project: Fostering a Global Dialogue on Oceans, Flemish Government and Flemish Minister for Economy, Coasts, and SIDS, and on Freshwater-Coastal-Marine Enterprise, Science, Innovation and Foreign Trade, Interlinkages Belgium GEF International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Network (IWLEARN) Mexico Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO Consejo Consultivo del Agua, Mexico UNEP Global Programme of Action for the Protection of Centro de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities de Mexico, Mexico Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans The Nature Conservancy U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The Nippon Foundation, Japan Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission of Delaware Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas World Ocean Network of East Asia International Coastal and Ocean Organization New Partnership for Africa’s Development/Coastal and Marine Coordination Unit Other Conference Supporters: IOC Sub-Commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent General Directorate for Nature Protection, Ministry for Regions the Environment and Territory, Italy United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) We acknowledge, with sincere thanks, individuals who played, with great dedication, a key role in the organization of the Global Conference: Roni Amelan Marie-Laure de Langhe Fabio Ledda Noura Sadi Miriam Balgos Fanny Douvere Christy Loper Stephanie Scholl Julian Barbiere Charles Ehler Bernice McLean LaVerne Walker Stefano Belfiore Anamarija Frankic Marina N’Deye Amanda Wenczel Patrice Boned Sonia Guiraud Isabel Torres de Noronha Lindsey Williams Virginie Bonnet Jorge Gutierrez Lara Brandon Riff Kateryna Wowk Virginie Bujoli Shelby Hockenberry GLOBAL FORUM ON OCEANS, COASTS, AND ISLANDS

Co-Chairs’ Report - Volume 2 Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Moving the Global Oceans Agenda Forward January 23-28, 2006 UNESCO Paris, France

Biliana Cicin-Sain, Veerle Vandeweerd, Patricio A. Bernal, Lindsey C. Williams, Miriam C. Balgos, and Julian Barbière TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword 1 Results of the Dialogue on Island Biliana Cicin-Sain Biodiversity 38 Gerald Miles Highlights from the Third Global Conference 2 Capacity Development for Ocean and Biliana Cicin-Sain Coastal Management: Mobilizing to Address Needs 40 The Ecosystem Approach to Integrated Indumathie Hewawasam, Mary Power, and Ocean and Coastal Management 5 Margarita Astralaga Charles Ehler and Chua Thia-Eng The Tsunami Disaster and Disaster Prepared- Global Environment Facility and Ecosystem- ness: One Year Later 44 based Management 9 Stefano Belfiore Alfred M. Duda Issues Related to Marine Areas Beyond Special Presentation: Poverty Reduction National Jurisdiction: Co-Chairs’ and Environmental Sustainability Report 49 Salvatore Arico and Alfonso Ascencio Herrera Millennium Development Goals: Why is so Little Progress Being Made? 11 Climate and Oceans 53 Jeffrey Sachs Magdalena A.K. Muir African Perspectives on Linking National Ocean Industries: Best Practices in Sustain- and Regional Efforts in Ocean and Coastal able Development Across the Sectors 57 Management 14 Paul Holthus Bernice McLean Ocean Donors Roundtable 59 Progress on Fisheries-Related Christy Loper Goals 19 Lori Ridgeway and Serge Garcia Enganging Decision Makers and the Public 61 Freshwater to Oceans Linkages Emphasized Miriam Balgos During Paris Conference 23 Kateryna Wowk

Toward the UNEP/GPA IGR-2 About the Global Forum 62 in Beijing 29 Tom Laughlin (NOAA) and Porfirio Alvarez-Torres List of Participants 63

Small Island Developing States and the Mauritius Strategy 31 LaVerne Walker REPORTS FROM THE THIRD GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON OCEANS, COASTS AND ISLANDS JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

FOREWORD

At the 2002 World Summit on Sustain- Tsunami tragedy—one year later, and of Conference participants recommitted able Development (WSSD) and in the emerging ocean issues, including marine themselves to accelerate progress in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) areas beyond national jurisdiction, and attainment of the international ocean tar- (most recently reaffirmed in 2005), the issues related to oceans and climate. gets, laying out a specific strategy for world’s political leaders adopted a far- next steps and for promoting synergy and reaching set of goals, targets, and time- It is clear from the discussions at the mobilizing active partnerships and coa- tables to improve the quality of the ocean Global Conference that progress in ful- litions to advance the global oceans environment and the lives of people liv- filling the international mandates on agenda. A companion publication, Meet- ing in coastal areas and small islands. oceans has generally been slow, although ing the Commitments on Oceans, Coasts, in a number of areas there are encourag- and Small Island Developing States At the Third Global Conference on ing signs of forward movement, both on Made at the 2002 World Summit on Sus- Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Moving the the part of international initiatives and tainable Development: How Well Are We Global Oceans Agenda Forward (held at leadership from the national level. Some Doing? will also be available in June 2006 UNESCO, Paris, January 23-28, 2006), lessons clearly emerge from the Paris dis- and will be presented at the UN Informal all parts of the global oceans community cussions, for example: Consultative Process on Oceans and the (403 participants from 78 countries, in- Law of the Sea. We hope the summaries • Systematic monitoring and data cluding 38 ministers) came together to in this volume capture the general nature determine: How are we doing in the ful- collection on national and interna- of the discussions and provide a useful fillment of these commitments? How can tional efforts to implement the overview. Full coverage of the confer- we do better? WSSD oceans mandates are ence was provided by the Earth Negotia- This volume presents highlights of the needed, including to draw lessons tions Bulletin and is available at http:// Global Conference and summaries of dis- learned and to develop best www.iisd.ca/ymb/globaloceans3/ cussions related to the attainment of ma- practices. This is especially the ymbvol68num3e.html. The conference jor WSSD and MDG ocean goals, e.g.: case with regard to progress on the presentations and other information may achieving ecosystem-based and inte- cross-cutting goals (e.g. achieving be found at http://www.globaloceans.org/ grated coastal and ocean management; ecosystem management and globalconferences/2006/index.html. arresting declines in fisheries; advanc- integrated ocean and coastal ing the Global Programme of Action for management), since these are not, All of us at the Global Forum on the Protection of the Marine Environment at present, being tracked systemati- Oceans, Coasts, and Islands sincerely from Land-Based Activities; reducing cally. thank the Conference participants and poverty in Africa and in other develop- • There is no regular collection and sponsors for their dedication and leader- ing areas; implementing the Mauritius assessment of information on the ship in promoting the sustainable devel- Strategy for the sustainable development social and economic well-being of opment of oceans, coastal areas, and of Small Island Developing States (SIDS); coastal communities—the home of SIDS. establishing networks of marine protected 50% of the world’s population, areas; and developing a global marine as- making it very difficult to ascertain Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, sessment. progress on Millennium Develop- Co-Chair and Head of Secretariat, Also presented in this volume are high- ment Goals in the context of Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, lights of conference discussions of the oceans, coasts, and SIDS. and Islands

1 HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE THIRD GLOBAL CONFERENCE

Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair and Head of Secretariat, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands

Background • SIDS, which have stewardship The Third Global Conference on over vast ocean areas, are Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Mov- having difficulty enforcing ing the Global Oceans Agenda For- conservation policies and ward, organized by the Global Fo- controlling development in rum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, their marine environment due was held January 23-28, 2006 at the to logistical and financial UNESCO headquarters in Paris, constraints which have wors- France. The Conference included ened due to declines in over- over 400 participants from 78 coun- Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair and Head of the Secretariat, Global Forum seas development assistance. tries, with 38 ministers and high on Oceans, Coasts and Islands said the • The goal of establishing level government representatives in Conference provided a forum for a dialogue across regions. She said the representative networks of attendance. The Conference brought discussions gave a mixed picture on marine protected areas by 2012 together key national level officials, WSSD targets and MDGs implementation and stressed the lack will not be met until 2085 at the regional organizations, UN agencies, of data on this implementation. present rate of designation, donors, industry, non-governmental according to a study discussed organizations, and scientists to as- • The targets of eliminating illegal, at the conference. Fortunately, sess progress achieved and obstacles unreported and unregulated some countries, such as faced in the implementation of in- fishing, and fishing overcapacity Australia, Palau, the Cook ternational targets on oceans, coasts, by 2004 and 2005 have not yet Islands, and Costa Rica, have and small island developing states been met, and 75% of fish stocks made significant progress in (SIDS), especially those related to are classified by FAO as fully establishing marine protected the 2002 World Summit on Sustain- exploited, over exploited, or areas with a view toward able Development (WSSD), the Mil- depleted. Participants said that protecting marine and coastal lennium Development Goals while the WSSD targets had biodiversity. (MDGs), and other related agree- been set unrealistically early, ments. there was particular concern over • Although half of the world’s 43 insufficient national actions SIDS, as well as a number of implementing the fisheries other countries, have adopted Assessment of Progress targets. Participants did note that ecosystem-based management Achieved on World Summit there has been recent promising and coastal and ocean manage- on Sustainable Develop- action by several nations and ment programs, no interna- ment Targets and Millen- also at the international level as tional organization is respon- some efforts have been launched nium Development Goals sible for tracking progress in to improve progress towards the establishment of these Participants at the Third Global Con- these targets. programs. In addition, there is ference agreed that progress toward • In many of the poorest countries, no regular collection of implementation of global targets re- a cycle of extreme poverty information on the social and lated to oceans, coasts, and islands coupled with excessive exploita- economic well-being of coastal has been slow, but there are some tion of the environment needed communities. promising developments. Confer- for survival still prevails, • While there are now more than ence panelists and participants noted contributing to marine pollution, 700 Integrated Coastal Zone that: as the United Nations Special Management initiatives in more Advisor Jeffrey Sachs told the than 90 nations around the conference.

• 2 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS world, there are no standardized Special Topics Discussion evaluation criteria for measuring Global Conference Statistics their performance in achieving Linking Freshwater to Oceans. Total participants: 403 the MDG and WSSD goals, During the Third Global Confer- although there are efforts ence, there was much emphasis on From: towards this direction. the need to link freshwater and 78 countries (33% developing countries; coastal issues. There was particu- • Sixty states have initiated 29% developed countries; 27% SIDS; lar focus on progress toward the national plans of action to 10% countries in transition) implementation of the UNEP Glo- address land-based sources of 38 Ministers/High Level participants bal Programme of Action for the marine pollution under the Protection of the Marine Environ- Background of participants: Global Programme of Action ment from Land-Based Activities for the Protection of the Marine 33% from government organizations (GPA) and preparations for the Environment from Land-Based 30% from NGO and academic sector GPA Intergovernmental Review Activities, which accounts for (IGR-2). Discussions largely con- 24% from international organizations 80% of marine pollution. centrated on the need to address 7% from private sector • Regarding the implementation these interlinkages at two upcom- 6% from journalism sector of Integrated Water Resource ing events, the 4th World Water Fo- Management, encompassing rum (WWF4) and the IGR-2. The both marine and land-based meeting participants further agreed management: 14 countries ordinated emergency plans that are to suggest paragraphs on freshwater rehearsed by local authorities and demonstrated “good progress,” to oceans themes for inclusion in the 51 have “taken some steps,” communities is paramount, though Ministerial Declaration for the the difficulty of maintaining the nec- while 43 are in the initial stages WWF4. It was ultimately recom- of implementation. essary level of awareness over the mended that the freshwater and long-term is acknowledged. Partici- • South-South cooperation on oceans communities should create pants emphasized the need for na- marine issues among SIDS has stronger partnerships, for example tions and local authorities to estab- been increasing, notably with through collaboration between the lish strategic land-use planning and the establishment of a Consor- Global Forum and the Global Water implementation in the context of in- tium of Universities linking the Partnership. tegrated coastal management. Pacific, Caribbean, and Indian The Tsunami Disaster and Disas- Ocean regions. Sustainable Development in Small ter Preparedness. Conference pan- Island Developing States. A key as- • The establishment of a process elists and participants discussed the pect of the SIDS discussions at the for regular, global reporting on, lessons learned from the December Conference focused on efforts to and assessment of, the marine 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, includ- implement the 2005 Mauritius Strat- environment, including socio- ing discussion of why some areas egy for the Further Implementation economic aspects - the Global were impacted less severely than of the Barbados Programme of Ac- Marine Assessment (GMA) - others. It was noted that the sever- tion for the Sustainable Develop- initially set for 2004, has finally ity of impact varied considerably ment of Small Island Developing taken off after initial delays according to the specific physical States. Discussions also recom- related to differences in opinion parameters of the shores, and, as part mended the formal institutionaliza- among the countries concerned. of the process of risk assessment, tion of the Alliance of Small Island • According to the U.N. Millen- there is a need for detailed mapping. Developing States (AOSIS) and the nium Project, urgent action is In addition, efforts should be made need to promote coordination, inte- needed to achieve the MDGs, to conserve and wherever possible gration, and communication at the but it remains to be seen if rehabilitate mangroves, sand dunes global, interregional, regional, na- sufficient action has occurred to and coral reefs as they provide a tional, and local levels for the imple- move closer towards their natural barrier against tsunamis and mentation of the Mauritius Strategy. achievement. Much effort has storm surges. In general, no effec- It was also noted that there is a need been put into the development tive warning systems were in place to deploy additional resources to as- of indicators to measure at the time of the December 2004 sist in these efforts. event. There are many basic educa- achievement toward the targets Linking National and Regional and goals, but little emphasis tion measures that can be undertaken without great cost, such as inclusion Efforts in Ocean and Coastal Man- has been placed on oceans, agement. African Perspectives. Pan- coasts, and coastal populations. of hazard awareness and emergency procedures in high risk coastal com- els and discussions related to ocean munities. Putting in place well-co- and coastal management in African • 3 • nations covered identification of next further work, including improvement ing discussions at the Third Global steps needed to further develop ca- of regional governance arrange- Conference, several new efforts are pacity and programs in coastal and ments (i.e. Regional Fisheries Man- underway. These include: ocean management, as well as ways agement Organizations) and exami- • Anticipation of important ocean to achieve synergy among existing nation of public-private partnerships issues that will be the subject of regional and national efforts. Sug- for marine biotechnology research. UN negotiations in the next gestions included the need to: build During the Conference, it was agreed decade, and preparation of partnerships within the region and that the Working Group would con- policy analyses and to use local expertise; strengthen tinue on as a “knowledge network” multistakeholder policy African Universities and technical and would also consider the need for dialogues before the negotia- institutions to create a critical mass further research and analytical work. tions to clarify the issues, of ocean and coastal professionals; The session outcomes were pre- develop options, lay out various assist with boundary delineation of sented at the UN Ad hoc open- perspectives, and identify EEZs and continental shelves; pro- ended informal working group to possible avenues for consensus mote a culture of transparency and study issues relating to the conser- building among disparate disclosure among ocean users (in- vation and sustainable use of marine interests. dustry, governments, development biodiversity beyond national juris- partners and civil society); and pro- diction in February 2006. • Focus on ocean use agreements mote corporate responsibility (for oil and gas, fisheries) in through partnerships to address eq- Climate and Oceans. The Confer- developing country contexts, uitable benefit sharing from ocean ence addressed the interlinkages be- such as in African EEZs, with a use agreements. tween climate and oceans, and Con- view to enhancing local ference participants discussed the benefits, transparency, and Capacity Development. A variety of fact that climate change mitigation environmental sustainability. recommendations to improve capac- is a major challenge, which includes ity for ocean and coastal manage- • Collaboration with SIDS energy, economic, technological, nations in the implementation of ment were discussed at the Confer- and development policy. The emerg- ence, including the development of the Mauritius Strategy, espe- ing threat of ocean acidification was cially: collaboration with the ocean strategy workshops for deci- also discussed due to concerns that sion makers, initially focusing on SIDS University Consortium to it could undermine the marine food enhance capacity development SIDS senior government executives; web and preclude coral develop- the promotion of South-South coop- in ocean and coastal management, among other things. Panelists ment and development of ocean eration and exchange through: 1) the noted that it is now apparent that, on exchange of existing educational strategy workshops for high- top of pollution and overfishing, cli- level SIDS decisionmakers. materials and curricula through an mate variability and change, includ- • Development of a cooperative e-library or clearing house, and 2) ing acidification, may pose signifi- work program between ocean the strengthening of the ocean and cant threats to the productivity of institutions and freshwater coastal components of the SIDS Uni- oceans. The challenge is to under- institutions to enhance oceans/ versity Consortium and other re- stand the complex processes related freshwater linkages at global, gional scientific networks. A pro- to oceans and climate change and to regional, national, and local posal to create a UN Goodwill Am- develop adequate policies. It was levels. bassador for the Oceans was also also noted that on a global and re- made. gional level, climate change science • Policy analyses and Improving High Seas and Deep and policy need to be inserted into multistakeholder dialogues on Seabed Governance. The panel and the oceans agenda, and oceans sci- issues related to marine areas multi-stakeholder dialogue sessions ence and policy need to be inserted beyond national jurisdiction. on governance of areas beyond na- in the climate agenda. • Development of a Media tional jurisdiction were led by a Roundtable, akin to the Busi- Working Group which approached Follow-up Activities ness and Industry Leaders the issue from an ecosystem perspec- of the Global Forum Roundtable and the Ocean tive and addressed issues relating Donors Roundtable. both to the high seas and to the deep The Conference Co-Chairs Report, seabed, in particular, governance of incorporating an assessment of high seas fisheries and genetic re- progress on the oceans targets of the sources of the deep seabed. There WSSD and MDG, will be released were a number of suggestions for in June 2006. In addition, follow-

• 4 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO INTEGRATED

OCEAN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT

Summary prepared by Charles Ehler, The World Conservation Union – World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN-WCPA) and Chua Thia-Eng, Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)

Integrated Ocean and Coastal Management and the Ecosystem Approach were considered throughout the Third Global Conference, and in particular through several dialogue sessions including the bottom line assessment dialogue chaired by Charles Ehler, IUCN-WCPA and Chua Thia-Eng, PEMSEA.

Background biodiversity and ecosystem services and often conflicting, objectives and and evaluating and implementing aims to minimize user conflicts The Johannesburg Plan of Imple- potential responses. The Convention among uses and users while ensur- mentation (JPOI) includes several on Biological Diversity (CBD) re- ing long-term sustainability. It rec- goals relating particularly to the eco- fers to the ecosystem approach as “a ognizes the need to protect the ecosystem approach and integrated strategy for the integrated manage- system taking into account the ef- management. These goals include: ment of land, water, and living re- fects of multiple uses, and acknowl- • Encouragement of the applica- sources that promotes conservation edges the limitations of the sectoral tion of the ecosystem approach and sustainable use in an equitable approaches and the linkages be- by 2010 for the sustainable way.” Application of the ecosystem tween inland, coastal and ocean uses. development of the oceans, approach involves a focus on the The ecosystem approach is an evo- particularly for the management functional relationships and pro- lution of integrated coastal and of fisheries and the conservation cesses within ecosystems, attention ocean management, with a greater of biodiversity. to the distribution of benefits that emphasis on ecosystem goals and • Promotion of integrated coastal flow from ecosystem services, the objectives and their outcomes. Mov- and ocean management at the use of adaptive management prac- ing to an ecosystem approach should national level and encourage- tices, the need to carry out manage- be considered an evolutionary step ment and assistance to countries ment actions at multiple scales, and in integrated management and ac- in developing ocean policies inter-sectoral cooperation. A num- tion, not a break with the past. and mechanisms on integrated ber of other established approaches, The most important direct driver coastal management. such as integrated water resources of change in marine ecosystems over • Assistance to developing management and integrated ocean the last 50 years has been fishing, countries in coordinating and coastal area management, are which affects the structure, function, policies and programmes at the consistent with the ecosystem ap- and biodiversity of the oceans. Fish- regional and sub-regional levels proach and support its application in ing pressure is so strong in some aimed at conservation and various sectors or biomes, including marine systems that over much of the sustainable management of coastal and marine environments. world, the biomass of fish targeted fishery resources and imple- In fact, the application of ecosys- in fisheries (including that of both mentation of integrated coastal tem approaches in the marine and the target species and those caught area management plans, coastal areas builds on the concept incidentally) has been reduced by including through the develop- of integrated management, already 90% relative to levels prior to the ment of infrastructure. widely used for the management of onset of industrial fishing. In these Ecosystem approaches, as these areas. Integrated management areas, a number of targeted stocks adopted by many multi-lateral envi- involves comprehensive planning in all oceans have collapsed – hav- ronmental agreements, provide an and regulation of human activities ing been over-fished or fished above important framework for assessing towards a complex set of multipe, their maximum sustainable levels.

• 5 • Recent studies have demonstrated operationalizing the ecosystem ap- Integrated coastal and ocean man- that global fisheries landing peaked proach within an area sufficiently agement (ICM) has been the recom- in the late 1980s and are now declin- large to include trans-boundary con- mended framework for dealing with ing despite increasing effort and fish- siderations. The projects cover the coastal issues under the UN Confer- ing power, with little evidence of this Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, the Medi- ence on Environment and Develop- trend reversing under current prac- terranean, the Black Sea, the Baltic ment (1992), including Agenda 21, tices. Sea, the Patagonian Shelf, the the Rio Declaration of Principles, the On 21 March 2005, over 200 aca- Benguela Current, the Guinea Cur- Climate Change Convention, the demic scientists and policy experts rent, Pacific small island developing Biodiversity Convention, the Global signed a consensus statement on the states, the Yellow Sea, and the South Programme of Action on the Protec- definition of marine ecosystem- China Sea/Gulf of Thailand. tion of the Marine Environment from based management (EBM): (1) em- Projects are under preparation for Land-Based Activities, and the phasizing the protection of ecosys- the Canary Current, the Caribbean, Programme of Action for the Sus- tem structure, functioning, and key Aghulas and Somali Currents, Bay tainable Development of Small Is- processes; (2) defining EBM as of Bengal, the Humboldt Current, land States. Because of this inter- place-based or area-based in focus- and the Gulf of Mexico. national guidance and subsequent ing on a specific ecosystem and the Despite contemporary definitions investments of substantial resources range of activities affecting it; (3) of ecosystem management that in- by international donors, ICM has explicitly accounting for the clude humans (and which recognize now been implemented in about 100 interconnectedness within systems, that ecosystem management is actu- countries around the world. How- recognizing the importance of inter- ally the management of human ac- ever, many of these initiatives have actions between target species or key tivities that affect ecosystems and not been focused on estuaries and small services and other non-target spe- the management of ecosystems or areas of coasts instead of national cies; (4) acknowledging interco- their natural components), many programs. Successful pilot projects nnectedness among systems, such as projects that take an ecosystem ap- should now be scaled up to national between air, land, and sea; and (5) proach do not take humans into ac- efforts on ICM. integrating ecological, social, eco- count. One example of an excep- Integrated oceans management, nomic, and institutional perspec- tion is a World Bank project in Tan- incorporating the 200-mile Exclu- tives, recognizing their strong inter- zania and Zanzibar (Marine and sive Economic Zone (EEZ), entails dependence. Coastal Environmental Management the development of new concepts, Several countries (e.g. Canada, Project (MACEMP) or “Blueprint procedures, and structures, and as Australia, and the United Kingdom) 2050”) that tackled the problem of such, nations could benefit from have begun to apply an ecosystem ecological protection, marine pro- working with one another, sharing approach to large areas of their ma- tected area network design (protec- and drawing on lessons and best rine waters, including using marine tion of 10% of its seas by 2012 and practices. As they embark on na- spatial planning as a tool for imple- 20% by 2025), while at the same tional ocean policy formulation, menting an ecosystem approach and time alleviating poverty and ensur- many nations, in particular small is- the development of sea use plans. In ing financial sustainability for the land developing states (SIDS), will 2004 UNEP’s Regional Seas project. need assistance in mapping and de- Programme agreed to promote a Another gap in implementing limiting their EEZs and developing common vision and integrated man- ecosystem-based management is the new institutions and procedures. A agement, based on ecosystem ap- lack of monitoring data for key eco- recent analysis of national actions proaches, of priorities and concerns logical and socio-economic indica- taken towards the Barbados related to the coastal and marine en- tors at ecosystem scales, including Programme of Action (Loper et al. vironment and its resources. lack of baseline data. Only a few 2005) indicates that integrated large marine ecosystems have sys- coastal management programs have By far, the most extensive appli- tematic, long-term data about status been established only in a few SIDS cations of the ecosystem approach and trends of natural and social sys- countries in the last decade, thus are the Large Marine Ecosystem tems. With regard to coastal com- making this area a top need for the (LME) projects funded by the Glo- munities, there are no periodic as- next phase. At The Ocean Policy bal Environmental Facility (GEF) sessments of socio-economic condi- Summit held in Lisbon, Portugal, that aim to develop sub-regional co- tions, making it impossible to mea- October 10-14, 2005, about 40 coun- operation toward ecosystem-based sure progress on the MDG goal of tries reported on their efforts to de- management of marine resources. alleviating poverty in the context of velop integrated ocean policies to LMEs represent a pragmatic way to coastal areas. deal with multiple use conflicts assist over 120 countries in among uses, users, and management

• 6 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS agencies, degradation of marine resources, and missed opportunities for economic development. These different national policies are re- markably congruent in terms of overall principles and most recognize the need for transparency, public and stakeholder involvement, incentives for cooperative action, and a national ocean office Conclusions management and integrated coastal and ocean management is even more with clearly articulated responsibili- Both ecosystem management and challenging, because no one institu- ties. The GEF is also supporting ini- integrated coastal and ocean man- tion is responsible for tracking de- tial development of regional ocean agement adopt a holistic, integrated velopments in these areas. While policies focusing on shared approach covering both environ- there are now more than 700 ICM transboundary resources in 15 Large mental and socio-economic dimen- initiatives in more than 90 nations Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). sions, and are basically similar; how- around the world (Sorenson 2002), Regional organizations, such as ever, the scale of operation and level there are no standardized evaluation UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme, of management intervention might criteria for measuring their perfor- have a very useful role to play in vary with respect to geographical mance in achieving the MDG and assisting states in developing na- scale. There has been a marked in- WSSD goals, although there are lim- tional policies for their oceans. Sig- crease in the application of the con- ited efforts toward this direc- nificant work along these lines is al- cept of ecosystem-based manage- tion. ready taking place in the Pacific Is- ment and integrated coastal and lands region, the East Asia region ocean management in addressing In addition, no interna- (through Partnership in Environ- cross-cutting environmental and sus- tional organization is respon- mental Management for the Seas of tainable development issues world- sible for tracking the progress East Asia (PEMSEA) and with GEF wide. Financial support from GEF of ICM planning and imple- funding), the Asia Pacific Region and multilateral and bilateral insti- mentation activities, and, (through APEC), and through the tutions has contributed to the in- therefore, monitoring and European Union. With over 30 years creased efforts in applying this con- evaluation progress is carried of experience, UNEP’s Regional cept and approach at subnational, out on an ad hoc basis. Inter- Ellen Pikitch, Pew Institute for national coordination is one of Ocean Science, introduced the Seas Programme and its partners national, and regional levels. To Report on the UN Millennium encompass 18 marine regions and date, though, most efforts tend to be the major difficulties con- Project and listed the obstacles include participation by over 140 at the level of studies and projects, fronted in the implementation to and recommendations for achievement of environmental coastal states and territories. Four- focusing on planning and explor- of action plans for integrated sustainability. teen regional conventions have been atory stages – in particular those re- management of large marine signed and over 20 protocols ad- lated to LME and integrated coastal ecosystem or coastal and ma- dressing oil spill response, pollution management at the local level – with rine areas due to the typical lack of from ocean dumping, and pollution few of the projects moving to actual existing agencies with the mandate from land-based sources have been implementation. or function to coordinate coastal and ocean management issues. Although ratified. While initially focused on A promising development is the some countries have made progress offshore issues, over the past 20 application of terrestrial land use in achieving inter-ministerial years, the Regional Seas Programme planning techniques to marine areas, or interagency arrangements has increasingly worked on coastal e.g. sea use planning and zoning; at the national level, the effi- management and coastal gover- new efforts to develop marine spa- ciency, effectiveness, and ben- nance. Most recently, the Mediter- tial plans (sea use plans) and marine efits of such institutional ar- ranean Regional Seas Programme zoning in the North Sea (Belgium, rangements have yet to be has drafted a protocol on integrated The Netherlands, and Germany), the fully demonstrated. coastal management. An interesting Irish Sea (UK), and Xiamen (China) and productive development has are all prototypes that integrate While there are relatively been a recent partnership between coastal and ocean management. few successful case studies in the Regional Seas Programme and integrated coastal manage- On benefiting people and coastal communities through Large Marine Ecosystem projects The difficult job of measuring ment that stand the test of time ecosystem management, funded by the GEF to bring a more progress on implementing the (e.g. more that a decade of Indumathie Hewawasam, WSSD and Millennium Develop- World Bank, stressed that if focused ecosystem-based approach operation), sufficient experi- ecosystems are managed to the Regional Seas Programmes. ment Goals related to ecosystem ence and lessons have been ac- wisely, pro-poor growth and poverty reduction are possible.

• 7 • quired to allow the application of the Finally, individual nations are in- • Increase capacity development driving forces of integrated manage- creasingly asked by international in the areas of coastal and ment for addressing use conflicts, organizations to develop and imple- ocean governance to develop a environmental quality degradation, ment programs that deal with coastal critical mass of coastal and habitat damage, coastal erosion, ad- and ocean management, land-based ocean managers at local and aptation to climate change, and many pollution, integrated water resources national levels to plan and other environmental threats, thus en- management, fisheries, networks of manage their coastal resources. abling local and regional authorities marine protected areas, adaptation to to achieve environmental climate change, and so on – usually Recommendations to the sustainability and the goal of sustain- with little or no additional financial able development. support. Guidance on figuring out International and Donor With the increase of use conflicts how to coordinate, integrate, or Communities: in coastal and marine areas, severity “nest” these various international • Develop more case studies to of pollution, and heightened threats commitments and demands should demonstrate the effectiveness of dwindling marine resources, more be developed. A more active role of an integrated management countries will be looking to the ap- by the Regional Seas Programme in approach, in particular, plication of integrated management coordinating these requirements demonstrating the socio- models for solutions. It is an oppor- could be a way forward. economic benefits of such tune time to intensify international approaches in achieving efforts in the development of work- Recommendations to environmental sustainability; ing models and good practices in National Governments: • Develop an appropriate and integrated coastal and ocean man- • Adopt integrated coastal and tested monitoring program to agement. In addition, interagency/ ocean management/ ecosystem- track the performance of inter-ministerial coordination is a based management approach integrated coastal and ocean major obstacle that requires strong and frameworks to address use management/LME programs/ political will and appropriate incen- conflicts, transboundary issues, projects at the international tives to develop the willingness resource depletion and environ- level; and among agencies or ministries to mental degradation with • Pool resources in developing work together. adequate consideration of the strategic partnerships using The Strategic Action Programmes socio-economic dimensions of ICM/ecosystem management as of Large Marine Ecosystems, as well the coastal communities and the integrated framework and as those at the local level, provide their active participation processes to provide a policy useful management frameworks and throughout the management environment at local and processes for intergovernmental, in- process; national levels to enable the teragency, and cross-sector partner- • Address interagency conflicts at effective mobilization and ships and cooperation at the regional, national and sub-national levels utilization of the financial national, and sub-national levels. through the development of resources in achieving the goals They also provide a useful platform inter-ministerial or interagency of sustainable development. for developing strategic partnerships coordination mechanisms to among various multilateral and bi- Hamid Ghaffarzadeh, enable the integrated planning Project Manager, lateral financial institutions, as well and implementation of policy Caspian Environment as donor communities, in mobiliz- and management interventions Programme, said the ing the needed financial resources ecosystem approach for addressing the increasing should include for environmental improvement depletion of their coastal and socioeconomic projects, capacity development, and considerations, ocean resources; and including emphasis on implementation of international in- the cost of struments. environmental degradation. While a timetable exists for ap- Awni Behnam, International Ocean plying the ecosystem approach Institute (IOI), argued Salif Diop, UNEP, that a partnership (2010), no similar target exists for elaborated on the approach, including work of, and promoting integrated coastal and all stakeholders and challenges faced by, emphasizing ocean management at the national the steering information sharing, is committee of the level. A timetable for ICM should essential to the proper Global Marine be established. enforcement and Assessment. implementation of oceans, coasts and islands conventions.

• 8 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY AND ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT

Alfred M. Duda, Senior Advisor, International Waters Global Environment Facility

Introduction and environmental themes such as cerns while supporting national sus- pollution constitute ways in which tainable development initiatives. Interlinked crises of freshwater our societies work. However, the While best known for serving as the depletion, food insecurity, pollution crisis of oceans, coasts, and small financial mechanism for global con- loading, and ecosystem decline island developing states (SIDS) will ventions such as the conventions on stand in the way of poverty reduc- just get worse unless place-based, biological diversity and climate tion and sustainable development. ecosystem approaches to environ- change, it also addresses concerns of These crises are made worse by mental management are part of the oceans, coasts, and SIDS in its in- changes in climatic regimes and as- desired transition to sustainability. ternational waters focal area. GEF sociated disasters from floods, realigned its priorities with the out- droughts, and storms that further comes of WSSD in 2002 and in the marginalize the world’s 2.7 billion Global Environment international waters areas has been people living in poverty. The planet’s Facility aligned with Chapter 17 of Agenda oceans and their coastal interfaces Global commitments that have been 21 since Rio. Since 1992, GEF has are especially at risk with liveli- agreed to since 2000 at Doha, approved 58 projects addressing hoods, food security, international Monterrey, and Johannesburg repre- oceans, coasts, and SIDS in interna- trade, and relations among sovereign sent the potential for a political turn- tional waters for $553 million GEF nations are all at stake. Increased ing point in reversing the degrada- and $2.34 billion in total cost as well vulnerability of burgeoning coastal tion of coastal and marine ecosys- as 67 projects in its biodiversity fo- urban areas and the expanding foot- tems. International finance institu- cal area for $384 million from GEF print of coastal resource depletion tions, bilateral donor agencies, inter- and $1.43 billion in total cost for are becoming increasingly signifi- national organizations, and govern- some 134 countries supporting ma- cant economic liabilities. It is pre- ments of the North and South all rine ecosystem interventions de- cisely at the coast that unsustainable must realign their policies and pro- scribed in paragraphs 30-34 and 58 development is creating the most risk grams if progress is to be made. of WSSD’s POI. for stability, security, and economic Since 1992, the Global Environment progress. Facility (GEF) has supported coun- Large Marine Ecosystems tries in addressing Chapter 17 of Traditional sector-by-sector de- (LMEs) velopment strategies at the coasts of Agenda 21. Many thematic actions both developed and developing na- GEF has supported on a pilot basis In 1995, the GEF Council included tions have exacerbated the situation. have been incorporated into the the concept of LMEs in its Opera- Traditional development strategies WSSD Plan of Implementation tional Strategy as a vehicle to foster fail to recognize the importance of (POI), and, in early 2003, GEF ad- ecosystem-based approaches to the maintaining natural ecosystems for justed its strategic priorities to align management of coastal and marine their value as life and economic sup- with WSSD goals. resources and address the land-sea port systems for our societies, and The GEF is an international finan- interface. LMEs are regions of ocean the need to adapt to change is often cial entity that unites its 176 mem- space encompassing coastal areas ignored until disaster strikes. When ber governments in partnership with from river basins and estuaries to the problems arise, specialists often its three implementing agencies seaward boundaries of continental handle them thematically rather than (UNDP, UNEP, and the World shelves, enclosed and semi-enclosed in an integrated, place-based fash- Bank), a number of executing agen- seas, and the outer margins of cur- ion that some might term “ecosys- cies, NGOs, and the private sector rent systems. They are large regions 2 tem-based approaches.” Actions in to address global environmental con- on the order of 200,000 km or economic sectors such as fisheries greater, characterized by distinct

• 9 • bathymetry, hydrography, productiv- ship contaminants complement this ity, and trophically dependent popu- place-based approach. Scaling be- lations. LMEs are where land-based tween the LMEs and ICM or indi- pollution occurs, habitat losses are vidual biodiversity sites determines evident, ports are located, and 93% which GEF focal area is appropriate of all marine fisheries are harvested. so that both transboundary resources The GEF uses LMEs as units for and globally significant biological facilitating integration across sec- diversity are addressed. tors, developing adaptive manage- We need to develop long-term, ment frameworks with site-specific place-based partnerships for enact- Al Duda, Senior Advisor, International Waters, GEF, outlined targets, and providing tools for ening reforms among countries of the GEF support at different scales for gaging stakeholders. This allows South and the North that use particu- large marine ecosystems (LMEs). sound science to inform policy-mak- lar areas of sea space and adjacent ing and provides a practical ap- basins. Without this integrated approach to build trust and confidence proach working at several scales of position since the Johannesburg among governments as well as inte- action, there is little chance to meet Summit that long-term, ecosystem- grated approaches across sectors. Millennium Development Goals based partnerships among rich and Without place-based participative (MDGs) and WSSD targets. Adopt- poor nations sharing benefits from processes engaging governments ing such science-driven, ecosystem- particular land/sea spaces are nec- and stakeholders in understanding based approaches to managing hu- essary to meet sustainable develop- what is needed for integrated man- man activities involving coastal/ma- ment goals. agement and building capacity to rine systems takes time, capacity, Our planet’s fragile oceans and implement these activities, marine and money. It must also be inte- coasts are too economically and so- science has often remained confined grated with poverty reduction and cially valuable to allow resource to the science community or has not climate change adaptation efforts. depletion to continue and threats to been embraced in policy-making. Through the GEF, countries are sustainability to rise. Many coastal With GEF assistance, 121 different cooperating in establishing adaptive, communities and nations are simply nations are cooperating to improve joint management institutional struc- living on borrowed time before the place-based management for 12 tures with their own LME and ICM- $60 billion dollar annual interna- LMEs, with projects for another 4 specific ecosystem targets to track tional trade in fisheries collapses, LMEs under preparation. GEF on-the-ground progress related to the depleted groundwater supplies for projects illustrate interventions at WSSD goals. The broad WSSD tar- coastal cities run dry, changing cli- different scales as part of its ecosys- gets are important to achieve, but mate swamps coastal communities, tem-based approach to address more customized, focused targets and burgeoning coastal urban popu- World Summit on Sustainable De- adopted by GEF projects may be lations overwhelm their degraded velopment (WSSD) targets. useful to stimulate action. The GEF and polluted natural resource base. is bringing the North and South to- Developing Partnerships Action is needed yesterday, not together around their shared LMEs to morrow. for Actions at Different jointly adopt reforms and undertake Scales pilot investments through a new mo- dality known as a GEF Strategic For the GEF, LMEs represent a prag- Partnership. This is a tool for achiev- matic way to assist countries in get- ing coherence in development assisting started in operationalizing the tance funding. Currently, the GEF “ecosystem approach” with an area has approved 3 of these partnerships: sufficiently large to include (a) 16 basin countries of the Danube/ transboundary considerations. GEF Black Sea LME, (b) land-based pol- also utilizes support at other appro- lution reduction for the 5 LMEs of priate geographic scales ranging East Asia, and (c) sustainable fish- from integrated coastal management eries for the 5 LMEs of Sub-Saharan (ICM) for individual municipalities Africa. A fourth partnership for the to support in its biodiversity focal Mediterranean Sea LME is under area at the specific reef or coastal final preparation. These Strategic ecosystem scale for protected areas Partnerships are based on country- or community-based sustainable use. driven action programs aimed at par- Sector-specific demonstrations with ticular targets. It has been the GEF fisheries, pollution reduction, and

• 10 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

SPECIAL PRESENTATION: POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: WHY IS SO LITTLE PROGRESS BEING MADE?

Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Director, Earth Institute at Columbia University and Director, UN Millennium Project and Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on the Millennium Development Goals

Dr. Jeffrey Sachs is the Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and serves as the Director of the UN Millennium Project and Special Advisor to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan on the Millennium Development Goals. In 2004 and 2005 he was named among the 100 most influential leaders in the world by Time Magazine, and is the 2005 recipient of the Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice. His recent book, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time, addresses issues of divergent global economic conditions which have resulted in debilitating poverty in many parts of the world and seeks to encourage sustainability despite these conditions. Dr. Sachs gave the special presentation on reducing poverty and environmental sustainability to the Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands live by video link.

sustainability. It was recognized by ronment is almost inevitably a deeply International goals should be stated the adopters of the Millennium De- neglected factor that sometimes and have actual follow through, velopment Goals, in September does not appear at all. This is in the implementation, and achievement, 2000, that there could not be a fight context of massive coastal erosion, which certainly applies to the Mil- against poverty without a fight for destruction of mangrove areas, de- lennium Development Goals, as it environmental sustainability. As a struction of corals, over fishing, does to almost every environmental practical matter, and as someone toxics, you name it – these issues objective that we have for the planet. very much engaged day-to-day in often do not even appear in national We are having a very hard time fol- watching national policy making, the policies to a very large extent. In lowing through on our very nice environmental component of the our reviews and our continuing work words. This is certainly the case fight against poverty is probably the - I just got back from a six country across the board in environmental most neglected of all of the aspects tour in Africa- this remains the case. matters, but it is also certainly the of the Millennium Development We are not succeeding in integrat- case across the board in poverty re- Goals. This has many reasons, but ing environmental thinking into na- duction issues. If you put those two even the basic structure of gover- tional development strategies. pieces together, the environment and nance in poor countries leaves the poverty, which are so inextricably There are at least four factors that environment minister far out of the we should keep in mind. First is the linked with causation running in inner circle of these concerns. The both directions from poverty to en- syndrome of the poorest of the poor, inner circle of concerns center on the of which I want everyone to be very vironmental degradation and envi- budget and go out to some core min- ronmental difficulties to an increase conscious. The poorest of the poor istries, with the environment minis- comprise at least one billion people in poverty, there’s a tremendous ter typically on the outskirts of amount of neglect and an inability on the planet. Those that are way power. This means that, in the core off track in achieving the Millen- to move forward on promises that documentation of poverty reduction have been made. nium Development Goals are liter- strategies, including those that the ally struggling for survival every Among the Millennium Develop- IMF and the World Bank are so en- day. While they depend on the en- ment Goals themselves, goal num- gaged in - the poverty reduction vironment, they are pretty much sys- ber seven is environmental strategy papers (PRSPs), the envi- tematically mining the environment.

• 11 • They are not building environ- that are achieving so much growth, mental capital, but depleting it as a are adding increasing environmen- desperate part of staying alive. I’ve tal stress, in addition to the existing just been in rural areas, as I men- enormous environmental stresses tioned, in six countries- Kenya, coming from the consumption in Malawi, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, and very wealthy countries. Global Senegal- and everywhere, the envi- forces are only conducive to even ronmental degradation is preceding more environmental degradation, deforestation in coastal areas. In because we have not been able to Senegal, where I was a couple of delimit conservation areas and pro- Addressing the conference via a live video connection from Africa, days ago, a tremendous population tected areas, among others, that we Jeffrey Sachs, Director, Earth increase is putting great pressure on have been discussing for so long, but Institute at Columbia University, coastal resources, and the commu- Director of the UN Millennium have yet to be implemented. Project and Special Advisor to the nities do not have the wherewithal The fourth point, in addition to UN Secretary-General on the to save for environmental conserva- MDGs, argued that despite the extreme poverty, to the vested inter- plethora of statements, goals and tion. Soils are being depleted of ests, and the powerful global driv- laws aimed at poverty reduction and environmental protection, there nutrients, landscapes are being de- ers, is the lack of scientific knowl- graded, forests are being cut down, is little follow through on work edge in the poorest countries - the programmes. fisheries are being depleted, and, lack of mobilization of the best sci- even when it’s understood that vital ence to even understand the ecosys- resources such as Lake Victoria, on tem dynamics. Most of these coun- eries disasters, but right down to the which hundreds of millions of tries are presently overwhelmed with people depend for their nutrition, for conditions in coastal Senegal or the daily tasks of governance, much coastal Ghana or coastal Kenya so their livelihoods, for their long-term less the tasks of achieving basic eco- well-being, there’s very little ability that these are regularly being moni- nomic development goals, much less tored and reviewed is crucial. We to make investments in these poor- the task of understanding complex est countries. That is item number need a regular cycle of global scale interactions of climate change, en- ecosystem assessments, but ones that one that I would stress; the iron law vironmental pollution, economic of extreme poverty is environmen- scale down to national level quite drivers, changing nutrient load systematically. It’s an expensive tal mining simply to survive. With- cycles, demographic dynamics, ex- out more help for the poorest of the proposition, but I can’t think of a otic species introduction, pathogens, better investment in applied science poor, we will not turn the corner on and the whole host of interconnected environmental degradation. This is than this one, and, as far as I can see ecological phenomena that are im- it, also is not presently applied. not only a matter of their awareness; pinging on these countries. In short, I’ve just written a book about the it is a matter of the brutal realities of one of the reasons why these factors end of poverty, not about the expan- extreme resource deprivation. are not included in poverty reduc- sion of poverty, because, I believe, Second, of course, are vested in- tion strategies is that the scientific we have very powerful tools to make terests. Wherever one finds poor base to say ‘here’s what’s happen- a change. I’m not meaning to give a country settings, areas of natural re- ing in this area of your country,’ to short intervention of doom and source wealth, including coastal or understand how climate change, de- gloom, but it is to alert the ecologi- fisheries wealth, powerful interests mographic pressures, and economic cal community that is represented in definitely out compete long-term pressures are interacting to produce the room of the realities that exist. sustainability interests. This is true these outcomes, simply does not ex- We are not at all on track to get these of fisheries and the arrangements ist right now in a concerted and con- considerations into national policy- made between African countries and sistent way at the national level. making. It’s just not happening, and powerful fisheries countries. There Most of these governments do not it’s a very serious problem. Gov- is a very big problem of the ability have science advisory councils, ernments do not know how to do it, to put the long-term sustainable much less ecological advisory units they can’t face the vested interests, agenda in front of very powerful that can actually help them in these and they can’t keep these problems short-term financial claims; and areas. Creating on-going scientific in the forefront when the pressure we’re not succeeding in that area networks on these issues that scale of daily life and demographic pres- either. down to country level in low-income sures are so extreme. I’ve been, of settings would be extremely useful Third, global economic pressures course, trying to think of any ways as well. In other words, getting eco- are phenomenal and they are not that I can to put this into decision- system assessments not only at the going away. The successful devel- making right now. One thing that oping countries, the Asian countries global scale that tell us all of the fish-

• 12 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Walt Reed and I have recently taken mental challenge that there are a lot up is the idea of trying to build on of nice words and pretty much all the Millennium Ecosystem Assess- promises that need to be made have ment and the Millennium Project been made. However, we are way Report as two absolutely convergent off track on actually doing what visions to these challenges. We have needs to be accomplished. It’s just taken the idea of trying to build up a not happening, and we’re not able Millennium Ecosystem Fund to help to turn these words into substantive very poor countries mobilize the action, get the feedback, and get the expertise they need to address these follow through. The reason I’m an issues within their national develop- optimist is that we have such pow- ment strategies. They literally can’t erful tools, such powerful interven- do this right now; and they don’t do tions, whether it’s in food produc- it. Even if a few donors would come tion or disease control or environ- forward and just build an adequate mental management and environ- fund of some tens of millions of dol- mental engineering, that problems lars merely to provide the where- that might appear insurmountable, in withal to get this kind of analysis my view, are actually quite address- systematically into the forefront - in able. We could get disease burdens front of the finance minister who down sharply, we could preserve needs to understand it, in front of the habitats that are under tremendous IMF which needs to understand it stress, but it will not happen on its and absolutely has no idea about it, own, market forces are certainly not unfortunately, and into the World going to do it, and the poorest of the Bank’s thinking. All of this could poor cannot do it by themselves. make a difference in getting a seat There is just not a prayer in the world at the table for these issues when that they can do this on their own. budgets are allocated and when do- No matter how many lectures or nor assistance is discussed. So that speeches are given, they need re- is issue number one in my view- sources both to do analyses and rise we’ve got to get all of these envi- above the mere survival level to a ronmental considerations into na- margin in which they can invest in tional development strategies, year- the long-term future. by-year, systematically, and help these countries. Transcribed by: Amanda Wenczel, On all of the Millennium Devel- Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, opment Goals, we face the funda- and Islands.

• 13 • AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES ON LINKING NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EFFORTS IN OCEAN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT

Summary prepared by Bernice McLean, Independent Consultant, South Africa

This summary outlines the main Guinea-Bissau; Honorable Joseph in 1997 yielded US$445 million. These points emerging from the informal Konzolo Munyao, M.P., Ministry of resources also provide the basis of discussions and dialogue sessions on Livestock and Fisheries Develop- livelihoods for poor coastal commu- Africa and Poverty Reduction as ment, Kenya; Honorable Mrs. Re- nities, and, while Africa is rich in natu- well as from presentations given in joice Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister ral resources, coastal African nations Panel 7 of the Third Global Confer- of Environmental Affairs and Tour- remain amongst the poorest in the ence: Linking National and Regional ism, South Africa; H.E. Victor world. In these countries where pov- Efforts in Ocean and Coastal Man- Manuel Borges, Deputy Minister of erty is crippling, many coastal popu- agement: African Perspectives. In Fisheries, Mozambique; Honorable lations are vulnerable to natural di- Panel 7 African ministers were in- Mr. Thierno Lo, Minister of Envi- sasters such as floods and droughts vited to address two key goals: ronment and Natural Protection, and experience extended hunger and • Identify options and models for Senegal; Ms. Rahma Mshangama, rampant disease. Poverty has nega- further development of EEZ Principal Secretary, Ministry of Ag- tive impacts on coastal and marine management in Sub-Saharan riculture, Natural Resources Envi- areas that contribute to coastal ero- Africa through ecosystem-based ronment and Cooperatives, Zanzi- sion, pollution, and degradation of management approaches aimed bar, Tanzania; and Mr. Rolph Payet, resources through destructive prac- at poverty reduction and Principal Secretary, Ministry of En- tices, a lack of appropriate infrastruc- enhanced social development; vironment and Natural Resources, ture, weak institutional and gover- Seychelles and Interim Coordinator, nance capacity, and vested interests • Identify how synergy among Regional Coordinating Unit for in coastal and marine industries. LME projects, Regional Seas Eastern African Action Plan. The These are some of the major chal- programmes and the activities related dialogue sessions were lenges hindering the poorest of the of national and multinational/ chaired by: Ali Mohammed, Re- poor from breaking out of the cycle NGOs can be achieved to gional Coordinator, Coastal and of poverty. Many ocean-related reduce poverty, achieve Marine Secretariat, New Partnership problems experienced by African environmental targets in Sub- for Africa’s Development (NEPAD); nations translate into regional prob- Saharan Africa. Tim Bostock, Senior Fisheries Ad- lems but still require action at the The specific outcomes expected viser, Policy Division, Department national level. of the session were to identify steps for International Development to be taken to further develop capac- (DFID), UK; Carl Lundin, Head, Attention to marine and coastal ity for and actual programs in coastal Marine Programme, IUCN; and issues has increased considerably and ocean management, and to Magnus Ngoile, National Environ- since the early 1990s. A variety of achieve synergy among existing re- ment Management Council, Tanza- different regional platforms are be- gional and national efforts in this nia. ing used to address ocean and area. coastal-related issues in the African Panel 7 was chaired by Dr. Background subregion. The two Regional Seas Conventions serve to maintain ef- Magnus Ngoile, National Environ- The African continent has an exten- forts of ocean and coastal gover- ment Management Council, Tanza- sive coastline of some 40,000 km. nance, namely the Nairobi Conven- nia and included presentations from: Coastal and marine resources con- tion for the Protection, Management, Prof. Albert Owusu-Sarpong, Am- tribute significantly to the economies and Development of the Marine and bassador of Ghana to France; Hon- of many countries, mainly through Coastal Environment of the Eastern orable Dr. Aristides Ocante da Silva, fishing and tourism. For instance, the African Region and the Abidjan Minister of Natural Resources, total marine fish exports from Africa

• 14 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Develop- ment of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region and Related Protocols. These conventions received a major boost prior Management project aimed at pov- Tanzania - under preparation) to and immediately following the erty reduction and sustained growth. Large Marine Ecosystems. WSSD through the efforts of the Increased regional efforts have also • West African countries looking African Process for the Protection proven useful in increasing country at the effects of climate variabil- and Development of the Marine and ownership, promoting compliance, ity on shoreline - Mauritania, Coastal Environment. They remain, strengthening alliances, and address- Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Cape however, primarily environmental ing emerging issues such as the co- Verde, Senegal (UNDEP/GEF/ agreements and are administered operative fisheries observation, UNESCO-IOC). separately from other sectors such monitoring, control and surveillance as fisheries, mineral exploitation, efforts among South Africa, • Impacts of Land-based and transport. Discussions continue Mozambique, Namibia, Angola, and pollution in the Western to be fragmented, and no mechanism Tanzania. Projects of various scales Indian Ocean exists to bring all sectors together. are under preparation or recent (WIOLAB) – Somalia, implementation. Selected initiatives Kenya, Tanzania, Relation to the WSSD/ include: Mozambique, South Africa, Comoros, MDG Goals Regional Programs Madagascar, Mauritius, The MDG goals relating to poverty France (La Reunion), Albert Owusu-Sarpong, reduction and environmental • Large Marine Ecosystem Seychelles (Supported Ambassador of Ghana to France, projects (funded by the Global highlighted the rapid degradation sustainability underpin all issues by Norway, GPA, GEF of vulnerable coastal and offshore experienced by African coastal Environment Facility): and Nairobi Conven- habitats due to local sources of countries. The Johannesburg Plan of - Guinea Current Large Marine tion parties). pollution, which is exacerbated by regional oil spills. Implementation (JPOI) of the WSSD Ecosystem (Guinea-Bissau, • Western Indian Ocean proposes a number of actions for Guinea, Sierra Leone, Marine Highway Development Africa in section VIII: Sustainable Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, and Coastal Contamination development for Africa. Specific ref- Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Prevention Project - Comoros, erence is made to marine and coastal Cameroon, Equatorial Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, issues, the JPOI suggests the devel- Guinea, Sao Tome and Mozambique, Seychelles, South opment of “...projects, programmes Principe, Gabon, Republic of Africa, Tanzania (GEF, IDA, and partnerships with relevant stake- the Congo, Democratic EC, DANIDA). holders and mobilize resources for Republic of the Congo, and the effective implementation of the Angola). • Sustainable coastal tourism project - Senegal, Gambia, outcome of the African Process for - Benguela Current Large the Protection and Development of Nigeria, Ghana; Kenya, Marine Ecosystem (Namibia, Tanzania Mozambique, the Marine and Coastal Environ- Angola and South Africa). ment” (JPOI Paragraph 56(i)). Seychelles. - Canary Current Large Marine • Sub-regional Progress on the Issues Ecosystem (Morocco, programme to combat There is a growing realization of the Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea- coastal erosion of the opportunities presented by good Bissau, the Canary Islands West African Economic governance of oceans and coastal (Spain), Gambia, Cape Verde and Monetary Union - areas. Some countries are moving and Western Sahara - under Senegal, Benin, Togo, forward by strengthening institu- preparation). Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea tions that govern these areas and re- - Agulhas Current (South Bissau, Ghana, sources. For example, Kenya estab- Africa, Mozambique, Gambia. lished the Ministry of Fisheries, Madagascar, the Comoros - Western Indian Ocean Aristides Ocante da Silva, Mozambique is currently develop- Islands, the Seychelles and Minister of Natural Resources, ing a legal and institutional frame- Marine Science Guinea Bissau, highlighted Mauritius - under prepara- Association domestic activities to improve work, and Tanzania has developed tion) and Somali Current oceans management, including: a comprehensive and integrated (WIOMSA) - Somalia, creating and managing new MPAs; (Yemen, Somalia, Kenya and Kenya, Tanzania, improving maritime surveillance Marine and Coastal Environmental systems; and carrying out research Mozambique, South on erosion.

• 15 • Africa, Comoros, Madagascar, (MACEMP), are attempting to adopt other extractive industries to encour- Seychelles, Mauritius, France a more integrated approaches that age equitable, transparent, and sus- (La Reunion). address a multitude of issues to tainable industries. • Coral Reef Degradation in the strengthen governance of a multitude More consideration is needed for Indian Ocean (CORDIO) – of marine-related sectors such as fish- existing marine and coastal gover- Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, eries, coastal management, livelihood nance efforts, such as science and Madagascar, Seychelles, generation and poverty reduction, conservation, and investigation of Reunion, Comoros, Mauritius, and private sector involvement. how these can contribute more Maldives, India, and Sri Lanka meaningfully to poverty reduction at (Sida, FRN (The Swedish Outstanding Questions/ the local level. For instance, much Council for Planning and Co- Challenges emphasis has been placed on the es- ordination of Research), The major challenges in ocean and tablishment of marine protected ar- MISTRA (Foundation for coastal management in Africa relate eas, but a balanced approach is Strategic Environmental to governance, capacity building, needed that takes into consideration Research), WWF- and communication. While many equity, cultural, and socio-economic Sweden, World Bank through countries are attempting ocean and issues. Similarly, more attention Dutch Trust Funds, and the coastal governance initiatives, ef- should be given to how to translate Government of Finland). forts are still insufficient or uncoor- the riches from extractive industries • East African Marine Ecoregion dinated. Existing scientific efforts to poverty reduction and livelihood (EAME) – Somalia, Kenya, and assessment processes have security at the local level. Another Tanzania, Mozambique, South tended to be very sectoral in nature challenge is the linking of national Africa (Supported by WWF). and have failed to bring about effec- and regional efforts to reveal governance gaps at the national level. In • SADC MCS - South Africa, tive change. A concerted effort at the local level for poverty reduction is this respect, linking science to policy Mozambique, Namibia, Angola, is critical and a large challenge re- and Tanzania. essential. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to the targeted mains in incorporating the findings • Community of the Portuguese strengthening of existing capacities from science into effective gover- Speaking Countries (CPLP) for all aspects of ocean and coastal nance at all levels. It would help to Strategy for the Seas of CPLP governance. There is a need to real- identify key areas in need of atten- (under development). ize that for Africa the issue is not tion in the continent and how these • Mozambique Transboundary only capacity development, but also can be addressed within existing networks of marine protected capacity realization, nurturing of long-term frameworks such as areas in East Africa champions, capacity retention, and NEPAD. There is also a need to (TRANSMAP) – Tanzania, leadership development among the frame simple messages as to what Mozambique, South Africa younger generations. activities are priorities to be funded, (EU). along with realistic focal-point The production, dissemination, implementers for practicality and and use of information for the em- accountability. National Efforts powerment of people to engage the Within countries efforts, while nu- authorities and decision-makers A lack of coordination among and merous, are largely project-based plays a big role in creating the de- between donors and governments and of limited timeframes and bud- mand for good governance and re- continues to hamper efforts. Inter- gets. Donor involvement in coastal ducing the impact of vested interests. ventions implemented in isolation and marine research and manage- Disclosure of information to civil result not only in duplication of ef- ment in Africa has a relatively long society on issues related to resource forts but also reduce opportunities history yet few of these efforts have exploitation (such as fisheries access for success and replication and scal- resulted in sustained institutional agreements, mineral extraction per- ing up of efforts. Alternative ap- strengthening. Some countries have mits, property leases for tourism proaches to assistance could be in- developed (Tanzania and South Af- purposes, etc.) and the benefits vestigated, such as basket funding or rica) or are developing (Mozam- thereof is thus very important. An- budget support. There is also a need bique and Namibia) national policies other aspect of information that is to investigate innovative means of and regulatory frameworks for needed is related to defining and ar- acquiring large-scale investments to coastal and ocean governance. Re- ticulating priorities appropriately for deal with coastal initiatives in the cent donor-supported efforts at the all levels of decision-making. Re- long-term rather than relying on national level, in particular the Tan- gional cooperation is needed on a small-scale, time-bound project sup- zania Marine and Coastal Environ- much larger scale with respect to port from development partners. mental Management Project fisheries access agreements and

• 16 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

One major challenge to the attain- to adequately address ocean- ment of the Millennium Development related issues and develop Goals is the enormous debt burden effective and sustainable Joseph Konzolo Munyao, Minister of Livestock and Fisheries Development, faced by individual countries in Af- solutions; Kenya, explained that African countries' rica. For example, over 30% of an- international debts fetter their ability to • Promote a culture of transpar- achieve the MDGs and WSSD targets. nual GDP in Kenya is allocated to ency and disclosure among debt repayment. ocean users: industry, govern- Strengthening African institu- ments, development partners, tions for ocean governance is essen- and civil society; tial. Meaningful participation at large • Request assistance in strength- international fora (such as the Glo- ening governance such as bal Conferences on Oceans, Coasts, strengthening fisheries and Islands) helps to create and monitoring, control, and Outlining actions taken in the maintain dynamism for oceans at the surveillance (MCS) and for context of the Eastern Africa national and regional level. To maxi- Regional Seas Programme, Rejoice conflict management; Mabudafhasi, South African mize this opportunity, there is a need Deputy Minister of Environmental to develop mechanisms at the na- • Apply integrated and compre- Affairs and Tourism, said the main tional level to prepare for meaning- hensive models such as challenge lies in developing Tanzania’s MACEMP in other adequate legal frameworks and ful participation at the fora and fol- policies. low-up at the national level subse- countries and regions; quent to the meetings. • Develop a framework for results of the many projects Next Steps and initiatives to see how they • Targeted and sustained efforts are addressing the priorities to address the issues and take and to incorporate the out- Victor Manuel Borges, Deputy Minister of Fisheries, Mozambique, advantage of opportunities; comes of the projects into governance; outlined national marine and coastal • Promote the NEPAD management initiatives, including the • Build partnerships within the development of a legal and programme and the efforts of institutional framework, and the the African Union which region and use local expertise; establishment of MPAs. Addressing regional projects, he highlighted provide regional coordination • Facilitate assistance with EEZ monitoring, control and surveillance and ensure that environmental and continental shelf boundary initiatives as well as fisheries cooperation protocols. ministers come together; delineation as well as for • Take notice of the recommen- effective MCS; dations of the Mauritius • Develop strategies to prepare Strategy; for and address natural • Promote corporate social disasters such as drought, 2. Support monitoring and responsibility through partner- coastal storms, and flooding; information sharing for ships that: and existing projects; - Support equitable benefit • Support effective EEZ man- 3. Support participation in ocean- sharing, agement and more equitable related gatherings by African and locally beneficial access journalists and communicators - Move towards environmen- agreements for fisheries and in order to develop expertise to tal governance (minimizing oil and gas. support ocean governance impacts, innovations for such as through participation efficiency), and Specific suggestions to the Glo- bal Forum for assistance in strength- at the Second Intergovernmen- - Promote emphasis on the ening ocean governance in Africa tal Review of the Global social agenda in all ocean and contributing to poverty reduc- Program of Action for the programs; tion include: Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based • Promote and facilitate harmo- 1. Support the development of a Activities (IGR-2) in Beijing in nization of programs and strategy for highlighting the 2006, and the Cape Town processes; values and opportunities meeting in 2007; • Look beyond national political offered by oceans and coasts boundaries to include regional to promote growth and 4. Help to mobilize commitment and international perspectives alleviate poverty in Africa; of donors, private sector, and

• 17 • national governments to Thierno Lô, Minister of Environment and Natural Protection, Senegal, underscored his country's support for the African disclose access agreements Process for the NEPAD/Environment Action Plan and and concessions for oil and detailed Senagal's involvement in coastal programmes. gas development, fisheries, and to develop more equitable and locally beneficial access agreements. Disclosure should not end with the national government but should involve engagement of civil society; 5. Provide support to revisit Rahma Mshangama, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, components in existing Environment and Cooperatives, Tanzania, explained that a lack programs for communication. of funding and expertise hampers poverty reduction through the sustainable use of natural resources. Support project managers to come together to discuss the capacity building and communication components of projects; 6. Strengthen African Universi- ties and technical institutions to create a critical mass of ocean and coastal management professionals; and Rolph Payet, Interim Coordinator, Regional Coordinating Unit 7. Promote advocacy for debt for Eastern African Action Plan (EAF/RCU), indicated how the Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and relief – linking ocean gover- Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the nance, debt burden, poverty, Eastern African Region impacts oceans management in the and innovative mechanisms region. for debt relief.

• 18 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

PROGRESS ON FISHERIES-RELATED GOALS

Summary prepared by Lori Ridgeway, Director-General, International Coordination and Policy Analysis, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada and Serge Garcia, Director, Fishery Resources Division, Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organization

This summary provides an overview The discussion began by noting the country capacities, and the costs of the discussions during the infor- that while these WSSD goals relate of transition to adopt realistic fish- mal dialogue session on progress specifically to fisheries issues, there eries goals. There is a need for indi- towards implementation of fisheries are others goals in the Plan of Imple- cators to be able to measure progress related goals from the 2002 World mentation with indirect, but signifi- toward the goals, but there are al- Summit on Sustainable Develop- cant, implications for fisheries. ready a large number of efforts to ment. The discussion followed the These include goals related to define indicators underway in orga- outline of the draft document pro- biodiversity and protected areas as nizations such as the CBD and vided to conference participants — well as the ecosystem approach. The UNESCO, as well as under the Mil- Information on Progress Achieved session also recognized that the fish- lennium Development Goals. It was in the Implementation of World Sum- eries goals incorporate a somewhat noted that an effort to bring together mit on Sustainable Development odd collection of goals ranging from some of this work would be particu- Targets and Millennium Develop- implementing specific instruments, larly helpful. ment Goals on Oceans, Coasts, and achieving an optimal state of re- Small Island Developing States1 — sources, and eliminating a wrong Implementation quite closely in framing the dia- incentive. Responsibility logue. The draft document was fo- The session recognized that, only While it is important to address fish- cused particularly on the following three years after the goals have been goals laid out in the JPOI: ing issues on the high seas, it must adopted, the feeling in the interna- also be noted that 90% of the pro- tional community is that there are big • Implement the FAO Interna- duction originates from within Ex- gaps in implementation. The ques- tional Plan of Action to clusive Economic Zones (EEZs) tions, however, are: (i) are we look- Prevent, Deter and Eliminate and, therefore, an important part of ing at a real lack of progress? (ii) did Illegal, Unreported, and the overfishing problem happens the POI reflect unrealistic expecta- Unregulated Fishing (IUU) by under the direct control and respon- tions in relation to goals that are very 2004. sibility of national governments. difficult to achieve? The goals are Outside of EEZs, management has • Implement the FAO Interna- not very specific, and, for example, to occur through cooperation and tional Plan of Action for the they do not indicate which degree Regional Fisheries Management Management of Fishing of implementation of the instruments Organizations (RFMOs). Well man- Capacity by 2005. is required or what proportion of aged domestic fisheries are ex- • Maintain or restore depleted world stocks should be rebuilt by tremely important, because poor na- fish stocks to levels that can 2015. The goal related to the resto- tional fisheries management leads to produce their maximum ration of stocks to their maximum spillovers and pressures on the high sustainable yield on an urgent sustainable yield is viewed as some- seas, which can undermine interna- basis and where possible no thing to strive towards, but not nec- tional cooperation. later than 2015. essarily something that is going to be achievable everywhere, given the National governments are respon- • Eliminate subsidies that sible for good national fisheries and contribute to illegal, unreported reality of what needs to be put in place to get there. It is important to are also responsible for fisheries and unregulated fishing and to management through the RFMOs. overcapacity. think about what the historical baselines are, the present situation, National governments are also ac- countable for some of the interna-

• 19 • tional targets, such as implementing While there is no question that there 57 signatories to the “Agreement for the hard law and soft law frame- are large gaps, there is also the risk the implementation of the provisions works. The national level is also of being too pessimistic if looking of the Convention relating to the where the responsibility to cooper- at too narrow a picture. conservation and management of ate lies. It is important to be aware straddling fish stocks and highly that, while RFMOs are often talked As of March 2006, Australia, migratory fish stocks” (UN Fish about as independent entities, they Canada, Chile, and the United States Stocks Agreement), 26 nations are really just the sum of the will of have submitted their National Plans signed on following the World Sum- member states, which again comes of Action to Prevent, Deter, and mit on Sustainable Development.6 down to national action. Interna- Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and While many nations have signed and tional Plans of Action (IPOAs) are Unregulated Fishing to FAO.2 In ratified these and other related inter- tools to help organize governments addition, the U.S. has submitted its national agreements, there is still a around the issues, and, through these National Plan of Action for the Man- large gap and a need for more coun- efforts, FAO is responsible for rais- agement of Fishing Capacity.3 Al- tries to sign, ratify, and implement ing awareness and creating a good though only four states have logged these agreements. environment for implementation. the IUU plans with FAO, and only The FAO Commission on Genetic Currently, flag states are really the one state has logged a capacity plan, Resources for Food and Agriculture only point of management, and they there is much action going on to has only started to address aquatic must be doing much more as the build toward these national plans of genetic resources. By examining the nations responsible for the behavior action which must also be recog- status and trends of biodiversity and of their vessels. There is also a role nized. At the moment, according to genetic resources in fisheries, aquac- for port states and market states in FAO, national plans of action ulture, and the deep sea, and how addressing the fisheries targets, but (NPOA-IUU) have been formally modern biotechnology and socio- it must also be noted that fisheries developed in Namibia, Seychelles, economic factors influence their use, involve the most globally diverse Tanzania, Federated States of the Commission will help identify markets and are, therefore, not eas- Micronesia, Tonga, Tuvalu, Ghana, key issues and policy considerations ily controllable. The Gambia and Oman has recently in order to develop a program of requested FAO assistance to develop work to assist countries and the in- Progress Toward their own. ternational community deal with Implementation The issue of subsidies is con- aquatic genetic resources. In regard to whether progress is be- nected to that of overcapacity and There is also some progress in ing made, it is important to note that, IUU and remains hotly debated. A national reform of fisheries manage- while specific goals may not yet number of organizations are collabo- ment, especially with new market have been met, there is a consider- rating on it (e.g. WTO, OECD, measures, such as ecolabelling, that able amount of work and progress UNEP and FAO) and a number of are being adopted both in developed going on below the surface. It is regional meetings have been held on and developing countries. In addi- essential that the international com- the subject by ASEAN, CARICOM, tion, there is progress on reform of munity recognizes, for example, that and CPPS to exchange information national legislation. For example, the actions taken to move toward on the respective programmes. At FAO has been working with 85 de- implementing a national plan of ac- present, subsidies have been identi- veloping countries on legislative re- tion are ultimately more important fied and classified in categories, in form. There has also been a lot of than the adoption of the document terms of their original intent but no momentum on the illegal, unregu- alone. Many of the goals and tar- general agreement has emerged related, unreported (IUU) fishing is- gets in these plans are written in garding their classification in rela- sue, including research as well as 4 terms of delivery of a paper prod- tion to their impact on fisheries. The independent efforts such as the High uct, so it can be difficult to gauge main agreement perhaps is that fish- Seas Task Force, a ministerially-led the real picture of all that is occur- ery management expenses are gen- task force on IUU fishing on the high ring. erally considered as “good subsi- seas. There has been a significant dies.” There is no question that we still change in momentum with respect think there is a great deal to do in As of March 2006, 149 nations to political will to address IUU fish- terms of improving management, have ratified the Convention on the ing, for example, through the 2005 cooperation, and oversight, but it is Law of the Sea and related Agree- FAO Ministerial Meeting where the important to recognize that many of ments. Eleven of these ratifications “2005 Rome Declaration on Illegal, these high-level goals require sig- have occurred since the closing of Unreported and Unregulated Fish- 7 nificant behind-the-scenes action the World Summit on Sustainable ing” was adopted and the St. John’s 5 and the alignment of many factors. Development. In addition, of the “Conference on the Governance of

• 20 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

High Seas Fisheries and the UN Fish of scientific information, and, espe- • Inadequate Agreement – Moving from Words to cially, a lack of aggregated informa- legislation Action” which was attended by Min- tion. In particular, there is a lack of (such as isters from 18 countries and the EU, knowledge of some of the interrela- loopholes, and resulted in a ministerial decla- tionships between fishery species weak laws, ration including commitments to 16 and the underlying natural system as and specific actions to improve the gov- well as between these and the hu- corruption); ernance of high seas fisheries by the man system, including its private • Insufficient 8 ministers in attendance. sector and governance components. political RFMO reform continues to be an will; There is also still weak national issue, but there has been some • Lack of progress. In the recent months there management, notwithstanding the improvements noted. As long as transpar- have been two major reform efforts ency; launched—one in the North Atlan- weak national management contin- tic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) ues, overdependence on the re- • Vested interests of different and another one in the International sources, and overcapacity will con- players; Commission for the Conservation of tinue to occur. Relating to efforts to • Lack of international coopera- Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT). reduce overcapacity, the issue of the tion; cost of transition away from fishing There is also work going on re- must also be addressed. The cost of • Lack of effective flag state lated to fishing subsidies. For ex- transition from irresponsibly man- control, particularly in the high ample, during the recent WTO ne- aged fisheries to responsibly man- seas but not only there; and gotiations there was an agreement to aged fisheries no doubt means dis- • Continued use of flags of continue working to make progress placing fishermen. There is a real convenience (consideration of in the area of fisheries subsidies. need to discuss alternative liveli- ports of convenience as well). There has also been recognition that hoods and management of the tran- fisheries subsidies is a very difficult sition. There is also a real need for Next Steps topic to address. For example, you industry buy-in and participation of cannot look at subsidies just in terms There is much to be done to continue fishermen in these processes. There the momentum towards improving of total payments, because, in a com- is a need to further advance the par- mon property resource, such as fish- fisheries management and reaching ticipatory framework and consider the international goals and targets eries, a lot of the payments are go- ideas like co-management (for ex- ing to management. Recent OECD that have been set. These steps in- ample in Japan where quotas go to a clude: work shows that two thirds of what whole community in some cases). is spent in transfers is actually go- Capacity building is also key, both • Emphasis on international ing to management. technical and management capacity cooperation for transboundary When looking at the range of ac- and also capacity building in order and high seas stocks; tivities underway, such as regional to enable cooperation. • More regular and rigorous efforts, GEF projects, market-based It must also be noted that corrup- discussion of progress on measures, Marine Stewardship tion is a significant problem that implementation (e.g. with Council (MSC) certification, and needs to be addressed in order to indicators); High Seas Task Force efforts, it be- have effective fisheries manage- • Better use of the meetings of comes clear that there is a whole set ment. This is particularly relevant to the parties (to monitor progress of activities that are focused on ac- problems of organized corruption to and take action); celerating progress on the WSSD launder illegal catch, but also relates • Encouragement of donors to goals. to the issue of flags of convenience help developing countries and flags of non-compliance. (example of ProFish and of the Obstacles Faced Several obstacles that the interna- FAO FishCode umbrella While there has been progress, there tional community can help remove programme); are also a variety of obstacles faced or deal with include: • Consideration of ex-ante impact in implementing fisheries-related • Unreliable, incomplete or poor assessment before development goals and targets. Obstacles faced quality data; of new fisheries (concern was and policy areas of debate include noted that there was more cooperation and political will, espe- • Insufficient capacity development (for management, capacity for assessment in the cially for national efforts. There are 1980s than there is today, also technical obstacles, such as lack cooperation, etc);

• 21 • particularly in the developing Patricia Gallaugher, Center for 2 International Institutions and Liaison world); Coastal Studies, Simon Fraser Uni- Service (FAO-FIPL). 2006. Interna- versity, Canada tional Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, • Encouragement for the adop- and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and tion, ratification and implemen- Serge Garcia, Food and Agriculture Unregulated Fishing. FI Programme tation of international agree- Organization Websites. FAO - Rome. 2006. ments; and Matthew Gianni, Deep Sea Conser- Available via FIGIS from http:// • More systematic assistance and vation Coalition Consultant www.fao.org/. 3 capacity building. Ernesto Godelman, CeDePesca Ar- Development Planning Service (FAO-FIPP) 2006. International Plan There continues to be some dis- gentina (Center for Development of of Action for the Management of agreement regarding several issues. Sustainable Fisheries) Fishing Capacity. FI Programme For example, while many people Barbara Hanchard, Forum Fisheries Websites. FAO - Rome. Updated Tue agree that some form of RFMO re- Agency Mar 07 12:22:16 CET 2006. Available form is necessary, there is no agree- via FIGIS from http://www.fao.org/. Marea Hatziolos, World Bank ment over what precise role they 4 Identifying the impact is the might play or how they might relate Paul Holthus, Marine Aquarium approach followed by FAO following to something broader as part of in- Council the request of COFI (in March 2005) tegrated solutions such as the idea David Johnson, Southampton Solent that FAO give consideration to of “regional ocean management or- University undertaking studies and assessments ganizations.” There is agreement to determine the impact of subsidies Konstantinos Kalamantis, European on fishing capacity, illegal, unreported that there is a need for oversight and Bureau for Conservation and Devel- and unregulated (IUU) fishing and on accountability, but there was no opment (EBCD) fisheries management generally. agreement on the mechanisms. An- 5 United Nations. 2005. Chronologi- other issue where there is still de- David Leary, Centre for Environ- mental Law, Macquarie University cal lists of ratifications of, accessions bate is the issue of protection of vul- and successions to the Convention and nerable areas against destructive Bernice McLean, Environmental the related Agreements as at 20 practices. Most agree that protec- Consultant, South Africa September 2005. UN Division on tion of vulnerable areas from de- Carol Phua, WWF, European Policy Oceans and Law of the Sea web site. structive practices is important, but Office Accessed: January 2006. the mechanisms to do this remain 6 United Nations. 2005. Chronologi- Alfredo Picasso, Permanent Delega- unresolved. cal lists of ratifications of, accessions tion of Peru to UNESCO There is no doubt that progress and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 20 has been mixed, there have been Lori Ridgeway, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada September 2005. UN Division on some improvements and some set- Oceans and Law of the Sea web site. backs, but it is important to get the Renée Sauvé, Fisheries and Oceans, Accessed: January 2006. Canada enabling framework in place before 7 FAO. 2005. 2005 Rome Declaration progress can be made. It is impor- Hance Smith, Cardiff University on Illegal, Unreported and Unregu- tant to be realistic, but it is also es- Geoff Tingley, Centre for Environ- lated Fishing. Available: ftp:// sential to acknowledge that things ment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci- ftp.fao.org/fi/DOCUMENT/ are happening and progress is being ministerial/2005/iuu/declaration.pdf ence (CEFAS) made in some areas. 8 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Lindsey Williams, Global Forum on Canada. 2005. Conference on the Fisheries Dialogue Session Oceans, Coasts, and Islands Governance of High Seas Fisheries Participants and the United Nations Fish Agree- Footnotes: ment – Moving from Words to Action Tim Adams, Secretariat of the Pa- Web site. Accessed January 2006. 1 Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, cific Community and Islands. 2006. Information on Alfonso Ascencio, Permanent Mis- Progress Achieved in the Implementa- sion of Mexico to the United Nations tion of World Summit on Sustainable Richard Ballhourn, Foreign Affairs, Development Targets and Millennium Development Goals on Oceans, Canada Coasts, and Small Island Developing Elizabethann English, NOAA Fish- States. Available: http:// eries, United States www.globaloceans.org.

• 22 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

FRESHWATER TO OCEANS LINKAGES EMPHASIZED DURING PARIS CONFERENCE

Summary Prepared by Kateryna Wowk, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands

The Global Forum’s Freshwater to ment from Land-Based Activities, 3. Secure political commitment; Oceans Task Force, composed of The Hague; Ivan Zavadsky, GEF 4. Establish a common knowl- experts in both watershed manage- Danube- Black Sea Basin Strategic edge/information platform for ment and integrated coastal and Partnership, and Shammy Puri, In- all stakeholders; ocean management from various or- ternational Hydrological ganizations and regions, and co- Programme, UNESCO. Discussions 5. Facilitate knowledge/aware- chaired by Patricia Muñoz, National continued in multistakeholder dia- ness raising to build support; Polytechnique Institute, Mexico, logues on the intergovernmental re- 6. Encourage some institutional former chair of the Consejo view of the GPA (see the GPA/IGR-2 development, including Consultivo del Agua of Mexico, and section of the newsletter). financial resources. Tom Laughlin, U.S. National Oce- Note that in these principles for anic and Atmospheric Administra- Integrated Water Resources an effective strategy, water is not tion, organized a number of events Management mentioned once. The greatest im- both to foster multistakeholder dia- The panel convened to: review the perative in this process is to mobi- logues on improving interlinkages lize political support. Only then can between freshwater and oceans is- linkage between freshwater, oceans, and coasts; identify opportunities to freshwater and coastal agencies join sues, and to assess progress on the together in an integrated strategy for Global Programme of Action for the advance the linkage between Inte- grated Water Resources Manage- the management of land, freshwater Protection of the Marine Environ- resources, coasts, and oceans. ment from Land-based Activities ment (IWRM) and coasts; and identify new opportunities for partner- (GPA)/World Summit on Sustainable Linking Freshwater, Development goals. ships between freshwater and oceans organizations. Coasts, and Oceans: At the Paris conference, a panel of The Global Water Partnership Addressing Wetlands experts presented specific case stud- (GWP) aids nations in improving Ramsar is the oldest of the global ies which led to thoughtful dialogue their water resources management to environmental conventions, cover- from conference participants, in- provide for improved integrated ing a wide range of wetlands – from cluding Al Duda, International Wa- management. It is well known that coral reefs to mountains to vast in- ters, Global Environment Facility integrated management involves land swamps. With 150 contracting (GEF); Margaret Catley- Carlson, ecologic and scientific components, parties, 1,558 wetlands have been Global Water Partnership; Peter but it has only recently become ap- identified as sites of International Bridgewater, Ramsar Convention; parent that integrated management Importance, of which more than a Hon. Mr. Erik Llandikov, Vice- Min- equally involves human, social, and third are coastal wetlands. Conven- ister, Ministry of Environmental Pro- political components. tion actions are implemented accord- tection, Republic of Kazakhstan; An effective IWRM strategy will ing to three pillars: the wise use of Porfirio Alvarez-Torres, Ministry of include the following principles in a wetlands; wetlands of international Environment and Natural Re- scientific and political analysis: importance; and international coop- sources, SEMARNAT, Mexico; eration. All emphasize catchment 1. Involve all relevant stakehold- Veerle Vandeweerd, Regional Seas management and integrated manage- ers; Programme, United Nations Envi- ment across systems by using the ronment Programme (UNEP), and 2. Identify the most urgent issues ecosystem approach. (and their costs), and prioritize Global Programme of Action for the No one agency, by itself, can those issues; Protection of the Marine Environ- implement the strategies of inte-

• 23 • grated management. Synergy is oceans management. There is a need led to the degradation of the ecosys- needed across and between existing to continue to foster the development tem and reduced biodiversity, result- structures. The ecosystem approach of these linkages and relationships, ing in a large economic loss. The of the Convention on Biological Di- nationally and internationally. GEF contributed in the early stages versity is a framework for integrated of the management process, begin- management of land, water and bio- Case Study: The Caspian ning with institution building in the logical resources. It has the follow- Sea region. This helped lead to the ing key principles: Danube Convention (1998), the The Caspian Sea has been deterio- Black Sea Convention (1994), and - Management objectives are a rated by increasing anthropogenic the GEF Danube – Black Sea Stra- matter of societal choice. pressure, coupled with natural disas- tegic Partnership (2001). ters. As a result, there is an increase - Management should be of eutrophication, water pollution by The management scheme was decentralized to the lowest heavy metals, chemical pollution, aimed at new policies, institutional level. and overexploitation of the many and regulatory measures, investment - Management must recognize types of Caspian flora and fauna. In projects, capacity building including that change is inevitable. the beginning, activities for the pro- monitoring systems, legal mechanisms at national and regional lev- The ecosystem approach can help tection of the Caspian Sea included els, implementation of pilot projects, improve existing management struc- some regional strategies for capac- and stakeholder involvement. Stra- tures by integrating all relevant sec- ity building. However, most of the tegic partnerships were developed to tors and disciplines, national and problems of the area are support country-related investment international. It can aid in identify- transboundary in nature, and require projects, most notably the World ing those cultural, technological, and the inclusion and support of all sur- Bank-GEF Investment Fund for environmental aspects that are inher- rounding nations. Nutrient Reduction, the UNDP/ ent to specific ecosystems and allow One promising result of regional UNEP Black Sea Ecosystem Recov- for society to change the way it man- efforts occurred when the UNEP as- ery Project, and the UNDP Danube ages water and land resources. sisted the region in developing the Regional Project. In a Memorandum basic elements for a Framework of Understanding, long-term and in- Linking Freshwater, Convention for the Protection and termediate goals were identified Coasts, and Oceans: Sustainable Management of the among partners, assuring compa- Addressing Aquifers Caspian Environment and its Re- rable assessment and reporting on sources. The Framework Conven- Aquifers constitute 99% of all acces- ecological status and input loads and tion includes pollution prevention, the adoption of strategies for pollu- sible freshwater globally. The sea- reduction and control; protection, ward discharge from aquifers to tion reduction. There will not be an preservation and restoration of the analysis of results achieved until coastal ecosystems and their role in marine environment; procedures to delivering nutrients and other dis- 2007, but the Black Sea does appear fulfill the obligations contained in to be recovering. solved constituents is becoming in- the Framework Convention; and for- creasingly recognized. Large mation of the Organization for the Recommendations amounts of groundwater continually Protection of the Sustainable Man- discharge into the sea, amounting to agement of the Caspian Environ- Integrated management of water re- 5-10% of all freshwater input into ment and its Resources. In 2005, sources cannot occur without real- the oceans. For truly integrated man- Kazakhstan became the fourth na- izing the natural linkages between agement of water resources, the in- tion to sign the Convention, and, af- freshwater, coasts, and oceans. An terconnections between aquifers and ter Azerbaijan signs, the Convention effective management scheme must the oceans must be realized. Addi- will come into force. take these linkages into consider- tionally, aquifers flowing into man- ation, and secure political and soci- groves, coastal lagoons, and salt Case Study: The Danube/ etal commitment among stakehold- marshes may be very significant for Black Sea Region ers. the preservation of marine It was ultimately recommended The Danube-Black Sea Region is the biodiversity. that the freshwater and oceans com- most international river basin in the Several GEF-supported studies munities should create stronger part- world. The management of this re- have been initiated to address the nerships. There is a need to work gion serves to exemplify successful issue of aquifer discharge to the across and between freshwater, policy-building, showing how to coasts, and many other GEF partners coastal, and oceans organizations, at advance an issue. Pollution of the are supporting efforts in an attempt the national and international levels. Black Sea by nutrient overloading to integrate IWRM with coastal and Among these opportunities are col-

• 24 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS laborations between the Global Wa- ter Partner- ship (GWP) and the Glo- bal Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands. energy, recreation and transporta- mize the economic and social ben- tion. Watersheds provide habitat and efits derived from water resources in Improving Interlinkages a host of other ecological services an equitable manner while preserv- between Freshwater, from water purification to flood con- ing and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems.” Integrated Coasts, and Oceans trol and nutrient recycling—all important to people. Watersheds also coastal management uses almost the A preparatory meeting on freshwa- provide a critical link between the same definition, but with an empha- ter to oceans linkages was held at land and sea. sis on estuarine and marine (saltwa- the International Workshop on ter) ecosystems. While institutional Increasingly, watersheds are un- Freshwater-Coastal-Marine Man- arrangements have been designed der stress from structural modifica- agement Interlinkages, January 10- and implemented to address either tions (dams, flood control, canaliza- 11, 2006 in Mexico City, organized freshwater or saltwater issues, rarely tion), habitat degradation (defores- by the Consejo Consultivo del Agua, have institutions worked on the link- tation, urbanization, agriculture), Mexico, SEMARNAT, Mexico, ages between freshwater and saltwa- freshwater withdrawals, pollution, Centro EPOMEX, the Global Forum ter. and loss of freshwater biodiversity. on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, Occasionally, a river ba- UNEP Global Programme of Action For example, large rivers such as the Colorado, Ganges, and Yellow Riv- sin management plan will for the Protection of the Marine En- address the “downstream” vironment from Land-based Activi- ers often no longer flow to the sea during the dry season. In the Nile effects of “upstream” activities (GPA) and other collaborating ties. Occasionally, a coastal organizations. Thirty-nine experts Delta, 30 of 47 commercial fish species have become extinct due to the management project will from 29 countries participated in the address the effects of up- workshop. The salient points dis- Aswan High Dam. Reducing the flow of freshwater to the sea can also lead stream activities and river cussed and recommendations put inflows. Increasingly, inter- forward at the workshop are pre- to the intrusion of salt water into pre- viously fresh surface water and national programs such as Porfirio Alvarez-Torres, on behalf sented below. the GPA, the Global Envi- of Antonio Diaz de Leon, groundwater—rendering them un- Director-General for drinkable. On the other hand, accord- ronmental Facility, and Environmental Policy Regional Mexico City International ing to UNEP, large amounts of river- Large Marine Ecosystems and Sectoral Integration, Mexican are beginning to address Ministry of Environment and Workshop on Freshwater- borne nutrients flowing from the land Natural Resources, reported on a to the sea have created over 150 oxy- linkages. But what have freshwater-coastal-marine Coastal-Marine Manage- been the collective experi- management interlinkages gen-deprived “dead zones” in the workshop held in Mexico City in ment Interlinkages, January Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, the ences of these efforts? January 2006. 10-11, 2006 Baltic Sea, the Chesapeake Bay, and What institutional arrange- the northern Adriatic Sea. ments across freshwater and coastal management institutions have Background Around 2000 BC, two city-states worked and why? What incentives Continental waters stored in surface concluded a treaty to settle conflicts have provided appropriate changes waters (rivers, lakes, wetlands) rep- over water uses of the Tigris River. in institutional and personal behav- resent less than one percent of the Four thousand years later, we are still ior? What kinds of “nested” institu- Earth’s water resources. Ninety- learning how to manage human uses tional arrangements (global, regional, seven percent is stored in the oceans of rivers, river basins, watersheds, and national) have been most effec- and the remaining 2 percent is sea and coastal areas. Today, much of tive? How have nongovernmental ice, snow, glaciers, and permafrost. the focus is on integration. We have organizations contributed? What However, this small percentage of the integrated river basin management has been the role of the private sec- Earth’s total water resources that is defined by the Global Water Partner- tor? What are the lessons about ef- freshwater is disproportionately im- ship as “the process of coordinating fective stakeholder involvement? portant to people. The watersheds conservation, management, and de- What are the long-term economic and that integrate the surface water run- velopment of water, land, and related social benefits, as well as the eco- off of entire drainage basins play a resources across sectors within a logical benefits, of linking river ba- critical role as sources of water, food, given river basin, in order to maxi- sin and coastal management? Is there

• 25 • an adequate natural and social sci- A Shared Agenda of Fresh- and are placing the viability of ence base for assessing these link- water and Coast/Ocean coastal economic activities at ages? Can “best practices” be iden- Management risk. tified and documented? Important shared issues on the policy In 1999 the United Nations de- Meeting Challenges and management agenda of freshwa- clared the World Day for Water and Constraints ter resources and coastal/ocean man- theme, “Everybody Lives Down- agement need to be identified and We do not lack experience in trying stream,” which drew attention to the recognized. Some significant ex- to link freshwater and ocean man- conflicts of equally legitimate wa- amples should be mentioned: agement activities. About 100 na- ter-related interests and relationships tions are currently experimenting Freshwater flows are critical to between those living “upstream” and with some form of integrated coastal the health and productivity of estu- those living “downstream.” management; 18 Regional Seas aries and coastal waters. Increasing The World Summit on Sustain- Programmes exist within 140 coun- freshwater demands, mainly for ir- able Development (WSSD) in 2002 tries; well over 60 countries are com- rigated agriculture (80%) and urban called for all countries to develop pleting National Plans of Action for development, are depleting freshwa- Integrated Water Management Strat- land-based sources of marine pollu- ter flows and damaging coastal eco- egies by the end of 2005. These strat- tion; and almost 20 Large Marine systems and their vital functions as egies are intended to build national Ecosystem projects are funded by spawning and nursery area for and regional efforts to tackle specific the Global Environmental Facility. coastal fisheries. Nutrient over-en- water challenges, such as pollution Tens of millions of dollars have been richment, eutrophication of estuar- prevention, controlling flooding, invested by the Global Environmen- ies and coastal/ marine waters and mitigating the effects of drought, tal Facility and others in linked man- coastal “dead zones” are emerging expanding access to water and sani- agement approaches. Then why is it issues, primarily related to increased tation, and addressing increasing so difficult to achieve commitment, agricultural activities in river competition for water and water coordination and even communica- catchments. scarcity. Similarly, the WSSD, as tion on linked management of well as the Millennium Develop- Other examples include: catchments and coasts/oceans? Sev- ment Goals, called for all countries • Pollution of river basins and its eral challenges and constraints have to create systems for integrated consequences for human and to be faced, such as: coastal and ocean management to ecosystems health in coastal • Different cultures: River basin address downstream issues in coastal waters and oceans, due to management/ integrated water areas (the home of 50% of the municipal and industrial waste resources management and world’s population), in oceans (in- water; coastal/ ocean management corporating 70% of the earth’s sur- • Degradation of freshwater and policies represent two different face area and 97% of the world’s coastal habitats caused prima- traditions, with different water), and in Small Island Devel- rily by changes in flow charac- disciplines, different networks, oping States or SIDS (43 of the teristics by damming and river and little communication; world’s nations are SIDS that are flow regulation; especially dependent on ocean, • Institutional inadequacies: coastal, and freshwater resources). • Increased coastal erosion by Integrated management is not reduction of sediment flows common practice. In most Today, it is important to address from rivers as a result of dams cases, river basin management the challenge of linking freshwater and water diversion schemes; and the authority of basin to coasts and oceans from a new col- • Lack of knowledge about organizations stop at the laborative perspective that examines estuary or are not practiced how decision-making and institu- complex interactions in the coastal/ocean ecosystem and beyond the border of the tional arrangements can be aligned estuary. In many countries to achieve a true “hydro-solidarity” watershed, and lack of understanding of the benefits of an coastal zone management has between “upstream” and “down- not yet reached a mature stage. stream” stakeholders. Finding mod- integrated management approach; and Responsibilities are divided els for how these interests can be among various sectoral reconciled is an urgent and challeng- • Increased water demands, land ministries and a high priority is ing task that can be made more con- use practices, river regulation the implementation of effective crete by analyzing a set of case stud- works and water resources institutional arrangements; ies of river basins and their associ- development projects have ated coastal zones from a manage- crucial impacts on principal ment perspective. coastal and oceans resources

• 26 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

• Water policy and legislation: makes it to the sea is lost.’ updating the definition The major problem is the Stakeholders competing for the of ICZM, broadening absence of a comprehensive same resources will have the scope from the water policy accommodating different visions. terrestrial zone to integrated water resources watersheds and oceans; management (IWRM) in the The Obvious Benefits of and context of harmonizing national Linked Management • Enforce the develop- economic development plans The major benefit of linked management of capabilities and and water sector plans. Such a common standards, policy should be effective, ment is the scope it provides to en- Margaret Catley-Carlson, Chair, sure that development activities up- methodologies, and Global Water Partnership, efficient, and equitable across indicators in linking emphasized that human, social and geopolitical borders. A formal stream are planned and implemented political aspects are as important with full knowledge of the potential freshwater to coasts as science in achieving sustainable protocol between river basin and oceans. management. authorities and coastal authori- impacts on the ecosystems and eco- ties would go a long way to nomic activities and livelihoods in At the regional/national promote integrated manage- the coastal and marine areas. This is scale: ment. Deficiencies in the essential to assure the integrity and • Focus not only on assessment regulatory system have to be health of the ecosystems and the of the interlinkages but take mentioned, including lack of water cycle, and to promote the sus- concrete next steps to establish enforcement capacity. tainable development of both the multi- sectoral policies, institu- higher and lower watershed areas. • Inadequate attention to the full tional frameworks, stakeholder range of socio- economic The costs of inaction are high. It participation in policy factors: It is impossible to is known from river rehabilitation making, and planning define ecological functions in practices that the costs of ignoring across the freshwater- only monetary terms. The upstream-downstream management coastal interface, e.g., profits of freshwater for linkages have been enormous—the through establishing irrigation are much easier to costs of rehabilitation are much freshwater coastal quantify than freshwater flows higher than the costs of prevention! networks in connection required for productive and with the regional healthy coastal ecosystems. The Management Options - IWRM networks and valuation of goods and services What Could Be Done? through a focus on the freshwater/coast Peter Bridgewater, Secretary the coastal and marine environ- At the global scale: General, Ramsar Convention on ment provides is of crucial interlinkages in IWRM wetlands, indicated that over a • Link the coastal/ocean and third of all Ramsar sites are coastal importance. Often there is an 2005 target support freshwater communities at or marine. imbalance in socio- economic programs, e.g. UNEP, important events by creating development and political UNDP, and other organizations; shared agendas, e.g., at the attention between upstream and • Promote GPA National World Water Forum series, at downstream regions; Programmes of Action in the CSD when follow-up on the context of IWRM and Water • Lack of thorough analysis of water agenda and the oceans linked issues: A lack of Efficiency plans and Large agenda takes place, at the World Marine Ecosystem initiatives; ecological information (pres- Water Weeks in Stockholm, etc.; sures, driving forces) has to be and • Develop a program of collabo- mentioned – for example, what • Consider and respond ration between global oceans is the impact of dams on the to the difficulties that organizations and global water degradation of mangroves vis- national authorities organizations (e.g. partnerships à-vis the impacts of activities in face in implementing such as the Global Water the estuary itself? Also the multiple mandates: Partnership, the Global Forum perspectives of mid term- e.g., creating IWRM on Oceans, Coasts and Islands; economic development are not plans, ICZM plans, and UN entities such as UNEP, being analyzed; and National Plans of UNESCO, UNDP, etc.) • Lack of awareness: The vision Action for the Control • Operationalize the intended of Land-Based of freshwater, coast and oceans Erik Llandikov, Vice Minister, management link in the concrete communities must be broad- Activities, as well as Ministry of Environmental support of such initiatives/ national actions related Protection, Republic of ened and should overcome Kazakhstan, listed the targets like IWRM 2005 through, traditional principles such as to regional programs environmental threats faced by the e.g., the IWRM InfoForum; in such as the Regional Caspian region and the remedial ‘Each drop of freshwater that actions taken by his country.

• 27 • Seas Programmes and the Large Guchte, Nancy Bennet, United Steven Olsen, University of Marine Ecosystem Programs. Nations Environment Programme Rhode Island What support do national Global Programme of Action Biliana Cicin-Sain, Miriam authorities need to successfully Margarita Astralaga, Ramsar Balgos, Kateryna Wowk, Global integrate such a wide- ranging Convention Secretariat Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and set of actions? What specific Islands support/guidance/ facilitation might be needed?

Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands Fresh- Veerle Vandeweerd, Head, UNEP Regional Seas Programme, water to Oceans Task Force and Coordinator, UNEP-GPA, elaborated on GPA objectives Initial Members: and actions in preparation for GPA's second intergovernmental meeting, to be held in Beijing, China, in October 2006. Co-Chair: Patricia Munoz, National Polytechnique Institute, Mexico Co-Chair: Thomas Laughlin, United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Antonio Diaz de Leon, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, SEMARNAT, Mexico Ivan Zavadsky, Regional Programme Director, GEF-Danube Black Sea Basin Strategic Partnership, noted that the region's Porfirio Alvarez, Ministry of environmental degradation has led to reduced biodiversity Environment and Natural Re- and economic loss. sources, SEMARNAT, Mexico Evelia Rivera-Arriaga, Centro Epomex- Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Mexico Isaac Azuz-Adeath, Cetys University, Mexico Gonzalo Cid, Jennifer Winston, Elizabeth Mclanahan, Ed Kruse, NOAA Shammy Puri, UNEP-DGEF Task Manager 'Groundwaters' and Julian Barbiere, Stefano Belfiore, Liaison Officer to UNESCO-IHP, elaborated on the long-term and Intergovernmental Oceanographic irreversible dangers that polluted terrestrial aquifers pose to Commission of UNESCO coastal regions. Alice Aureli, Annuka Lipponen, Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO Charles N. Ehler, UNESCO Niels Ipsen, UNEP Collaborating Centre on Water and the Environ- ment Martin Adriaanse, Cees van de

• 28 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

TOWARD THE UNEP/GPA IGR-2 IN BEIJING

Summary prepared by Tom Laughlin (NOAA), and Dr. Porfirio Alvarez-Torres (SEMARNAT)

Adopted in 1995 in Washington, water, coasts, and oceans, advanc- Background D.C. by 108 Governments and the ing the implementation of targets the The Johannesburg Plan of Imple- European Community, the Global international community has mentation calls for “advance imple- Programme of Action for the Pro- adopted, and forging partnerships mentation of the Global Programme tection of the Marine Environment for presentation at IGR-2, including of Action for the Protection of the from Land-based Activities (GPA) is the Global Forum on Oceans, Marine Environment from Land- the only global program that ad- Coasts, and Islands. based Activities and the Montreal dresses the interactions between the At the Paris conference, partici- Declaration on the Protection of the freshwater and coastal environ- pants discussed preparations for up- Marine Environment from Land- ments; it is a comprehensive action coming events highlighting freshwa- based Activities, with particular program in response to the fact that ter to oceans issues: the Fourth emphasis in the period 2002-2006 on some 80% of all marine pollution World Water Forum, March 16-21, municipal wastewater, the physical comes from land-based activities. 2006, Mexico City, and IGR-2. Sug- alternation and destruction of habi- Implementation of the GPA is, in the gestions put forward at the Paris con- tats, and nutrients, by actions at all first place, the task of national gov- ference are presented below. levels to: ernments, though the importance of • Facilitate partnerships, stakeholder participation should not Workshops on Review of be overlooked. scientific research and diffu- the GPA and the Montreal sion of technical knowledge; As noted by Dr. Veerle Declaration on the mobilize domestic, regional, Vandeweerd (Coordinator, UNEP/ and international resources; GPA) at the Paris Conference, the Protection of the Marine and promote human and First Intergovernmental Meeting, Environment from institutional capacity building, hosted by Canada in 2001, moved Land-Based Activities paying particular attention to the GPA from planning to action with the needs of developing the adoption of the Montreal Decla- Summary prepared by Tom Laughlin countries; ration and Programme of Work for (U.S. NOAA) and Dr. Porfirio the GPA office, 2001-2006. Signifi- Alvarez-Torres (SEMARNAT, • Strengthen the capacity of cant progress has been made since Mexico) developing countries in the development of their national the Declaration, largely with support Two workshops were convened to and regional programmes and from the Global Environment Facil- evaluate how well the WSSD goal mechanisms to mainstream the ity (GEF). The Second Intergovern- concerning the implementation of objectives of the Global mental Review of the UNEP-GPA the GPA is being met, and to pro- Programme of Action and to (IGR-2) will be held October 16-20, vide input into the 4th World Water manage the risks and impacts 2006, in Beijing, People’s Republic Forum and the 2nd Intergovernmen- of ocean pollution; of China. IGR-2 will focus on the tal Review of the GPA. The sessions need to incorporate an ecosystem were chaired by Tom Laughlin • Elaborate regional programmes approach into Integrated Water Re- (NOAA), Dr. Porfirio Alvarez-Torres of action and improve the links sources Management, as well as the (SEMARNAT), and Dr. Patricia with strategic plans for the need to develop domestic financing, Munoz (Instituto Politecnico Na- sustainable development of legislation, and institution building. tional, Mexico), with assistance from coastal and marine resources, IGR-2 will contribute to shaping the Dr. Veerle Vandeweerd (UNEP noting in particular areas international policy agenda on fresh- GPA). which are subject to acceler-

• 29 • ated environmental changes tries are working together to develop international events discussing and development pressures; mechanisms for regional coordina- freshwater oceans linkages, the 2nd • Make every effort to achieve tion (see table below). Intergovernmental Review of the substantial progress by the next GPA will include a Partnership Day Global Programme of Action Next Steps that will be modelled after conference in 2006 to protect Specific suggestions to further the WW2BW. Meeting participants the marine environment from WSSD goal included fostering made the following suggestions for land-based activities.” freshwater coast linkages at the 4th inclusion in the Partnership Day: World Water Forum held in Mexico To help foster these goals, a multi- 1. Reports and recommendations City in March, 2006. To do this, the stakeholder group convened an In- from the Freshwater to Oceans Global Forum, UNEP/GPA, and ternational Workshop on Freshwa- sessions at the World Water NOAA will jointly host a session to ter-Coastal-Marine Management Forum in order to establish a address these linkages. In addition, Interlinkages, held in Mexico City common vision of actions to the meeting participants suggested in January 2006 (see discussion in manage watersheds and coastal paragraphs including the following Freshwater to Oceans section of the areas. themes in the Ministerial Declaration newsletter). The group found that from the WWF4: 2. Discussion of future directions/ “The major benefit of linked man- modalities of the Global Forum. agement is the scope it provides to 1. The goals of sustainable ensure that development activities development cannot be met 3. Use of the IOI network to upstream are planned and imple- without linking freshwater to advocate GPA-related ap- mented with full knowledge of the coasts and oceans. This is proaches and to distribute potential impacts on the ecosystems particularly true in small island lessons learned from the GPA. and economic activities and liveli- developing states. 4. Showcasing Strategic Partner- hoods in the coastal and marine ar- 2. Because impacts collect and ships as an opportunity for other eas. The costs of inaction are high. are concentrated in coastal regions. It is known from river rehabilitation zones, a key goal of integrated 5. Highlighting the link between practices that the costs of ignoring water resource management is land-based activities and the upstream-downstream management to address coastal and oceans ecological health of marine linkages have been enormous – the impacts. ecosystems, possibly by costs of rehabilitation are much 3. Actions are needed at the local partnering with the ICES higher than the costs of prevention!” level throughout the water- Conference on Coastal Zone shed. Management which will be held Progress Towards in Norway in 2007. Achievement of To build upon the momentum of 6. Conclusion of a GPA/Ramsar the WSSD Goals the 4th World Water Forum and other cooperative agreement. Progress has been made toward the WSSD goal on a variety of levels. Internationally, the GPA notes that “the GPA and the international community have been working to provide guidance, support, and funding to nations in their attempts to devise Regional Plan Implementation Status and implement NPAs.” Other Wider Caribbean Prog. Protocol exists progress at the international level has SPREP Protocol being developed included: conclusion of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Black Sea Protocol being developed Organic Pollutants; regional GPA Southeast Pacific Protocol exists meetings; capacity building and out- Cartegena Protocol Protocol exists reach programs; and partnership development through venues such as Barcelona Convention Convention exists White Water to Blue Water. At the national level, over 60 nations have initiated National Pro- grams of Action. In addition, coun-

• 30 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES AND THE MAURITIUS STRATEGY

Summary prepared by LaVerne Walker, St. Lucia

During the Third Global Confer- agement Adviser, Secretariat of the fact that SIDS have large ocean ar- ence, a panel reviewed progress Pacific Regional Environment eas rich in resources (fisheries, oil achieved and the obstacles faced by Programme; Ambassador Enele and gas, minerals, renewable en- States in their efforts to implement Sopoaga, Permanent Representative ergy), many island States are unable the ocean and coastal components of the Mission of Tuvalu to the UN; to benefit from the existence of these of the BPoA and also to review spe- and Ms. Marina Silva, Independent resources within their EEZs a result cific strategies for implementing the Consultant, Cape Verde. Dialogue of inadequate technical and manage- actions identified in the 2005 sessions related to SIDS were ment capacity. For example, SIDS Mauritius Strategy. Several discus- chaired by: Mr. Tim Adams, Secre- often lack the technologies neces- sion sessions also addressed tariat of the Pacific Community; Mr. sary for development of ocean re- progress and next steps for SIDS. Ac- Nelson Andrade, UNEP Caribbean; sources. Another issue of major con- knowledging that the Mauritius Mr. James Hardcastle, Nature cern to SIDS is the threat of climate Strategy builds on the WSSD, the Seychelles; Mr. Franklin McDonald, change and the associated sea level MDGs as well as the Barbados UNEP Caribbean; Marina N’Deye, rise predictions. The significant vul- Programme of Action, and that it Cape Verde; Mary Power, South nerability of the natural environ- further provides more targeted ac- Pacific Applied Geoscience Com- ment, economy, and social structure tions for SIDS, the discussion fo- mission (SOPAC); and Mr. Dirk of SIDS has been well established. cused on the implementation of the Troost, Chief, Coasts and Small Is- Even though similar problems are Mauritius Strategy and identified lands Platform, UNESCO. present in most or all developing next steps. countries, because of the inherent Panel 5: Implementation of the characteristics of SIDS, they are felt The unique and special chal- Mauritius Strategy for Small Island more acutely by these countries. lenges facing SIDS were also under- States was chaired by Ambassador scored by Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Being cognizant that the develop- Jagdish Koonjul, Foreign Affairs, Director of United Nations Millen- ment needs of SIDS differ from other Mauritius, Outgoing Chair, Alliance nium Project, in his address to the developing countries, the Barbados of Small Island States (AOSIS), and conference. He acknowledged the Programme of Action (BPoA), a included presentations from: Mr. necessity of better reflections on fourteen point program identifying Willie John, Chief Executive Officer, these challenges facing SIDS in priority areas for action, was adopted Cook Islands; Mr. Fernando meeting the MDG and WSSD goals, at the United Nations Global Con- Trindade, on behalf of Celestino particularly addressing the impacts ference on the Sustainable Develop- Andrade, Ministry of Environment, of climate change and other global ment of Small Island Developing São Tomé and Príncipe; Mr. Rolph issues, in particular trade liberaliza- States, held in Barbados in 1994. In Payet, Principal Secretary, Ministry tion. 2005, at the International Meeting to of the Environment, Seychelles; Mr. Review the Implementation of the Vincent Sweeney, Executive Direc- Background Programme of Action for the Sus- tor, Caribbean Environmental tainable Development of Small Is- Health Institute, St. Lucia; Mr. Small island developing states land Developing States in Mauritius, Nelson Andrade, Director, UNEP (SIDS) are characterized as large many of the actions listed under the Caribbean Programme, UNEP/ ocean States due to establishment of BPoA were reprioritized by SIDS for UNDP/GEF IWCAM Programme 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones further action. on Integrated Water and Coastal (EEZs), resulting in these small is- Ten years after the adoption of the Area Management for SIDS; Ms. lands being custodians of much of BPOA, national and regional assess- Dominique Benzaken, Coastal Man- the world’s ocean space. Despite the

• 31 • ments indicate that some SIDS have institutions, most notably, recommended the establish- managed to effectively address and National Environmental Acts ment of MPAs, and informa- manage certain aspects of their vul- (63% of SIDS or 26 countries) tion is needed for six SIDS. nerability and have clearly pro- and laws that provide for Interestingly, the Cook Islands gressed in specific areas related to Environmental Impact Assess- and Samoa have declared their their development. Unfortunately ment (32% of SIDS, or 13 entire EEZs as MPAs, present- there are other states that have re- countries). The Environmental ing a unique solution for gressed. One major reason for the Acts often encompass waste management. lack of implementation of the BPOA and watershed or pollution- Progress Following the 2005 has been the decline in international related issues, and to a lesser Mauritius International Meeting support and resources. Reviews in- extent legislation on marine • Three regional meetings were dicate a 50% reduction in Official protected areas (MPAs) and organized by UNDESA-SIDS Development Aid (ODA) to SIDS in fisheries management. Unit to examine the progress the period 1994-2004 (Chowdhury, • 44% of SIDS (18 countries) of implementation of the 2004). have developed National Mauritius Strategy. Sustainable Development • An inter-regional meeting Progress Toward Plans and Biological Diversity took place in Rome in 2005 to Implementation of Ocean National Strategies. The Cook determine next steps on the Islands, Marshal Islands, and and Coastal Management implementation of the Samoa have developed Marine in SIDS Mauritius Strategy. Resources Plans. General Trends Prior to the • The Cook Islands have made • 7% of all SIDS (or 3 countries Mauritius International Meeting1 positive strides in meeting the from the Caribbean) have Millennium Development • 20% of SIDS nations (8 enacted National Coastal Zone Goals, particularly those nations) have developed Acts (Barbados, Belize, and related to management of specific institutions or inter- Cuba). agency mechanisms for the waste and monitoring coordination of integrated • 46% of SIDS (19 countries) biodiversity. have developed national coastal and ocean manage- • The Cook Islands have initiatives for integrated ment; developed a National Develop- coastal management, which are ment Plan and a draft Tourism • 44% of SIDS nations (18 in the form of national plans Master Plan to assist the nations) have entrusted the (17% or 7 countries); national country with the implementa- coordination of marine and strategies (17% or 7 countries); tion of the Mauritius Strategy. coastal issues to national and national programs (12% or environmental institutions. 5 countries). • Sao Tome and Principe is Some of these mechanisms and currently in the implementa- • 27% of SIDS (11 of 41) have environmental institutions are tion phase of a Large Marine enacted legislation on water- part of the National Sustain- Ecosystem Project and in the shed planning, which includes able Development Plan process of preparing a National coastal watershed manage- coordination (6 countries of Programme of Action for ment. These are the Cook 18, or 15% of the total). addressing land-based sources Islands, Marshall Islands, of marine pollution. • No SIDS has delimited its Samoa, Barbados, Belize, EEZ and deposited EEZ Dominican Republic, Jamaica, • Many islands in the Carib- coordinates with the UN St. Lucia, Antigua & Barbuda, bean have put mechanisms in Division of Ocean Affairs and and Suriname. place to address management Law of the Sea (DOALOS), of waste and water pollution, • Other initiatives closely nor has any SIDS filed an such as: related with integrated coastal extended continental shelf o Establishing Solid Waste claim. management are the establishment of MPAs. 61% of SIDS, Management Authorities; • Several countries have or 25 countries, have estab- o Developing Marine Pollu- enacted relevant legislation lished MPAs while at least tion Acts; regarding marine management. seven more have recom- Most of the enactments are o Acceding to relevant IMO mended or proposed MPA instruments; under jurisdiction or coordina- development. Only five SIDS tion of national environmental have not established or

• 32 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

o Establishing sanitary land still inadequate follow-up in assist in the implementation of filled sites; practical terms. the Mauritius Strategy. o Conducting public aware- • Lack of human resource on ness and sensitization the ground to facilitate the Next Steps Proposed campaigns on waste manage- implementation of Mauritius During Panel Session ment issues. Strategy. Implementation • Many Caribbean governments • Development aid to SIDS has • Need to focus on the imple- are committed to the Integrated declined making access to mentation of the Mauritius Watershed and Coastal Area financial resources more Strategy. Project, funded by GEF, being difficult. • Support the implementation executed by the Caribbean • Many of the pledges made to Environment Programme and of the SIDS Consortium of assist SIDS in implementing Universities. the Caribbean Environment the Mauritius Strategy have not Health Institute. been met to date. • Formalize the Alliance of the Small Island States (AOSIS). • Pacific SIDS are in the • Lack of a formalized integra- process of developing National tion, coordination and monitor- • Build more partnerships with Sustainable Development ing mechanism to assess organizations to assist in the Strategies, and some have implementation of the implementation of the already completed theirs. Mauritius Strategy at the Mauritius Strategy. There is a need for additional national and regional level. • Define and implement of financial support to implement contingency plans for marine and complete the strategies. • AOSIS has not been formalized. pollution. • Development of a Pacific • SIDS Consortium of Univer- • Address the CBD Program of Islands Regional Ocean Policy Work on Island Biodiversity was endorsed by the Ministers sities (established during the Mauritius International and implementation con- in 2002 and is currently being straints or issues faced by implementend at the national Meeting) lacks financial resources. SIDS and elaborated in the level. Mauritius Strategy, as key • During the thirteenth session • Natural disasters in 2005 have drivers for partnership and of the Commission on Sustain- impacted the progress of some implementation at the local able Development (CSD) it SIDS on the implementation of level. the Mauritius Strategy. was decided that, during future Coordination meetings of the Commission, • No SIDS has submitted any • Establish partnerships with one full day will be committed co-ordinates to United Nations companies involved in the to addressing SIDS issues. Division on Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea regarding EEZ production of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Obstacles delimitation and claims for an extended continental shelf. type energy technologies. • Lack of accountability outside • Integrate the Mauritius island/mission/mandate. • Appreciation of the unique- ness of SIDS issues is not well Strategy into the work • Maintenance of capacity received by the international programmes of relevant within SIDS on pertinent community. ‘One size fits all United Nations organizations. issues needed to assist in the concept’ does not fit SIDS. • Develop and establish development of the Mauritius integrated approaches towards Strategy. • Difficult for many SIDS to meet the eligibility criteria of waste management. • Given the recognition of international donor agencies, • Raise awareness of the issue special status of SIDS, there is such as GEF, to access funds to of climate change and its

• 33 • impact in SIDS and the urgent • Recognition by the interna- • Encourage the empowerment necessity to implement tional community that SIDS do of local people and communi- adaptation activities in SIDS. not have the same needs and ties with regards to the • Raise awareness of the issue of requirements of other develop- Mauritius Strategy; energy requirements and uses ing countries resulting in • Promote increased coordina- and the impact of SIDS differentiated treatment. tion and communication at the development. • The need to establish a local level; • Increase coordination and physical presence of interna- • Increase access to financial integration of policies and tional representation, in resources; projects. particular the United Nations in SIDS, such as the Pacific • Integrate the need for environ- Monitoring SIDS currently without UN mental management with • SIDS need to establish their presence. poverty alleviation and socio- own monitoring and evaluation economic advancement; methodology at the national Recommendations and • Facilitate understanding and level to assess their implemen- Next Steps Proposed in action to address local needs, tation of the Mauritius Strat- concerns and interests in the egy. Dialogue Sessions conservation and sustainable • Creation of a focal point for Local use of island biodiversity; the Atlantic SIDS: Cape Verde • Launch of the civil society • Assist in achieving the has been recommended. platform; biodiversity targets of WSSD • Establish indicators for • Establish adult and school and CBD, related MEAs and progress on the implementa- learning programs; their regional agreements and the Regional Seas tion of the Mauritius Strategy. • Awareness raising at the Programmes; • Recognize the important role national level about the of oceans as an economic Mauritius Strategy and its • Identify and support island driver towards the economic importance to SIDS; leaders championing major conservation and sustainable advancement of SIDS. • Ensure that Mauritius Strategy livelihood initiatives; Other is accessible and used by all • Stimulate common pathways • Support of the Global Forum stakeholders by popularizing Mauritius Strategy through a for action between Govern- on Oceans, Coasts and Islands ments and civil society; in assisting SIDS with the multi-media toolkit: advancement of ocean related o An annotated version of the • Develop connections between issues such as the delimitations Mauritius strategy for civil community based initiatives of their EEZ. society and policy makers (e.g., Small Islands Voice (SIV), Youth Visioning for o A pedagogic curriculum aid for Island Living and networks schools and a poster leaflet in with a social, cultural and different languages economic focus relevant to islands). Regional • Improve coordination for SIDS issues at the regional and sub- regional level; • Develop and strengthen networks and initiatives, such as the Task Force on Island Willie John, Chief Executive Officer, Conservation and Protected Panel Chair Ambassador Jagdish Cook Islands, pledged his country's Koonjul, Mauritius Ministry of commitment to the Barbados Plan of Areas (TAFICOPA), IUCN Foreign Affairs, and outgoing Action and the Mauritius Strategy. Species Survival Networks, the Chair, Alliance of Small Island Regarding progress achieved on the States (AOSIS), highlighted MDGs, he highlighted the successful International Coral Reef progress in implementing the conservation of natural resources and Initiative, Micronesians in Mauritius Strategy and identified associated traditional knowledge challenges, including funding, and the development of a national Island Conservation network, monitoring, capacity building and environmental strategic action to enhance coordination, cooperation among SIDS. framework.

• 34 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

information sharing and to Ocean Region (e.g. Maldives • Support the revision of catalyze action in islands and and Bahrain). the GEF criteria for within and among SIDS; Pacific funding eligibility; • Develop of a database on SIDS • Integrate the Mauritius • Further the develop- civil society organizations and Strategy into regional ment of the SIDS stakeholders; programmes and National Consortium of • Facilitate better integration and Sustainable Development Universities; appropriate use of multi-lateral Strategies including in the • Encourage UN system environmental agreements elaboration of the Pacific Plan and other international Fernando Trindade, on behalf of (MEAs) as instruments for recently endorsed by Pacific organizations and Celestino Andrade, Ministry of Environment, São Tomé and local and regional implementa- Island Leaders in their 2005 programmes for the Principe, emphasized his country's tion, through species, place or Summit. implementation of the vulnerability to pollution from land-based activities, noted issue focused agreements and Inter-Regional Mauritius Strategy; regional cooperation, and said a projects, and in particular • Utilize international national LME project had been recognizing the potential and • Increased South-South co- prepared as part of a national operation amongst SIDS (e.g., events to promote and action plan under the GPA. benefits of both the Conven- recognize island tion on Migratory Species SPREP model can be emulated to fit Caribbean needs); conservation leader- (CMS) and World Heritage; ship in the conserva- • Enhance policy integration at • Promote increased coordination and sustainable the national and regional level tion and communication at the use of island through mainstreaming inter-regional level; biodiversity; biodiversity conservation into • Improve coordination and • Recognize the existing national policies like dialogue between the global, existence of many National Sustainable Develop- regional and national level. international instru- ment Strategies or the Re- International ments relevant to gional/National Oceans • Support the formal institution- SIDS but that island Policies; alization of the Alliance of representation and • Creation of regional events to Small Island States for the participation within showcase developments and international processes implementation of the Rolph Payet, Director, Ministry of examples of sustainable living. Mauritius Strategy; and UN presence in the Environment, Seychelles, country is not suffi- underscored the fact that SIDS Caribbean • Follow-up on United Nations cient to link the require assistance to submit their • Support the formalization of Resolution which allows for maritime delimitations as provided international level to under UNCLOS. UN departments to appoint a the Caribbean Development on-the-ground focal point within their Cooperation Committee communities; (CDCC) as the intergovern- agencies which are responsible mental forum to coordinate the for SIDS issues; • Recognize the need for a global body or implementation of the • Urge UNDESA to establish effective enforceable Mauritius Strategy. and inter-agency coordinating regime for seamount mechanisms to follow-up after AIMS protection; Mauritius; • Work towards getting the • Support the strength- • Identify funding to ensure the Atlantic SIDS working more ening of national continuation of SIDSNET; closely with the Indian Oceans capacity for follow-up SIDS (increased integration • Collaboration between and implementation between the two regions). SIDSNET and the Global and in particular the • Support Cape Verde becoming Forum in the advancement of lack of access to the SIDS agenda globally; Vincent Sweeney, Executive the focal point for the Atlantic financial resources; Director, Caribbean Environmental SIDS. • Establish a SIDS NGO Health Institute, St. Lucia, • Recommend that outlined the domestic waste • Establish an AIMS civil Directory; UNEP consider management situation and listed society regional coordination elaborating its ‘Global recent improvements, including: • Develop a global ocean forum stronger legal and institutional mechanism. trustee council given charge of Programme of Action backing; the construction of the world’s “isolated/fragile” for the Protection of sanitary landfill sites; and • Strengthen Indian Ocean increased recycling and public Commission and incorporate areas including SIDS, Antarc- the Marine Environ- awareness. other members of the Indian tica, and Oceans;

• 35 • ment from Land-based Small Island Developing Marina N’Deye, Independent Activities’ to give special States Dialogue Session Consultant attention to the needs of SIDS; Participants Rolph Payet, Ministry of Environ- • Urge SIDS to join the Conven- ment and Natural Resources, tion on Migratory Species; Small Island Developing States Side Seychelles Meeting Monday, 23 January, 2006 • Develop a ‘global vision for Mary Power, South Pacific Geo- local action’ for the implemen- Celestino Andrade, Minister Science Commission tation of the conservation and Advisor, Ministry of Environ- ment, Natural Resources and Ann Powers, Pace Law School- sustainable use of island NY/USA biodiversity at the local/ Infrastructure, Sao Tome and national level through a Principe Margi Prideaux, Whale and Global Island Partnership – Dominique Benzaken, Secretariat Dolphin Conservation Society a linked collection of partner- of the Pacific Regional Environ- Peter Prows, Permanent Mission ship activities at local, national ment Programme of Palau to the UN and international levels and Joannes Berque, UNESCO-IOC Enele S. Sopoaga, Tuvalu Mission built upon existing networks, Paola Deda, Convention on to the UN institutions and initiatives. Migratory Species Norma Taylor Roberts, Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the UN Conclusion E. Desa, UNESCO- IOC James Hardcastle, Nature Vaia Tuuhia, Delegation Small Island Developing States have Polynesie Fiang made strides in the implementation Seychelles of the Mauritius Strategy; however Willie John, CEO, Minister of Fernando Trindade, Geographical they face many challenges that Marine Resources Office and Surveying Directorate, hinder the rate of implementation. Ministry of Environment, Natural John Low, Director, APA Resources and Infrastructure, Sao SIDS continue to be vulnerable to Consultancy natural disasters and environmental Tome and Principe degradation due to their small scale Franklin McDonald, UNEP-CAR/ LaVerne Walker, Coastal Zone and geographical location, which RCU Unit, Ministry of Physical also makes it difficult to compete Robin Mahon, University of the Development, Environment and aggressively on the global market West Indies, Barbados Housing, St. Lucia due to their isolation from major in- Magdalena Ak Muir, EUCC – ternational shipping routes. Coastal Union and Artic Institute Successful implementation of the of North America Mauritius Strategy cannot occur in Gerald Miles, The Nature the absence of effective integration, Conservancy coordination and monitoring mechanisms established at the global, regional, and national levels and this can be enhanced through the formalization of the AOSIS to monitor implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.

• 36 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Bottom-line Assessment Dialogue Next Steps in Small Island Devel- Session: Small Island Developing oping States Dialogue Session: 26 Nelson Andrade, Director, UNEP Caribbean Programme, UNEP/ States: 25 January, 2006 January, 2006 UNDP/GEF Programme on Nelson Andrade, UNEP-CAR/RCU Nelson Andrade, UNEP/CAR Integrated Water and Coastal Area Management (IWCAM) for SIDS, Dominique Benzaken, Secretariat Dominique Benzaken, Secretariat presented the objective and components of the IWCAM. to the Pacific Regional Environ- to the Pacific Regional Environ- ment Programme ment Programme Fathimath Ghina, UNESCO-CSI Paola Deda, UNEP/CMS Arthur A. Gray, Organisation of Fathimath Ghina, UNESCO/CSI Eastern Caribbean States Arthur Gray, Organisation of Jens Ambsdorf, Lighthouse Eastern Caribbean States Foundation J D Hache, Conference on the Dominique Benzaken, Coastal Josephine Langley, Fisheries/ peripheral maritime regions of EU Management Adviser, Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Socio-Economic Consultant, (CPMR) Environment Programme, argued Mauritius and UK that in order to achieve healthy James Hardcastle, Nature oceans and sustainable livelihoods David Leary, Center for Environ- Seychelles in the Pacific, the Pacific Islands mental Law, Macquarie Univer- Regional Oceans Policy (PIROP) Christy Loper, NOAA-US requires prompt implementation. sity John Low, APA consultancy, Robin Mahon, University of the Cook Islands West Indies, Barbados Gerald Miles, The Nature Gerald Miles, Nature Conser- Conservancy vancy Marina N’Deye, Independent Peter Neill, World Ocean Obser- Consultant, Cape Verde vatory Enele Sopoaga, Permanent Rolph Payet, Minister of Environ- Representative of the Mission of Mary Power, South Pacific Geo- ment, Seychelles Tuvalu to the UN, called on States Science Commission and international organizations to Lelei Peau, Department of recognize the special vulnerabilities of SIDS. Margi Prideaux, Whale and Commerce, American Samoa Dolphin Conservation Society Judith Priam, PhD student, Peter Prows, Palau Mission to the Guadeloupe UN Margi Prideaux, Whale & dolphin Sunil M. Shastri, University of Conservation Society Hull, UK Anne Rogers, UN/DESA Vincent Sweeney, Caribbean Marina N’Deye, independent Environmental Health Institute Enele Sopoaga, Permanent Mission of Tuvalu to the UN consultant, urged Atlantic SIDS to Norma Taylor Roberts, Jamaica identify priority actions to Vincent Sweeney, Caribbean implement the Barbados Plan of Mission to the UN Action (BPOA). She Environmental Health Institute acknowledged Cape Verde's offer to LaVerne Walker, Coastal Zone become a focal point for the BPOA Unit, Ministry of Physical Dirk Troost, UNESCO/CSI and stressed the importance of linguistic diversity to increase Development, Environment and local involvement. Housing, St. Lucia

Footnote: 1 From: Loper, Christen E., Miriam C. Balgos, Janice Brown, Biliana Cicin-Sain, Peter Edwards, Christina Jarvis, Jonathan Lilley, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Adam Skarke, Joana Flor Tavares, and LaVerne Walker. Small Islands, Large Ocean States: A Review of Ocean and Coastal Management in Small Island Developing States since the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Toward Mauritius 2005 Paper Series No. 2005-1. Global Forum on Oceans Coasts and Islands: University of Delaware, Newark, USA (2005).

• 37 • RESULTS OF THE DIALOGUE ON ISLAND BIODIVERSITY

Prepared by Gerald Miles, The Nature Conservancy

This session was co-sponsored by greatest number of extinctions in the and CBD, related MEAs and the Secretariat of the Convention on world and today island species are their regional agreements, and Biological Diversity, the UNEP/ often highly threatened. Small Island the Regional Seas Convention on the Conservation of Developing States are home also to Programmes; Migratory Species of Wild Animals great diversity of cultures that de- d) Develop and strengthen net- (CMS), the Secretariat for the Pacific pend on island biodiversity for their works and initiatives, such as Regional Environment Program livelihoods and development. They TAFICOPA, IUCN Species (SPREP), The Nature Conservancy, face particular challenges in the con- Survival Networks, the and the IUCN/WCPA Taskforce on servation and sustainable use of is- International Coral Reef Islands Conservation and Protected land biodiversity. Initiative, and Micronesians in Areas (TAFICOPA). Island Conservation network, We have a vision. We have agreed Recommendations to enhance coordination, goals. We have great knowledge To advance the conservation and information sharing, and and ever-greener technologies. sustainable use of island biodi- catalyze action in islands and What we need is high-level versity, the Dialogue identified the within and among SIDS; political commitment for marine need to: e) Develop connections between conservation and protection • Develop a ‘global vision for conservation networks (e.g. areas…. local action’ for the implemen- Small Islands Voice (SIV), Let us work together: to protect tation of the global policy Youth Visioning for Island the oceans and coastal zones; to processes at the local/national Living, and networks with a help small islands survive and level through a Global Island social, cultural, and economic prosper; and to ensure that all Partnership – a linked collec- focus relevant to islands; people enjoy a sustainable future. tion of partnership activities at f) Identify and support island Kofi Annan, Port Louis, 13 local, national, and international January 2005 leaders championing major levels and built upon existing conservation and sustainable networks, institutions, and livelihood initiatives; Significance of Island initiatives – that will: Biodiversity g) Stimulate common pathways a) Address the CBD Program of for action between govern- The Earth is home to more than Work on Island Biodiversity ments and civil society; 130,000 islands, which host more and implementation constraints h) Improve access to adequate than 500 million people. They are or issues faced by SIDS and financial resources and stewards for more than one-sixth of elaborated in the Mauritius capacity building mechanisms; the Earth’s total area. Half of the Strategy, as key drivers for tropical marine biodiversity is found partnership and implementa- i) Facilitate better integration and in islands, with 12 of the 18 centers tion at the local level; appropriate use of MEAs as instruments for local and of marine endemism and seven of b) Facilitate understanding and regional implementation, the ten coral reef hotspots surround- action to address local needs, through species, place, or issue ing islands. Terrestrially, islands are concerns, and interests in the focused agreements and home to half of the recognized En- conservation and sustainable projects, and, in particular, demic Bird Areas, a quarter of the use of island biodiversity; terrestrial Global 200 Ecoregions, recognize the potential benefits and a third of the biodiversity c) Assist in achieving the of both CMS and World hotspots. Islands also claim the biodiversity targets of WSSD Heritage;

• 38 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS j) Enhance policy integration at based sources of pollution. PoW on Island Biodiversity; the national and regional level With specific reference to the up- i) Request that UNEP WCMC, in through mainstreaming coming Eighth Conference of collaboration with TAFICOPA biodiversity conservation into the Parties (COP8) to the Con- and other relevant organiza- existing national policies like vention on Biological Diversity, tions, develop a global National Sustainable Develop- it was agreed to recommend that database for island biodiversity ment Strategies or the Re- Parties to COP8: on the level of ecosystems and gional/National Oceans species in order to facilitate Policies; a) Adopt a strong Programme of Work on Island Biodiversity; decision-making, comparative k) Encourage UN system and studies, and sharing of other international rganisations b) Ensure that the strong links homogeneous information. and programmes (for example between sustainable livelihoods and poverty reduction The Dialogue was guided by brief WCMC) to give priority to statements from representatives of actions that support the that are fundamental to island conservation are an integral the UNEP/CBD, Tuvalu on behalf collection and management of of AOSIS, Seychelles, Palau, information in support of the part of the implementation of the Programme of Work; TAFICOPA, UNEP/CMS, effective conservation and UNESCO/WHC, SPREP, and The sustainable use of island c) Call upon the GEF during its Nature Conservancy. biodiversity; ‘Resource Allocation Frame- l) Utilize international events to work’ readjustment, should Participants give consideration to providing promote and recognize island Jens Ambsdorf, Lighthouse Foundation conservation leadership in the a special window and develop Dominique Benzaken, Coastal and Marine conservation and sustainable appropriate access and implementation procedures for Adviser, Secretariat for the Pacific use of island biodiversity. Regional Environment Programme SIDS in relation to island More broadly, it was agreed: Paola Deda, Interagency Liaison Officer, biodiversity conservation; UNEP/Convention on the Conservation of 1) To recognize many interna- d) Take advantage of the oppor- Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) tional instruments to SIDS but tunity presented within the Christian Depraetere, Member, IUCN/ that island representation and Island Dialogue for community WCPA Taskforce on Island Conservation and Protected Areas participation within interna- leaders and delegates to tional processes and UN identify approaches for Fathimath Ghina, Assistant Programme presence in countries is not Specialist, UNESCO/Coastal and Small partnerships that will advance Islands sufficient to link the interna- the conservation and sustain- tional level to on-ground James Hardcastle, Technical Adviser, able use of island biodiversity; Nature Seychelles communities; e) Support opportunities offered Marjaana Kokkonen, Marine Heritage 2) A global body or effective at the regional level, such as Specialist, UNESCO World Heritage Centre enforceable regime for the Island Life Campaign in Seamount protection, including the Pacific Islands Region, to Gerald Miles, Senior Adviser/Conservation the support for a total ban of Finance and Policy, The Nature Conser- enhance implementation of the vancy unregulated high sea bottom conventions programs of work trawling; Rolph Payet, Principal Secretary/ at the national level; Environment, Seychelles 3) The need for the strengthening f) Welcome the ‘Micronesian Margi Prideaux, Global CMS Programme of national capacity for follow- Challenge’ as an important Leader, Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) up and implementation ,and, in contribution to implementing particular, the lack of access to global policy at the local and Peter Prows, Adviser, Permanent Mission of Palau to the United Nations financial resources; regional level and to the CBD Lauren Salm, Marine Programme, 4) To recommend that UNEP 2010 targets; UNESCO World Heritage Centre consider elaborating its g) Identify the ways and means HE Enele Sopoaga, Ambassador ‘Global Program of Action for for the effective integration of Permanent Mission of Tuvalu to the United the Protection of the Marine the Mauritius Strategy into Nations and Vice Chair of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) Environment from Land Based CBD Programs of Work, in Activities’ to give special particular the PoW on Island Marjo Vierros, Programme Officer/Marine attention to the needs of SIDS, and Coastal Biodiversity, Secretariat of the Biodiversity; UNEP/Convention on Biological Diversity and, in particular, the protection of coral reefs from land h) Comprehensively integrate the ecosystem approach into the

• 39 • CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR OCEAN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT: MOBILIZING TO ADDRESS NEEDS

Summary prepared by Indumathie Hewawasam, The World Bank; Mary Power, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission; and Margarita Astralaga, Ramsar Convention Secretariat

Capacity development for ocean and Africa’s Development(NEPAD); mental partners, and especially the coastal management was one of the Marina N’Deye, Cape Verde; and Global Environment Facility). The twelve major topics addressed at the Mary Power, South Pacific Applied assessments are available in the re- Third Global Conference. Enhanc- Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). port distributed at the Third Global ing capacity development in ocean Conference Capacity Building As- and coastal management is a major Background sessments in Small Island Develop- concern and priority of developing In 2005, the Global Forum carried ing States in the Pacific, Caribbean, countries, small island developing out a number of analyses related to Indian Ocean, the Atlantic, and the states (SIDS), and countries with ocean and coastal management in Community of Portuguese-Speaking economies in transition. This issue SIDS countries, including four Countries (available at http:// has been a priority theme for discus- analyses focused on assessing www.globaloceans.org/). sion at the two previous Global Con- progress achieved in ocean and Four analyses were also conducted ferences, and has been a major con- coastal management in the major focusing on assessment of progress cern of the Global Forum on small island developing States achieved in ocean and coastal man- Oceans, Coasts, and Islands. The (SIDS) regions since 1994 (see re- agement in the major SIDS regions following is intended to provide a ports at http://www.globaloceans since 1994: summary of the formal and informal .org/sids/index.html) and rapid as- Island Bellwether: Climate discussions that took place at the sessments on the specific steps that Change and Energy Policy Third Global Conference on Oceans, can be taken to rapidly implement Strategy for Small Island Devel- Coasts, and Islands dealing with is- the Mauritius Strategy in four SIDS oping States Toward Mauritius sues in moving forward with capac- regions, including specific steps that 2005 Paper Series No. 2005-2 ity development. need to be taken to enhance capac- Small Islands, Large Ocean The panel was chaired by ity development in each region (see States: A Review of Ocean and Indumathie Hewawasam, World reports at http://www.globaloceans. Coastal Management in Small Bank and Ralph Cantral, National org/capacity/index.html). The SIDS Island Developing States since the Ocean Service, U.S. National Oce- experts who prepared the rapid as- 1994 Barbados Programme of anic and Atmospheric Administra- sessments with the support of vari- Action for the Sustainable tion and included the following pan- ous governmental and nongovern- Development of Small Island elists: Margarita Astralaga, Ramsar mental partners, were part of the Developing States (SIDS) Toward Convention Secretariat; Awni conference panel on capacity build- Mauritius 2005 Paper Series No. Behnam, International Ocean Insti- ing. 2005-1 tute; Chua Thia-Eng, Partnerships Four rapid assessments (Pacific for Environmental Management in Global Multilateral Environmen- region, Caribbean region, Indian the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA); tal Agreements and Small Island Ocean region and Atlantic SIDS re- Ehrlich Desa, UNESCO; Anamarija Developing States Toward gion) were conducted on the specific Frankic, University of Massachu- Mauritius 2005 Paper Series No. steps that can be taken to rapidly setts Boston, and Ministry of Cul- 2004-2 implement the Mauritius Strategy in ture, Croatia; James Hardcastle, Voluntary Partnership Initiatives four SIDS regions, including spe- Nature Seychelles; Robin Mahon, from the 2002 World Summit on cific steps that need to be taken to Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Sustainable Development and enhance capacity development in Programme; Franklin McDonald, Small Island Developing States each region (prepared by local SIDS UNEP Caribbean Programme; Ali Toward Mauritius 2005 Paper consultants with the support of vari- Mohamed, New Partnership for Series No. 2003-1 ous governmental and nongovern-

• 40 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Capacity Building participation in decision- and create a critical mass Discussions at the making; and political will for supportive of sustainability. Global Conference marine governance. However, • Based on the above principles, progress in these areas could some possible first steps of The session on capacity building was not catch up with the increas- implementation may include: structured in the form of a panel with ing capacity required to meet one overview presentation and all the goals of sustainability, - Supporting leadership panelists serving as resource persons which remains a moving training at four levels: during the ensuing discussion. The target, as evidenced by: program directors, practitio- discussion points generated during ners, decision-makers, and - Accelerating degradation this panel session were captured and civil society; from population pressures; further addressed in the subsequent - Supporting national science dialogue session. - Increase in the complexity of and policy leaders to focus issues; The session aimed to identify spe- on local priorities; cific capacity development needs for - Decreasing levels of funds - Promoting technical skills to further advancing capacity in ocean relative to the number/ prepare and package the and coastal management in develop- complexity of issues; demand for sponsors; ing countries, SIDS, and countries - Lack of appreciation of the - Supporting advocacy to with economies in transition. The long-haul, multi-layered, raise the profile of session was expected to produce spe- multi-institutional aspects of oceans locally, cific steps to advance capacity build- capacity development; nationally and ing in these regions in the next year, - Difficulty in accepting the regionally; and a specific plan for mobilization reality of “one shoe does not - Mobilizing funds of resources to get these accom- fit all” particularly among plished. for institutions and regions, such as the SIDS processes. Panel Session regions. The overview, presented by • The moving target of Discussion Indumathie Hewawasam of The sustainability can be achieved The following salient points Introducing the session, Co-Chair World Bank, chair of the Global by stimulating ocean-related were raised in response to Indumathie Hewawasam, World Forum’s Working Group on Capac- capacity-development through Bank, reported from the Capacity the overview presented: Development Task Force, and ity Building, which met in a pre-con- promotion of partnerships and urged implementation of the Task ference meeting on January 23, mobilization of resources, • There is a need to Force's recommendations 2006, reported on the outcome of through the Global Confer- develop strategies to that meeting and addressed imple- ence and similar ‘Davos of the retain trained man- mentation issues in capacity build- Oceans’ meetings. power that imparts a sense of ownership by ing, emphasizing the need to define • The following set of principles specific first steps to improve imple- supporting students to could guide the implementa- study in local aca- mentation of capacity building ini- tion of capacity building: tiatives. The overview emphasized demic institutions. the following points for discussion: - Improve ability to identify • Individual skills issues (self-driven capacity- should be built in the • There is progress in various development) ; context of organiza- aspects of capacity building in - Focus on a structured, tional and societal terms of human and institu- nation-specific, approach to requirements. tional capacity at the global capacity development; • There should be a level; number of active Co-Chair Ralph Cantral, Chief, - Improve management skills balance of focus to National Policy and Evaluation partnerships; public awareness Division, Office of Ocean and among people, processes, make sure that the on the role of the ocean; Coastal Resource Management, and institutes; elements of capacity National Ocean Service, US scientific knowledge and development as well NOAA, explained that the panel application; stakeholder - Nurture ocean champions would respond to questions and comments from the floor.

• 41 • as its broad goals are met the major skills required. government and the private sector) through multi-level, needs- • There is a need to harmonize and to establish mechanisms for their based strategy. the capacity development participation. Existing programmes • Current capacity seems to be initiatives of all major players need to be reviewed to ensure that operating at optimum level working in major agencies. communities are empowered to find their own solutions to problems. although there is a lag between • There is a need for synergy skills required and training among various efforts that Transparency and accountability programs. address cross-cutting issues in are significant issues in terms of • There is a need to focus on post-conflict situations, e.g., community empowerment and par- developing leadership at the the tsunami disaster in Asia. ticipation as well as equity in resource allocation and benefit shar- decision-maker level since Dialogue Session on Next Steps they make the major differing. There is a need to make gov- ence, through training pro- The dialogue session, which fol- ernment processes more transparent grams that are adapted to site- lowed the panel session in the after- in relation to resource access ar- specific language and issues. noon of January 26, focused more rangements and contracts with third broadly on how to go about imple- parties, particularly in the oil and gas • A critical mass in support of menting existing activities and industry and in fisheries. various issues is essential to projects in capacity development in There is a need to improve the help local civil society engage more efficient and effective ways. in the management process. way by which the message about the At issue was not just the start up oceans is communicated across to • The strategy proposed, being of capacity development initiatives various audiences, particularly in an issue-based process, needs but also capacity mobilization, translating science and policy into a specific details in order to which is the optimization of the use language that communities can un- make it happen: what, when, of existing capacity and creating the derstand and in reaching the younger who, and where. For example, environment and incentives to en- generations in order to create an in- leadership training for SIDS sure capacity retention, through vari- formed public. Developing environ- decision makers; university- ous means, such as promotion of in- mental curricula in national lan- based academic programs in digenous regional capacity, develop- guages and school kits on ocean/ marine policy; training on ment of community associations, coastal governance issues are some oceans issues for the media; and enlisting the involvement of examples. replication of successful governments as well as the private In many cases there may be merit capacity development pro- sector. grams such as the U.S. in taking the regional approach to National Sea Grant College It is critical that needs assess- addressing skills shortages as it may Program; and working with ments and capacity stocktaking be not be feasible for each SIDS coun- partners who have funding. carried out in order to have targeted try to support the required skills base efforts that use appropriate ap- in government and ocean gover- • Always assess local needs proaches. A capacity development nance. before starting a capacity framework answers the practical development program aimed at questions: Specific Steps for the developing local entrepreneurs. - What is the training about? Global Forum for the Next • A regional approach to - Who are to be trained and for Year capacity development should what? Discussions have been initiated re- be encouraged in small - Where and how often should garding the development of a capac- developing countries that do the training be conducted? ity development program for senior not have a critical mass of - How much funding is needed executives of SIDS countries with a trained human resources. to support the training pro- focus on ocean governance and strat- • South-South cooperation in gram? egy/policy development. Another approach that is also being pursued capacity development should - What are the funding sources? be encouraged. is the improvement of South-South - How to make it happen? partnerships in developing capacity • Lessons learned from success- There is a need to bring capacity in ocean and coastal management ful partnerships should be development down to the grass education especially through documented, including ways roots, to the community level and strengthening of the ocean and by which local needs in find ways to empower local commu- coastal management curriculum of capacity building are met and nities to engage in the dialogue (with the SIDS University Consortium.

• 42 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

For the next Global Conference, Nguyen Chu Hoi, Vietnam Franklin McDonald, it would be opportune to organize a Institute of Fisheries Economic UNEP Caribbean “Young Professionals” forum in or- and Planning, Ministry of Programme der to bring in a group of early ca- Fisheries, Vietnam Cesar Toro, IOC Sub- reer professionals from the various Bruno Correard, Carrefour Group, Commission for the regions to take part in the Summit France Caribbean and Adjacent and also to establish their own peer Regions network. This is considered impor- Carlos Costa, Embassy of tant since the next generation of Mozambique in France Timothy Stojanovic, oceans entrepreneurs need to be en- Jordi Galofre, Coastal Directorate, Cardiff University Co-Chair Chua Thia-Eng, Regional Programme Director, gaged to actively participate in deal- Ministry of Environment, Spain Marina N’Deye, Cape PEMSEA, called on donors and ing with the oceans agenda. Verde multilateral lending agencies to Domingos Z. Goue, Fisheries engage with countries whose Both initiatives can help in setting Research Institute, Mozambique "democratic space" has newly opened up. up a professional cadre of “movers James Hardcastle, Nature and shakers” in ocean issues, Seychelles through the development of new aca- Robin Mahon, Caribbean Large demic and other capacity develop- Marine Ecosystem Programme ment programmes in participating universities and organizations such Bernice McLean, South Africa as the Pew Fellows on Ocean and Shavhani Mukwevho, Ministry of Marine Affairs, the UN Goodwill Environmental Affairs and Ambassadors, “OPEC” (the Ocean Tourism, South Africa Policy Entrepreneurs Club), and the Mary Power, South Pacific capacity development programme of Applied Geoscience Commission Robin Mahon, Caribbean LME UNCTAD. (SOPAC) Programme, argued that Developing a media training pro- indigenous academic institutions Judith Priam, Universite de in SIDS should encourage their gram for journalists in SIDS regions Versailles St. Quentin, France students to remain in-country to to sensitize them to ocean issues; contribute to domestic development. developing educational materials on LaVerne Walker, Coastal Zone tsunamis and other natural hazards; Management Unit, St. Lucia supporting IOI courses on oceans Nguyen Viet Thang issues; and promoting the use of the Ocean Portal (www.oceanportal.org) are also among the specific recom- Dialogue Session: Next Steps in mendations put forward for the Glo- Capacity Development: 26 January, bal Forum. 2006 Pre-conference Meeting of the Task Co-Chairs: Margarita Astralaga, Force on Capacity Development: Ramsar Convention and Mary Power, SOPAC Mary Power, South Pacific 23 January 2006 Applied Geoscience Commission, Participants: suggested that professionals who Chair: Indumathie Hewawasam, have emigrated make a positive World Bank Miriam Balgos, Global Forum on contribution by exerting influence in international fora. Participants: Oceans, Coasts, and Islands Akinlabi Awobamise, Federal Rhoda Ballinger, Cardiff Univer- Ministry of Environment, Nigeria sity Miriam Balgos, Global Forum on Chua Thia-Eng, PEMSEA Oceans, Coasts and Islands Ehrlich Desa, UNESCO Awni Behnam, International Salif Diop, UNEP Ocean Institute Anamarija Frankic, University of Victor Manuel Borges, Ministry Massachusetts Boston, and of Fisheries, Mozambique Ministry of Culture, Croatia Robin Mahon, Caribbean Large James Hardcastle, Technical Chua Thia-Eng, Chua Thia-Eng, Advisor for Island Conservation, Partnerships for Environmental Marine Ecosystem Programme Nature Seychelles, underlined the Management in the Seas of East need to engage with community members that have the power to Asia (PEMSEA) persuade others.

• 43 • THE TSUNAMI DISASTER AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS: ONE YEAR LATER

Summary prepared by Stefano Belfiore, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO

The Global Conference considered IOTWS). Panel participants in- Ecology; Stefano Tinti, Chair, Inter- the issue of tsunami and disaster pre- cluded: Maitree Duangsawasdi, Di- governmental Coordination Group paredness, using the goals of: re- rector General, Department of Ma- for the Tsunami Early Warning and viewing progress achieved and ob- rine and Coastal Resources, Minis- Monitoring System in the North stacles faced in the process of recon- try of Natural Resources and Envi- Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, struction and the development of ronment, Thailand; Franklin and Connected Seas (ICG/ capacities for disaster preparedness McDonald, UNEP Adviser, former NEAMTWS); and Uli Wolf, Intergov- in the countries of the Indian Ocean Director, Jamaican National Envi- ernmental Oceanographic Commis- affected by the tsunami of 26 Decem- ronment and Planning Agency, and sion, UNESCO. ber 2005; learning lessons on rea- former Project Manager, Pan-Car- sons why some coastal communities ibbean Disaster Preparedness and Challenges may have fared better than others in Prevention Project; Russell in Reconstruction the tsunami disaster (e.g., use of Arthurton, Consultant, Coastal Geo- building codes, coastal protection science, and formerly British Geo- The panel addressed progress with measures, public education, etc.); logical Survey; Lahsen Ababouch; respect to (a) the process of recon- and examining progress with the es- Chief, Fish Utilization and Market- struction and the development of tablishment of tsunami warning and ing Services, FAO; and Stefano Tinti, capacities for disaster preparedness mitigation systems in four main re- Chair, Intergovernmental Coordina- in the countries of the Indian Ocean; gions of the world (Indian Ocean, tion Group for the Tsunami Early and (b) the establishment of regional Pacific, North Eastern Atlantic, Warning and Monitoring System in early warning systems for tsunamis Mediterranean and connected seas, the North Eastern Atlantic, the Medi- and other marine hazards in four re- Caribbean). The expected outcome terranean and Connected Seas gions of the world and their contri- from the panel was further opportu- (ICG/NEAMTWS). bution to a global system. The panel also considered challenges and op- nities and next steps for The dialogue session was led by: mainstreaming an integrated, multi- portunities for enhancing mitigation Arvind Anil Boaz, South Asia Co- of marine hazards and lessons hazard approach to address vulner- Operative Environmental ability, risk assessment and disaster learned from coastal disasters in the Programme; Ezio Bussoletti, Italian last year. The role of the IOC and management, including public Delegation to UNESCO; and awareness, prevention, mitigation, the International Strategy for Disas- Stefano Belfiore, Intergovernmental ter Reduction (ISDR) and other or- alerts, preparedness and response Oceanographic Commission, into the global ocean and coastal ganizations was commended in de- UNESCO. Participants included: veloping and coordinating early agenda, in particular into strategic, Lahsen Ababouch, Chief, Fish Uti- long-term coastal planning. warning systems for tsunamis and lization and Marketing Services, other marine hazards. The panel was co-chaired by: FAO; Bernardo Aliaga, Intergovern- William Brennan, Deputy Assistant mental Oceanographic Commission, A review was given of the Secretary for International Affairs, UNESCO; Russell Arthurton, Con- progress of reconstruction and reha- United States National Oceanic and sultant, Coastal Geoscience and for- bilitation in the areas affected by the Atmospheric Administration merly British Geological Survey; December 2004 tsunami in Thailand. (NOAA); and François Schindelé, Alessandra Cavaletti, Italian Minis- This process has involved the cre- former Chair, Intergovernmental try of Environment and Territory; ation of emergency relief centers and Coordination Group for the Tsunami Bernhard Glaeser, Social Science important operations of beach clean Early Warning and Mitigation Sys- Research Center, Berlin; Marion up and forest and coral reef restora- tem in the Indian Ocean (ICG/ Glaser, Center for Tropical Marine tion. Resorts have been restored as

• 44 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

best as possible and water resources still widespread. Desalination plants coasts to inundation by extreme have been rehabilitated. Measure- have been installed on some of the waves. ment of water quality is also show- islands. Generally no effective warning ing improvements. Thailand is ac- Although there has been a rapid systems were in place at the time of tively engaged in the establishment and generous response to the re- the 26 December 2004 event, even of an early warning system for mul- placement of destroyed fishing boats though for several countries the lead- tiple marine hazards and new ap- and gear, there are concerns that the times were sufficiently long enough proaches to coastal planning and number of vessels are now in excess for emergency evacuations to have management. This includes the in- of those pre-tsunami and that this is been successful. The case of Kenya stallation of buoys and warning- leading to overcapacity, putting even was an exception where the local news broadcast towers, medium- more pressure on already dwindling police were mobilized and provided and long-term environmental impact fish stocks in coastal waters. Oppor- warnings to coastal communities. assessments for coastal infrastruc- tunities for co-management do not Indigenous knowledge amongst the ture, recovery of livelihoods in the appear to have been taken. There is population of the Nicobar Islands is coastal zone, rehabilitation of the also concern over the safety of many reported to have been instrumental lifeline of mangroves and coastal of the rapidly built boats because of in the small number of casualties forests, and the adoption of ecosys- poor construction methods. There sustained there. This type of knowl- tem-based management. have been serious problems of co- edge needs to be mainstreamed in the ordination of the relief effort with so education and training of coastal Progress Achieved and many different organizations with no communities in susceptible areas. Obstacles Faced After the fisheries technical background in- The need for well-coordinated Tsunami of 26 December volved. There have been significant emergency plans to be in place and 2004 in the Indian Ocean – differences in the guidelines used by rehearsed by local authorities and A Regional Overview the various actors resulting in con- communities are paramount, though fusion and wasted or duplicated ef- the difficulty of maintaining the nec- Clean-up and reconstruction opera- fort. essary level of awareness over the tions are now well advanced in many long-term (perhaps several genera- of the worst affected impact sites. Lessons Learned - Why tions) is acknowledged. The need for However, the clean-up operations Some Communities Fared nations and local authorities to es- have themselves created many ad- tablish strategic land-use planning ditional problems. The haphazard Better and implementation in the context of disposal of waste and debris has led The severity of the impact on af- integrated coastal management is to the degradation or destruction of fected coasts has varied considerably strongly accepted. sensitive ecosystems. Relief camps according to the specific physical parameters of the shores, such as have also been sited in sensitive eco- Fisheries logical areas. The high demand for facing direction, headland protec- timber for reconstruction of settle- tion, the nearshore shoaling, funnel- Progress and challenges were ad- ments and boatbuilding has caused ing, etc.; also the existence of barri- dressed in rebuilding fisheries in In- local destruction of coastal forests ers such as strongly founded build- dian Ocean countries affected by the and woodlands. ings, mature trees, etc. at the tsunami. From Indonesia to Soma- lia and Yemen, an estimated 35,000 Some progress has been made backshore or on beach plains. As part fishermen died. The direct loss to with the rehabilitation of coral reefs of the process of risk assessment the fishery sector amounted to US where these have not become ex- there is a need for detailed mapping $520 million, with 111,000 boats posed, but soil degradation and the of the nearshore, foreshore, and and 1.7 million of fishing gear units pollution and disruption of water backshore zones in order to deter- destroyed. FAO made a flash appeal supplies from coastal aquifers are mine the susceptibility of specific

• 45 • for reconstruction and rehabilitation NEAMTWS) was established at the tsunami warning systems in the Pa- of the sector and currently 45 end of 2005 to integrate the existing cific. Through the activities of the projects on fisheries, agriculture, and seismographic detection networks International Tsunami Information forestry have been launched totaling with real-time sea-level networks to Centre (ITIC), the ICG/PTWS is $55 million with 20 more projects be upgraded from existing ones. also assisting in the implementation in the pipeline. 60-70% of these Several national and local warning of comprehensive mitigation projects concern fisheries and aquac- systems under development will be programmes. Tsunami risks are be- ulture, and generous contributions fully integrated into this initiative. ing reduced by facilitating technol- have been provided by FAO, Japan, Nations committed themselves to ogy transfer through expert missions Norway, Germany, UK, Italy, working toward upgrading legisla- and conducting training programmes Canada, Belgium, Spain, Sweden tion and existing detection systems and guidance on tsunamis and tsu- and EU. Developing countries such and develop integrated national nami warning. The ICG is also en- as China, Palau, Algeria, and Zam- emergency preparedness and aware- gaged in the development and cre- bia have also contributed. FAO has ness plans. The Intergovernmental ation of educational and awareness developed a strategic framework and Coordination Group will work to- materials in local contexts and act- a 5-year plan of action for the recon- ward the formulation of a complete ing as a clearinghouse for the distri- struction and rehabilitation of the plan of action by December 2006, bution of these materials globally in fisheries sector. Lessons learned including the implementation of tri- multiple languages, as well as gath- from the past year include: the need als for key components of the early ering and documenting information to adopt a community-based ap- warning system, with the aim of hav- on tsunami events. Through these proach and involve beneficiaries and ing an initial operational system in programmes, ITIC cooperates with stakeholders from the earliest stages place by December 2007. Such a other ICGs and interested stakehold- of the process; the need to improve system is needed in regions—the ers to increase awareness and facili- coordination of stakeholders (UN Mediterranean and the Northeast tate coordination to implement re- agencies, NGOs, governments, di- Atlantic—where there are numerous gional tsunami warning centers and rect beneficiaries); and the need for tsunami sources and historical raise the level of community engage- proper technical advice. Good gov- records. Such sources, including ment and empowerment that is es- ernance and accountability should earthquakes, landslides, and volca- sential for an effective response to go hand in hand with procurement nic eruptions may cause catastrophic tsunami warnings and immediate and operations. For example, well events in major coastal cities such response to local tsunamis. The key over 125 NGOs are now operating as Lisbon, Naples, Messina, point in the establishment and imple- in Banda Aceh, and it has been esti- Istanbul, Heraklion, and Cairo. Most mentation of tsunami warning sys- mated that funds for fisheries have of the sources are very close to the tems is putting together tsunami sci- created a 25% overcapacity with re- coast and tsunamis may hit in a few entists, governments, NGOs, and spect to the pre-tsunami conditions, minutes, exceeding the current abil- emergency managers to work toward which were already beyond ity for warning based on the national a common planning and strategy that sustainability. This creates the risk and regional real-time seismic, would benefit from a variety of fields that traditional critical factors in fish- monitoring networks installed in the and expertise. eries will be exacerbated and devel- area. The degree of susceptibility and oped to overcapacity. Challenges are Activities on the conduct and vulnerability to coastal hazards in the also posed by the introduction of implementation of the renamed ICG/ Caribbean region where there are inappropriate types of gear and boats PTWS, which was set up in 2005, records of numerous tsunamis and that do not meet fisheries safety stan- were presented. A task team has been related fatalities were presented. dards. established to convene a tsunami Through the work of IOCARIBE exercise in May 2006, and working and UNEP, a more integrated ap- Establishment of Warning groups have been set up on seismic proach to coastal zone management Systems measurements, including: data col- is being adopted in the region, in- Progress and challenges posed by lection and exchange; sea-level mea- corporating coastal inundation con- the establishment of early warning surements, including data collection siderations. At the beginning of systems for tsunamis in the Medi- and exchange; tsunami hazard iden- 2006, the Intergovernmental Co-or- terranean region were reviewed. The tification and characterization, in- dination Group for the Tsunami and Intergovernmental Coordination cluding modeling, prediction and other Coastal Hazards Warning Sys- Group for the Tsunami Early Warn- scenario development; resilience tem for the Caribbean Sea and Ad- ing and Monitoring System in the building and emergency manage- jacent Regions (ICG/CARTWS) North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediter- ment; and interoperability of re- was established. The Caribbean ranean, and Connected Seas (ICG/ gional, sub-regional and national early warning system aims to pro-

• 46 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS vide timely and accurate forecasts tion strategies concern the credibil- complete by the end of and warnings of coastal flooding and ity and effectiveness of risk assess- 2006. Because of the near- associated hazards due to tsunamis, ment and the appropriateness, feasi- field nature of tsunami im- storm surges, and hurricanes, and it bility, affordability, and sustai- pacts in the Mediterranean, is expected to be operational by the nability of the response. A number there may be a need for end of 2006 as a system of coastal of global lessons can be learned from more than one Warning sensors, many of which are already the coastal catastrophic events of the Centre. in place. In the region, the most reli- last years: coastal populations are During the discussion, able warning system has a delay of vulnerable to storm surges and ex- the issue of the participation Panel Co-Chair William Brennan, 20 minutes, but marine and coastal treme waves; surge and extreme and role of NGOs in the Deputy Assistant Secretary for hazards may have a shorter travel wave events have recurrent costs on International Affairs, US National development and operation Oceanic and Atmospheric time. Safety of coastal communities country economies; developed coun- of early warning systems Administration, commended the cannot depend only on sensors but tries do not necessarily have effec- IOC, the International Strategy for for marine multihazards Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and also requires improvement of pub- tive emergency responses; strategic was raised jointly with the regional organizations for lic awareness, enhanced governance planning and development are key issue of communication and coordinating and developing and coordination among institutions, responses in reducing vulnerability, regional tsunami early warning distribution of powers systems and called for increased and innovative partnerships among especially in coastal cities and mega among concerned institu- focus on multi-hazard warning governments, the scientific commu- cities; standards of protection need tions. systems. nity, and civil society. continual monitoring and mainte- Hazard mitigation strategies, in- nance; warning systems must be in Recommendations place at global to local scales; and cluding long-term coastal planning, The discussion group acknowledged were presented. The review centered emergency plans must be tested, resourced, and implemented. a lack of clarity in the expected goals on the concerns posed by hazards, of the EWSs – whether the systems including both extreme catastrophic Establishment and should in all cases be expected even- events and long-term, incremental tually to cope with storm surges as hazards. The focus of hazard assess- Maintenance of Early well as tsunami hazards. In many ment should be on the incidence of Warning Systems: parts of the world, storm surges by hazard events at local to regional Regional Perspectives far constituted the greater risk. Was scales, the susceptibility of coasts to a multihazard system one that coped inundation, and the vulnerability of Pacific: The System has been reor- ganized with more island states with tsunamis and storm surges, or the coastal population. Options to simply one that coped with tsunamis respond to hazards include partially added. There are still some gaps as well as a need to have instrumenta- from different types of tsunamigenic reducing susceptibility to inundation sources – seismic, volcanic, land- and primarily reducing vulnerabil- tion optimized with the addition of more sea-level stations. The System slide? This is an area to be resolved. ity of coastal communities. The first While a truly multihazard system is can be achieved by hard and soft is providing assistance to the Carib- bean and Indian Ocean TWS. ideal, it is acknowledged that setting engineering solutions and regulating these up may take some time. There human activities that exacerbate sus- Caribbean: This is a Multi-Hazard was an immediate need to put in ceptibility. The second can be system coping with storm surges as place systems that coped with the achieved by preparedness, better well as tsunamis. Puerto Rico is set tsunami hazard. communication links at the global to take over from Hawaii as the Re- and local levels, and mobilizing con- gional Warning Centre. The assessment of risk is an area where the science tingency resources. More impor- Indian Ocean: The IOTWS is sched- tantly, vulnerability can be reduced community can make (and uled to be in place by September is making) a major contri- through strategic measures: intro- 2007, handling tsunamis only. An ducing strategic planning, adapting bution. Deepwater and fine- initial system should be in place by scale coastal modeling can to a changing physical environment, the end of 2006. Hopefully, the sys- recognizing vulnerability of expand- make a major contribution tem will also eventually be used for and it is felt that there is ing urban areas, and weighing live- storm surges. There are several Re- lihood opportunities against vulner- scope for much improved gional Warning Centres but no single integration and coordina- Panel Co-Chair François ability. People can contribute to vul- Centre has been agreed. Schindelé, on behalf of Patricio nerability through employment option of modeling efforts and Bernal, Executive Secretary, IOC, portunities, poverty, indifference NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, and initiatives. Susceptibility elaborated on the five regional Connected Seas: An initial system early warning systems, either (lack of awareness to risk), fading mapping including inte- currently in place or under memories of catastrophes, and resis- is projected to be in place by the end grated high resolution development. tance to evacuation. Hazard mitiga- of 2007, with the planning stage bathymetric and topo-

• 47 • graphic survey is certainly achiev- Efforts should also be made to implementation in the context of in- able and needs to be addressed as a conserve, and wherever possible, tegrated coastal management. The matter of urgency with respect to rehabilitate mangroves, sand dunes, realities of essential livelihoods and storm surge as well as tsunami haz- and coral reefs that afford a natural poverty should be considered in this ards. This will require financial re- barrier to tsunamis and storm surges. respect and all reasonable steps sources. The need to focus efforts on Regarding long-term education taken by local authorities to make coasts with a high socio-economic and planning, there are many basic people aware of the risks involved importance was accepted. There is measures that can be undertaken in living in areas susceptible to in- also a need to be aware of the rapid without great cost. The inclusion of undation. The assessment of risk by changes in population, and thus po- hazard awareness and emergency the scientific community should, tential vulnerability, in the coastal procedures should become standard above all, be realistic – national gov- areas, particularly with respect to the in the education of coastal commu- ernments and local authorities will growth of coastal mega cities. nities where a high risk is acknowl- need to be convinced of risk and this A priority regarding communica- edged. Community involvement is may be difficult to achieve where tion is to get high resolution, real essential. A priority should be placed events are few and far between. time data to warning centers. There on strategic land-use planning and is also a need for a dedicated chan- nel for disaster management.

Maitree Duangsawasdi, Director- Stefano Tinti, Chair, Franklin McDonald, Adviser, General, Department of Marine Intergovernmental Coordination UNEP, former Director, Jamaican and Coastal Resources, Thailand, Group for the Tsunami Early National Environment and outlined reconstruction efforts Warning and Monitoring System Planning Agency, and former following the December 2004 in the North Eastern Atlantic, the Project Manager, Pan-Caribbean tsunami, including the creation of Mediterranean and Connected Disaster Preparedness and a national disaster relief center to Seas (ICG/NEAMTWS), Prevention Project, stressed that coordinate monitoring and explained that his Group was the region faces other forms of awareness programmes. established in June 2005 by the coastal inundation, and outlined IOC to create a plan of action by the region's long history of December 2006. tsunamis.

Russell Arthurton, Consultant, Lahsen Ababouch, Chairman, FAO Coastal Geoscience, and formerly Fisheries Tsunami Task Force, British Geological Survey, said outlined FAO's activities in risk assessment should take into restoring fisheries and livelihoods account: the incidence of hazard in the countries affected by the events at local to regional levels; Indian Ocean tsunami, and the susceptibility of specific coasts challenges faced. to inundation; and the vulnerability of coastal populations.

• 48 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

ISSUES RELATED TO MARINE AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION: CO-CHAIRS’ REPORT

Summary prepared by Salvatore Arico, UNESCO, and Alfonso Ascencio Herrera, Permanent Mission of Mexico to the UN

During the Third Global Confer- High Seas Task Force, and included gime for the high seas in Part VII of ence, several new and emerging is- presentations from contributors Ms. the Convention, while the interna- sues were addressed, including is- Fernanda Millicay, Hamilton tional seabed area, or the “Area” – sues related to governance of ma- Shirley Amerasinghe Fellowship on term used in the Convention – is rine areas beyond national jurisdic- the Law of the Sea, Dr. David Leary, governed by Part XI of the Conven- tion. The following is intended to Centre for Environmental Law, tion, as elaborated by the 1994 provide a reflection of the discus- Macquarie University, and Ms. Agreement relating to the Implemen- sions that took place at the session Kristina Gjerde, IUCN. tation of Part XI of UNCLOS. dealing with issues in marine areas Principles guiding the work re- The Panel featured presentations beyond national jurisdiction at the lated to session were: on: Conference. • it was not intended and should • general trends in marine The Session was structured in the not be a negotiating session; scientific research and in form of one panel and two dialogue • it was intended to be an bioprospecting in the deep sessions. It was the outcome of the seabed, noting a shift from collective efforts by members of the educational process for all participants; geophysical expeditions to Working Group that was set up prior ecological, biological and to the Conference to help structure • it was intended to contribute bioprospecting ones; the Session and the Conference par- towards a better understanding ticipants that attended it. Their con- of the various issues involved; • trends in scientific discoveries in the deep oceans, noting the tribution is recognized and much • it would not lead to a policy appreciated. high degree of diversity found statement; on seamounts and other deep The panel was co-chaired by Mr. • participants would operate on ocean ecosystems; Alfonso Ascencio Herrera of the the basis that they did not need • current scientific knowledge Permanent Mission of Mexico to the to reach consensus, which United Nations and by Dr. Salvatore on the vulnerability of certain meant that all ideas expressed marine ecosystems; Arico of UNESCO. Presenters in- during the panel and dialogue cluded the co-chairs as well as Pro- sessions would stand on equal • gaps in knowledge and the fessor Tullio Scovazzi, Università footing; need for further studies on degli Studi di Milano, Bicocca, Italy; scientific, legal and socioeco- • the Session aimed at stating Mr. Alex Rogers, British Antarctic nomic aspects – among others; what we know and where we Survey; Ms. Lee Kimball, IUCN-The are with regard to the issues • uncertainties regarding the World Conservation Union; Dr. involved; and definition of and regime for Vladimir Golitsyn, UN Division for bioprospecting and its Ocean Affairs and the Law of the • it was also intended to be an relationship to marine scien- Sea; Ms. Marjo Vierros, Convention exercise to collect views. tific research in the interna- on Biological Diversity; Mrs. Norma Although the Panel was termed tional seabed area, and the Taylor Roberts, Permanent Mission “Improving High Seas Gover- legal status of the biodiversity of Jamaica to the United Nations nance,” in reality it covered broader of the deep seabed in areas and Dr. Frida Armas-Pfirter, Austral issues relating to marine areas be- beyond national jurisdiction University, Argentina. The related yond national jurisdiction. This was and ways to address these dialogue sessions were chaired by based on the fact that the 1982 Con- uncertainties; Dr. David VanderZwaag, Dalhousie vention on the Law of the Sea • the potential of UNCLOS in University and Mr. Michael Lodge, (UNCLOS) provides a specific re- dealing with issues related to • 49 • marine areas beyond national and mechanisms for covers, recognizing that jurisdiction, including the discussion at, that process; there is no internationally possibility to strengthen • That strong sectoral gover- agreed definition of it (in UNCLOS; nance nested within a broader this regard, it was also • the role of existing framework is key to address- mentioned that in practice organizations and bodies, ing the WSSD fisheries distinctions between marine including the role of the targets; scientific research and bioprospecting were blurred United Nations General • That governance objectives Assembly; since it was difficult to for high seas fisheries should ascertain the “intent” from • the need to rely on recognized include: common principles to move the beginning); the discussions forward; and - eliminating Illegal Unre- - whether a new international • the need to further discuss ported and Unregulated regulatory framework is ways and means for the fishing (as called for in the required; WSSD goals); possible establishment of - it remains uncertain at this marine protected areas in - improving regional gover- point what are the institu- areas beyond national nance arrangements i.e. tional and legal ways for jurisdiction. Regional Fisheries Manage- dealing with bioprospecting Although both dialogue sessions, ment Organizations; beyond national jurisdic- 1) Deep Seabed Genetic Resources, - bringing unregulated high tion; (Some mentioned that and 2) High Seas Fisheries Gover- seas fisheries under interna- UNCLOS is the starting nance, dealt with issues related to tional governance; point for discussions on marine areas beyond national juris- these issues) diction, those issues were dealt with - applying the precautionary in their own merit, so as not to pre- approach; • Next steps could include: judge possible connections between - applying ecosystem-based - facilitating further construc- those issues. management principles in tive dialogue sessions to In relation to high seas fisheries, order to combine high seas promote understanding of the following points were discussed: fisheries with broader differing perspectives and biodiversity considerations; exploring options for • Opportunities for improving moving forward; high seas fisheries gover- - the need for cooperation and nance: coordination approaches - launching key studies in between Regional Fisheries support of cooperation e.g.: - the role of the High Seas Management Organizations • examination of ways to Task Force in dealing with and international processes; Illegal, Unreported and address environmental Unregulated fisheries, - the need for coastal States, consequences of whose report will be market States, port States bioprospecting; launched in early March, and beneficial owners to • Studies on the nature and and future steps; work together. operation of public/ - the UN Fish Stock Agree- In order to deal with issues relat- academic- private marine ment Review Conference ing to the conservation and sustain- biotechnology partner- and related outcomes; able use of deep seabed genetic re- ships, sources in areas beyond national ju- - emphasis was put on the • study of patents already risdiction, the following points were granted to genetic re- situation of discrete high discussed: seas fish stocks, including sources in areas beyond ways to manage them; • Differences of opinions about national jurisdiction and what principles should be other intellectual property - the review of measures guiding bioprospecting in rights; taken by Regional Fisheries areas beyond national jurisdic- • the role of international Management Organizations tion e.g. freedom of use as and States regarding legal principles in address- opposed to common heritage ing bioprospecting in areas destructive fishing practices of humankind; in vulnerable marine beyond national jurisdic- ecosystems, with particular • There also are differences of tion (some participants emphasis on the inputs to, opinions on: referred to equitable use, - what bioprospecting really sustainable use, environ-

• 50 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

mental impact assessments, A concrete outcome of the Ses- Oceans, Coasts, and Islands cooperation at all levels); sion as a whole was that this pro- Richard Ballhorn, Legal • a review of international cess was very useful in terms of cre- Bureau, Foreign Affairs Canada, Ottawa legal and institutional ating a cooperative environment for options for managing dialogue and joint work. In that re- Dominique Benzaken, activities connected to gard, there was a strong sentiment Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental marine biodiversity of the to continue sharing information in- Programme international seabed area, formally; continue floating ideas regarding all the aspects of the topics, Sergio R. Carranza Forster, including binding and non- Stressing the importance of Ministry of Foreign Affairs binding approaches (Some including areas on which further UNCLOS, Co-Chair Ascencio studies are needed; and continue the and Cooperation, Spain Herrera stated that the Convention referred specifically, as does not define marine scientific Lucien Chabason, Institute non- binding approaches, analytical work and research in or- research, and there is also no de Development Durable, the conclusion of codes of der to fill gaps in knowledge. It internationally agreed definition of Paris bioprospecting of the international conduct, while others should be stressed that this will be seabed area. He called for further favoured mandatory an open-ended and flexible ap- *Leif Christoffersen, studies and underlined the need to proach, and that everyone is wel- Diversa Corporation address, coherently and approaches based on harmoniously, all issues relating to existing legal principles/ come to join in. *Biliana Cicin-Sain, Global marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction within the frameworks); The Co-Chairs thank all partici- Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands UNCLOS framework. He argued • survey of adequacy of pants and contributors for their help, that the UN General Assembly is which was essential in making the Alexandre De Lichtervelde, the appropriate forum for debating existing national legal and Federal Ministry of these issues as it plays a key role Session a success and the Organiz- in promoting cooperation and institutional frameworks Environment, Belgium ers of the Conference – indeed a very coordination and in ensuring for controlling national and integrated approaches. important and successful one – for Michel Dion, state flag vessels engaged ORTHONGEL in marine scientific their guidance, assistance and en- *Fanny Douvere, UNESCO research/bioprospecting in couragement. areas beyond national *Sylvia Earle, Conservation jurisdiction; Working Group Members International Elizabethann English, • the scale of and Participants in Discussions Related National Oceanic and bioprospecting; Atmospheric Administration - strengthening capacity- to Issues of Marine (NOAA), US building , e.g. targeted Areas Beyond National *Martin Exel, Austral training/ learning sessions Fisheries Tullio Scovazzi, University of Jurisdiction at the Third Milan, Bicocca, Italy, pointed out on key topics such as Global Conference on *Anne Frenette, Department that marine scientific research is understanding of intellectual of Fisheries and Oceans, not defined but regulated by Oceans, Coasts and Islands UNCLOS, whilst bioprospecting is property rights and patent Canada not specifically mentioned in the Co-Chairs: *Salvatore Arico, issues, understanding the Patricia Gallaugher, Simon Convention. He said this lacuna UNESCO must be tackled by a new socioeconomics of the Fraser University agreement on MPAs. *Alfonso Ascencio Herrera, Perma- industry and environmental *Serge Garcia, Food and nent Mission of Mexico to the UN effects, understanding legal Agriculture Organization dimensions and scientific Working Group Members and (FAO) Conference Session Participants aspects; *Matthew Gianni, Deep Sea - promoting scientific Tim Adams, Secretariat of the Pacific Conservation Coalition Community cooperation; *Kristina Gjerde, The World - considering different ways Ellik Adler, UNEP-Regional Seas Conservation Union (IUCN) Programme of moving forward ensuring *Vladimir Golitsyn, UN that bioprospecting is linked Porfirio Alvarez, SEMARNAT - Division for Ocean Affairs to broader discussions e.g. Mexico and the Law of the Sea the possible establishment Joe Arbour, Department of Fisheries Sarah Gotheil, The World Alex Rogers, Biological Sciences of marine protected areas in and Oceans, Canada Conservation Union (IUCN) Division, British Antarctic Survey, elaborated on deep sea areas beyond national *Frida Armas-Pfirter, Austral Michel Goujon, CNPMEM biodiversity and fishing activities. jurisdiction; University, Argentina Stressing that the deep seabed Alistair Graham, WWF- houses a startling biodiversity, - exploring opportunities for *Robert Baldi, Department for International much of which is still unknown, existing organizations to Environment, Food, and Rural he described its unique Affairs, UK ecosystems, including seamounts, assist in these steps. coral reefs and hydrothermal *Miriam Balgos, Global Forum on vents.

• 51 • Arthur Gray, Organization of Eastern Roland Pittar, Australia Embassy, Francesca Santoro, University of Italy Caribbean States Paris *Renée Sauvé, Department of *Fred Grassle, Institute of Marine and Ann Powers, Pace University Law Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University School Carl-Christian Schmidt, OECD Barbara Hanchard, Forum Fisheries Margi Prideaux, Whale and Dolphin Tullio Scovazzi, University of Agency Conservation Society Milano-Bicocca Margaret Hayes, Department of State, Peter Prows, Permanent Mission of Despina Symons, European Bureau US Palau to the UN for Conservation and Development Olive Heffernan, ImarEST *Jean-Francois Pulvenis, Food and *Norma Taylor Roberts, Permanent *Arlo Hemphill, Conservation Agriculture Organization (FAO) Mission of Jamaica to the UN International *Gaile Ramoutar, Trinidad and *Chris Tompkins, Department for Andrew Hurd, The World Conserva- Tobago Environment, Food, and Rural tion Union (IUCN) *Rosemary Rayfuse, University of Affairs, UK Andrew Hurst, Environment Canada New South Wales *David VanderZwaag, Dalhousie *Elie Jarmache, Prime Minister’s Saskia Richartz, Greenpeace University Office, France European Unit *Monica Verbeek, Seas at Risk *Sam Johnston, Institute of Advanced Peter Ricketts, UBC Okanagan *Marjo Vierros, Convention on Studies, United Nations University *Lori Ridgeway, Department of Biological Diversity (CBD) (UNU-IAS) Fisheries and Oceans, Canada *LaVerne Walker, St. Lucia *Kim Juniper, University of Montreal Silva Ritossa, IUCN French Commit- *Lindsey Williams, Global Forum on at Quebec tee Oceans, Coasts, and Islands Konstantinos Kalamantis, European *Alex Rogers, British Antarctic Jennifer Winston, National Oceanic Bureau for Conservation and Survey and Atmospheric Administration Development Mario Ruivo, National Council on (NOAA), US *Lee Kimball, The World Conserva- Environment and Sustainable * Working Group Member tion Union (IUCN) Development (Portugal) Armand Kokolo, Ministere des *Karen Sack, Greenpeace Interna- Transports Maritimes et de la Marine tional Marchande (Congo) Peter Koltermann, BSH Hamburg, Germany Co-Chair Salvatore Arico, Programme Specialist, Biodiversity, Tom Laughlin, National Oceanic and Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO, presented a paper by Atmospheric Administration Abdul Zakri, UN University-Institute for Advanced Studies, on (NOAA), US trends in deep seabed research, which he said is going on at an increasing pace. He noted a shift in the focus of deep seabed *David Leary, Centre for Environ- expeditions from geophysical and geological purposes to mental Law, Macquarie University ecological, biological and bioprospecting ones. *Michael Lodge, High Seas Task Force Christy Loper, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), US Vladimir Golitsyn, Director, UNDOALOS, called for further targeted marine biodiversity research, which he identified as highly *Eric Mathur, Diversa Corporation sophisticated, costly and labor intensive. He recognized the need Fernanda Millicay, Amerasinghe for better cooperation between governments, institutions, scientists and industry engaged in marine biodiversity research in order to Fellowship share costs and information, increase geographical cover and Sebastian Moncorps, IUCN French ensure the participation of developing countries. Committee *Jennifer Mooney, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Patricia Muñoz, Instituto Politecnico Nacional –Mexico Norma Taylor-Roberts, Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Jamaica, expressed concern over the lack of a *Daniel Owen, Fenners Chambers, legal regime to regulate bioprospecting. Calling for a wider United Kingdom acceptance and implementation of UNCLOS, she advocated concluding a new agreement under UNCLOS to address Carol Phua, WWF European Policy bioprospecting, rather than developing a new convention. Office

• 52 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

CLIMATE AND OCEANS

Summary prepared by Magdalena A.K. Muir, Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America

The Global Conference considered sociate, Arctic Institute of North In 2005, the Intergovernmental the issue of climate and oceans, ex- America. Panel on Climate Change presented ploring the effects climate change a special report on carbon dioxide may have on the world’s oceans, Climate Change Science sequestration. It found that storing captured carbon dioxide in geologi- coasts, and islands, with an empha- The Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- cal formations is a mature technol- sis on ocean acidification, carbon mate Change will present the Fourth ogy. Ocean storage, or the direct re- sequestration, Arctic change, and Assessment Report to the 13th Con- lease into the ocean water column sea level change. The expected out- ference of the Parties to the United or onto the deep seafloor, has been comes for the panel included con- Nations Framework Convention on researched less. This storage option sideration of policy implications of Climate Change in December 2007. is less permanent than geological wide-ranging effects of climate Supporting prior reports, this report storage and significant uncertainty change on marine and coastal envi- documents the impact of man-made remains on ecosystem impacts. ronments and on coastal popula- climate change. The most vulnerable Oceans have slowed the build up of tions and economies; and whether populations and economic sectors carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by an “observatory” function, linking are faced with immediate and long- acting as a sink for carbon dioxide. emerging scientific findings to term adaptations for climate change, Recent evidence suggests that this analyses of attendant policy issues and some of the key vulnerabilities carbon absorption has its limits and related to climate and oceans/ center on oceans, coasts, and islands. is resulting in acidification of the coasts/islands might be needed. Sea level rise is a significant threat oceans. The panel was chaired by Robert for small islands, coasts, and low- Corell, Chair, Arctic Climate Impact lying lands. Ocean acidification is a The Arctic Climate Impact As- Assessment. Panel participants in- new and looming threat that could sessment Scientific Report docu- cluded: Ambassador Gunnar undermine the marine food web and ments climatic changes in the cir- Pálsson, Director, Department of preclude coral development. Sea cumpolar Arctic. One of the key Natural Resources and Environmen- level rise and acidification will re- findings suggests that the Arctic has tal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Af- main for the next few thousand been warming rapidly with much fairs, Iceland; Halldór years. Another emerging threat is the larger changes projected for the fu- Thorgeirsson, Deputy Executive impact of high sea surface tempera- ture. Increasing temperatures, melt- Secretary, UN Framework Conven- tures on the intensity of tropical cy- ing glaciers, reductions in the extent tion on Climate Change clones and hurricanes. Understand- and thickness of sea ice, thawing (UNFCCC); Ambassador Enele ing the role of the oceans as a regu- permafrost, and rising sea level il- Sopoaga, Tuvalu, Vice-Chair, lator of the earth’s climate system is lustrate this warming trend. In the AOSIS, and Permanent Representa- also increasing. The oceans control Arctic, changes in sea ice are a key tive of the Mission of Tuvalu to the the timing and magnitude of changes indicator and agent of climate UN; John Shepherd, Tyndall Centre in the global climate system, prima- change, affecting surface reflectivity, Regional Associate Director, rily through the absorption of car- cloudiness, humidity, exchanges of Southampton Oceanography Cen- bon dioxide and heat. Other climate heat and moisture at the ocean sur- tre; Ellina Levina, Climate Change impacts include arctic sea ice reduc- face, and ocean currents. Changes in Analyst, Environment Directorate, tion, cyclonic storms, changes in sea ice have enormous economic, Organization for Economic Coop- ocean circulation, and changes in environmental, and social implica- eration and Development (OECD); biodiversity and fisheries. tions. There are negative impacts on and Magdalena Muir, Research As-

• 53 • ice-dependent wildlife and northern Africa is also very vulnerable to impacts, vulnerability, and possible peoples, like the Inuit, with a tradi- climate change, with negative im- adaptation measures on the one hand tional subsistence lifestyle based on pacts expected for watersheds, and financial and technical assis- hunting mammals on or adjacent to coasts, and seas of Africa, worsen- tance to the most vulnerable Parties sea ice. Changes may also have posi- ing desertification in northern and on the other. Proceeds from the tive economic effects, as they may southern Africa, and reductions in Clean Development Mechanism facilitate increased marine transpor- the development of the continent project activities will fund a new tation, economic development, and overall. The Third Assessment Re- Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto immigration into the region. port predicted that the effects of cli- Protocol. The bulk of two other Small islands are vulnerable to the mate change would be greatest in dedicated funds under the Conven- impacts of climate change, sea level developing countries in terms of loss tion are targeted for adaptation to the rise, and extreme events because of of life and relative effects on the in- impacts of climate change by devel- size and exposure to natural hazards, vestment and economy. Africa was oping countries. described as the world’s poorest re- and more limited adaptive capacity. Maintaining the ecosystem ser- gion and the continent most vulner- According to the Third Assessment vices of the oceans is instrumental able to the impacts of projected Report of the Intergovernmental in achieving the United Nations change, because widespread poverty Panel on Climate Change, islands Millennium Development Goals, as limits adaptation capabilities. There represent early indicators of climate at least four of the eight goals are has been limited scientific research change for the rest of the world. Is- closely linked to the conservation on climate change in Africa, but lo- lands often depend on rainwater and and use of natural resources, includ- cal scientific networks for climate are vulnerable to changes and dis- ing living marine resources. The change are developing. tribution in rainfall. Like many parts Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, of the equatorial and tropical world, relying on the Food and Agriculture human health is impacted by climate Science-Policy Interface Organization of the United Nations, change. For example, diarrhea will for Oceans and Climate identifies fishing as the most impor- increase with rising temperatures Change tant driver of change in the marine and deterioration of water in the Pa- The 11th Conference of the Parties ecosystem for the past fifty years. It cific. Vector-bourne diseases like of the United Nations Framework is now apparent that, aside from dengue fever and malaria will in- Convention on Climate Change pollution and over fishing, climate crease, with the Caribbean islands (UNFCCC) in Montreal in Decem- variability and change, including being at greater risk. Shortages of ber 2005 initiated a two-track pro- acidification, may threaten the pro- water and drought, as well as con- cess to develop the future climate ductivity of oceans. The challenge tamination of water quality during strategy, where the Kyoto Protocol for governments is to understand the floods and storms, will increase dis- is the first track. The second track is complex processes for oceans and ease risk, including cholera, diar- an informal Convention Dialogue climate change, and to have ad- rhea, and dengue fever. Subsistence aimed at exchanging experiences equate policies. and commercial agriculture on small and analyzing strategic approaches On a global and regional level, islands will be impacted by sea level for long-term cooperative action. climate change science and policy rise due to flooding, salt water in- This dialogue is based on the need to be added to the oceans trusion in fresh water, salination of UNFCCC Convention and is not agenda, and oceans science and the soils, and decline in water qual- confined to the present Parties to the policy need to be inserted in the cli- ity and quantity. Infrastructure and Kyoto Protocol. It will address tech- mate agenda. The Third Global Con- development are affected by sea nology, adaptation, market-based ference disseminated information on level rise and extreme events, which opportunities, the development con- ocean and climate science and affect tourism, agriculture, and the text, and voluntary action by devel- policy measures to oceans decision- delivery of health, fresh water, food, oping countries. First meetings of the makers. Information on climate and other essential services. Coral Convention Dialogue will be held in change and related policy issues for reefs, marine fisheries, and marine parallel with the Subsidiary Body oceans needs to be included in the resources will also be affected by meetings of the Kyoto Protocol in annual United Nations Open-ended climate change and climate variabil- Bonn in May 2006. Informal Consultative Process on ity. Small islands with a large Ex- Oceans and Law of the Sea, as well clusive Economic Zone already have Climate change mitigation is a major challenge, which goes to en- as to the global marine assessment limited capacity to manage those agreed to at the World Summit on zones, and these management issues ergy, economic, technological, and development policy. The UNFCCC Sustainable Development in 2002, will only be compounded by climate which is now in the start-up phase change. process addresses adaptation through understanding of climate of an assessment of assessments.

• 54 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Additionally, information on oceans entific information becomes crucial newable energy and energy and climate sciences and related for formulating policy on a wide efficiency technologies as a policy measures should be included variety of issues, including fisheries, way of reducing carbon di- in meetings of the Kyoto Protocol marine infrastructure, and transpor- oxide emissions. The inte- Parties and the Convention Dia- tation. Therefore, more resources gration of the Mauritius logue, beginning in May 2006. need to be devoted to ocean climate Strategy for the sustainable Adaptation is not enough; mitiga- research, paying attention to the development of SIDS in the tion is also required through the re- short and medium term, to the re- work programme of the duction of greenhouse gases and the gional impacts as well as the global UNFCCC is crucial to ad- impacts, to monitoring and manage- dress SIDS concerns on cli- Panel Chair Robert Corell, Chair, shift to renewable energy and energy Artic Climate Impact Assessment, efficiencies. It is necessary to think ment approaches across vulnerable mate change. The appeal of gave an overview of the recent coastal and marine ecosystems, and the SIDS through the Alli- scientific findings on climate globally, plan regionally, and act lo- effects on oceans, stressing that cally. Due to their complexity, cli- to the benefits as well as the risks of ance of Small Island States since the oceans contain 97% of climate change. (AOSIS) for discussion of the Earth's water, they are the mate issues require input from many thermodynamic engine of the disciplines and the integration of The integration and communica- implementation of the planet. He listed current and ecosystem-based and other inte- tion of climate science and policy to Mauritius Strategy should projected effects of climate change be considered. The SIDS on oceans, including sea level rise, grated approaches. There is a need governments, decision makers, civil biodiversity loss, the for a constant dialogue between sci- society, and the public is viewed as strongly oppose carbon di- disappearance of Greenland's oxide sequestration and icecap, and thinning of the Arctic entists and decision-makers. Scien- crucial for both the developed world sea ice. tific data and analysis, from accu- and the developing world in order nuclear power as options to rate and timely predictions of hurri- to build support for the necessary address climate change. Funding and canes, to improved global and re- mitigation and adaptation measures. technical assistance to support the gional forecasts of future sea level There will be common problems in continuation of the Small Islands rise, and the impacts of ocean acidi- adapting to climate change by Small Developing States Network fication, lay the foundation for ad- Island Developing States (SIDS) and (SIDSnet) website in New York is aptation policy discussions and the less developed regions and countries also requested. development of climate strategies. In within Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, As a region and a political entity, order to be effective, this data and Central and South America, and the Europe is responding to climate analysis need to be communicated Pacific. Similar to Arctic coasts, change in its coasts and oceans. It is to decision-makers on a timely ba- SIDS are early indicators of climate addressing mitigation and adaptation sis and in an appropriate language. impacts for the rest of the world, this through global initiatives and re- The timing of policy development linkage being recognized under the gional and local actions, and is thus and science must be synchronized, UNEP Grid-Arendal project, Many developing useful experiences and so that the long and short-term win- Small Voices – Building Strategies strategic approaches for the Conven- dows for science and decision-mak- for Climate Change Awareness and tion Dialogue under the UNFCCC. ing can be synchronized accordingly. Adaptation among Vulnerable Re- The European Climate Change Pro- Short-term windows for decision- gions: The Arctic and Small Island gram II has working groups for making may be advantageous as Developing States. coasts and oceans issues: the Impacts they allow the inclusion of new and For SIDS, there is a need to en- and Adaptation Working Group; the more detailed information and pre- hance economic, ecological, and Renewable Energy Work- dictions. In the future, data may social resilience in an integrated ing Group; and the Carbon make it possible for scientists to ac- manner. Effective implementation of Sequestration and Storage curately predict climate variability adaptation measures is critical to Working Group. The Euro- and change. The challenge will then ensure sustainable development, and pean Union is sponsoring be how to convert these predictions SIDS governments are already in- research for climate into adaptation policies for fisheries corporating adaptation measures into changes for oceans and management, harbour development, national sustainable development coasts, including: monitor- or civil emergency planning. Glo- strategies for infrastructure, eco- ing, governance, and secu- bal climate change scenarios need to nomic development, disaster man- rity initiatives under the European Space Agency; Noting accelerating climate be checked against more specific agement, environment, conservation variability, Ambassador Gunnar studies at regional and sub-regional and biodiversity. SIDS urgently need the European Network for Palsson, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iceland, said the levels. As policies adapt to climate financial resources and technical Coastal Coordination Ac- tion; the European Spatial availability of reliable scientific change and variability, it is impor- support, as recognized and commit- data is crucial, and called for tant to consider opportunities as well ted under the UNFCCC process, in- Planning: Adapting to Cli- increased resources for research on mate Change; the Coupled the risks and benefits of the impact as risks. With accelerating climate cluding funding arrangements for of climate change on oceans, and change and variability, reliable sci- the development and transfer of re- European Ocean Atmo- improved integration of scientific data into the public domain.

• 55 • spheric Processes & Climate undertaking consultation on a Ma- shares the Mediterranean Sea with Change; and the EUROSION and rine Strategy and a Maritime Strat- northern Africa and Asia. Europe Floodscape projects. The European egy. The Maritime Strategy includes and member states like Italy imple- Union is currently implementing the the Marine Strategy and addresses ment regional initiatives for that sea, Water Framework Directive for riv- sustainable economic uses in which consider economic and envi- ers and watersheds, including a Europe’s coastal and marine waters, ronmental factors, including climate coastal component that links fresh considering climate change as a change. waters and oceans. The EU is also crosscutting theme. Europe also

Halldor Thorgeirsson, Deputy Executive Secretary, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), explained that the Kyoto Protocol allows for use of market tools to mitigate climate change and that the last UNFCCC COP has set the base for the development of a future strategy.

Ambassador Enele Sopoaga, Tuvalu, Vice Chair, Alliance of Small Island States, underscored the impact of climate change on SIDS, as illustrated by the recent increases in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the South Pacific. He argued that SIDS cannot begin to develop sustainably until climate change is comprehensively addressed, and urged developed nations to intensify their mitigation strategies and support SIDS's efforts to implement adaptation strategies.

Highlighting climate change-related sea level rise and acidification, John Shepherd, Tyndall Centre Regional Associate Director, Southampton Oceanography Centre, stated that any adaptation strategy must be: concentrated on reducing physical and social infrastructure in coastal areas; planned regionally whilst being focused locally; supported by government institutions; and long-term.

Ellina Levina, Climate Change Analyst, Environment Directorate, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, presented on integrating scientific knowledge into policymaking. She called for: appropriate strategies and institutional and legal frameworks to allow for the development of a science-based policy framework; mechanisms that identify key players and information; clear communication of scientific data to policy makers and local stakeholders; and additional research.

• 56 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

OCEAN INDUSTRIES: BEST PRACTICES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE SECTORS

Summary prepared by Paul Holthus, Private Sector Coordinator, Global Forum on Ocean, Coasts and Islands; and Executive Director, Marine Aquarium Council

The Global Conference considered nity for building cross-sectoral part- brought together an increased num- the issue of ocean industries, using nerships among business and indus- ber and a greater cross-section of the the goal of identifying best practices try and with other ocean stakehold- industries and user groups that de- now used by global leaders in ma- ers to ensure the sustainable use of pend on or use ocean and coastal rine industrial sectors to reduce risks ocean space and resources. The space and resources. The second to marine environment effectively panel presentations highlighted the meeting of the Business and Indus- while achieving business objectives leadership that several industries are try Leaders Roundtable was also efficiently. The expected outcomes providing in defining and imple- chaired by Paul Holthus, Private for consideration by the panel on menting sustainable practices which Sector Coordinator, Global Forum ocean industries included: Identify address the sustainable use of ma- on Ocean, Coasts and Islands; Ex- opportunities and next steps to de- rine resources, responsible opera- ecutive Director, Marine Aquarium velop best practices within the glo- tions in the marine environment and Council, and included the following bal marine business and industry conservation of ocean biodiversity. participants: Lahsen Ababouch, community and how to share these The panel highlighted the efforts of Chief, Fish Utilization and Market- within the private sector and with leaders from industries as diverse as ing Service, FAO Fisheries Tsunami other stakeholders. shipping, fisheries, oil and gas, and Task Force; Daniel Bailey, Chair- The panel was chaired by Paul recreational diving who are working man, Batostar Fishting Ltd., South Holthus, Private Sector Coordinator, for the protection and management Africa; Arthur Bogason, Co-Presi- Global Forum on Ocean, Coasts and of the oceans and the improvement dent, World Forum of Fish Harvest- Islands; Executive Director, Marine of industry standards for activities ers and Fish Workers; Mark Caney, Aquarium Council. Panel partici- in the marine realm. Partnerships President, Professional Association pants included: Tim Wilkins, Envi- with NGOs are often an important of Diving Instructors (PADI) Eu- ronmental Manager, International part of understanding and imple- rope; John Connelly, President, Na- Association of Independent Tank menting best practices and achiev- tional Fisheries Institute, Interna- Owners (INTERTANKO); Dierk Pe- ing sustainability. Many ocean in- tional Coalition of Fishing Associa- ters, International Marketing Man- dustry sectors are moving to estab- tions; Bruno Corréard, Manager for ager for Sustainability, UNILEVER; lish higher quality standards for a Sustainable Marine Resources, Arthur Bogason, Co-Chair, World variety of products and practices in Carrefour Group; Jean Courjault, Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish relation to marine resources or op- MIF Liaison, French Suppliers Workers; John Connelly, President, erations in the ocean environment. Council (GEP), Policy Advisor, Eu- National Fisheries Institute and In- This is being led by leadership com- ropean Oil and Gas Innovation Fo- ternational Coalition of Fishing Or- panies and by industry associations. rum (EUROGIF); Rob Cox, Techni- ganizations; Mark Caney, President, The panel supported the need for cal Manager, International Petro- Professional Association of Diving increased industry attention to sus- leum Industry Environment and Instructors (PADI) Europe; Jose tainable development of ocean areas Conservation Association (IPIECA); Matheickal, International Maritime and resources that is consistent with Richard Delaney, Executive Vice Organization (IMO); and Bruno conservation goals and includes in- President, Horsely Witten Group; Corréard, Manager for Sustainable teraction with multiple stakeholders. Philippe Ferlin, Ingénieur Général, Marine Resources, Carrefour. Building on the first Business and French Conseil General du Genie Industry Leaders Roundtable held at Rural des Eaux et Forets (GREF); The panel on Ocean Industries Michel Goujon, French National focused on the importance of indus- TOPS 2005: The Ocean Policy Sum- mit on October 12, 2005 in Lisbon, Fisheries Commission (CNPMEM); try responsibility for sustainable Shelby Hockenberry, Gerard J. practices and the need and opportu- Portugal, the second roundtable

• 57 • Mangone Center for Marine Policy, 1. There is an important need University of Delaware and Secre- and opportunity for building tariat, Global Forum on Oceans, cross-sectoral partnerships Coasts, and Islands; Hector-Lysis among business and industry Kyriakidis, Managing Director, and with other ocean stake- Teledyne R.D. Instruments-Europe; holders in support of the Jose Matheickal, Technical Adviser, sustainable use of ocean space GloBallast Water Management and resources, and this should Programme, Marine Environment be pursued by continuing to Division, International Maritime develop a network on ocean Organization (IMO); Jane Mauro, business and industry and Biologist, PETROBAS; Cor Nobel, sustainable development. Secretary-General, Shipping Emis- 2. The identification and sharing sions Abatement and Trading Asso- of best practices within ciation (SEAaT); Paul Nemitz, Head industry sectors and among of Unit, Legal Affairs, Deputy Head different components of of Maritime Policy Task Force, Eu- business and industry is a ropean Commission; Dierk Peters, practical and useful way for International Marketing Manager, the private sector to interact Sustainability Projects, UNILEVER; on ocean sustainability. Kathrin Runge, Marketing, Friedrichs FeinFisch; Scott Truver, 3. In particular it would be Group Vice President, CSSO Anteon valuable to exchange experi- Corporation; Takehiro Nakamura ences, lessons learned and (for Dr. Veerle Vandeweerd, Direc- case studies in developing and tor, UN Environment Programme implementing partnerships for (UNEP), Regional Seas Programme, addressing conservation and and Global Programme of Action for sustainable use issues in the the Protection of the Marine Envi- marine environment. ronment from Land-Based Activi- 4. Science and data provide a ties); Tim Wilkins, Environment common language and basis Manager, International Association for industries to interact with of Independent Tanker Owners each other and with other (INTERTANKO); and John Young, stakeholders, and there are Marine Sound Management Team important opportunities for Coordinator, ExxonMobil Explora- collaboration on undertaking tion Company. research to support sustainable The Business and Industry Lead- industry operations that would ers Roundtable provided an oppor- benefit a wide range of concerned parties. tunity for the representatives of this Panel Chair Paul Holthus, range of private sector entities to 5. Ocean business and industry Executive Director, Marine Aquarium Council and explore both the differences and the are important globally, Coordinator of the Global Forum's commonalities in the sustainable regionally, and nationally, and Business and Ocean Industries it would be valuable to pull Roundtable, said sustainability development and use of the oceans. requires the proactive involvement Key issues that emerged from the together a report highlighting of business and industry leaders, discussions were: the contribution of ocean and stressed the importance of partnerships and economic industries to the global considerations. economy.

• 58 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

OCEAN DONORS ROUNDTABLE

Summary prepared by Christy Loper, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

On January 23, 2006, the second servancy; Ellen Pikitch, Pew Insti- already set by legal and meeting of the Ocean Donors tute for Ocean Science; Yumiko political instruments to which Roundtable, hosted by the Global Tanaka, Ocean Policy Research states were parties (Law of the Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Is- Foundation; Chua Thia-Eng, Sea Convention; U.N. Fish lands, and chaired by David Free- PEMSEA; Cees van de Guchte, Stocks Agreement, MDGs, stone of the World Bank, was held UNEP/GPA; and Christy Loper, WSSD JPOI, etc). For many in conjunction with the Third Glo- NOAA (session rapporteur). present, particularly those bal Conference on Oceans, Coasts from the public sector, there and Islands at UNESCO headquar- Meeting Outcomes would be value in the monitor- ters in Paris, France. This second 1. All recognized the impor- ing and more systematic meeting of the Ocean Donors tance of awareness raising of collection of information Roundtable built on the discussions ocean issues and felt there was regarding national efforts to held during the first Roundtable room for collaboration and meet of these targets. Given meeting which was held on October sharing of experience in this that the next assessment of 10, 2005 in Lisbon, Portugal, as a area and its contribution to ocean WSSD targets would parallel event of The Ocean Policy resource mobilization. not be until the CSD in 2014 Summit (TOPS) 2005: The Interna- this was regarded by many as tional Conference on Integrated 2. The Group encouraged the a useful activity, which might Ocean Policy: National and Re- Forum to complete a compre- be modeled on the work of the gional Experiences, Prospects, and hensive directory of the World Water Forum, to be Emerging Practices. organizations which finance undertaken under the auspices ocean, coastal and small island Participants in the second meet- of the Global Forum on developing states (SIDS) Oceans, Coasts, and Islands. ing included:Jens Ambsdorf, Light- issues. house Foundation; Yves Auffret, Maritime Policy Task Force, Euro- 3. The Group recognized an Substance pean Commission; Ezio Bussoletti, important need for the sharing of the Discussion of information about funding Permanent Representative of Italy to The group noted that the purpose of UNESCO; Biliana Cicin-Sain, Uni- activities in the Oceans, including priorities and Roundtable should be to expand the versity of Delaware and Global Fo- scale of funding for ocean issues. rum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands; programmes as well as lessons learned, both successes and The group reviewed the report of the Federico Cinquepalmi, Ministry for previous Ocean Donors Roundtable Environment and Territory, Italy; failures. This could be through a list serve (which would need in Lisbon and discussed some of its Christophe Du Castel, Secretariat main findings. du FFEM-AFD (French GEF); Al to include more bodies than Duda, GEF; Marea Hatziolos, those attending the current The group discussed a possible World Bank; Arlo Hemphill, Conser- meeting) or even a facilitated on-going role for such a group and vation International; Indumathie website, perhaps constructed its possible comparative advantage Hewawasam, World Bank; Paul around or in conjunction with as the only meeting of donors, from Holthus, Marine Aquarium Council; the Global Forum website. both the public and private sector, Andrew Hudson, UNDP; Tom 4. There was recognition that the directed at oceans, coasts and SIDS. Laughlin, U.S. NOAA; Carl Lundin, major priorities of the interna- It was recognized that although do- IUCN; Gerald Miles, Nature Con- tional Ocean Agenda had been nor agencies may have innovative approaches to financing, they are not

• 59 • agenda setters, but responsive to the HIV/AIDS, etc. above ocean and also about country programmes. The global agenda which has been set coastal issues. Awareness raising is view was expressed that the status and to which governments are com- needed to illustrate the importance of established goals and targets, and mitted (e.g., MDGs, WSSD JPOI), of ocean issues in this competitive their implementation across the and donors should bear this agenda environment. world was important for financiers to know where the bottlenecks are in mind. Some argued that funders might and how they might be addressed. Some thought that a meeting of consider financing a more settled donors might be a useful forum for “secretariat”-type function to sup- The group felt that future donors discussing innovative financing port the Global Forum to ensure con- meetings might be more appropri- ideas– although such a meeting tinuity and to help sustainability. One ately timed at the end of the Confer- might need to be organized slightly of the activities of such a function ences after priorities had been dis- differently. A number of ideas, issues might include monitoring the imple- cussed and set on major issues, so as and approaches were raised. mentation of goals that are already to be able to reflect on the findings of the meeting. It was noted that in the capacity on the table. Ideas were expressed building session, there are many on the way this might be done or needs that are not being met. For whether it would be appropriate. example, a serious hurdle in many Sharing of information between countries comes about when there funders was seen as an important and are multiple problems that need to highly useful activity, whether be addressed. Governments will in- through a list server or website. Not evitably prioritize healthcare, roads, only information about financing but

• 60 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

ENGANGING DECISION MAKERS AND THE PUBLIC

Summary prepared by Miriam Balgos, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands

public, and convey these During the Third Global Confer- 27 following the panel presentations. recommendations to the World ence, several dialogue sessions and Immediately following the Third Ocean Network workshop a panel addressed the issue of en- Global Conference, the World Ocean following the Global Confer- gaging the public and decision mak- Network (WON) hosted the Third ence. ers in oceans issues. The goals of International Meeting: Acting to- the session on Engaging Decision The panel was chaired by Mr. gether for the Future of the Blue Makers and the Public were to: Philippe Valette, Managing Director, Planet, from January 29 - February NAUSICAA-National Sea Centre, • Demonstrate the value of 1, 2006 at NAUSICAA, Centre Na- France, and Chair, the World Ocean mobilizing decision makers tional de la Mer, Boulogne sur Mer, Network. Overview presentations and the public in the ocean France. The event was organized were given by Mr. Philippe Valette, governance planning and under the aegis of the IOC/UNESCO and Ms. Marie-Laure de Lange, decision making process; and included the participation of Communications Consultant, Jean-Michel Cousteau, chair of the • Identify effective means to SeaWeb. Panelists included Dr. World Ocean Network Committee of communicate the value of Dann Sklarew, Director, GEF IW: Honour. marine resources and the LEARN; Dr. Ram Boojh, Centre of The World Ocean Network and its benefits of their use and Environment Education, India; Dr. partners invited Global Conference conservation to Guillermo Garcia Montero, Presi- participants to participate in the decisionmakers and the dent, National Aquarium, Cuba, and Third International Meeting. All or- public; and National Intergovernmental Oceano- ganizations reaching out to the gen- graphic Commission Committee; • Discuss tangible options for eral public were encouraged to par- and Dr. Peter Neill, Director, The cooperation in ocean informa- ticipate in the meeting to help fur- World Ocean Observatory, United tion and education. ther develop a global campaign to States. The expected outcomes of the raise public awareness and an action session were as follows: A special presentation titled The plan for the sustainable use of the Public and the Oceans: A Long- • Draw the attention of confer- ocean. Term Strategy for Mobilizing Pub- ence participants on the need Participants at the meeting and lic Support for the Global Oceans for enhanced ocean informa- experts from the Global Forum on Agenda was also given on January tion and education and Oceans, Coasts and Islands had the 24 by Mr. Philippe Valette. In addi- engage them to support/take opportunity to state their priorities tion, a related dialogue session on part in such activities and regarding sustainable use of the Mobilizing Stakeholders and the programs; and ocean. The participants also shared Public Towards Fisheries results of the joint activities con- • Develop a specific program of Sustainability, organized Dr. ducted since the 2nd International work on education and Leonard Sonnenschein, World Meeting in 2002, and planned fur- information related to Aquarium, USA was held on Janu- ther cooperation for the next three advancement of the global ary 23 and a second dialogue ses- years. oceans agenda for sion on Engaging decisionmakers decisionmakers and the and the public was held on January

A full report of the World Ocean Network Third International meeting can be found on the World Ocean Network website at: http://www.worldoceannetwork.org.

• 61 • ABOUT THE GLOBAL FORUM

The Global Forum on Oceans, scientific/technical, industry, Coasts, and Islands, UNESCO, Coasts, and Islands, created at the foundations), and others to Paris, November 12-14, 2003 World Summit on Sustainable effectively implement, at and Subsequent Development in Johannesburg in national and regional levels, Developments (May 2004) September 2002, aims to advance major international agreements 4. Global Multilateral the interests of oceans– on oceans, especially the Environmental Agreements incorporating 72% of the Earth; commitments made in the Plan and Small Island Developing coasts– the home of 50% of the of Implementation of the States (2004) world’s population; and islands– World Summit on Sustainable 5. Voluntary Partnership 44 of the world’s nations are small Development, commitments Initiatives from the 2002 island developing states which are from Agenda 21, and other World Summit on Sustainable especially dependent on the related agreements; Development and Small oceans. The Global Forum is 2. Work as a catalyst to mobilize Island Developing States composed of experts from knowledge, resources, and (2003) (also in Spanish) governments, intergovernmental organizational action to 6. A Guide to Oceans, Coasts and international organizations, advance the global oceans and Islands at the World and nongovernmental agenda; Summit on Sustainable organizations (environmental, 3. Raise the international profile Development: Integrated scientific/technical, industry, and of oceans, coasts, and islands Management from Hilltops to foundations) with the common goal in all relevant global, regional, Oceans (2002) of encouraging the sustainable and sub-regional fora and 7. Ensuring the Sustainable development of oceans, coasts, mobilize resources to address Development of Oceans and and islands. these issues; Coasts: A Call to Action. Co- 4. Mobilize public awareness on Chairs’ Report, the Global The Global Forum responds to oceans, coasts, and islands, Conference on Oceans and major needs at the international and promote information Coasts at Rio+10, Paris, scale: sharing and dissemination. UNESCO, December 3-7, 2001 • Promotion of cross-sectoral (2001) dialogue on ocean and coastal Publications and Internet Services 8. Ministerial Perspectives on issues; by the Global Forum on Oceans, Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10 • Promotion of dialogue among Coasts, and Islands (2001) governments, 1. Small Islands, Large Ocean 9. Reports of the Conference nongovernmental States: A Review of Ocean and Working Groups, The Global organizations, Coastal Management in Small Conference on Oceans and intergovernmental Island Developing States Coasts at Rio+10, Paris, organizations, the private since the 1994 Barbados UNESCO, December 3-7, 2001 sector, and scientific Programme of Action for the (2001) institutions; Sustainable Development of 10. Internet services: • A mechanism for oceans Small Island Developing www.globaloceans.org advocacy at the highest States (SIDS) (2005) provides a variety of political levels; and 2. Climate Change and Energy information services on global, • A venue for linking oceans Issues in Small Island regional, and national and freshwater concerns Developing States (2005) developments related to 3. Mobilizing for oceans, coasts, and islands The major goals of the Global Implementation of the 11. Global Forum Newsletter, an Form are to: Commitments Made at the electronic newsletter, is 1. Work together with 2002 World Summit on published every four months governments, international Sustainable Development on (available on and intergovernmental Oceans, Coasts, and Small www.globaloceans.org) organizations, Island Developing States – nongovernmental Co-Chairs’ Report of the 2003 organizations (environmental, Global Conference on Oceans,

• 62 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

THIRD GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON OCEANS, COASTS, AND ISLANDS

MOVING THE GLOBAL OCEANS AGENDA FORWARD

JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Prof. Lahsen ABABOUCH Dr. Aydin Sefa AKAY Mr. Nelson ANDRADE- Prof. Frida ARMAS- Service Chief, Fish Legal Counsellor COLMENARES PFIRTER Utilization and Marketing Turkish Representation to Coordinator Professor Public Service UNESCO United Nations Environment International Law Food and Agriculture Paris, FRANCE Programme – CAR/RCU Austral University Organization Kingston, JAMAICA Buenos Aires, Rome, ITALY Mr. Fernando ALMUNA ARGENTINA Undersecretary of Navy Dr. Stefano ANGELINI Prof. Katarina National Commission on the Educational Officer Mr. Russell ARTHURTON ABRAHAMSSON Use of Chilean Coastline Acquario di Genova Independent Consultant Chair Swedish IOC / IHP Office Acquario di Genova – Area Coastal Geoscience Committee Santiago, CHILE Porto Antico – Ponte Leics, UNITED Chalmers University of Spinola KINGDOM Technology Dr. Porfirio ALVAREZ- Genova, ITALY Goteborg, SWEDEN TORRES Mr. Alfonso ASCENCIO Director for Regional Dr. Manuel Lobo HERRERA Ms. Imad-Eldin Integration ANTUNES Second Secretary, Legal ABUGESSAISA Ministry of Environment State Secretary for National Subjects Ph.D Student and Natural Resources Defense and Maritime Permanent Mission of Linkoping Universitet, IDA SEMARNAT Affairs Mexico to the United Linkoping, SWEDEN Mexico City, MEXICO Lisbon, PORTUGAL Nations New York, USA Dr. Tim ADAMS Mr. Jens AMBSDORF Dr. Bo APPELGREN Director, Marine Resources CEO Senior UNESCO Consultant Ms. Margarita Division Lighthouse Foundation UNESCO / IMP ASTRALAGA Secreatariat of the Pacific Hamburg, GERMANY Bolsena, ITALY Senior Advisor Community Ramsar Convention Nournea, NEW Dr. Franco ANDALORO Dr. Joseph ARBOUR Secretariat CALEDONIA Senior Scientist, Head of Regional Manager, Oceans Nyon, SWITZERLAND Sustainable use of Resources and Coastal Manager Dr. Ellik ADLER Department Department of Fisheries and Mr. Yves AUFFRET Senior Programme Officer Istituto Centrale per la Oceans Maritime Policy Task Force Regional Seas Programme Ricerca Scientifica e Nova Scotia, CANADA European Commission Coordinator tecnologica Applicata al Brussels, BELGIUM UNEP - United Nations Mare (ICRAM) Dr. Salvatore ARICO Environment Programme Rome, ITALY Programme Specialist – Dr. Alice AURELI Nairobi, KENYA Biodiversity Programme Specialist Mr. Celestino ANDRADE UNESCO Division of Water Sciences Dr. Vera AGOSTINI Director of Ports United Nations University- UNESCO Research Scientist Enaport Institute for Advanced Paris, FRANCE Pew Institute for Ocean Sao Tome, Studies Science – University of SAO TOME AND Paris, FRANCE Mr. Alessandro AUTIERO Miami PRINCIPE Intern Miami, Florida, Delegation of Italy to USA UNESCO Paris, FRANCE

• 63 • Mr. Akinlabi Dr. Awni BEHNAM Ms. Alice BISIAUX Dr. Bill BRENNAN AWOBAMISE President Team Leader Deputy Assistant Secretary Zonal Controller / Deputy International Ocean Institute IISD Reporting Services for International Affairs Director Soil Erosion, Flood Geneva, SWITZERLAND New York, USA Department of Commerce, / Coastal Zone Management National Oceanic and Federal Ministry of Ms. Nienke BEINTEMA Mr. Robert BISSET Atmospheric Administration Environment Writer-Editor Spokesperson in Europe Washington, DC USA Federal Secretariat Ikolaba IISD Reporting Services UNEP Oyo State, NIGERIA New York, USA Paris, FRANCE Mr. Kevin BRENNAN Deputy Permanent Delegate Mr. Gussein BAGIROV Mr. Fausto BELIA Dr. Arvind Anil BOAZ of South Africa to UNESCO Minister Journalist Director General Paris, FRANCE Ministry of Ecology and ANSA South Asia Co-Operative Natural Resources FRANCE Environment Programme Dr. Peter BRIDGEWATER Baku, AZERBAIDJAN Colombo, SRI LANKA Secretary General Dr. Leah BENDELL- Ramsar Convention on Ms. Ritia BAKINETI YOUNG Mr. Arthur BOGASON Wetlands National Coordinator Professor Chairman Gland, SWITZERLAND Kiribati International Waters Biological Sciences, Simon World Forum of Fish Project Fraser University Harvesters and Fish Workers Dr. Noel BROWN Tarawa, KIRIBATI British Columbia, Reykjavik, ICELAND Member of IOI Board of CANADA Governors, Director of IOI Dr. Miriam C. BALGOS Dr. Ram BOOJH Training Program Program Coordinator Ms. Nancy BENNET Scientist in Charge IOI Canada Global Forum on Oceans, Coordinator IGR-2 Centre for Environment Connecticut, USA Coasts and Islands United Nations Environment Education Gerard J. Mangone Center Programme / Global Lucknow, INDIA Prof. Ezio BUSSOLETTI for Marine Policy Programme of Acion Italian Delegation to University of Delaware Coordination Office Mr. Victor Manuel UNESCO Delaware, USA The Hague, THE BORGES Paris, FRANCE NETHERLANDS Deputy Minister of Mr. Richard BALLHORN Fisheries Prof. Lucila CANDELA Director General – Legal Ms. Dominique Ministry of Fisheries Professor Affairs Bureau BENZAKEN Maputo, MOZAMBIQUE Technical University of Department of Foreign Secretariat of the Pacific Catalonia – UPC Affairs Regional Environmental Mr. Junio Fabrizio Gran Capitan s.n. Ontario, CANADA Programme BORSANI Barcelona, SPAIN Apia, SAMOA Senior Research Specialist Dr. Rhoda BALLINGER ICRAM Mr. Mark CANEY Lecturer Mr. Marco Polo BERNAL Rome, ITALY Vice President, Training, Cardiff University Coordinator Education and Memberships Wales, UNITED Subcomite Ciencias Del Mar Mr. Tim BOSTOCK PADI International Ltd. KINGDOM SEP-IPN Fisheries Advisor Bristol, UNITED Department for International KINGDOM Mr. Eric BANEL Ms. Aurdra BERGAITINI Development Commissariat General au Journalist London, UNITED Mr. Ralph CANTRAL plan ANSA KINGDOM Chief, National Policy and Paris, FRANCE Paris, FRANCE Exploration Mr. Ben BRADSHAW, MP NOAA, Office of Ocean and Mr. Julian BARBIERE Mr. Johannes BERQUE Minister for Local Coastal Resource Intergovernmental Consultant Environment, Marine, and Management Oceanographic Commission Intergovernmental Animal Welfare Maryland, USA (IOC) Oceanographic Commission Department for United Nations Educational, Paris, FRANCE Environment, Food and Mr. Giovanni Scientific & Cultural Rural Affairs, United CAPRARICA Organization (UNESCO) Mr. Daniel BIRCHALL Kingdom Nobel House Journalist Paris, FRANCE Digital Editor London, UNITED RAI IISD Reporting Services KINGDOM Mr. Martin BAUMER New York, USA Journalist Dr. Charlotte BREIDE RFO Paris Solicitor, Legal Advisor Paris, FRANCE London, UNITED KINGDOM

• 64 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Mr. Sergio Roman Dr. Nguyen CHU HOI Mr. Gheorghe Mr. Carlos CUETO CARRANZA FORSTER Director CONSTANTIN Conseiller Technical Counsellor – Legal Vietnam Institute of Director Peruvian Delegation to Advisor Fisheries Economic and Ministry of Environment UNESCO Office of the Legal Adviser – Planning, Ministry of and Water Management Paris, FRANCE Ministry of Foreign Affairs Fisheries Bucharest, ROMANIA and Cooperation Hanoi, VIETNAM Dr. Luc CUYVERS Madrid, SPAIN Ms. Emily CORCORAN Executive Producer Dr. CHUA Thia-Eng Programme Officer MN Films Ms. Margaret CATLEY- Regional Programme UNEP – WCMC Deurne, BELGIUM CARLSON Director Cambridge, UNITED Chair Global Environment Facility KINGDOM Mr. Aristides Ocante DA Global Water Partnership United Nations SILVA Stockholm, SWEDEN Development Programme Dr. Robert CORELL Ministre des Ressources Partnerships in Chair of the Arctic Climate Naturelles Ms. Christine CAUSSE Environmental Management Impact Assessment (ACIA) Ministere des Ressources Scientific Advisor for the Seas of East Asia Grasonville, MD, USA Naturelles Boite Bissau, NAUSICAA, Centre (PEMSEA) GUINEA-BISSAU National de la Mer Quezon City, PHILIPPINES Mr. Bruno CORREARD Boulogne Sur Mer, Manager for Sustainable Mr. John DANVERS FRANCE Dr. Biliana CICIN-SAIN Marine Resources Academic Director Director Carrefour Group Diplomatic Acadamy Dr. Alessandra Gerard J. Mangone Center Levallois-Perret, FRANCE FL, USA CAVALETTI for Marine Policy Italian Ministry of University of Delaware; and Mr. Aldo COSENTINO Ms. Paola DEDA Environment and Territory Co-Chair and Head of Director General Inter-Agency Liaison Officer Rome, ITALY Secretariat, Global Forum on Ministry for Environment Convention on Migratory Oceans, Coasts, and Islands and Territory Species (UNEP) Mr. Lucien CHABASON University of Delaware Rome, ITALY Bonn, GERMANY Senior Advisor Delaware, USA Institut du developpement Prof. Rui COUTINHO Mr. Xavier DE LA GORCE durable et des relations Mr. Federico Assistant Professor Secretaire general de la mer internationals (IDDRI) CINQUEPALMI Universidade dos Acores Paris, FRANCE Paris, FRANCE Expert Centro de Vulcanologia e Ministry for Environment Avaliacao de Riscos Mr. Richard DELANEY Dr. Russell CHAPMAN and Territory Geologicos Executive Vice President Center for Marine Rome, ITALY Ponta Delgada, Horsley Witten Group Biodiversity and PORTUGAL Massachusetts, USA Conservation Mr. Manuel CIRA Scripps Institution of World Ocean Network, Mr. Robert COX Ms. Marie-Laure DE Oceanography 0202 Coordinator Technical Manager LANGHE University of California, San Head of Cultural Services IPIECA Communications Consultant Diego, California, USA NAUSICAA, Centre London, UNITED SeaWEB National de la Mer KINGDOM Paris, FRANCE Mr. Tarik CHEKCHAK Boulogne Sur Mer, Project Leader FRANCE Ms. Valerie CUMMINS Mr. Alexandre DE The Cousteau Society Manager LICHTERVELDE Paris, FRANCE Ms. Clelia CIRVILLERI Coastal and Marine Expert, International Affairs Journalist Resources Centre Federal Environment Ms. Pornsook Liberazione Naval Base, Haulbowline Ministry CHONGPRASITH Rungashiddy, IRELAND Brussels, BELGIUM Director of Marine Dr. Harlan COHEN Environment Division IUCN – The World Mr. Joel DE LA CRUZ Dr. Annick DE MARFFY Pollution Control Conservation Union Director de Operaciones Former Director of Division Department Washington, DC USA Instituto de Relaciones of Ocean Affairs and Law of Bangkok, THAILAND Internacionales Derechos y the Sea Mr. John CONNELLY Medio Ambiente United Nations International President Santo Domingo, Consultant National Fisheries Institute DOMINICAN REPUBLIC United Nations McLean, VA, USA Mandelieu La Napoule, FRANCE

• 65 • Dr. Christian Mr. Christophe DU Ms. Maria FERRARO Dr. Jordi GALOFRE DEPRAETERE CASTEL Environmental Specialist Head of Tarragona Coastal Researcher French Development Enispa Exploration Service Institut de Rechercher pour Agency Group Production Div. Coastal Directorate le developpement (IRD) FRANCE Via Emilia 1 Ministry of Environment LTHE P53 San Donato Milanese- MI Pl. Imperial Tarraco, 4-4 Grenoble, FRANCE Dr. Sylvia EARLE Milano, ITALY Tarragona, SPAIN Executive Director of the Dr. Ehrlich DESA Global Marine Division Mr. Nuno FERREIRA Dr. Patricia Head of IOC Capacity Conservation International Commander GALLAUGHER Building Washington, DC USA Ministry of Defense Director Intergovernmental Lisbon, PORTUGAL Centre for Coastal Studies, Oceanographic Commission Mr. Charles EHLER Simon Fraser University of UNESCO President Ms. Laure FOURNIER British Columbia, Paris, FRANCE Ocean Visions World Ocean Network, CANADA Annapolis, Maryland, USA Consultant Ms. Dielika DIALLO NAUSICAA, Centre Ms. Nathalie GAMAIN Administrative Officer Ms. Kari EIK National de la Mer Communications Director UNESCO/WHBT Implementation and Boulogne Sur Mer, Marine Aquarium Council Paris, FRANCE Communication Specialist FRANCE FRANCE United Nations Dr. Antonio DI NATALE Development Programme / Dr. Anamarija FRANKIC Dr. Serge Michel GARCIA Scientific Responsible and Global Environment Facility, Advisor to Government of Director, Fishery Resources Secretary General Danube Regional Project Croatia Division, Fisheries Fondazione Acquario di Vienna, AUSTRIA Assistant Professor Department Genova ONLUS University of Food and Agriculture Acquario di Genova – Area Dr. Werner EKAU Massachusetts, Boston, Organization of the United Porto Antico – Ponte Director, International Massachusetts, USA Nations Spinola Ocean Institute – Germany Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Genova, ITALY Zentrum fur Marine Dr. Masa FRANKOVIC Rome, ITALY Tropenokologie PermanentDelegation to Prof. Salif DIOP Fahrenheitstr. 6 UNESCO for Croatia Mr. Guillermo GARCIA Senior Environmental Affairs Bremen, GERMANY Ministry of Foreign Affairs MONTERO Officer A1 Rue Lridllies Presidente United Nations Environment Mr. Fourbi EMMANUEL Paris, FRANCE Comite Oceanografico Programme IRAIN Nacional Nairobi, KENYA Paris, FRANCE Mr. Louis FREBAULT Vice Chair of IOCARIBE Ministre du developpement Habana, CUBA Mr. Henri DJOMBO Mr. Jens ENEMARK des Archipels Minister Secretary General FRENCH POLYNESIA Ms. Carine GENDROT Ministry of Economics, Common Wadden Sea Ministry of Ecology and Fisheries, and Environment Secretariat Prof. David FREESTONE Durable Development CONGO Wilhelmshaven, Deputy General Counsel, (MEDD) GERMANY Advisory Services Paris, FRANCE Ms. Fanny DOUVERE The World Bank Consultant Ms. Elizabethann Washington, DC USA Mr. Hamidreza UNESCO, Man and the ENGLISH GHAFFARZADEH Biosphere Foreign Affairs Specialist/ Ms. Anne FRENETTE Project Manager, Global Paris, FRANCE Knauss Sea Grant Fellow Senior Officer – Environment Facility NOAA Fisheries International Instruments Funded Project, CEPSAP Dr. Maitree Silver Spring, MD, USA Fisheries and Oceans Canada under the Caspian DUANGSAWASDI Ontario, CANADA Environment Programme Director-General Ms. Laura FAXAS United Nations Department of Marine and Ambassador of the Dr. Massmio GABELLINI Development Programme / Coastal Resources Dominican Republic to Department Head United Nations Office for Bangkok 10400 UNESCO Istituto Centrale per la Project Services THAILAND Paris, FRANCE Ricerca Scientifica e Tehran, IRAN tecnologica Applicata al Dr. Alfred DUDA Mare (ICRAM) Ms. Fathimath GHINA Senior Advisor Rome, ITALY Assistant Program Specialist Global Environment Facility UNESCO Secretariat Paris, FRANCE Washington, DC USA

• 66 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Ms. Mariella Ms. Sarah GOTHEIL Ms. N. Barbara Dr. Yves HENOCQUE GIANNETTA Intern – Global Marine HANCHARD European Union Co- Journalist Programme Project Coordinator UNDP- Director and Team Leader Agra Press The World Conservation GEF Oceanic Fisheries Coastal Habitats and Union Management Project Resources Management Mr. Matthew GIANNI Gland, SWITZERLAND Pacific Islands Forum Department of Fisheries Political Advisor Fisheries Agency Kaset Klang, Chatuchak Deep Sea Conservation Mr. Domingos GOVE Honiara, SOLOMON Bangkok, THAILAND Coalition National Director ISLANDS Cliostrant 29V Fisheries Research Institute Dr. Indumathie Amsterdam, Av. Mao Tse Tung Mr. Pham HAO HEWAWASAM NETHERLANDS Maputo, MOZAMBIQUE Deputy Director – General Senior Environmental Department of International Specialist Mr. Tullio GIANNOTTI Dr. Michel GOUJON Law and Treaties, Ministry The World Bank Journalist, ANSA Counselor of Foreign Affairs of Washington, DC USA CNPMEM Vietnam Mr. Xavier GIZARD Paris, FRANCE Hanoi, VIETNAM Mr. Michel HIGNETTE Secretary General President Conference of Peripheral Mr. Jose GOUVEIA Mr. James HARDCASTLE Aquarium de la Porte Doree, Maritime Regions Head of Division Chief Technical Advisor French Union of Aquarium Rennes, FRANCE Portuguese Maritime The Nature Seychelles Curators Authority General Mahe Island, SEYCHELLES Paris, FRANCE Ms. Kristina GJERDE Directorate High Seas Policy Advisor Lisbon, PORTUGAL Dr. Marea E. HATZIOLOS Ms. Shelby IUCN – The World Senior Coastal and Marine HOCKENBERRY Conservation Union Mr. Alistair GRAHAM Specialist Coordinator Konstancin-Chylice, Consultant Environment Department Gerard J. Mangone Center POLAND World Wide Fund for Nature MC5-512 for Marine Policy Cygnet, AUSTRALIA The World Bank 301 Robinson Hall Prof. Bernhard GLAESER Washington, DC USA University of Delaware Professor Mr. Arthur GRAY Delaware, USA Social Science Research Organization of Eastern Ms. Margaret HAYES Center Berlin (W28) Caribbean States (OECS) Director, Office of Oceans Mr. Jens HOFFMANN Berlin, GERMANY Castries, ST. LUCIA Affairs Scientific Assistant U.S. Department of State University of Applied Dr. Marion GLASER Dr. Silvestro GRECO Washington, DC USA Sciences Neubrandenburg Senior Social Scientist Senior Scientist Neubrandenburg, Center for Tropical Marine Istituto Centrale per la Dr. Olive HEFFERNAN GERMANY Ecology Ricerca Scientifica e Associate Editor Bremen, GERMANY tecnologica Applicata al Institute of Marine Mr. Paul HOLTHUS Mare (ICRAM) Engineering, Science and Executive Director Eng. Ernesto Julio Rome, ITALY Technology Marine Aquarium Council GODELMAN London, UNITED Hawaii, USA Chairman Mr. Rusudan GRIGOLIA KINGDOM Center for Development and Filmmaker / Documentalist Dr. Andrew HUDSON Sustainable Fisheries IOI Canada Training Dr. Sherry HEILEMAN Principal Technical Advisor, Buenos Aires, Program Private Consultant International Waters ARGENTINA New York, USA Paris, FRANCE United Nations Development Programme – Dr. Vladimir GOLITSYN Mr. Jean-Didier HACHE Mr. Arlo HEMPHILL Global Environment Facility Director, Division for Ocean Executive Secretary Manager – Global Marine New York, USA Affairs and the Law of the Conference of Peripheral Division Sea Maritime Regions (CPMR) Conservation International Mr. Andrew HURD United Nations Rennes, FRANCE Washington, DC USA Senior Programme New York, USA Coordinator Dr. Stefan HAIN Mr. Stephane HENARD IUCN – The World Mr. Langston James Head, UNEP Coral Reef Head of Aquariology Conservation Union GOREE Unit NAUSICAA, Centre Gland, SWITZERLAND Director United Nations Environment National de la Mer IISD Reporting Services Programme Boulogne Sur Mer Dr. Andrew HURST New York, USA Cambridge, UNITED FRANCE Policy Advisor KINGDOM Environment Canada Quebec, CANADA

• 67 • Mr. Pavlo IGNATENKO Mr. Arnaud JOUVE Mr. Armand Joseph Prof. Pierre LASSERRE Minister Journalist KOKOLO UNESCO/MAB Consultant Ministry of Environmental RFI Consultant Pierre and Marie Curie Protection Paris, FRANCE Ministerie du Transport University – Paris VI Kyiv, UKRAINE Maritime, et de la Marine Paris, FRANCE Mr. Konstantinos Marchande Mr. Sertoli JACOPO KALAMANTIS Brazzaville, CONGO Mr. Tom LAUGHLIN Intern Fisheries Policy Officer Deputy Director Italian Delegation to European Bureau for Prof. Klaus Peter National Oceanic and UNESCO Conservation and KOLTERMANN Atmospheric Administration Paris, FRANCE Development Head of Division, Marine Office of International Brussels, BELGIUM Sciences Coordination Affairs Mr. Elie JARMACHE Bundesamt f. Seeschifffahrt Washington, DC USA Charge de Mission Dr. Askarbai KAMELOV und Hydrographie Secretariat General de la Mer Deputy Director Hamburg, GERMANY Dr. David LEARY Paris, FRANCE Atyrau Brance of Research Associate Lecturer and Production Centre of Mr. Jagdish KOONJUL Centre for Environmental Mr. Doan JEONG Fisheries of the Ministry of Ambassador Law, Macquarie University Project Manager Agriculture of the Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sydney, AUSTRALIA Organization for Economic of Kazakhstan Government House Cooperation and Atyrau, KAZAKHSTAN Port Louis, MAURITIUS Mr. Fabio LEDDA Development Stagiaire Paris, FRANCE Ms. Gugu KANYILE Ms. Tatjana KRILIC Intergovernmental Assistant to Deputy Principal Inspector Oceanographic Commission Ms. Yu JIA Minister Republic of Croatia UNESCO Head of the Law of the Sea Ministry of Environmental Ministry of the Sea, Paris, FRANCE Division Affairs and Tourism Tourism, Transport, and China Institute for Marine Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA Development Mr. Giacomo LESO Affairs Safety of Navigation and Journalist Beijing, P.R. CHINA Ms. Shinuna KARUME Maritime Environment LAZ Assistant Deputy Proection Authority, Mr. Magnus Permanent Delegate Inspection Division Ms. Ellina LEVINA JOHANNESSON Tanzanian Embassy Prisavlje, CROATIA Climate Change Analyst Secretary General Paris, FRANCE Environment Directorate, Ministry for the Mr. Edward KRUSE Organization for Economic Environment Ms. Ingrid KELLING International Affairs Cooperation and ICELAND Fisheries Economist Specialist, Staff Office for Development (OECD) Organization for Economic International Programs Mr. Willie JOHN Cooperation and National Oceanic and Mr. Dinh Ngoc LINH Chief Executive Officer, Development Atmospheric Administration Officer Office of the Minister of Paris, FRANCE Maryland, USA Marine Affairs Department, Marine Resources Ministry of Foreign Affairs Rarotonga, COOK Ms. Lee KIMBALL Mr. Hector-Lysis of Vietnam ISLANDS Advisor KYRIAKIDLS Hanoi, VIETNAM IUCN – The World Manager Dr. David JOHNSON Conservation Union Teledyne R.D. Industries Mr. Thierno LO Head of Maritime and Washington, DC USA Les Nertieres Minister Coastal Studies La Gaude, FRANCE Ministry of Environment Southampton Solent Mr. Aleksey Dakar, University KNIZHNIKOV Ms. Jessica LANDMAN SENEGAL East Park Terrace Envrionmental Programm Senior Counsel, Science and Southampton, Hampshire, Coordinator Policy Mr. Farad LOCATE UNITED KINGDOM Eco Center Zapovedniki SeaWeb / Compass Journalist Moscow, RUSSIA Washington, DC USA RFO Mr. Harry JONAS Paris, FRANCE Writer/Editor Ms. Marjaana Ms. Josephine LANGLEY IISD Reporting Services KOKKONEN Marine Scientist and socio- Mr. Michael LODGE New York, USA Marine Heritage Specialist economic researcher Blue High Sea Task Force UNESCO World Heritage Ventures Conservation Secretariat Counselor Mr. Martin JONES Centre Mauritius/UK/Madagascar Organization for Economic World Ocean Network Paris, FRANCE Beaconsfield, Bucks, Cooperation and representative for Australia UNITED KINGDOM Development Queensland, AUSTRALIA Paris, FRANCE

• 68 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Dr. Ronan LONG Dr. Erika MAGALETTI Mr. Gianpiero Ms. Fiona METTAM Director Senior Research Scientist MARTINOTTI Head, Strategic Policy Team Marine Law & Ocean Policy Istituto Centrale per la Journalist Department for Cnetre Ricerca Scientifica e La Republica Environment, Food, and Galway, IRELAND tecnologica Applicata al Rural Affairs Mare (ICRAM) Mr. Aurora MATEOS London, UNITED Dr. Gennaro LONGO Rome, ITALY IOC Programme Expert KINGDOM Area Chief (Environment) UNESCO/ IOC ICS-UNIDO Dr. Robin MAHON Paris, FRANCE Mr. Carlos MICHELEN Padriciano 99 (c/o Area Director Ambassador Director of Science Park) Centre for Resource Mr. Jose MATHEICKAL Oceanography National Trieste, ITALY Management and Project Manager Globallist Commission Environment Studies International Maritime Av. Independencia #752 Ms. Christy LOPER University of the West Organization Santo Domingo, Knauss Marine Policy Indies London, UNITED DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Fellow Cave Hill, St. Michael, KINGDOM National Oceanic and BARBADOS Mr. Paul MIFSUD Atmospheric Administration Ms. Jane MAURO United Nations Environment Maryland, USA Mr. Fred MAKINDI Biologist Programme / Mediterranean Deputy Permanent Delegate Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. – Action Plan Mr. Stephane LOUHAUR to UNESCO PETROBRAS Athens, GREECE Diplomat Kenya Embassy Paris Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL Ministry for Foreign Affairs Paris, FRANCE Dr. Yuriy Paris, FRANCE Mr. Franklin McDONALD MIKHAYLICHENKO Dr. Vladimir MAMAEV Advisor / Coordinator Consultant Mr. John LOW Regional Technical Advisor United Nations Environment Ministry of Economic Director UNDP / GEF Programme Development and Trade of APA Consultancy Bratislava, SLOVAK Kingston, JAMAICA the Russian Federation Suva, FIJI REPUBLIC Moscow, RUSSIA Ms. Bernice McLEAN Mr. Damiano LUCHETTI Ms. Marijana MANCE Environmental Consultant Dr. Andre-Serge Expert Head of International Johannesburg, SOUTH MIKOUIZA Ministry for Environment Relations Department AFRICA Deputy Director, Executive and Territory Ministry of Environmental Secretary Rome, ITALY Protection, Physical Prof. Jan MEES International Ocean Institute Planning and Conservation Director Operational Center of Mr. Carl Gustaf LUNDIN Zagreb, CROATIA Flanders Marine Insitute Caspian Sea Head, IUCN Marine Wandelaarkaai 7 Astrakhan State Technical Programme Mr. Sami MARROUKI Oostende, BELGIUM University IUCN – The World Immeuble Abou Soufiane, Astrakhan, RUSSIA Conservation Union Tunis, TUNISIA Ms. Janot-Reine Gland, SWITZERLAND MENDLER de SUAREZ Mr. Gerald MILES Ms. Deyna MARSH Deputy Director Senior Advisor Ms. Rejoice Assistant National GEF – IWLEARN The Nature Conservancy MABUDAFHASI Coordinator Massachusetts, USA Brisbane, Queensland, Deputy Minister Cook Islands International AUSTRALIA Ministry of Environmental Waters Project Mr. Steve MENZIES Affairs and Tourism Avarua, Rarotonga, Communications Specialist – Ms. Fernanda MILLICAY Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA COOK ISLANDS International Waters Project 18th Hamilton Shirley Secretariat of the Pacific Amerasinghe Fellowship on Dr. Ismael MADRIGAL- Mr. Atherton MARTIN Regional Environment the Law of the Sea MONARREZ President Programme Buenos Aires, Person Responsible for the Caribbean Conservation Apia, SAMOA ARGENTINA Sector of Sciences Association Permanent Delegation of Roseau, DOMINICA Ms. Anna Maria MERLO- Mr. Jean-Francois Mexico to UNESCO POLI MINSTER Paris, FRANCE Mr. Marc-Antoine Journalist Directeur Scientifique MARTIN Manifesto General General Secretary French Centre National de la Global Environment Facility Recherche Scientifique Agence Frangaise de Paris, FRANCE Deseloppement Paris, FRANCE

• 69 • Mr. Alfredo MIRANDA Mr. Shavhani Dr. Peter NEILL Madame Nelly OLIN Deputy Permanent Delegate MUKWEVHO Director French Minister of the Delegation of Mexico to Deputy Director World Ocean Observatory Environment and Sustainable UNESCO Marine and Coastal New York, USA Development Programme Paris, FRANCE Management Paris, FRANCE Department of Mr. Paul NEMITZ Mr. Ali MOHAMED Environmental Affairs and Deputy Head of the Dr. Iouri OLIOUNINE Coordinator Tourism Maritime Policy Task Force Executive Director NEPAD Coastal & Marine Cape Town, SOUTH European Commission International Ocean Institute Secretariat AFRICA Brussels, BELGIUM University of Malta Nairobi, KENYA Msida, MALTA Ms. Patricia MUÑOZ Dr. Magnus NGOILE Mr. Sebastien Researcher Director General Amb. Rachel OMAMO MONCORPS National Polytechnic National Environment Ambassador Director Institute Management Council Kenya Embassy – Paris Comite francais pour IUCN Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Dar Es Salaam, TANZANIA Paris, FRANCE Paris, FRANCE Secretaria Academica Mexico City, MEXICO Ms. Leah NIMOHO Mr. Brian O’RIORDAN Ms. Jennifer MOONEY International Waters Project Brussels Office Secretary International Policy Analyst Mr. Joseph Konzolo Country Coordinator ICSF-CIAPA Fisheries and Oceans Canada MUNYAO, M.P. Vanuatu Environment Unit Rixensart, BELGIUM Ontario, CANADA Minister VANUATU Ministry of Livestock and Dr. Michael John Ms. Janick MORICEAU Fisheries Mr. C. NOBEL O’TOOLE Vice President: council Nairobi, KENYA Secretariat General SEAat Chief Technical Advisor regional de bretagne France SEAat BCLME Programme FRANCE Ms. Larysa Hellevoesluis, THE (UNOPS) MYRONENKO NETHERLANDS Windhoek, NAMIBIA Mr. Robert MOSS Permanent Delegate Deputy Head of Admiralty Permanent Delegation of Mr. Rudolf NORONHA Mr. Mohamed Mahmoud Consultancy Division of Ukraine to UNESCO Director OULD DAHI United Kingdom Paris, FRANCE Ministry of the President Hydrographic Office Environment of Brazil Clean Beach Admiralty Way Mr. Takehiro Esplanada Dos Ministerios Nouakchott, Somerset, UNITED NAKAMURA Brasilia, BRAZIL MAURITANIA KINGDOM Project Management Officer International Waters Mr. Timothy NOVIELLO Mr. Daniel OWEN Ms. Rahma United Nations Environment Communications Associate Barrister MSHANGAMA Programme for Defying Ocean’s End Fenners Chambers Principal Secretary Nairobi, KENYA Conservation International Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Ministry of Agriculture, Washington, DC USA England, UNITED Livestock, and Environment Mr. Jungho NAM KINGDOM Zanzibar, Senior Researcher Ms. Margarida NUNES TANZANIA Korea Maritime Institute Coastal Management Amb. Albert OWUSU- Seoul, REPUBLIC OF Commissao de Coordenacao SARPONG Ms. Magdalena AK MUIR KOREA e Denvolvimento Regional Ghana Ambassador to Advisory Board Member, do Centro France Ambassade Du Climate Change Mr. Massimo NAVA PORTUGAL Ghana EUCC-Coastal Union Journalist Paris, FRANCE Research Associate Corriere Della Sera Mr. Andreas NYMAN Arctic Institute of North Research Scientist Ms. Viviana PALANCA America Dr. Abdoulaye NDIAYE Galonvaben 48 Officer London, UNITED Head of the Wetlands and Bromma, SWEDEN Ministry for Environment KINGDOM marine Protected Areas and Territory Division Dr. Lennart NYMAN Rome, ITALY National Director of Parks / Former Conservation Ministry of Environment Director, WWF-Sweden Ms. Francesca and Nature Protection Bromma, SWEDEN PALMISANI Dakar, SENEGAL Researcher Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Milan, ITALY

• 70 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Amb. Gunnar PALSSON Dr. Ellen PIKITCH Mr. Peter PROWS Ms. Elisa RAVAIOLI Director of Natural Executive Director Adviser, Law of the Sea Staitaire Resources and Pew Institute for Ocean Permanent Mission of Palau Delegation of the sumes of Environmental Affairs Science to the United Nations; J.M. UNESCO Ministry for Foreign New York, USA Kaplan Fund; NYU Institute Paris, FRANCE Reykjavik, ICELAND for International Law and Ms. Daniela PINTO Justice Ms. Silvano REINA Mr. Francisco PATTO Researcher New York, USA Journalist Diplomatic Attache of the GAE Agenzia Giornalistica Secretary of State for Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL Mr. Gregory Italiana Defense PSYCHOYOS Ministry of Defense Prof. Alain PIQUEMAL Consulting Ms. Saskia RICHARTZ Lisbon, PORTUGAL International Ocean Institute GEA-Cyclades European Union Oceans Govering Board Member Chora Mykonos, GREECE Policy Advisor Mr. Rolph PAYET Faculty of Law Greenpeace European Unit Principal Secretary University of Nice Mr. Jean-Luc PUJOL Brussels, BELGIUM Ministry of Environment Nice, FRANCE Center of Strategy for Prime and Natural Resources Minister Dr. Peter RICKETTS Victoria, Mahe, Mr. Roland PITTAR Paris, FRANCE Professor of Geography SEYCHELLES Minister – Counsellor University of British (Agriculture) Dr. Shaminder PURI Columbia Mr. Lelei PEAU Australian Delegation to the UNEP – DGEF Task British Columbia, Deputy Director, OECD Manager “Groundwater” CANADA Department of Commerce Paris, FRANCE and Liaison to UNESCO American Samoa Coastal United Nations Environment Ms. Lori RIDGEWAY Management Ms. Mary POWER Programme DGEF Director General, Program Manager, Ocean and Islands Paris, FRANCE International Coordination American Samoa Program and Policy Analysis Government South Pacific Geoscience Dr. Folco QUILICI Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pago Pago, AMERICAN Commission President Ontario, CANADA SAMOA Suva, FIJI Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca Scientifica e Mr. Brandon RIFF Ms. Marina N’Deye Prof. Ann POWERS tecnologica Applicata al University of Delaware PEREIRA SILVA Associate Professor Mare (ICRAM) Delaware, USA Independent Consultant – Pace Law School Rome, ITALY Cape Verde, New York, USA Mr. Silvia RITOSSA PORTUGAL Mr. Domenico QUIRICO Biodiversity Policies Mr. Dumitru PREDA Journalist Comite francais pour IUCN Dr. Dierk PETERS Permanent Del. Of Romania La Stampa Paris, FRANCE International Marketing to UNESCO Manager, Deputy Perm. Delegate Ms. Genevieve Cecilia Ms. Julia ROBERSON Sustainability Initiatives, Paris, FRANCE QUIRK Program Associate Frozen Foods Consultant to UNESCO SeaWeb Unilever Deutschland Ms. Judith PRIAM Le Vesinet, FRANCE Paris, FRANCE GmbH PhD, Universite de Hamburg, GERMANY Versailles St. Quentin en Prof. Habib RABBANI Mr. John ROBERTS Yvelines Consultant and Researcher Head, Marine and Ms. Carol PHUA Versailles, FRANCE UNESCO and St. Anne Environment Division Fisheries Policy Officer Hospital University Department for World Wide Fund for Nature Dr. Margi PRIDEAUX Paris, FRANCE Environment, Food and (WWF) European Policy CMS Programme Leader Rural Affairs (Defra) Office Whale and Dolphin Mr. Sachooda London, UNITED Brussels, BELGIUM Conservation Society RAGOONADEN KINGDOM CMS Programme Office, Consultant Dr. Alfredo PICASSO DE South Australia, Mauritius Oceanography Dr. Alex David ROGERS OYAGUE AUSTRALIA Institution Board Member Principal Investigator Counsellor for Scientific and St. Jean British Antarctic Survey Technological Cooperation Quative-Bornes High Cross, Madingley Matters MAURITIUS Road Permanent Delegation of Cambridge, UNITED Peru to UNESCO KINGDOM Paris, FRANCE

• 71 • Ms. Anne ROGERS Dr. Gerald Mr. Naining SHANG Dr. Dann SKLAREW Senior Economist SCHERNEWSKI Head of the General Office Chief Technical Advisor United Nations, Department Chariman of EUCC – The China Institute for Marine GEF IWLEARN of Economic and Social Coastal Union Germany Affairs Washington, DC USA Affairs (DESA), Division (NGO) Beijing, CHINA for Sustainable Development Baltic Sea Research Institute Dr. Hance SMITH New York, USA / EUCC – The Coastal Mr. Sunil Murlidhar Reader Union Germany SHASTRI Cardifff University Prof. Mario RUIVO Rostock, GERMANY Lecturer in Marine Policy Cardiff, UNITED President of the Portuguese Senior Tutor KINGDOM Committee for the Dr. Francois SCHINDELE University of Hull, Intergovernmental Chairman, ITSU Scarborough Campus Mr. Keon-Soo SOHN Oceanographic Commission IOC/International Co- Filey Road Director PORTUGAL ordination Group for the Scarborough, UNITED Ministry of Maritime Tsunami Warning System in KINGDOM Affairs and Fisheries Ms. Kathrin RUNGE the Pacific Seoul, REPUBLIC OF Head of Marketing CEA/DG Prof. John SHEPHERD KOREA Gottfried Friedrichs KG FRANCE FRS Hamburg, GERMANY Tyndall Centre Regional Mr. Leonard Mr. Carl-Christian Assistant Director (South) SONNENSCHEIN Dr. Jeffrey D. SACHS SCHMIDT Southampton Oceanography Chair, Concrete Director Head of Fisheries Division Centre Conservation Field Actions The Earth Institute at Organization for Economic Tyndall Centre (South) Committee Columbia University Cooperation and Southampton Oceanography World Ocean Network New York, USA Devleopment Centre Missouri, USA Paris, FRANCE University of Southampton Ms. Teresa SALADO Waterfront Campus, Mr. Enele SOPOAGA Maiso de UNESCO Mr. Jason SCHOLEY Southampton, Ambassador / Permanent Bureaux M2.25 Commercial Business UNITED KINGDOM Representative of Tuvalu to Paris, FRANCE Development Manager the United Nations United Kingdom Dr. Won-Tae SHIN Permanent Mission of Prof. Joan-Albert Hydrographic Office Deputy Director Tuvalu to the United SANCHEZ-CABEZA Admiralty Way Ministry of Maritime Nations Laboratory Head Taunton, Somerset, Affairs and Fisheries New York, USA IAEA-MEL UNITED KINGDOM Seoul, REPUBLIC OF Monaco, MONACO KOREA Dr. Timothy Dr. Giusto SCIARABBA STOJANOVIC Ms. Francesca SANTORO Managing Director Mr. Brian SHIPMAN Research Associate PhD Student ICS-UNIDO Consultant Cardiff Univerity University Ca’ Foscari Trieste, ITALY AVAL Global Cardiff, UNITED Isola di San Servolo Avallennek, Gulval Cross KINGDOM Venice, ITALY Mr. Tullio SCOVAZZI Penzance, Cornwall, Professor UNITED KINGDOM Prof. Juan SUAREZ-DE Mr. Surachai University of Milano – VIVERO SASISUWAN Bicocca Amb. N. Maria SIBANDA- Head Department, Human Chief of Inspector General Milano, ITALY THUSI Geography Ministry of Natural Ambassador of South Africa University of Seville Resources and Environment Mr. Miguel SEQUEIRA RSA Embassy Paris Seville, SPAIN Bangkok, THAILAND Responsible for the Paris, FRANCE Structure of Mission for the Mr. Vincent SWEENEY Mr. Diouf SATTA Sea Affairs Mr. Zoran SIKIC Executive Director IRIAN Permanent Delegation of Assistant Minister Caribbean Environmental Paris, FRANCE Portugal to UNESCO Ministry of Culture, Nature Health Institute Lisbon, PORTUGAL Protection Directorate Castries, ST. LUCIA Ms. Renee SAUVE Zagreb, CROATIA Director – International Mr. Giovanni SERFINI Ms. Despina SYMONS Biodiversity Policy Journalist Mr. Francois SIMARD Director Fisheries and Oceans Canada Il Resto Del Carlino, Marine Programme EBCD Ontario, CANADA Nazione Coordinator Buxelles, BELGIUM IUCN – The World Conservation Union Campanillas, SPAIN

• 72 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Ms. Stephanie Prof. Stefano TINTI Mr. Dirk TROOST Mr. Philippe VALLETTE TACHOIRES Chair ICG/NEAMTWS Chief, Environment & World Ocean Network, Co- Counselor University of Bologna, Development in Coastal chair CNPMEM Department of Physics Regions & in Small General Manager Paris, FRANCE Bologna, ITALY Islands Platform (CSI) NAUSICAA, Centre United Nations National de la Mer Ms. Yumiko TANAKA Dr. James TOBEY Educational, Scientific & Boulogne Sur Mer, Research Fellow Coastal Resources Center Cultural Organization FRANCE Ocean Policy Research University of Rhode Island (UNESCO) 1, rue Miollis Foundation Rhode Island, USA Paris, FRANCE Mr. Cees VAN de Tokyo, JAPAN GUCHTE Mr. Chris TOMPKINS Dr. Ivica TRUMBIC Program Officer Ms. Norma TAYLOR- Marine and Waterways Director United Nations Environment ROBERTS Division UNEP/MAP Priority Programme / Global Deputy Permanent Department for Actions Programme Programme of Acion Representative to the United Environment, Food and Regional Activity Centre Coordination Office Nations, Jamaica Permanent Rural Affairs (PAP/RAC) THE NETHERLANDS Mission of Jamaica to the UNITED KINGDOM Split, CROATIA United Nations Ms. Fabienne New York, USA Dr. Cesar TORO Dr. Scott TRUVER VANDERSTRAETEN Secretary for IOCARIBE Group Vice President, CSSO Legal Adviser Mr. Kristian TELEKI Intergovernmental Anteon Corporation Flemish Environment Director Oceanographic Commission Washington, DC USA Ministry International Coral Reef (UNESCO) Brussels, BELGIUM Action Network Cartegena, COLOMBIA Ms. Khulood TUBAISHAT Cambridge, UNITED Advisor Dr. David KINGDOM Ms. Isabel TORRES de The Regional Organization VANDERZWAAG NORONHA for the Conservation of the Research Chair, Ocean, Mr. Nojine THOMAS Advisor Environment of the Red Sea Land and Governance IRIAN Community of Portuguese and Gulf of Aden Professor, Dalhousie Paris, FRANCE Speaking Nations (CPLP) Jeddah, SAUDI ARABIA Marine and Oceans Policy Environmental Institute Dr. Halldor University of Delaware Dr. Leonardo TUNESI Nova Scotia, CANADA THORGEIRSSON College of Marine Studies Head of the Deparment, Deputy Executive Secretary Delaware, USA Marine Habitates and Dr. Veerle VANDEWEERD United Nations Framework Biodiversity Protection Coordinator Convention on Climate Mr. Sebastien TREYER ICRAM United Nations Environment Change Futures Studies Analyst Roma, ITALY Programme / Global Bonn, GERMANY French Ministry for Ecology Programme of Action and Sustainable Ms. Vaia TUUHIA Coordination Office Captain James Development Member of Delegation THE NETHERLANDS THORNBERRY Paris, FRANCE Delegation de la Polynesie Attache Naval pres Francaise Dr. Marie-Christine l’Ambassade du Perou en Mr. Fernando Brussels, BELGIUM VAN KLAVEREN France TRINDADE Executive Secretary Paris, FRANCE Expert and Assistant Mr. Erik UANDIKOV Accorama, MONACO Technical Vice Minister Ms. Virginie TILOT Project GCLME (Golf The Ministry of Mr. Silvio VETRANO Consultant to IOC Courant) Environmental Protection Officer UNESCO Praca de Amizade Entre Astana City, Ministry for Environment Paris, FRANCE os Povos REPUBLIC OF and Territory Sao Tome KAZAKHSTAN Rome, ITALY Dr. Geoffrey TINGLEY SAO TOME AND Business Development PRINCIPE Mr. Umit UNLUATA Dr. Marjo VIERROS Manager Head, Ocean Science Section Programme Officer, Marine Centre for Environment, Ocean Sciences Section and Coastal Biodiversity Fisheries and Aquaculture Intergovernmental Secretariat of the Science Oceanographic Commission, Convention on Biological Lowestoft, UNITED UNESCO Diversity KINGDOM FRANCE Montreal, CANADA

• 73 • Dr. Nguyen VIET THANG Ms. Dolores WESSON Mr. Ivan ZAVADSKY Vice-Minister Director, Coastal Storms, Regional Programme Vietnam Ministry of South California Director Fisheries Scripps Institution of United Nations Hanoi, VIETNAM Oceanography Development Programme, California, USA Global Environment Facility Dr. Ivica VILIBIC Danube, Black Sea Regional Scientist Mr. Tim WILKINS Programme Institute of Oceanography Environmental Manager Vienna, AUSTRIA and Fisheries Regional Manager: Cyprus, Split, CROATIA Greece, and Turkey Mr. Qiulin ZHOU INTERTANKO Research Fellow Dr. Patrick VINCENT London, UNITED Third Institute of Institut Francais de KINGDOM Oceanography, SOA Recherche pour Fujian, CHINA l’exploitation de la Mer Ms. Lindsey WILLIAMS FRANCE Graduate Student Graduate College of Marine Dr. Georgy VOLOVIK Studies Manager of Project University of Delaware Implementation Unit Delaware, USA United Nations Office for Project Services, United Ms. Fiona WILMOT Nations Development Sanctuary Advisory Council Programme – Global Coordinator Environment Facility, Black Florida Keys National Sea Ecosystem Recovery Marine Sanctuary Project Florida, USA Dolmabahce Sarayi, II.Hareket Kosku Ms. Jennifer WINSTON Istanbul, TURKEY International Affairs Specialist Ms. LaVerne WALKER National Oceanic and Global Forum on Oceans, Atmospheric Administration Coasts, and Islands Washington, DC USA UNDOALOS Nippon Foundation Fellow Ms. Kateryna WOWK Rodney Bay, ST. LUCIA Graduate Student Graduate College of Marine Dr. Mara WARWICK Studies Sr. Urban Environment University of Delaware Specialist Delaware, USA East Asia Urban Development Sector Unit Mr. John YOUNG World Bank Marine Sound Management Washington, DC USA Team Coordinator ExxonMobil Exploration Dr. Jason WEEKS Company International Project Texas, USA Manager Centre for Environment, Dr. Ademilson ZAMBONI Fisheries and Aquaculture Integrated Coastal Zone Science Management Program Pakefield Road Coordinator Lowestoft, UNITED Ministry of Environment KINGDOM Esplanada Dos Ministerios Bloco B Ms. Amanda WENCZEL Brasilia, BRAZIL Graduate Student Graduate College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Delaware USA

• 74 • JANUARY 23-28, 2006, UNESCO, PARIS

Cover design and layout by Jorge Gutierrez Lara

Photos courtesy of IISD/Earth Negotiations Bulletin http://www.iisd.cs/ymb/globaloceans3/

• 75 • http://www.globaloceans.org/