Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2011
SRG 65/10 & COM 64/15
Prepared for the European Commission Directorate General E - Environment ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements
by the
United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre
October 2013
PREPARED FOR
The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
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CITATION UNEP-WCMC (2013). Analysis of European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2011. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction ...... 4 II. Summary of EU trade in 2011 ...... 6 III. Species showing noteworthy trends ...... 9 A. Data included ...... 9 B. Selection criteria ...... 10 C. Species selected ...... 12 IV. Species valuation ...... 55 A. Overall value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species in 2011 55 B. Key commodities imported by the EU by value ...... 57 C. Value by EU Annex ...... 60 D. Value of timber imports ...... 61 V. Exports and re-exports ...... 63 A. European Union (re-)exports ...... 63 B. Candidate countries ...... 77 VI. Non-CITES trade ...... 79 Annex A – CITES purpose and source codes ...... 82 Annex B – Glossary of terms ...... 83 Annex C – Conversion factors ...... 83 Annex D – Country name abbreviations ...... 83 Annex E - Valuation methodology overview ...... 84
3
Introduction
I. Introduction
This analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the information submitted by the Member States of the European Union (EU) and candidate countries (Figure 1.1) in their 2011 annual reports to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In 2011 there were 27 Member States and five candidate countries. It describes their trade in species listed in the Appendices to CITES and the Figure 1.1: EU Member States and candidate countries in 2011 © European Commission Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade
Regulations, which enforce CITES in the EU.
During 2011, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation (EU) No 338/97 amended by (EC) No 709/2010, and Implementing Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 amended by (EC) No 100/2008.
Data on trade between EU Member States, trade in artificially propagated Appendix II plants and re-exports of manufactured articles were excluded from the analysis. Trade recorded as a seizure/confiscation (source ‘I’) was also excluded, as reporting is inconsistent and incomplete within the CITES Trade Database. Where appropriate, conversion factors were applied to terms and units to facilitate analysis (see Annex C).
Throughout the text, certain country names have been abbreviated; a key to these abbreviations is provided in Annex D.
A. Annual reports included The 2011 data used for the analysis were taken from the CITES Trade Database on the 8th of April 20131, following the submission of CITES annual reports by Member States and key trading partners.
Table 1.1 lists the 74 non-EU CITES Parties and dependent territories (including all five candidate countries) that had submitted their annual reports for 2011 at the time of the analysis.
1 Annual reports for 2011 were received from two candidate countries after this date (FYR Macedonia and Iceland), and the data has been included in the analysis.
4 Introduction
Table 1.1: Third-party CITES annual reports for 2011 available at the time of analysis (8th April 2013). Countries and Basis of Countries and Basis of Territories reporting Territories reporting Argentina -- Norway Actual trade Armenia* Permits issued Oman -- Aruba (NL) -- Pakistan -- Azerbaijan Permits issued Panama -- Bangladesh -- Papua New Guinea* Permits issued Belarus -- Paraguay* Permits issued Benin* -- Peru Actual trade Bonaire* Actual trade Qatar -- Permits issued/ Russia Permits issued Chile Actual trade Rwanda -- China Permits issued Serbia Permits issued Colombia Permits issued Seychelles* Permits issued Permits issued/ Sierra Leone -- Costa Rica Actual trade Singapore Permits issued Permits issued/ Croatia South Africa Permits issued Actual trade St Kitts & Nevis* -- Dominican Republic Permits issued Suriname Actual trade Permits issued/ El Salvador Swaziland -- Actual trade Switzerland -- Ethiopia* -- Syrian Arab Republic Permits issued Permits issued/ Georgia Tanzania* Actual trade Actual trade Thailand -- Permits issued/ Guyana The Former Yugoslav Actual trade -- Republic of Macedonia§ Honduras*^ -- Togo* Permits issued Hong Kong (CN) Permits issued Permits issued/ Trinidad and Tobago Iceland§ -- Actual trade Indonesia* Permits issued Turkey* -- Japan◊ Permits issued United Arab Emirates Actual trade Jordan -- United States Actual trade Kenya Permits issued Uruguay* Permits issued Kuwait Permits issued Permits issued/ Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan* -- Actual trade Liberia* -- Venezuela -- Macao (CN) Permits issued Viet Nam Permits issued Permits issued/ Madagascar Zambia Permits issued Actual trade Zimbabwe* -- Malaysia Actual trade Key: *reporting exports only; **reporting Mali Permits issued imports only; ◊includes introductions from Permits issued/ Mexico the sea; ^provisional report; § candidate Actual trade country report received after data extraction Monaco Permits issued but included in the analysis; ‘--‘not specified Montenegro** -- Morocco Permits issued Myanmar Permits issued Namibia* Actual trade Nepal* -- New Zealand Permits issued
5 Summary of EU trade in 2011
II. Summary of EU trade in 2011
This report provides a detailed analysis of the information submitted by the Member States of the European Union2 and candidate countries3 in their 2011 annual reports to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). Annual reports to CITES contain information on trade in species listed in the CITES Appendices and the Annexes of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent updates. This analysis includes data from all 27 EU Member States and all five candidate countries (Croatia, Iceland, Montenegro, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey) that had submitted their annual reports for 2011 at the time of writing (July 2013).
All trade data submitted by EU Member States in their 2011 annual reports to CITES is available via the CITES Trade Database4 and also via the 2011 EU Annual Report to CITES, which is available to download on the EU Analysis website: http://euanalysis2011.unep- wcmc.org/.
Noteworthy patterns of trade
The number of taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade in 2011 was slightly greater than in 2010, with 56 of the same taxa selected as in 2010. CITES trade data for 2011, as reported by EU Member States and candidate countries, were analysed to identify taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade. The selection process included imports reported as wild-sourced, ranched or source ‘unknown’, or reported without a source specified. Imports were considered noteworthy according to Box 2.1: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns in 2011 four criteria: EU: Candidate countries: Mammals: 19 Hippopotamus amphibius* High volume of imports in 2011; Birds: 2 Lycalopex griseus* Sharp increase in imports in Reptiles: 16 Lycalopex gymnocercus* 2011; Fish: 2 Lynx rufus* Overall increases or decreases in Invertebrates: 41 Lontra canadensis* Plants: 9 Arctocephalus pusillus imports between 2002 and 2011; Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Long-term variability in imports Psittacus erithicus between 2002 and 2011. Python reticulatus* In total, 89 taxa were selected on the *Also selected on the basis of EU imports basis of a high volume of trade and/or a sharp or overall increase in trade reported by EU Member States. For species that have been newly selected through this year’s analysis, detailed summaries of the trade in these species
2 “Member States of the European Union” hereafter referred to as EU, EU Member States or European Union. 3 Five countries were candidate countries to the EU in 2011: Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Turkey. 4 http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/citestrade/trade.cfm
6 Summary of EU trade in 2011
are provided. For species selected in the 2010 analysis, a shorter summary focussing on 2011 trade levels has been included, with any updates since last year’s summary.
Nine taxa met the criteria for selection on the basis of a high volume of trade or sharp increase in trade reported by candidate countries, all of which are Annex B species (Box 2.1).
Species valuation
The value of EU imports in 2011 of CITES-listed animals and animal products (excluding caviar extract) was estimated at USD662 million.
To estimate the monetary value of EU imports of CITES-listed species in 2011, species- specific value data (submitted to United States Customs and included within the United States annual report to CITES) adjusted for inflation was applied to EU-reported import volumes.
Excluding caviar extract, the value of animal imports in 2011 was estimated at approximately US$662 million (~EUR499 million), with reptile parts and derivatives accounting for 74% of this value. The main commodities in trade (again excluding caviar extract) were leather products (41%), skins (31%), raw corals (9%) and live animals (5%), amongst others. A significant proportion of the overall value of the trade to the EU appears to be in high value, luxury goods.
When caviar extract was analysed, the value of imports into the EU of this high-end item was estimated at US$3.6 billion. The high value for caviar extract used in this analysis is based on the median of over 400 value records from the US Customs Dataset spanning 2007- 2011, with adjustments made for inflation, so it is unlikely that this value in erroneous, although further investigation may be merited. When caviar extract is included, the total value of CITES-listed animals and animal products imported by the EU in 2011 was estimated at USD4.3 billion (USD4 268 015 000 or ~EUR3.2 billion).
Exports and re-exports
Tridacna maxima was the species that was exported at the highest levels from the wild; live sturgeon eggs, live invertebrates and reptile skin pieces were (re)-exported at the highest volumes overall. In 2011, the EU and candidate countries exported captive-bred and artificially propagated specimens of many species, in addition to a small number of wild-collected native species.
Exports of wild-collected CITES-listed species native to the EU (Box 2.2) were mainly reported for scientific and commercial/hunting trophy purposes. With the exception of two transactions, all CITES Appendix I/Annex A species were (re-)exported for scientific or medicinal purposes.
7 Summary of EU trade in 2011
Both the EU and candidate countries act as Box 2.2: Exports of wild collected entrepôts for non-manufactured parts; some taxa from the EU in 2011 products and live specimens imported from Mammals: 22 Annex A taxa producer nations, as well as products originating 4 Annex B species within the EU and candidate countries are (re-) Birds: 5 Annex A species 1 Annex B species exported at high Reptiles: 1 Annex A species Box 2.3: High volume (re-) volumes (Box 2.3). exports from the EU in Fish: 1 Annex B species 2011 Much of the high Invertebrates: 2 Annex B species Corals: 4 Annex B taxa volume trade was in Mammal taxa: 12 Plants: 1 Annex B species Bird taxa: 10 (re-)exports of non- Timber 1 Annex B species Reptile taxa: 19 native species. Amphibian taxa: 0 Fish taxa: 10 Mammals, plants and fish were traded under a variety of Invertebrate taxa: 4 terms, whereas high volume trade in birds was Plant taxa: 4 predominantly in feathers and live animals, reptiles were Timber taxa: 7 mainly traded as skins and skin pieces and invertebrate trade was principally live individuals.
Trade in non-CITES species
Imports: mainly reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives of Annex D species. Imports of live animals also recorded Exports: primarily live, captive bred Columba livia exported for commercial purposes. EU imports of non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes in 2011 principally comprised Annex D reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives, the majority of which were reported without a source specified. Trade in live animals was also recorded for twenty-four taxa, with two species (Physignathus cocincinus and Pterapogon kauderni) imported at levels exceeding 5000 individuals. Trade was principally for commercial purposes or reported without a Box 2.4: Main non-CITES, Annex D species imported by purpose specified. The primary Annex D species in trade the EU in 2011 were reptiles, fish and plants (Box 2.4). Homalopsis buccata Elaphe carinata Imports of three non-CITES Annex A and B taxa were Elaphe radiata recorded by the EU in 2011; the majority of transactions Physignathus cocincinus Pterapogon kauderni comprised live Trachemys scripta elegans imported for Harpagophytum procumbens scientific purposes. Harpagophytum spp. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Five non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes were recorded as (re-)exported in 2011, with majority of trade in live, captive-bred Columba livia exported directly for commercial purposes at levels more than double those exported in 2010.
8 Species showing noteworthy trends
III. Species showing noteworthy trends
This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries in 2011 that showed noteworthy trade patterns, according to one or more of the following criteria: high volume of trade in 2011, high volume of trade in globally threatened species in 2011, sharp increase in trade in 2011 and overall increases or decreases in trade between 2002 and 2011. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below.
A. Data included In the process of selection of species for discussion in this section, only imports from wild, ranched and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported without a source specified, were considered. Scientific specimens, which often refer to blood, tissue etc., and other terms that could not easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g. feathers, hair), were not used as part of the selection process. However, some discussion of the volume of trade in these terms is included if a species was selected for further review based on other terms imported.
In addition to the conversion factors applied to all trade data (see Annex B), the following conversion factors were applied to the data used to select highly traded species so that certain terms could be more easily equated to numbers of individuals (Table 3.1).
Table 3.1: Conversion factors applied to data used to select highly traded species. Converted from: Converted to: Elephant tusks No. individuals [1.88 tusks = one elephant (Parker and Martin, 19825)] Hippopotamus teeth No. individuals [12 teeth = one hippopotamus]
5 Parker, I.S.C. and Martin, E.B. (1982). How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade? Oryx 16 (3): 235- 239.
9 Species showing noteworthy trends
B. Selection criteria The criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade are summarised in Figure 3.1, followed by a detailed description of each criterion. Species were selected for discussion if they met at least one of the criteria.
Is 2011 trade minimum trade Yes Select as a level? ‘High volume’ species
Is the species globally threatened? Yes Select as a ‘High volume AND is 2011 trade minimum (globally threatened)’ trade level? species
Is 2011 trade over three times the
mean of the preceding five years Yes Select as a species (2006-2010)? showing a EU imports from AND is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum ‘Sharp increase’ wild, ranched, trade level? unknown and ‘blank’ sources only Is slope/mean of trade data over ten years +0.15 or -0.15? Select as a species AND is goodness of fit (R²) 0.75? Yes showing an AND IF slope +0.15, is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum trade level? ‘Overall increase /
AND IF slope -0.15, is decrease’ 2011 trade >0?
Is Coefficient of Variation > 2 ? AND is total trade over ten years > 100? Yes Select as a species AND are there more than five years showing with non-zero trade? ‘High variability’ AND is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum trade level?
Figure 3.1: Criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade.
10 Species showing noteworthy trends
1. High volume Species qualified for selection on the basis of ‘high volume’ trade if imports during 2011 exceeded pre-determined thresholds based on taxa-wide assumptions of general reproductive biology (Table 3.2).
Table 3.2: Minimum number of wild, ranched, source ‘unknown’ and source ‘blank’ individuals imported in 2011 needed to qualify for selection on the basis of high trade volume. Taxonomic group CITES Appendix I II II III III CR, EN, VU, NT* CR, EN, VU, NT* Mammals 50 50 5000 50 25000 Birds 50 50 5000 50 25000 Reptiles 50 50 25000 50 50000 Amphibians 50 50 25000 50 50000 Fish 50 50 25000 50 — Invertebrates (non-corals) 250 250 25000 250 50000 Corals — 10000 25000 10000 50000 Plants (non-tree) 250 250 25000 250 50000 Plants (trees) 250 m³ 250 m³ 500 m³ 250 m³ 2500 m³ * CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened in IUCN Red List
High volume (Globally threatened)
The ‘high volume’ trade thresholds (Table 3.2) were adjusted for all species categorised as Critically Endangered (‘CR’), Endangered (‘EN’), Vulnerable (‘VU’) or Near Threatened (‘NT’) in the 2013 IUCN Red List of threatened species.
2. Sharp increase Species qualified for selection on the basis of a sharp increase in trade if the volume of importer-reported imports during 2011 was more than three times the average trade volume of the preceding five-year period (2006-2010).
Species that, despite a sharp increase in trade, were still only traded in very low volumes (i.e. less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status (Table 3.2)), were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Newly-listed species meeting this criterion artificially due to the absence of trade records in previous years were also excluded.
3. Overall increase or decrease General trends in trade for each species over the ten-year period 2002-2011 were identified by calculating the slope of a best-fit linear function to the trade data. For the purpose of comparison between species, the value of the slope was divided by the mean level of trade (for the ten-year period in question) for each species. Values greater than +0.15 and lower than –0.15 were considered large slopes. The goodness of fit of the trend-line was also taken into consideration; only species with R2 values greater than 0.75 were retained in the final selection.
11 Species showing noteworthy trends
Species that, despite an overall increase in trade, were only traded in very low volumes (i.e. less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status (Table 3.2)), were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Similarly, species selected on the basis of an overall decrease in trade for which there was no trade in 2011 were excluded. In addition, where it is clear that a species qualified artificially on the basis of an overall decrease due to a taxonomic change (e.g. a species split into two or more separate species), these species were also excluded after closer scrutiny.
4. High variability Variability was quantified using the coefficient of variation (the standard deviation divided by the mean) of the data over the ten-year period 2002-2011. Taxa were selected on the basis of this criterion if levels of trade showed a coefficient of variation higher than +2.
Only species with non-zero data points in six or more years 2002-2011 were considered for selection. In the case of species added to the CITES Appendices within the period of analysis, only the years since its listing were analysed where a minimum of five years of trade data were available. Species that were traded in very low volumes (less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status (Table 3.2), or totalling less than 100 units over the ten-year period) were also excluded.
C. Species selected A summary of the species that were selected for review according to the criteria outlined above is provided in Table 3.3. In total, 21 mammal, four bird, 16 reptile, two fish, five invertebrate (other than coral), 36 coral, and nine plant (including four tree) taxa were selected on the basis of high volume of trade, sharp increase and changing trends in trade by EU Member States and candidate countries.
The sections that follow provide information on the EU trade 2002-2011 for each of the taxa selected as presented in Table 3.3. Details of trade in species selected for review based on candidate country data are included at the end of this chapter. Where a species was selected in 2010, a shorter summary of trade is provided in this year’s analysis which provides details of the 2011 trade and includes any additional relevant information (e.g. SRG opinions, etc) that is new since the 2010 summary was compiled. In the case of corals, summaries are only provided where the coral was selected on the basis of trade reported at the species level. More detail is provided for the remaining species, including information on the criteria met, the principal trade terms (trophies, skins, etc.), the principal source of imports (wild, captive, etc), the main EU/candidate country importers, the main trading partners exporting the species to the EU/candidate countries, and the CITES Appendix and IUCN Red List status for each species. As reporting is inconsistent and incomplete within the CITES Trade Database, imports recorded as seizures/confiscations (source ‘I’) are not discussed in this section.
12 Species showing noteworthy trends
Table 3.3: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade in 2011 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade, overall increase or decrease in trade, and high variability in trade. IUCN Selected in Selected in Annex Taxon Common name Selection Criteria Red List 2009? 2010? ANNEX A A Panthera pardus Leopard NT High volume (GT) A Monodon monoceros Narwhal NT High volume (GT) High volume (GT), A Equus hemionus hemionus Mongolian Wild Ass EN* x sharp increase Mammals High volume (GT), A Equus przewalskii Przewalski’s Horse EN x x sharp increase A/B Ceratotherium simum simum Southern White Rhinoceros NT Sharp increase x x A/B Loxodonta africana African Elephant VU High volume (GT) A Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle LC Overall increase x x Birds A Struthio camelus Ostrich LC Sharp increase x x ANNEX B B Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus VU High volume (GT)♦ B Pecari tajacu Collared Peccary LC High volume B Tayassu pecari White-lipped Peccary NT High volume (GT) B Lycalopex griseus South American Grey Fox LC High volume♦ ♦ B Lycalopex gymnocercus Pampa Fox LC High volume◊ x x B Lynx canadensis Canada Lynx LC High volume x High volume; B Lynx rufus Bobcat LC ♦ Mammals sharp increase◊ A/B Panthera leo African Lion VU High volume (GT) High volume; B Lontra canadensis North American Otter LC sharp increase◊ B Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal LC High volume◊ ◊ B Ursus maritimus Polar Bear VU High volume (GT) B Pteropus vampyrus Large Flying-fox NT High volume (GT) x x B Equus zebra hartmannae Hartmann's Mountain Zebra VU High volume (GT) x
13 Species showing noteworthy trends
IUCN Selected in Selected in Annex Taxon Common name Selection Criteria Red List 2009? 2010? Southern White A/B Ceratotherium simum simum NT High volume (GT) x x Mammals Rhinoceros (cont.) B Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon LC Overall increase x x A/B Loxodonta africana African Elephant VU High volume (GT) Cyanoramphus B Red-fronted Parakeet VU High volume (GT) ◊ x x Birds novaezelandiae B Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot VU High volume (GT) ◊ x x B Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator LC High volume South America Spectacled B Caiman crocodilus crocodilus LC High volume§ x x Caiman A/B Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile LC Overall increase x B Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor - High volume x B Varanus salvator Water Monitor LC High volume Reptiles B Python brongersmai Blood Python LC High volume x x B Python regius Royal Python LC High volume High volume; B Python reticulatus Reticulated Python - sharp increase◊ B Chelonoidis denticulata Brazilian Giant Tortoise VU High volume (GT) B Kinixys homeana Home's Hinge-back Tortoise VU High volume (GT) High volume (GT), B Testudo horsfieldii Afghan Tortoise VU overall increase B Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Sand Sturgeon VU High volume (GT) Fish B Polyodon spathula Paddlefish VU High volume (GT) B Ornithoptera croesus Wallace's Golden Birdwing EN High volume (GT) B Ornithoptera rothschildi Rothschild's Birdwing VU High volume (GT) x Invertebrates B Hirudo medicinalis Medicinal Leech NT High volume (GT) (non-coral) B Tridacna maxima Small Giant Clam NT High volume (GT) B Strombus gigas Queen Conch - High volume Corals B Scleractinia spp. Stony Corals - High volume
14 Species showing noteworthy trends
IUCN Selected in Selected in Annex Taxon Common name Selection Criteria Red List 2009? 2010? High volume (GT), B Catalaphyllia jardinei Elegant Coral VU Sharp increase B Euphyllia ancora Anchor Coral VU High volume (GT) B Euphyllia divisa Frogspawn Coral NT Sharp increase x B Euphyllia glabrescens - NT High volume (GT) x High volume (GT), B Plerogyra sinuosa Bladder Coral NT x x Sharp increase High volume (GT), B Duncanopsammia axifuga Whisker Coral NT Sharp increase B Turbinaria reniformis Yellow Scroll Coral VU Sharp increase x x B Caulastraea furcata Finger Coral - Sharp increase x x Sharp increase, B Favia spp. Knob Corals - x Overall increase B Favites spp. Larger Star Corals - Sharp increase x Corals (cont.) B Goniastrea spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Leptastrea spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Moseleya latistellata - VU Sharp increase B Platygyra spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Fungia spp. Mushroom Corals - Sharp increase x x B Lithophyllon undulatum - NT Sharp increase x B Acanthastrea lordhowensis - NT Overall increase x B Acanthastrea spp. - - Overall increase x B Acanthophyllia deshayesiana - NT Sharp increase x x B Australomussa rowleyensis - NT Sharp increase x x B Blastomussa merleti Branched Cup Coral LC Sharp increase x x High volume (GT), B Cynarina lacrymalis Cat's-eye Coral NT Sharp increase
15 Species showing noteworthy trends
IUCN Selected in Selected in Annex Taxon Common name Selection Criteria Red List 2009? 2010? B Lobophyllia spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Scolymia spp. - - Overall increase x B Scolymia australis Button Coral LC Sharp increase B Symphyllia spp. - - Overall increase x x B Echinophyllia spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Mycedium elephantotus - LC Sharp increase x x Corals (cont.) B Oxypora spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Pocillopora spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Stylophora spp. - - Sharp increase x x B Goniopora spp. - - Sharp increase x B Goniopora stokesi Flowerpot Coral NT High volume (GT) B Porites spp. - - Overall increase x B Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Crater Coral NT High volume (GT) x B Galanthus elwesii Greater Snowdrop - High volume B Galanthus woronowii Green Snowdrop - High volume High volume, B Euphorbia antisyphilitica Candelilla - Plants Sharp increase B Euphorbia primulifolia - VU High volume (GT) x x High volume, B Aloe ferox Aloe - Sharp increase B Pericopsis elata African Teak EN High volume (GT) Trees B Prunus africana African Cherry VU High volume (GT) x B Aquilaria filaria - - Sharp increase x x B Gonystylus bancanus Ramin VU High volume (GT) ANNEX C Mammals C Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck NT High volume (GT) x x
16 Species showing noteworthy trends
IUCN Selected in Selected in Annex Taxon Common name Selection Criteria Red List 2009? 2010? C Cerberus rynchops Dog-faced Water Snake LC Sharp increase x x C Graptemys ouachitensis Ouachita Map Turtle LC Sharp increase x x Reptiles C Graptemys pseudogeographica False Map Turtle LC High volume High volume (GT), C Mauremys reevesii Reeve’s Turtle EN x x Sharp increase C Mauremys sinensis Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle EN Sharp increase x Key: Within the IUCN column, ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘EN’ = Endangered, ‘VU’= Vulnerable, ‘NT’= Near Threatened, ‘LC’= Least Concern and ‘-’= not evaluated; * = assessed as Equus hemionus; § = assessed as Caiman crocodilus. Within the Selection Criteria, High volume (GT) = High volume (globally threatened), ◊ = met the criteria based on candidate countries' trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries' trade.
17 Species showing noteworthy trends
1. Species selected on the basis of EU imports
Annex A
MAMMALS Panthera pardus (Leopard) As in 2010, this species was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and primarily comprised wild-sourced trophies and trophy items. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (234 trophies, ten skins, eight skulls, three bodies and one skeleton) equated to approximately 256 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that three of the skins were imported on the same permits as other trophy items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 253. This represents a decrease of 7% relative to 2010. As in 2010, wild-sourced trophies and trophy items primarily originated in Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Namibia.
Monodon monoceros (Narwhal) In 2011, M. monoceros was again selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species. Trade originating in Greenland is treated as belonging to Annex B, assuming that the proper domestic licensing procedures were followed6. In 2011, Annex B trade primarily consisted of 74 wild-sourced carvings and 54 tusks traded for personal purposes; trade in these terms decreased by 68% and 27%, respectively, compared to 2010. As in 2010, the remaining Annex A trade was all imported directly from Canada and primarily comprised wild-sourced tusks (56 tusks and 3.1 kg tusks) and teeth (13 teeth); trade in these terms combined remained at similar levels between 2010 and 2011. A positive opinion for Canada was removed on 30/06/2009. The species was reviewed for SRG 51, which indicated concerns regarding overexploitation and lack of information on population sizes and sustainable catch levels for the Greenland population. Greenland introduced a ban on the export of M. monoceros products in 2006; a former negative opinion for Greenland was removed on 16/02/2010, replaced with a ‘no opinion’ with all applications to be referred to the SRG.
Equus hemionus hemionus (Mongolian Wild Ass) This species, as in 2010, was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and a sharp increase in trade. EU imports consisted of 90 wild- sourced skulls imported directly from Mongolia for scientific purposes. All trade over the ten year period 2002-2011 was for scientific purposes (2004: 250 skulls; 2010: 50 skulls).
6 in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 2724/2000 and Regulation (EU) No. 709/2010 (applicable from 22 July 2010), all Appendix II Cetacea “including products and derivatives other than meat products for commercial purposes, taken by the people of Greenland under licence granted by the competent authority concerned” are treated as belonging to Annex B.
19 Species showing noteworthy trends
Equus przewalskii (Przewalski’s Horse) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened), sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: skulls Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Mongolia CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Endangered In 2011, EU-reported imports primarily consisted of 63 wild-sourced skulls imported for scientific purposes directly from Mongolia. The import of 25 specimens directly from Mongolia for scientific purposes in 2010 represents the only other record of wild-sourced trade 2002-2011. Small quantities of captive-bred live animals and specimens were also reported by EU importers over this period, with only one live, captive-bred horse imported in 2011 (for zoological purposes).
Ceratotherium simum simum (Southern White Rhinoceros) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: trophy items Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Sweden Top trading partner: Namibia CITES Appendix: I (except the populations of South Africa and Swaziland, which are included in Appendix II for specified purposes). IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened In 2011, EU Member States imported 18 wild-sourced trophies and trophy items of Appendix I/Annex A populations of Ceratotherium simum simum: five trophies, two horns, three feet and eight bones. The horns and bones were all imported on the same export permit, and therefore may have originated from the same animal. All wild-sourced trade was imported directly from Namibia and was reported as purpose codes ‘H’ and ‘P’. In addition, one pre-Convention horn (purpose ‘P) and one source ‘F’ horn (purpose ‘E’) were also imported. Trade in trophy items met the sharp increase criterion as the 2011 trade was more than four times the mean of the preceeding five year period (Figure 3.2). With no trade in Annex A trophies reported 2002-2005, trade levels in 2011 were the highest over the ten year period 2002-2011. No trophy items were reported in trade in either 2009 or 2010; imports in 2010 (1 live, 1 body and 1 skin) were all for scientific/educational purposes or zoos. Trade in C. simum simum is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decisions 16.84 to 16.92.
19 Species showing noteworthy trends
W O 20
15
10 No. imported No. 5
0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.2: EU reported imports of Annex A populations of Ceratotherium simum simum trophies and trophy items (horns, bones, feet, skins and trophies reported under purpose codes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’) by source, 2006-2011.
Loxodonta africana (African Elephant) Annex A populations of Loxodonta africana were selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports of Annex A specimens in 2011 comprised mainly pre-Convention carvings, wild-sourced trophies and trophy items and wild-sourced scientific specimens. Wild-sourced trade in terms that can easily be equated to individuals (70 trophies, two feet, two ears and one tail) as well as tusks (25 tusks converted to 13 individuals using the conversion factor of 1.88 tusks per elephant) equated to approximately 88 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that the tail and two ears were imported on the same permit, possibly reducing the number of animals involved to 86. This represents a 40% decrease in the number of individuals relative to 2010. Trade in L. africana is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78 (Rev. CoP16).
BIRDS Haliaeetus albicilla (White-tailed Eagle) Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Ireland Top trading partner: Norway CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Least Concern In 2011, EU imports comprised 41 live, wild-sourced individuals imported for re- introduction purposes, and three live, captive-born individuals imported for breeding purposes. All wild-sourced individuals were imported directly from Norway, while captive-born individuals were imported directly from Kazakhstan (two) and Ukraine (one). EU imports of wild-sourced, live individuals remained constant between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.3).
20 Species showing noteworthy trends
W C 60
50
40
30
20 No. imported No.
10
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 3.3: EU-reported imports of live Haliaeetus albicilla from the two main sources (‘W’ and ‘C’), all purposes, 2002-2011.
Struthio camelus (Ostrich) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live eggs Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Morocco CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Least Concern In 2011, EU imports consisted predominantly of wild-sourced, live eggs for breeding purposes (24 eggs), originating in Morocco. In addition, the import of one pre- Convention carving and one captive-bred small leather product was also reported. Imports of live eggs remained constant between 2010 and 2011; no other trade in live eggs was reported over the ten-year period. The species is considered to be extinct in the wild in Morocco, although re-introduction attempts have been reported.
Annex B MAMMALS Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus) As in 2010, this species was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and EU imports primarily consisted of wild-sourced teeth, tusks trophies and skins reported under purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (124 trophies, 120 skins, 35 tusks, 1027 teeth, 30 skulls, 29 feet, three tails and one body reported without units, using a conversion factor of two tusks and twelve teeth to one individual) equated to approximately 410 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that some trophy items were imported on the same permits as others, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 378. This represents an increase of 49% compared to 2010. The
21 Species showing noteworthy trends majority of the trade in trophy items originated in Zambia and Zimbabwe. As stated in the 2010 EU Analysis, positive opinions are in place for Zambia (formed on 18/07/2001) and Zimbabwe (confirmed on 29/10/2001) and the species has been subject to scrutiny as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade Process (see AC25 Doc. 9.4 Annex).
Pecari tajacu (Collared Peccary) Meeting the high volume criterion, EU imports of P. tajacu in 2011 consisted of skins (24 034) and skin products (8212), all of which were wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes directly from Peru. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins decreased by 29%, while imports of skin pieces and leather products increased by 2%. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Peru on 07/12/2012.
Tayassu pecari (White-lipped Peccary) EU imports of T. pecari principally comprised skins (6528 skins), and, as in 2010, exceeded the high volume threshold for a globally threatened species. All skins were wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes directly from Peru. Imports of skins decreased by 55% between 2010 and 2011, reaching their lowest level over the period 2002-2011. The population of Peru was reviewed for SRG 51 and a positive opinion was formed on 16/02/2010.
Lycalopex griseus (South American Grey Fox) Imported as skins or skin products, this species was selected on the basis of high volume trade. In total, the EU imported 27 146 skins, 15 large leather products, 13 plates and eight garments; all imports were wild-sourced. With the exception of 500 skins imported directly from Chile, all imports originated in Argentina (93% of skins and all skin products directly and 5% of skins via Turkey). EU imports of wild- sourced L. griseus skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011 (from 13 132 skins), but remained lower than levels imported in the years 2002-2008. The population of Argentina was reviewed for SRG 46 and a positive opinion was reconfirmed on 02/12/2008.
Lynx canadensis (Canada Lynx) As in 2010, L. canadensis met the criteria for high volume trade and in 2011 EU imports were primarily wild sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (6042 skins), the majority originating in Canada (68%) and the United States (32%). Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 27% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG confirmed the positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on 27/03/2007 and from the United States on 07/12/2012.
22 Species showing noteworthy trends
Lynx rufus (Bobcat) L. rufus again met the criteria for high volume trade, as in 2010. EU imports in 2011 were primarily wild sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (39 525 skins), the majority originating in the United States (89%) with the remainder originating in Canada. Imports of wild-sourced L. rufus skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011, reversing the decrease in trade seen in 2008-2010. The SRG confirmed positive opinions for both the United States and Canada on 27/03/2007 and CoP15 Prop. 2 noted that the species’ status was considered to be secure, with stable or increasing populations.
Panthera leo (African Lion) As in 2010, Annex B trade in P. leo met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species and EU imports of Annex B specimens consisted primarily of captive-bred and wild-sourced trophies (82 and 65, respectively). Wild-sourced trophies and trophy items equated to approximately 100 individuals, although a permit analysis revealed that five trophy items were imported on the same permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of lions involved to 95. This represents an increase of 8% compared to 2010. Captive-bred trophies and trophy items equated to approximately 119 individuals, representing an increase of 30% compared to 2010. As in 2010, the majority of both wild-sourced and captive-bred trophies and trophy items originated in South Africa. A negative opinion was formed for wild specimens from South Africa on 10/11/2011.
Lontra canadensis (North American Otter) Meeting the high volume criterion, EU imports principally comprised wild-sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (7459 skins) originating in Canada and the United States. Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 43% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on 16/02/2010 and for the United States on 07/12/2012.
Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear) EU imports of U. maritimus in 2011 primarily consisted of wild-sourced trophy items (purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’) and, as in 2010, met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species. Wild-sourced trade (including source unspecified) in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (16 trophies, 52 skins, 51 skulls and two bodies) equated to approximately 121 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that five trophy items were imported on the same permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 116; this represents an increase of 29% relative to 2010. As in 2010, all wild-sourced trophies and trophy items originated in Canada (73%) and Greenland (27%). The species was discussed at SRG 50 on 30/11/2009 and a positive opinion was confirmed for Canada, except for subpopulations of Baffin Bay and Kane Basin, for which a negative opinion was
23 Species showing noteworthy trends confirmed. The negative opinion for Baffin Bay and Kane Basin subpopulations was reconfirmed on 16/02/2010.
Pteropus vampyrus (Large Flying-fox) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Italy, Netherlands Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened The EU imported 53 live, wild-sourced individuals for commercial purposes and one pre-Convention body (purpose code ‘Q’) in 2011. All wild-sourced trade was imported directly from Indonesia. No imports of this species were reported by the EU 2002-2008; in 2009, 30 were imported and imports of wild-sourced, live individuals more than doubled from 20 in 2010 to 53 in 2011. Indonesia published an export quota of 270 live individuals in 2011.
Equus zebra hartmannae (Hartmann's Mountain Zebra) As in 2010, Equus zebra hartmannae met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports primarily comprised wild-sourced skins reported under purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’ (849 skins, plus seven skins reported without a purpose or source specified), as well as other wild-sourced trophies and trophy items, the majority of which originated in Namibia. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (856 skins, 75 trophies, 77 feet, two genitalia, one skull, one tail and one skeleton, including trade reported without a source or purpose specified) equated to approximately 956 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that a notable quantity of trophy items were imported on the same permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 939. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 12% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Namibia on 02/12/2008. The subspecies has been reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies to be considered at SRG65.
24 Species showing noteworthy trends
Ceratotherium simum simum (Southern White Rhinoceros) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: trophies Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Spain, Poland Top trading partner: South Africa CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened In 2011, EU imports of Annex B populations consisted primarily of wild-sourced hunting trophies and trophy items, comprising 22 trophies, 18 horns, 16 feet, two skins, three skin pieces, two skulls and one tail. Two of the trophies, four feet, the skin pieces and tail were reported without a source or purpose code. All EU imports in 2011 originated in South Africa. The number of trophy items combined (64 trophy items) in 2011 reached the second highest level over the ten year period 2002-2011 (Figure 3.4). Wild-sourced (including source unspecified) trade in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (trophies, horns, feet, skins and tails) equated to approximately 49 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that five trophy items were imported on the same permit as other items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 44. This represents a four-fold increase relative to 2010 (11 individuals). Trade in C. simum simum is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decisions 16.84 to 16.92.
70
60
50
40
30
No. imported No. 20
10
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.4: EU imports of wild-sourced (includes source ‘W’ and source unspecified) Annex B Ceratotherium simum simum trophies and trophy items (bodies, bones, feet, horns, skins, skin pieces, skulls and tails), purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and purpose unspecified, 2002- 2011.
25 Species showing noteworthy trends
Papio ursinus (Chacma Baboon) Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: skulls Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Namibia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern EU imports of Papio ursinus consisted primarily of wild-sourced hunting trophies and trophy items in 2011, comprising 241 skulls, 129 trophies, 19 bones, 20 skins, 16 teeth, one body and one tail. In addition, eight trophies, five skulls and one skin were reported without a source or purpose specified. Trade in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (trophies, skulls, skins, bodies and tails) equated to approximately 406 individuals; a permit analysis revealed that six of the skulls were imported on the same permits as other trophy items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 400. This represents an increase of 11% relative to 2010, with imports in 2011 reaching their highest level over the period 2002-2011 (Figure 3.5). Trophies and trophy items principally originated in Namibia (58%), South Africa (23%) and Zimbabwe (16%). The SRG confirmed positive opinions for wild specimens from South Africa and Zimbabwe on 29/10/2001. Although trade has increased notably since that time, the species is generally considered to be common and widespread.
bodies skins skulls trophies 400 350 300 250 200
150 No. imported No. 100 50 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 3.5: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced Papio ursinus hunting trophies and trophy items (bodies, skins and skulls; purposes H, P and T), 2002-2011.
Loxodonta africana (African Elephant) Annex B elephant populations were selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species. EU-reported imports of Annex B specimens in 2011 were primarily wild-sourced and consisted mainly of skins, skin pieces, trophies, tusks, ivory pieces and hair. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated
26 Species showing noteworthy trends to individuals (131 trophies, 87 tusks, 79 feet, 39 ears, 33 tails and four skulls reported without units, including trade reported without a source specified, using the conversion factor of 1.88 tusks per elephant) equated to approximately 251 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that a notable quantity of trophy items were imported on the same permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 200; this represents a 36% decrease relative to 2010. Trade in L. africana is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78 (Rev. CoP16).
REPTILES Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) As in 2010, A. mississippiensis met the criteria for high volume trade. EU imports principally comprised wild-sourced skins originating in the United States; a total of 287 650 skins were imported in 2011 (all sources). Imports of skins increased by 10% between 2010 and 2011. The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and a positive opinion was confirmed for the United States, the only range State, on 14/09/2007.
Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (South American Spectacled Caiman) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to EU: skins Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Venezuela CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least concern7 EU imports in 2011 principally comprised skins, all of which were wild-sourced, traded for commercial purposes and originated in Venezuela (26 613 skins). Imports of skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011, but remained lower than levels imported 2003-2008 (Figure 3.6). The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Venezuela on 14/09/2007.
7 Assessed as Caiman crocodilus
27 Species showing noteworthy trends
W C 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000
30,000 No. imported No. 20,000 10,000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.6: EU-reported imports of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins by source, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Crocodylus porosus (Estuarine Crocodile) Trade in Annex B populations of C. porosus met the ‘overall increase’ criterion, primarily on the basis of ranched skins over the ten year period 2002-2011. Imports in 2011 primarily comprised captive-bred and ranched skins traded for commercial purposes (14 867 and 14 911 skins, respectively), the majority originating in Australia (76%) and a notable proportion in Papua New Guinea (20%). A smaller quantity of wild-sourced skins was also imported (1274 skins), the vast majority (>99%) originating in Papua New Guinea. Imports of skins from all sources were 31% higher in 2011 compared to 2010; the relative proportions of each source were similar to 2010. The SRG formed a positive opinion for Papua New Guinea on 16/02/2010.
Varanus niloticus (Nile Monitor) EU imports of V. niloticus principally comprised wild-sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (32 838 skins), with levels again meeting the high volume threshold as in 2010. Imports of skins increased by 13% between 2010 and 2011. The majority of trade was imported directly from Chad and Mali; positive opinions were either confirmed (Chad) or formed (Mali) for these range States on 26/05/2008.
Varanus salvator (Water Monitor) As in 2010, V. salvator met the criteria for high volume trade, with EU imports principally comprising wild-sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (150 007 skins) originating in Indonesia and Malaysia. Total imports of skins doubled between 2010 and 2011; trade originating in Indonesia increased by 153% while imports originating in Malaysia increased by 61%. Positive opinions were confirmed for Indonesia on 29/02/2008 and for Malaysia on 02/12/2011.
28 Species showing noteworthy trends
Python brongersmai (Blood Python) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to EU: skins Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Italy Top trading partners: Indonesia, Singapore CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least concern In 2011, EU imports consisted primarily of skins (31 126 skins) traded for commercial purposes, the majority of which were wild-sourced and originated in Indonesia. EU imports accounted for 78% of Indonesia’s export quota of 36 936 wild-sourced skins and skin products in 2011. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased more than ten- fold between 2010 and 2011, while imports of captive-bred skins decreased by 84% (Figure 3.7). A positive opinion was formed for specimens from Indonesia at SRG 30 on 01/07/2004, subject to the use of species specific quotas, which was reconfirmed at SRG40 on 27/03/2007, as the population of the species was considered to be increasing in oil-palm plantations in the country. W C 140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
imported 60,000
No. No. 40,000
20,000
0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.7: EU-reported imports of Python brongersmai skins from the two main sources ('W' and 'C'), all purposes, 2004-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2003).
Python regius (Royal Python) In 2011, EU imports consisted exclusively of live individuals (42 399) with levels exceeding the high volume threshold, as in 2010. The majority of imports were ranched and traded for commercial purposes. Imports of live P. regius increased by 13% between 2010 and 2011. As in 2010, the majority of trade originated in Togo and Ghana. Trade from Ghana and Togo was reviewed for SRG 45 and positive opinions were confirmed for ranched specimens from these countries, and wild specimens from Togo on 15/09/2008. A positive opinion for wild specimens from Ghana was formed on 12/03/2009.
29 Species showing noteworthy trends
Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python) This species was selected on the basis of high volume trade, as in 2010, and in 2011 EU imports principally comprised wild-sourced and captive-bred skins traded for commercial purposes (totalling 262 868 skins from all sources). Notable quantities of small leather products were also imported (28 772 products), the majority wild- sourced. Between 2010 and 2011, total imports of skins (all sources) increased by 44%, while imports of small leather products decreased by 37%. The majority of the captive-bred trade originated in Lao PDR and Viet Nam, while the wild-sourced trade primarily originated in Indonesia. The SRG formed a negative opinion for wild specimens from Viet Nam on 07/12/2012; the positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia was removed on 07/12/2012, but re-formed on 28/05/2013. The species, including populations from Indonesia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam is currently under review as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade process.
Chelonoidis denticulata (Brazilian Giant Tortoise) C. denticulata was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species. As in 2010, all EU imports were of live individuals traded for commercial purposes. In 2011, the principal source of trade shifted from wild to captive-bred, with 130 captive-bred and 88 wild-sourced individuals imported. The captive-bred animals were all imported directly from the United States and Peru, while the wild- sourced animals were imported directly from Suriname and Guyana. Overall, live imports increased by 18% between 2010 and 2011; wild-sourced imports decreased by 39%. Populations of Guyana and Suriname were reviewed for SRG 59 and positive opinions were formed for both countries on 23/02/2012.
Kinixys homeana (Home's Hinge-back Tortoise) EU imports of K. homeana consisted of live individuals traded for commercial purposes (312 individuals) which again met the threshold for high volume trade in a globally threatened species. The majority of individuals were ranched and imported directly from Togo (94%) and the remainder wild-sourced and imported directly from Ghana. Live imports increased by 26% in 2011 compared to 2010. Following the negative opinions for wild-sourced specimens and ranched specimens being confirmed for Ghana and Togo, respectively, on 02/12/2011, a suspension was put in place for wild-sourced specimens from Ghana, and ranched specimens with a straight carapace length greater than 8 cm from Togo, on 10/09/2012 and remains valid.
Testudo horsfieldii (Afghan Tortoise) In both 2010 and 2011, T. horsfieldii was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and an overall increase in trade. EU imports in 2011 consisted exclusively of live individuals traded for commercial purposes (45 919 individuals), the majority ranched (44%) and wild-sourced (39%) and imported
30 Species showing noteworthy trends directly from Uzbekistan. Live imports increased by 33% in 2011 compared to 2010. A long-standing import suspension for wild specimens of this species from all countries of origin was removed on 30/04/2004. The population of Uzbekistan was reviewed for SRG 45 and 53. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Uzbekistan on 26/09/2006; this was confirmed for wild and ranched specimens on 14/09/2010. The species was selected under the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 2008. At the 25th meeting of the Animals Committee, Uzbekistan was categorised as of Possible Concern and recommendations were made to the country to provide information within 90 days; information was communicated to the Secretariat on 06/12/2011 and this species-country combination was subsequently removed from the process.
FISH Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Sand Sturgeon) EU imports consisted of wild-sourced caviar imported for commercial purposes directly from the United States (508 kg of caviar). As in 2010, S. platorynchus was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and imports of caviar increased by 71% between 2010 and 2011. A positive opinion was formed for the United States on 22/06/2011. The species was reviewed at SRG 54 and a positive opinion was formed for the United States on 22/06/2011. The conservation and trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the Animals Committee in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).
Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish) As in 2010, P. spathula was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species, consisting of 1395 kg wild-sourced caviar traded for commercial purposes and 750 live, captive-bred eggs traded for scientific purposes, all imported directly from the United States. Imports of caviar decreased by 38% while imports of live eggs decreased by 99%. The species was reviewed for SRG 44 and a positive opinion was re-confirmed for the United States on 12/03/2009. The conservation and trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the Animals Committee in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).
INVERTEBRATES Ornithoptera croesus (Wallace's Golden Birdwing) EU imports of O. croesus in 2011 consisted of 619 ranched bodies, exceeding the high volume threshold for trade in a globally threatened species. All trade originated in Indonesia and was primarily imported for commercial purposes. Imports of bodies decreased by 25% in 2011 relative to 2010. An import suspension has been in place for wild specimens from Indonesia since 19/09/1999. The species was reviewed for SRG 50.
31 Species showing noteworthy trends
Ornithoptera rothschildi (Rothschild's Birdwing) As in 2010, O. rothschildi was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports consisted of 297 ranched bodies traded primarily for commercial purposes, all of which originated in Indonesia. Imports of bodies decreased by 5% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for ranched specimens from Indonesia on 11/02/1998. The Indonesian population was reviewed for SRG 60.
Hirudo medicinalis (Medicinal Leech) Again meeting the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species, in 2011 EU imports of H. medicinalis consisted primarily of live individuals (120 000 captive-bred individuals and 450 kg of wild-sourced individuals), with notable quantities of captive-bred medicine and derivatives also imported (55 264 and 36 752 units, respectively); the majority of trade was for commercial purposes. Live trade primarily originated in the Russian Federation, while the majority of the trade in derivatives and medicine originated in Ukraine. Between 2010 and 2011, live imports (reported without units) increased by 45%, while imports of derivatives (including medicine and extract, reported without units) decreased by 55%. A positive opinion for all countries was formed on 22/07/1997, which was removed for the population of the Russian Federation at SRG 58 on 02/12/2011 and for the population of Ukraine at SRG 61 on 11/09/2012 (SRG 58/11 and SRG 61/12, respectively).
Tridacna maxima (Small Giant Clam) As in 2010, in 2011 T. maxima was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and EU imports principally comprised live individuals traded for commercial purposes (20 855 individuals), of which 89% were captive- produced and the remainder wild-sourced. The principal exporter of captive- produced, live individuals was Vanuatu, while the majority of wild-sourced, live individuals originated in French Polynesia. Live imports decreased by 14% between 2010 and 2011. An import suspension has been in place since 10/05/2006 for wild- sourced specimens originating in Vanuatu. A positive opinion for specimens from French Polynesia was formed at SRG 61 on 11/09/2012.
Strombus gigas (Queen Conch) In 2011, EU imports of S. gigas primarily consisted of wild-sourced meat imported directly from Jamaica for commercial purposes (382 797 kg of meat), with trade meeting the high volume criterion, as in 2010. Imports of meat remained at similar levels between 2010 and 2011. EU imports of wild-sourced meat in 2011 accounted for 96% of Jamaica’s export quota for 400 000 kg of wild-sourced meat. S. gigas from Jamaica was reviewed for SRG 46, and the existing positive opinion was confirmed on 30/06/2009.
32 Species showing noteworthy trends
CORALS Catalaphyllia jardinei (Elegant Coral) As in 2010, C. jardinei met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species; the species also met the ‘sharp increase’ criterion in 2011. EU imports consisted exclusively of live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia (34 862 corals); imports of live corals reported without units increased by three-fold between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens originating in Australia on 03/12/2010; the Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and the positive opinion was reconfirmed on 20/06/2011.
Euphyllia ancora (Anchor Coral) EU imports in 2011 principally comprised live corals traded for commercial purposes (17 782 corals), the majority of which were wild-sourced and imported directly from Australia and Indonesia. As in 2010, levels exceeded the threshold for high volume trade in a globally threatened species, imports of live corals from Australia increased by 1.7-fold between 2010 and 2011, while imports from Indonesia decreased by 6%. The SRG formed a positive opinion for Australia on 20/06/2011.
Euphyllia divisa (Frogspawn Coral) As in 2010, E. divisa was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in trade; imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased almost three-fold between 2010 and 2011, amounting to 5565 corals, all of which were imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
Euphyllia glabrescens Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened EU-reported imports in 2011 principally comprised wild-sourced and source ‘F’ live corals (15 420 and 10 112 corals, respectively), which were primarily imported for commercial purposes. The majority of the live, wild-sourced imports were imported directly from Australia while the principal exporter of live, source ‘F’ corals was Indonesia. Imports of live corals have increased every year since 2002; between 2010 and 2011, imports of wild-sourced live corals more than doubled (Figure 3.8). A positive opinion was formed for specimens from Australia on 28/05/2013. A pre-
33 Species showing noteworthy trends existing negative opinion for specimens from Indonesia was replaced with a positive opinion on 15/05/2002, and reconfirmed at SRG 41 on 14/09/2007. W F 30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000 No. imported No.
5,000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.8: EU-reported imports of live coral of Euphyllia glabrescens (excluding trade reported in kg) from the two main sources ('W' and 'F'), all purposes, 2002-2011.
Plerogyra sinuosa (Bladder Coral) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened), sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened All EU imports of P. sinuosa in 2011 were of live corals traded for commercial purposes (14 077 corals), of which the vast majority were wild-sourced. The majority of wild-sourced corals were imported directly from Australia (13 385 corals); 541 wild-sourced corals were imported directly from Fiji, accounting for 83% of Fiji’s 2011 export quota of 650 wild-sourced corals (live or dead). Imports of wild-sourced, live corals in 2011 were at their highest level over the ten-year period 2002- 2011(Figure 3.9); imports from Australia more than tripled between 2010 and 2011, while imports from Fiji decreased by 8%. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Australia on 20/06/2011. P. sinuosa from Fiji was reviewed at SRG 26, where a negative opinion was formed, which was replaced with a positive opinion at SRG 28 on 15/01/2004.
34 Species showing noteworthy trends
16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000
6,000 No. imported No. 4,000 2,000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.9: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced, live coral of Plerogyra sinuosa, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Duncanopsammia axifuga (Whisker Coral) Trade in D. axifuga met two selection criteria in 2011: sharp increase and high volume trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia (15 469), increasing by 79% between 2010 (when 8583 live corals were imported) and 2011. The Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55, with information provided by Australia for SRG 58. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Australia on 02/12/2011.
Turbinaria reniformis (Yellow Scroll Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable In 2011, all EU imports comprised live corals (6542 corals) traded for commercial purposes. The majority (99%) were wild-sourced and directly imported from Australia while the remainder were source ‘F’ corals imported directly from Indonesia. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased more than five-fold between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.10). The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Australia on 20/06/2011. As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Turbinaria is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several other species of Turbinaria also occur in Australia.
35 Species showing noteworthy trends
W F 7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
No. imported No. 2,000
1,000
0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.10: EU-reported imports of live coral of Turbinaria reniformis by source, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002).
Caulastraea furcata (Finger Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated EU imports in 2011 consisted of 2508 live, wild-sourced corals imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased more than seven-fold between 2010 and 2011, with levels staying below 500 pieces a year 2003-2010 (Figure 3.11). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Caulastraea is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several other species of Caulastraea also occur in Australia.
36 Species showing noteworthy trends
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000 No. imported No.
500
0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 3.11: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Caulastraea furcata, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002).
Moseleya latistellata As in 2010, M. latistellata met the criteria for ‘sharp increase’ with EU imports of live corals more than doubling between 2010 and 2011, amounting to 8097 live corals in 2011 (compared to 3458 live corals in 2010). All imports were wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia. Information was provided by Australia for SRG 57 and 58 and the SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Australia on 07/10/2011, which was confirmed on 02/12/2011.
Lithophyllon undulatum L. undulatum met the sharp increase criterion in 2011, with imports of live corals increasing by 161% between 2010 and 2011. In total, 5739 live, wild-sourced corals were imported in 2011; all imports were imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Lithophyllon is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; Lithophyllon mokai also occurs in Australia.
Acanthastrea lordhowensis Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: United Kingdom Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened All EU imports in 2011 were live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes and originating in Australia (2397 corals). Although A. lordhowensis met the ‘overall increase’ criterion (based on the ten-year period 2002-2011), imports
37 Species showing noteworthy trends remained relatively constant between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.12). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Acanthastrea is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several other species of Acanthastrea also occur in Australia.
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
No. imported No. 1,000
500
0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.12: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Acanthastrea lordhowensis, all purposes, 2007-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2006).
Acanthophyllia deshayesiana Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened In 2011, all EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced corals (3586 corals) imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of A. deshayesiana were reported by the EU prior to 2009; imports remained relatively constant between 2009 and 2010 but increased considerably between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.13). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
38 Species showing noteworthy trends
4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000
1,500 No. imported No. 1,000 500 0 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.13: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Acanthophyllia deshayesiana, all purposes, 2009-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2008).
Australomussa rowleyensis Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened All EU-reported imports in 2011 comprised live, wild-sourced corals (2625 corals) imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of live, wild- sourced corals were reported prior to 2009 but imports increased considerably 2009- 2011 (Figure 3.14). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000 No. Imported No.
500
0 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.14: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Australomussa rowleyensis, all purposes, 2009-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2008).
39 Species showing noteworthy trends
Blastomussa merleti (Branched Cup Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern All EU imports in 2011 consisted of live, wild-sourced corals (4943 corals) imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of live, wild-sourced corals were reported prior to 2006; imports have increased every year since 2006, and increased more than seven-fold between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.15). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Blastomussa is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; Blastomussa wellsi also occurs in Australia.
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000 No. imported No.
1,000
0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.15: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Blastomussa merleti, all purposes, 2006-2011 (no imports were reported 2002- 2005).
Cynarina lacrymalis (Cat's-eye Coral) This coral species was selected on the basis of two criteria in 2011: sharp increase and high volume trade in a globally threatened species. As in 2010, EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia (9760 corals); imports increased by 59% in 2011 compared to 2010. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens originating in Australia on 30/11/2009.
Scolymia australis (Button Coral) As in 2010, S. australis met the ‘sharp increase’ criterion and EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced corals imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes (8544 corals); imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased by 67% between 2010
40 Species showing noteworthy trends and 2011. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Scolymia is one of the coral taxa where trade at the genus level is acceptable; Scolymia vitiensis also occurs in Australia.
Mycedium elephantotus Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern In 2011, all EU imports comprised live, wild-sourced corals (2845 corals) traded for commercial purposes; the vast majority were imported directly from Australia. EU imports of this species in 2011 were the highest over the ten-year period 2002-2011, with a nine-fold increase between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.16). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000 No. imported No.
500
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.16: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Mycedium elephantotus, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Goniopora stokesi (Flowerpot Coral) In 2011, EU imports primarily comprised live, wild-sourced corals traded for commercial purposes (15 632 corals), the majority imported directly from Indonesia. As in 2010, trade levels met the threshold for high volume trade in a globally threatened species; live imports increased by 19% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia on 14/09/2007 which was confirmed on 16/02/2010. As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Goniopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several other species of Goniopora also occur in Australia.
41 Species showing noteworthy trends
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Crater Coral) As in 2010, T. geoffroyi met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species and 2011 EU imports comprised live, wild-sourced corals traded for commercial purposes (19 525 corals), the majority imported directly from Australia. The Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and a positive opinion for wild specimens was formed on 20/06/2011. In addition, 15 wild-sourced, live corals were imported directly from Indonesia; the suspension for wild-sourced corals from Indonesia first published on 18/02/2005 remains valid. The quantity of live corals imported increased by 92% between 2010 and 2011.
PLANTS Galanthus elwesii (Greater Snowdrop) G. elwesii met the criteria for high volume trade, as in 2010, and EU imports again consisted of live, wild-sourced plants imported for commercial purposes directly from Turkey (4 329 975 plants); imports increased by 22% between 2010 and 2011. A positive opinion for Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010.
Galanthus woronowii (Green Snowdrop) EU imports of G. woronowii consisted of live, wild-sourced plants imported for commercial purposes (14 077 012 plants) and, as in 2010, levels exceeded the high volume threshold. All imports in 2011 originated in Georgia (81%) and Turkey (19%). Imports remained at similar levels between 2009 and 2010. A positive opinion for Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010 and a positive opinion for Georgia was confirmed on 30/06/2009 (with a quota of 15 million bulbs).
Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla) Trade in E. antisyphilitica met two selection criteria in 2011: high volume trade and a sharp increase in trade. EU imports comprised wild-sourced wax traded for commercial purposes, all of which originated in Mexico. Between 2010 and 2011, wax reported without a unit increased eight-fold to 20 407 units, while wax reported by weight decreased by 68% to 640 178 kg. The species was reviewed at SRG 41 and 44, with a positive opinion formed for Mexico on 14/09/2007 and confirmed on 26/05/2008.
42 Species showing noteworthy trends
Euphorbia primulifolia Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Madagascar CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable EU imports in 2011 comprised 300 live, wild-sourced plants imported directly from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Over the ten-year period 2002-2011 the only other imports of live E. primulifolia were reported in 2004, 2005 and 2008 (Figure 3.17). In addition, the import of 70 kg of dried plants for commercial purposes was reported in 2009, without a source specified. The SRG formed a negative opinion for wild specimens from Madagascar on 03/09/2012, which was confirmed on 07/12/2012.
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
No. imported No. 400
200
0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 3.17: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced Euphorbia primulifolia (including E. primulifolia var. begardii), all purposes, 2004-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2003).
Aloe ferox (Aloe) In 2011, EU imports primarily comprised wild-sourced extract imported for commercial purposes directly from South Africa, meeting the criteria for high volume trade and a sharp increase in trade as in 2010 . Between 2010 and 2011, imports of extract reported by weight decreased by 27% to 122 787 kg. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from South Africa on 23/02/2012.
43 Species showing noteworthy trends
TREES Pericopsis elata (African Teak) Trade in P. elata met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species as in 2010. EU imports in 2011 principally comprised wild-sourced timber traded for commercial purposes (10 538 m3 timber). Again, all imports originated in Cameroon (50%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (50%). Imports of timber decreased by 15% between 2010 and 2011. The species has been reviewed at numerous SRGs and was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process following CoP14; Cameroon was categorised as Least Concern and DRC as Possible Concern at the 19th meeting of the Plants Committee. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Cameroon on 02/04/2002, which was reconfirmed on 12/03/2009; a positive opinion was formed for specimens from the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 30/11/2009.
Prunus africana (African Cherry) Meeting the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species in 2011, once again EU imports of P. africana primarily consisted of wild-sourced bark traded for commercial purposes (635 886 kg). Notable quantities of wild-sourced extract were also imported (122 787 kg, as well as smaller quantities reported by volume and without units). Trade was imported directly from Cameroon (47%), Uganda (28%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (25%). Imports of bark increased by almost five-fold between 2010 and 2011. P. africana was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process following CoP11 and has been discussed at numerous SRGs including SRG 50 and 59. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Uganda on 02/12/2008, which was reconfirmed on 23/02/2012, following information provided by Uganda on the scientific basis for increasing its annual export quota in 2011 to 176,179 kg. The SRG formed a negative opinion for specimens from Cameroon on 14/09/2007, which was reconfirmed on 30/11/2009. Trade from Cameroon was reviewed at SRG 55 on 11/03/2011 and a positive opinion was agreed for a quota of 150000 kg for 2010 and 2011, subject to clear identification of origin from the north-west region. The positive opinion, with additional specification of dry bark, was reconfirmed on 02/12/2011 and again on 23/02/2012, subject to a quota of 150,000 kg dry bark from the north-west region, and a quota of 130,000 of dry bark from Mt. Cameroon, with clear indication of origin. On 11/09/2012 positive opinions were confirmed for a further three quotas, (Adamaoua: quota of 326 680 kg of dry bark; Kilum Ijim plantlife sanctuary: quota of 2 494 of dry bark; North-West region (out of community forests): quota of 25 589 kg of dry bark). A positive opinion for specimens from the Democratic Republic of Congo was agreed in writing on 30/11/2012, subject to an annual quota of 72 000 kg dry bark from Ibathama and Mwenda regions and subject to clear indication of origin in export permit.
44 Species showing noteworthy trends
Aquilaria filaria Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: dried plants Principal source: wild Top EU importer: United Kingdom Top trading partner: Saudi Arabia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated EU imports in 2011 were all wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes, consisting of dried plants (143 kg) and chips (85 kg). All trade originated in Indonesia and was re-exported via Saudi Arabia. No wild-sourced imports were reported prior to 2011; small quantities of pre-Convention chips and oil were reported in 2008 and 2009, respectively.
Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin) As in 2010, G. bancanus met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species. Once again, EU imports in 2011 principally consisted of wild-sourced timber for commercial purposes (648 m3); imports of timber decreased by 61% between 2010 and 2011, although trade in carvings increased in 2011 to1276 kg and 127 m3 of carvings. As in 2010, all trade was imported directly from Indonesia and Malaysia. Positive opinions for Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak) were confirmed on 12/3/2009.
45 Species showing noteworthy trends
Annex C MAMMALS Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: trophies Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Spain Top trading partner: Argentina CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Near threatened EU imports of Antilope cervicapra in 2011 principally comprised hunting trophies (74), of which 95% were wild-sourced and the remainder reported without a source specified. Four wild-sourced skulls, one wild-sourced body and one captive-sourced skin were also imported. The majority of trade was imported directly from Argentina. Imports of trophies and trophy items peaked at 292 in 2006 and have declined since, decreasing by 19% between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.19).
350
300
250
200
150
No. Imported No. 100
50
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.19: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced (includes ‘U’ and source unspecified) Antilope cervicapra trophies and trophy items (bodies, skulls, skins and horns; purposes ‘H’, ‘P’, ‘T’ and purpose unspecified), 2002-2011.
46 Species showing noteworthy trends
REPTILES Cerberus rynchops (Dog-faced Water Snake) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: small leather products Principal source: unspecified Top EU importer: Italy Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Least Concern EU imports in 2011 principally comprised small leather products (23 739 products), of which the majority (96%) were reported without a source or purpose specified and the remainder were wild-sourced and traded for commercial purposes. All EU imports of small leather products in 2011 were imported directly from Indonesia. This was the highest level of EU imports of this species over the ten-year period 2002-2011, and imports of small leather products between 2010 and 2011 increased almost four-fold (Figure 3.20).
W Unspecified 25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000 No. imported No. 5,000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 3.20: EU-reported imports of Cerberus rynchops small leather products by source, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Graptemys ouachitensis (Ouachita Map Turtle) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Portugal Top trading partner: United States CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Least Concern In 2011, EU imports comprised 10 950 live specimens, of which the majority (94%) were wild-sourced and the remainder were captive-bred. All trade was imported directly from the United States for commercial purposes. The only other EU import of this
47 Species showing noteworthy trends species between 2002 and 2010 was the import of 2 500 wild-sourced, live specimens, also directly from the United States and for commercial purposes, in 2008.
Graptemys pseudogeographica (False Map Turtle) EU imports of G. psuedogeographica principally comprised 75 480 live individuals, exceeding the high volume threshold for an Appendix III reptile. Of these, 47% were wild-sourced, 27% were reported without a source specified and the remainder were captive-bred. All of the wild-sourced trade and the majority of trade from other sources was imported directly from the United States. Imports of live specimens (all sources) decreased by 21% between 2010 and 2011.
Mauremys reevesii (Reeve’s Turtle) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened); sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: captive-bred Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: China CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Endangered EU imports in 2011 comprised 16 105 live animals, of which 81% were captive bred and the remainder were reported without a source specified. Over 99% of imports were imported directly by the EU from China. Live imports doubled between 2010 and 2011, reaching the highest level of imports of this species over the ten year period (Figure 3.21). No wild-sourced imports have been reported since 2005.
W C U Unspecified 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000
No. imported No. 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.21: EU-reported imports of live Mauremys reevesii by source, all purposes, 2005-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2004).
48 Species showing noteworthy trends
Mauremys sinensis (Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle) EU-reported imports in 2011 consisted of live animals traded for commercial purposes, of which 72% were captive-bred and the remainder were reported without a source specified. All trade in 2011 was imported directly from China and Taiwan, Province of China. Live imports increased by 15% between 2010 and 2011, while the number of wild- sourced animals imported decreased from 10 010 in 2010 to zero in 2011. Whilst listed in Annex C (hence SRG opinions are not applicable), the species was reviewed for SRG 62 (SRG 62/8) to assess whether it might merit listing in Annex B.
2. Species selected on the basis of candidate countries’ imports
Six mammal, two bird and one reptile species met one or more of the selection criteria on the basis of candidate country imports. All species are listed in Annex B. Annex B Mammals Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to candidate country: teeth Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Hong Kong, SAR; China CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 221.42 kg of wild-sourced H. amphibius teeth for commercial purposes; the vast majority originated in Uganda and was re-exported via Hong Kong, SAR and China. The only other imports of H. amphibius teeth or tusks reported by candidate countries between 2002 and 2010 consisted of 20 tusks and 7.7 kg of tusks imported by Turkey in 2008 and 60 tusks imported by Turkey in 2010. No trade in H. amphibius to other candidate countries was reported by candidate countries in 2011, although South Africa reported the export of wild-sourced 12 tusks to Croatia (purpose ‘H’).
Lycalopex griseus (South American Grey Fox) Imports in 2011 primarily consisted of wild-sourced skins imported by Turkey directly from Argentina for commercial purposes and, as in 2010, L. griseus was selected on the basis of high volume trade. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins increased by 22%, while the proportion of wild-sourced skins increased from 82% to 100%. Croatia reported the import of a small number of wild-sourced skin pieces in 2011; no trade in L. griseus to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters.
49 Species showing noteworthy trends
Lycalopex gymnocercus (Pampa Fox) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Argentina CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 13 480 wild-sourced skins for commercial purposes, all originating in Argentina. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins increased three-fold, while the proportion of wild-sourced skins increased from 78% to 100% (Figure 3.22). No trade in L. gymnocercus to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Argentina on 02/12/2008. W C 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000
15,000 No. imported No. 10,000 5,000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 3.22: Imports of Lycalopex gymnocercus skins reported by candidate countries by source (excluding skins reported in kg), all purposes, 2006-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2005; all imports were reported by Turkey).
Lynx rufus (Bobcat) This species was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in trade as in 2010, and imports primarily consisted of wild-sourced skins imported by Turkey for commercial purposes. All imports originated in the United States or Canada, the majority re-exported via Germany. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 77% between 2010 and 2011, reaching their highest level over the period 2002-2011. No trade in L. rufus to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011.
50 Species showing noteworthy trends
Lontra canadensis (North American Otter) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: United States CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 1491 skins and 1102 skin pieces, all of which were wild-sourced and imported directly from the United States for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins doubled between 2010 and 2011, reaching their highest level over the period 2002-2011 (Figure 3.23). No trade in L. canadensis to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from all countries on 02/09/1997; the positive opinion for the United States was confirmed on 07/12/2012.
1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800
600 No. Imported No. 400 200 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.23: Imports of Lontra canadensis skins reported by candidate countries, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002; all imports were wild-sourced and reported by Turkey).
Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape Fur Seal) Imports of A. pusillus in 2011 consisted of wild-sourced skins imported for commercial purposes by Turkey directly from Namibia (58 107 skins); once again trade levels met the selection criteria for high volume trade. Imports of wild-sourced skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011, reaching their highest level over the ten-year period 2002-2011. No trade in A. pusillus to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011.
51 Species showing noteworthy trends
Annex B Birds Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Red-fronted Parakeet) Criteria met: High volume (GT) Principal trade term to candidate country: live Principal source: ranched, captive-bred Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Czech Republic CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 196 live individuals for commercial purposes, of which 51% were ranched and 49% were captive-bred; the vast majority were imported directly from Czech Republic, while 4 individuals originated in the Netherlands. Imports in 2011 were at their highest level over the period 2002-2011; no trade was reported in 2010, and no ranched trade was reported prior to 2011 (Figure 3.24). No trade in C. novaezelandiae to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. R C 250
200
150
100 No. imported No. 50
0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.24: Imports of live Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae reported by candidate countries by source, all purposes, 2007-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002-2006; all imports were reported by Turkey).
Psittacus erithacus (Grey Parrot) Criteria met: High volume (GT) Principal trade term to candidate country: live Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Congo, Guinea CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 1920 live individuals for commercial purposes, of which 68% were wild-sourced and the remainder captive-bred. The wild-sourced individuals principally originated in Congo (69%) with smaller quantities originating in Cameroon (15%) and Guinea (15%).Between 2010 and 2011, trade in live individuals (all
52 Species showing noteworthy trends sources) increased by 67%; no wild-sourced imports were reported in 2010 (Figure 3.25). Slovenia reported the direct export of two live individuals of unknown source to Croatia as personal possessions in 2011; no trade to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed positive opinions for wild specimens from Cameroon and Congo on 12/06/2006 and 05/09/2002, respectively. W C 2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000 No. imported No. 500
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 3.25: Imports of live Psittacus erithacus reported by candidate countries from the two main sources (‘W’ includes ‘U’), all purposes, 2002-2011.
Annex B Reptiles Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Malaysia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated In 2011, imports of P. reticulatus primarily consisted of skins (9696 skins and 23 m of skins), of which the majority (87%) were wild-sourced while the remainder captive-bred. All trade was for commercial purposes. The majority of the wild-sourced skins were imported directly from Malaysia; all captive-bred skins originated in Viet Nam. Imports of wild-sourced skins accounted for 74% of Malaysia’s export quota of 12 000 wild- sourced specimens in 2011 (applied to Sabah only). Total imports of skins in 2011 reached their highest level over the period 2002-2011 and imports of wild-sourced skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011(Figure 3.26). Denmark reported the export of two wild-sourced skins to Iceland for commercial purposes; no trade to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed a negative opinion for wild specimens from Peninsular Malaysia on 05/09/2002; a formal suspension has been in place since 30/04/2004.
53 Species showing noteworthy trends
W C 12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000 No. Imported No.
2,000
0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 3.26: Imports of Python reticulatus skins reported by candidate countries by source (excluding skins reported by length), all purposes, 2002-2011.
54 Species valuation
IV. Species valuation
The monetary value of EU imports of species included in the EU Annexes is estimated in this section. To calculate the value of relevant 2011 imports to the EU, we use a preliminary methodology developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2010 Analysis of EU Annual Reports. This is the second year that this methodology has been applied.
To estimate the value of animal species listed in the EU Annexes import for all EU Member States, EU-reported import volumes (extracted from the CITES Trade Database) and species-specific value data submitted to United States Customs (included in the United States annual report to CITES) were used for calculations. The median value, based on the United States data, for each family/term/unit/source combination and corrected for inflation was multiplied by the corresponding EU-reported trade volume to obtain a total value for CITES-listed EU imports in 2011. In cases where there was an insufficient sample size to calculate a reliable value for the family/term/unit/source combination a suitable proxy was used (e.g. Order instead of Family or an alternative term or source); in cases where no suitable proxy could be found, the data was excluded. Valuation of EU plant imports was not undertaken as no value dataset with adequate coverage was available at the time of analysis.8 Wildlife commodities (re-)exported by the EU were also not included in the analysis. Further details of the methodology, along with caveats to this approach, are included in Annex E.
A. Overall value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species in 2011
Total Value, excluding caviar extract 1% 10% 9%
The monetary value of EU reported 6% Mammalia CITES-listed animal imports in 2011, Reptilia excluding caviar extract, is estimated to be Actinopterygii approximately USD662 million (~EUR499 Anthozoa million). The trade in reptiles accounted Other for 74% of the value of EU animal 74% imports, reflecting the relatively high volume of EU imports of this group Figure 4.1. Proportion of EU value (2011 USD) of 2011 imports of animal products by (Figure 4.1). class.
8 A preliminary study was undertaken which identified 53 datasets that contained plant price/value data; however, of these, only 13 included one or more CITES-listed species and this did not allow us to derive a standard dataset for the over 2500 plant taxa imported by the EU in 2011.
55 Species valuation
Value of Caviar Extract
As in 2010, caviar extract represented the main commodity in trade by value, amounting to USD3.6 billion9 (~EUR2.7 billion). This commodity is imported in very small volumes, and is used in cosmetics, luxury moisturising creams and skincare preparations for its purported anti-aging properties. According to the US Customs data, the estimated value of one kilogram of caviar extract is USD21 million (~EUR15.8 million) or USD21 000 per gram. This is based on the median value of 416 records within the US Customs dataset, spanning five years (2007-2011) and involving both US imports and exports. It is unclear whether the declared prices in the United States dataset represent the actual price for the extract in its natural form or whether this value represents the luxury commodity that contains the extract; however, caviar extract is known to be traded internationally in both forms.
In total, nearly 170 kg of extract were imported by the EU in 2011 from a variety of sturgeon species and hybrids; all extract originated from captive-bred sources (Table 4.1).
Table 4.1. Quantity and estimated value of caviar extract (in kg) imported by the EU in 2011 (all imports from captive-bred or captive-born sources) (rounded to two decimal places, where applicable). Taxon Quantity (kg) Estimated Value (Millions of % of extract USD, rounded to the nearest value million) Acipenser baerii 94.70 2017 56% Acipenser naccarii 64.33 1370 38% Acipenser transmontanus 5.41 115 3% Acipenser hybrid 4.18 89 2% Acipenser gueldenstaedtii 0.42 9 0.25% Acipenser baerii x naccarii 0.15 3 0.09% Acipenser spp. 0.13 3 0.08% Total 169.31 USD3606
Therefore, when caviar extract is included, the total value of CITES-listed animals and animal products imported by the EU in 2011 was estimated at USD4.3 billion (USD4 268 015 000 or ~EUR3.2 billion10). This is an increase of 14% compared with the 2010 estimates when this methodology was first applied11.
The remainder of this analysis excludes caviar extract and focuses on the value of the remaining animal commodities in trade, as well as a brief overview of timber values.
9 “Billion” in this report is used to refer to 109 10 All Euro equivalent values throughout this section are based on an exchange rate of 0.753 EUR to 1 USD from XE.com on 3 August 2013. 11 When comparisons to 2010 prices are used, these reflect values published in the 2010 EU Analysis of Annual Reports that are based on the same methodology used here, but use the median 2010 USD equivalent value from 2006-2010, as opposed to the 2011 USD value derived from the median of 2007-2011 US price data. Comparisons are provided as indicators of change, but are not directly comparable due to changes in inflation or fluctuations in currency, etc.
56 Species valuation
B. Key commodities imported by the EU by value The proportional value of key commodities imported by the EU in 2011 is summarised in Figure 4.2. As in 2010, when caviar extract is excluded, leather products and skins were the top two commodities by value, representing 41% and 31% of the estimated value respectively. Leather products and skins also represented the commodities imported at the largest volumes with 26% and 31% of the trade recorded as number of items (e.g. without a unit) respectively. With leather products outpacing skins in terms of value (but not by volume), it appears that a notable proportion of the overall value of the trade to the EU is in high value, luxury goods.
300
250
200
150
100
Value (Millions of of US$) (Millions Value 50
0 leather skins raw live caviar Other products corals
Figure 4.2: Value (2011 USD) of trade for the top five commodities imported by the EU in 2011, with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“Other”) (excluding caviar extract).
Leather products Leather products (encompassing both small and large leather products) imported into the EU in 2011 were worth approximately USD274 million (~EUR206 million). An increase of 38% compared with a value of $198 million based on 2010 trade levels. Alligatoridae represented the predominant family in trade by economic value accounting for 70% of the EU imports of leather products by value; Pythonidae (12%) and Crocodylidae (12%) also represented a notable proportion of EU trade on the basis of estimated economic value. Three additional reptile families were imported in sufficient quantities to account for over $1 million each: Varanidae (4%), Colubridae (2%) and Teiidae (<1%). No families from other classes exceeded $1 million. Wild-sourced leather products accounted for over three quarters (78%; USD215 million or ~EUR162 million) of the economic value, again primarily the family Alligatoridae (representing 82% of the value of wild-sourced leather products).
Skins Skins were the commodity imported by the EU at the highest level by volume, but represented the second most valuable commodity imported into the EU in 2011 after
57 Species valuation leather products (excluding caviar extract). This trade was estimated to be worth close to USD207 million (~EUR156 million), with reptiles representing the majority of the estimated value (90%) and mammals comprising the remainder. The estimated value of skin imports in 2011 is 48% higher than the value estimated for the 2010 skin imports. The three most important reptile families by estimated economic value for the skin trade were identical to those for leather products: Pythonidae (38%), Alligatoridae (35%) and Crocodylidae (17%).
Wild-sourced skins accounted for the majority of the value (53%) with skins of the family Alligatoridae providing 63% of wild-sourced skins by value. Captive-bred skins also represented a notable proportion (45%), primarily of the families Pythonidae (68%) and Crocodylidae (30%).
In addition to skins, imports of reptile “sides” were worth an estimated USD7.9 million (~EUR5.9 million), and mammal “plates” an estimated USD11.7 million (~EUR8.8 million).
Raw corals Raw corals comprised 9% of total estimated value of EU imports in 2011. The family Coralliidae (Appendix III/Annex C) accounted for the vast majority of the estimated value for this commodity (99%). The predominance of Corallidae is largely due to the fact that the median value for Corallidae was relatively high in comparison to other coral families/orders with a value of USD3675 per kg of wild-sourced raw corals. As a comparison, the median price for wild-sourced kg of raw corals for Scleractinian corals was USD1.03 per kg. In total, the EU imported 16220 kg of wild-sourced raw corals of Corallidae species, equivalent to an estimated USD59.6 million when the median value is applied.
Live animals The total estimated value of live animal imports into the EU in 2011 was over USD35.8 million (~EUR27 million), an increase of 88% over 2010 estimated values. As in 2010, mammals accounted for the majority of live animal trade by value (52%) (Figure 4.3). Cercopithecidae was again the predominant mammal family, accounting for >97% of the value attributed to live mammals, and dominated by trade in one species: Macaca fascicularis.
58 Species valuation
2% 8%
Mammalia 9% Aves
Reptilia
52% Hirudinoidea Anthozoa
26% Other
3%
Figure 4.3: Proportion of EU value (2011 USD) of 2011 imports of live animals by class. (‘Other’ includes Amphibia, Actinopterygii, Bivalvia, Arachnida, Insecta and Hydrozoa.) Trade in live reptiles accounted for 26% of live imports by value in 2011. The live reptile trade was valued at USD9.3 million (~EUR7 million); this is more than double the value estimated for 2010 imports. The key reptile families in trade, in order of estimated value for 2011 imports, were: Testudinidae (25%), Geoemydidae (24%), Pythonidae (21%), and Emydidae (19%). The majority of the economic value was derived from captive-bred specimens (82%).
The value of live bird imports was relatively low, accounting for just over USD1 million and representing 3% of the estimated value of EU imports of live animals. The majority of the value can be attributed to birds from captive sources (72%), with only 14.5% of the value derived from wild-sourced birds.
The total value of EU imports of live invertebrates (USD6.3 million) was dominated by the species of the class Hirudinoidea (USD3 million; 51% of the value of live invertebrates, all due to trade in Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbena) and corals of the class Anthazoa (USD2.8 million; 45%). Imports of the family Acroporidae accounted for approximately a quarter (27%) of the total value of live corals, with Caryophyllidae (21%) and Mussidae (15%) also representing notable proportions. The majority of the values for both corals and leeches was derived from wild sourced specimens (69% of the Anthozoa value and 84% of the Hirudinoidea value).
Caviar The EU continues to be a key importer of caviar, which is a very low volume but high value product. Imports of caviar into the EU were estimated to be worth almost USD37 million (~EUR28 million) in 2011, with approximately 97% of the value of caviar derived from aquaculture (sources C and F) specimens, approximately reflecting the proportion of actual volumes of trade. The median values for captive-bred and wild caviar for combined species of the family Aciperseridae were comparable, with captive-bred caviar valued slightly higher: USD936/kg and USD882/kg respectively. The main species in
59 Species valuation trade were Acipenser baerii x gueldenstaedtii (37%), Acipenser schrenckii (16%), Acipenser transmontanus (11%) and Acipenser baerii (11%).
Other parts and derivatives Five additional parts and derivatives imported into the EU in 2011 are worth noting: meat, carvings, bodies, tusks and medicine. Each had estimated values in excess of USD1 million. Meat imports totalled an estimated USD6.7 million (~EUR5 million), with virtually all of this value (>98%) involving trade in three species: Strombus gigas (70%; all wild-sourced); Crocodylus niloticus (15%; all from captive souces); and Anguilla anguilla (13%; all pre-Convention).
The estimated value of carvings (all units) was USD4.7 million. Trade in Corallidae carvings (in kg) accounted for 43% of the value, with an estimated value of USD6675 per kg. Hippopotamus amphibius carvings also accounted for imports worth an estimated USD475 000 (5.6% of the value of all carvings).
Trade in bodies was dominated by imports of pre-Convention Anguilla anguilla, representing 85% of the value of bodies (USD1.9 million). The price for one kg of Anguillidae bodies was estimated at USD19, and there were 96 000 kg of Anguilla anguilla bodies imported.
The trade in tusks to the EU was valued at an estimated USD2.1 million (~EUR1.6 million), and mainly comprised tusks of wild-sourced Monodon monoceros (82%).
The value of medicine imports, amounting to USD1.4 million, was also dominated by one species: Daboia russelii (100% of medicine value; all from captive sources).
C. Value by EU Annex Annex B taxa accounted for the majority (85%) of the estimated value of CITES-listed trade into the EU in 2011 (USD565 million or ~EUR425 million)12 (Figure 4.4).
For Annex B taxa, reptiles represented the majority of the value (84%; ~USD472 $13 million 2% million), followed by mammals (8%; $74 $7 million million 1.6% ~USD44 million) and fish species (6%; 11% Annex A ~USD36 million). Annex B Annex C Over 86% of the estimated value of Annex D Annex C imports to the EU in 2011 was $565 accounted for by trade in Corallidae million; species, as highlighted above when 85% Figure 4.4: Proportion of EU value (2011 USD) describing the trade in raw corals. The of 2011 imports of live animals and animals remainder was primarily derived from products by EU Annex. trade in Annex C reptile species.
12 Excludes trade in caviar extract.
60 Species valuation
As the US dataset only contained value data for CITES-listed species, the only Annex D taxa with corresponding value data were species that were included Appendix III/Annex D. Therefore, values were available for two species: Mustela sibirica and Homalopsis buccata; these two species combined account for the value in the Annex D specimens.
D. Value of timber imports For the majority of plant species, the US dataset did not have any value information that was comparable to the animal value data applied; however, values were available for some term/unit/source combinations for two families: Leguminosae and Meliaceae. Therefore, estimates of the value of EU imports of three key timber species were possible: Dalbergia nigra, Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata. In total, EU imports of a limited selection of parts and derivatives (carvings for Leguminosae and cubic metres of timber for Meliaceae) for these three species can be estimated at USD756 000 (~EUR569 000) in 2011. Pre-Convention carvings of Dalbergia nigra accounted for 54% of the estimated value of timber products, with wild-sourced sawn wood (in m3) of Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata comprising 36% and 10%, respectively. However, it should be noted that additional term/unit combinations for these species (and for additional species within the two families) had to be excluded. For example, a value for square metres was not available (only cubic metres had an estimated value), so a value could not be applied to 23 594 m2 of sawn wood of wild-sourced Swietenia macrophylla. Similarly, a value for imports of Pericopsis elata (in the family Leguminosae along with Dalbergia nigra) was not possible from the US dataset as there was no match for the term/unit/source combination (wild-sourced m3 of timber). Other exclusions included pre-Convention powder of Pterocarpus santalinus and a small quantity of veneer of Dalbergia stevensonii.
Plant parts and derivatives where no suitable price dataset were available through the US price dataset amounted to quantities in excess of 50 million plant parts and derivatives (all terms combined where unit was number of items), as well as over two million kg of plant parts and derivatives and over 30 000 cubic metres of timber and wood derivatives. Six families were imported at levels exceeding one million parts or derivatives (including all terms/units): Amaryllidaceae, Orchidaceae, Cactaceae, Cycadaceae, Primulaceae and Euphorbiaceae. In addition, prices were unavailable for some individual tree species traded at high volumes and known to be relatively high value commodities (e.g. Prunus africana and Pericopsis elata).
In an attempt to fill the gaps, an assessment of available internet price datasets for plant species and timber species, in particular, was conducted. No centralised dataset for global plant price data was found. Similarly, despite the high values fetched by many timber species, comprehensive datasets for CITES-listed timber species (or even timber species in general) were not found. Rather, price data appears to be scattered, with prices for only a few of the main CITES species accessible from any one source. Most often
61 Species valuation these are timber species or genera that are most commonly traded and high in value (e.g. Pericopsis elata, Swietenia spp., Dalbergia spp.). For those prices that were available, values were found to vary considerably depending on the region, the commodity in trade, the step in the production chain and the quality of the product. Another common difficulty in finding suitable data is that timber trade is often addressed by commodity type – not by species. These factors pose major challenges for identifying and utilising a reliable and comparable price dataset for use with the the CITES trade data.
For example, some data were found from the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 2012, but these were patchy in terms of the species covered and varied considerably by country. A sample dataset is provided in Table 4.2. All of these values are lower than the median value for Swietenia spp. estimated on the basis of the US customs value dataset (1856 $/m3).
Table 4.2. Sample price dataset for Swietenia spp. for EU importing countries extracted from the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 2012. Taxon EU Member States 2010 price 2011 price (USD/m3) (USD/m3) Swietenia spp. Estonia 1650 240 (sawn wood) France 812 921 Malta - 1014 Netherlands 1280 - Pericopsis elata Malta (sawn wood) 1286 751 (sawn wood) Pericopsis elata Malta (logs) 115 (logs)
Using price data from the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation, the value of P. elata sawn wood imported by the EU in 2011 can be estimated as follows (based on the average of Malta’s 2010 and 2011 price data): 10548 m3 * 1018.5 $/m3 = USD10.7 million (or ~EUR8 million).
These types of ad hoc analyses for individual species provide an idea of the figures involved, but a more comprehensive review is needed to provide a more robust picture of the value of EU imports. It is recommended that a more focused and thorough review be conducted in future.
62 Exports and re-exports
V. Exports and re-exports
This section provides an overview of EU and candidate countries’ exports and re- exports of CITES-listed species in 2011, particularly in direct exports of wild-sourced native species and species traded in high volumes. Wild-sourced and high volume trade from the European Union is discussed first, with (re-)exports by candidate countries discussed at the end of the chapter. As in the rest of the analysis, trade in artificially propagated Appendix-II plants, re-exports of manufactured articles and trade reported as seizures/confiscations (source ‘I’) have been excluded.
A. European Union (re-)exports
1. Exports of wild-collected species native to the EU In 2011, EU Member States reported 11; 7% 3; 2% 151 export transactions (including EU 66; 44% re-exports originating in other EU Scientific and medical 32; 21% Members States) involving wild- Commercial trade Hunting trophies collected species originating in the Personal EU; these transactions were mainly Other recorded for scientific purposes (44%) (Figure 5.1). EU exports of wild- 39; 26% sourced, native species comprised mainly commercial trade in live Figure 5.1: Number and percentage of direct export transactions of wild-collected CITES Tridacna maxima, Scleractinia spp. species reported by the EU in 2011, by and Hirudo medicinalis; scientific purpose (‘Other’ includes purposes ‘E’, ‘Z’ specimens of several mammal and ‘N’). species, most notably Canis lupus and Ursus arctos, as well as several Cetacea species; and hunting trophies of Ursus arctos (Table 5.1). As in 2010, the quantities exported in 2011 were small in terms of global trade in CITES-listed species. All trade in species listed in CITES Appendix I/Annex A13 was reported for scientific or medical purposes, with the exception of two transactions (0.323 kg of Physeter macrocephalus bodies exported for commercial purposes and one live Haliaeetus albicilla exported for zoological purposes).
13 Lutra lutra, Lynx pardinus, Monachus monachus, Cetacea spp, Hyperoodon ampullatus, Physeter macrocephalus, Dugong dugon, Haliaeetus albicilla and Chelonia mydas.
63 Exports and re-exports
Table 5.1: Exports in 2011 of wild-collected CITES species originating in EU Member States as reported by the EU exporters (country of origin in parentheses, if different). Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. App./ Taxon Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose Annex Ammotragus lervia III/B Spain United States 1 trophy H Canis hybrid II/B Finland United States 2 teeth S Canis lupus II/A Bulgaria Unknown 3 trophies T Estonia Norway 1 body P Estonia United States 136 specimens S Finland United States 6 teeth S Italy United States 717 specimens S Latvia Azerbaijan 1 body H Latvia Norway 1 trophy P Romania Switzerland 1 trophy H Slovenia United States 18 teeth S Sweden United States 37 teeth S Lynx lynx II/A Estonia Norway 3 bodies P
Estonia United States 88 specimens S Finland United States 19 teeth S Sweden Norway 1 skin H Sweden United States 134 teeth S Lynx pardinus I/A Spain Switzerland 0.7 specimens (l) S Spain Switzerland 429 specimens S
Spain United States <0.1 specimens (l) S Lutra lutra I/A Italy United States 6 teeth S Mammals Odobenus rosmarus Denmark Norway 1 skull P III/B (Greenland) Monachus monachus I/A Greece Canada 2 specimens S Ursus arctos II/A Bulgaria Unknown 2 trophies T Estonia Norway 1 body P Estonia Norway 1 skin P Estonia South Africa 1 trophy H Estonia United States 28 specimens S Finland China 1 body E Finland United States 111 teeth S Italy Canada 599 specimens S Romania Argentina 1 trophy H Romania Canada 1 trophy H Romania Lebanon 2 trophies H Romania Mexico 1 trophy H Romania New Zealand 1 trophy H Romania Switzerland 1 trophy H Romania Turkey 4 trophies H Romania Ukraine 5 trophies H
64 Exports and re-exports
App./ Taxon Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose Annex Ursus arctos (cont.) II/A United Arab Romania 5 trophies H Emirates Romania United States 7 trophies H Russian Slovenia 1 trophy H Federation Slovenia United States 178 teeth S Sweden Norway 3 bodies H Sweden Norway 1 skin P Sweden Norway 2 skins T Sweden Norway 1 skull P Sweden Norway 7 specimens S Sweden Norway 3 trophies H Sweden Norway 1 trophy P Sweden Norway 2 trophies T Sweden United States 345 teeth S Ursus maritimus Denmark Canada 493 specimens S II/B (Greenland) Cetacea spp. I/A France Australia 80 specimens S Balaena mysticetus Denmark Norway 1 baleen S I/A (Greenland) Balaenoptera Denmark Norway 2 baleen P acutorostrata II/A (Greenland) Delphinus delphis II/A Spain Canada 8 teeth S Globicephala melas Denmark (Faeroe United States 200 specimens S
II/A Islands) Mammals (cont.) Lagenorhynchus United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S albirostris II/A Kingdom Peponocephala electra II/A France United States 0.1 specimens (kg) S Stenella coeruleoalba II/A Spain Canada 2 teeth S United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S Kingdom Tursiops truncatus United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S II/A Kingdom Monodon monoceros II/A Denmark Canada 1 specimen S (Greenland) Taiwan, Denmark Province of 1 tusk T (Greenland) China Denmark United States 200 specimens S (Greenland) Kogia breviceps United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S II/A Kingdom Physeter I/A United Arab France 0.3 body (kg) T macrocephalus Emirates United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S Kingdom Hyperoodon United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S ampullatus I/A Kingdom
65 Exports and re-exports
App./ Taxon Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose Annex Mesoplodon bidens II/A United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Kingdom Ziphius cavirostris II/A United United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Kingdom (cont.)
Mammals Dugong dugon I/A skin pieces France Australia 0.1 S (kg) Phoenicopterus ruber II/B France Switzerland 1 feet (kg) S roseus Accipiter gentilis II/A Denmark Japan 5 specimens S Buteo buteo II/A Denmark Qatar 1 body P
Germany United States 360 specimens S
Sweden Iceland 1 body P Birds Circus aeruginosus II/A Germany United States 1 body P Haliaeetus albicilla I/A Poland Israel 1 live Z
Poland Israel <0.1 specimens (l) M Pernis apivorus United Gambia 1 live N II/A Kingdom Reptile Chelonia mydas I/A Cyprus Israel 78 skins S Anguilla anguilla II/B France Canada 9.8 specimens (kg) S
Hungary
Fish (United Japan 0.1 specimens (l) S Kingdom) Hirudo medicinalis II/B Romania Switzerland 1000 live T Tridacna maxima II/B France Brazil 850 live T
France Japan 450 live T
coral) Inverts.
(other than France United States 6706 live T Scleractinia spp. II/B France South Africa 185 raw corals S
France South Africa 94 specimens S
France United States 1100 live (kg) T France United States 200 raw corals S
Corals Montipora spp. II/B France Australia 1 specimen S Balanophyllia II/B Italy Israel 30 raw corals S europaea Pocillopora II/B France Monaco 150 raw corals S damicornis Germany dried plants Plants Adonis vernalis II/B Canada 70 T (Romania) (kg)
Timber Swietenia mahagoni II/B France Switzerland 5.8 kg veneer T
66 Exports and re-exports
2. High volume exports and re-exports This section focuses on the terms and species exported and re-exported at high volumes by the EU to the rest of the world. A minimum selection threshold of 1000 units to signify high volume trade was set to allow for a manageable analysis of exports. Commodities exported by the EU that exceeded this threshold are discussed below for each taxonomic group, with notable trends for one of the main terms in trade also highlighted. An overview of individual taxa that meet the threshold (e.g. where a certain term/unit combination was (re-)exported at levels above 1000 units when quantities for all exporters, sources and purposes are combined) is provided in a table within each taxonomic grouping.
A summary of the (re-)exports meeting the high volume threshold for candidate countries, both terms and taxa, is also provided at the end of this chapter.
Overview The total number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU and the number of taxa traded at volumes exceeding 1000 units are shown in Figures 5.2a and 5.2b. (Re-)exports of birds were the most diverse, with a total of 256 species, 10 subspecies, one hybrid and five higher taxa reported in trade; reptiles were the most diverse taxonomic group (re-)exported at high volumes, with trade involving 15 species, three subspecies and one higher taxon.
Mammals Mammals Birds Birds Reptiles Reptiles Amphibians Species Species Fish Fish Subspecies Subspecies Invertebrates Invertebrates Hybrid Hybrids Plants Plants Higher taxa Higher taxa Timber Timber
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 5 10 15 20 No. taxa (re-) exported No. taxa (re-)exported Figure 5.2a: Number of taxa (re-)exported Figure 5.2b: Number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU in 2011. by the EU at volumes exceeding 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). Exports exceeding 1000 units were recorded for 12 mammal, 10 bird, 19 reptile, 10 fish, four invertebrate, eight plant (other than timber) and seven timber taxa. In 2011, there was a notable decrease in number of plant taxa traded at high volumes, from 32 taxa in trade in 2010 to eight taxa in 2011, mainly due to a decrease in (re-)exports of cacti seeds from Malta. Mammals, plants and fish were traded under a variety of terms, whereas high volume trade in birds was predominantly in feathers and live animals, reptiles were mainly traded as skins and skin pieces and invertebrate trade was principally live individuals. An overview of the high volume trade by group is provided.
67 Exports and re-exports
Mammals Mammal parts and derivatives of wild origin that were (re-)exported at high volumes, exceeding 1000 units, were hair and specimens (Figure 5.3). Trade levels for the top term (hair) increased sevenfold over the five year period 2007-2011, reaching highest levels in 2011 (Figure 5.4); the vast majority (>99%) of this trade was wild- sourced Mustela sibirica originating in China and (re-)exported to the United States. Skins, representing entire animals, were also traded at notable levels with 9 576 skins (re-)exported in 2011, of which >99% were wild-sourced. W C O W C F O U Unspecified 150,000 cloth (m2)
carvings 100,000 garments
skins 50,000 specimens exported No.
hair 0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Fig 5.3: Quantity of mammal items (re-) Fig 5.4: Exports of mammal hair (no unit) by exported, by term and proportion of source, all purposes, 2007-2011.. sources, for those terms traded at volumes > 1000 units. An overview of the 11 species and one higher taxon that met the high volume criterion in 2011 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination exceeding 1000 is provided in Table 5.2, along with details on the main exporter and source. The top species in trade were Mustela sibirica (139 731 units of hair) and Macaca fasicularis (66 774 specimens). The principal importers of Macaca fasicularis were Switzerland (47%) and the United States (45%).
Table 5.2: Mammal species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units (all sources) in 2011 and corresponding main EU (re-)exporter. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. Main EU (re-)exporter App./ Main Taxon Qty Description (%) [main origin, if Annex source(s) (%) applicable] Vicugna vicugna II/B 1623.4 cloth (m2) W (> 99%) Italy (100%) [Peru] Germany (69%) Lycalopex griseus II/B 3075 skins W (100%) [Argentina] Lynx canadensis* II/B 1040 garments Unspecified (100%) Greece (100%) Lynx rufus II/B 7291 garments Unspecified (100%) Greece (100%) Germany (63%) [United 3550 skins W (100%) States] United Kingdom (100%) Mustela sibirica III/D 139731 hair W (100%) [China] Denmark (100%) Ursus maritimus* II/B 1230 specimens W (100%) [Greenland] Callithrix jacchus II/B 3426 specimens C (91%) Germany (> 99%) Germany (76%) Macaca fascicularis II/B 66774 specimens C (52%);F (46%) [Mauritius]
68 Exports and re-exports
Main EU (re-)exporter App./ Main Taxon Qty Description (%) [main origin, if Annex source(s) (%) applicable] Macaca mulatta II/B 1 949 specimens C (100%) Germany (99%) [China)] United Kingdom (72%) Elephantidae spp. I/A 1207.5 carvings O (62%) [Unknown] United Kingdom (73%) Elephas maximus I/A 1243 carvings O (51%); U(49%) [Unknown)] United Kingdom (87%) Loxodonta africana I/A 4116 carvings O (54%); U (46%) [Unknown]
Birds Bird commodities (re-)exported at high volumes (>1000) in 2011 were feathers (primarily reported in kg) and live specimens, the vast majority of which were captive-bred (Figure 5.5). Approximately 68 000 live birds were exported in 2011, of which >99% originated from captive-bred or captive-born sources; 30 wild-sourced birds and ten birds reported as ranched were also (re-)exported. Trade in live birds decreased by 13% between 2010 and 2011 but remained over 60 000 individuals (Figure 5.6).
C F D W R C F O D U 100,000
feathers 80,000
feathers 60,000 (kg) 40,000
live exported No. 20,000
0 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 5.5: Top three bird items (re-) Figure 5.6: EU exports of live birds by exported, by term and main sources. Small source, all purposes, 2007-2011. quantities (<150 units total) of source O, R, U and W were also recorded.
Nine bird species and one hybrid met the high volume criterion in 2011 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.3). Taxa meeting this threshold were primarily direct exports of captive-bred specimens. The top species in trade was Cairina moschata, which accounted for all trade in feathers reported by weight; Agapornis fischeri, Platycercus eximius and Psephotus haematonotus were the main species traded as live. According to EU exporter-reported data, the top importers of live birds exported by the EU Indonesia (22%) and Kuwait (12%); the top importer of feathers reported by weight was Norway (88%).
69 Exports and re-exports
Table 5.3: Bird species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. App./ Main source Main EU (re-)exporters Taxon Qty Description Annex (%) (%) Cairina moschata III/C 61202.4 feathers (kg) C (100%) France (100%) Falco hybrid I/A 2309 live C (65%) United Kingdom (41%) Gallus sonneratii* II/B 1065 feathers C (100%) Demark (95%) Czech Republic (33%); Netherlands (32%); Lonchura oryzivora II/B 4304 live C (98%) Belgium (29%) Agapornis fischeri II/B 13769 live C (97%) Netherlands (47%) Czech Republic (38%); Agapornis personatus II/B 7562 live C (95%) Belgium (36%) Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae I/A 2009 live C (100%) Czech Republic (90%) Platycercus elegans II/B 3814 live C (98%) Czech Republic (64%) Platycercus eximius II/B 10770 live C (98%) Czech Republic (64%) Psephotus haematonotus II/B 10476 live C (98%) Czech Republic (53%)
Reptiles Reptile commodities (re-)exported at highest volumes by the EU consisted of wild- sourced skin pieces and skins, captive-produced (source F) extract and live reptiles primarily (re-)exported from captive-bred sources (Figure 5.7). Tails, small leather products and skin pieces recorded in kilograms also met the high volume threshold (>1000), but were traded at lower levels than the four terms depicted in Figure 5.7 (e.g. <6000 units). (Re-)exports of the main term, skin pieces, have been variable over the five year period 2007-2011 and decreased by 8% compared with 2010 levels primarily due to a decrease in captive-bred specimens (Figure 5.8). Wild-sourced (re- )exports of skin pieces were below 500 000 for 2007-2009, but increased to above 700 000 pieces in 2010 and remained roughly at that level in 2011.
W R C F D W R C 1,000,000 live 800,000 extract 600,000
skins 400,000
No. exported No. 200,000 skin pieces 0 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 5.7: Top four reptile items (re-) Figure 5.8: EU exports of skin pieces by exported, by term and main sources. Small source, all purpose, 2007-2011. Small quantities (<500) of source O, U and quantities (<550) of source D, F, O and U unspecified source also (re-)exported. also (re-)exported.
Fifteen reptile species, three subspecies and one higher taxon met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.4). All taxa
70 Exports and re-exports meeting this threshold were traded primarily as re-exports of skins or skins pieces. The top species in trade was Alligator mississippiensis, accounting for 94% of trade in skin pieces; the principal importers of skin pieces (as recorded by the EU) were Tunisia (50%), Mauritius (21%) and China (12%).
Table 5.4: Reptile species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). *indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Main EU (re-)exporter App./ Main Taxon Qty Description (%) [main origin, if Annex source (%) applicable] Alligator II/B 693120 skin pieces W (>99%) France (98%) mississippiensis [United States] 59937 skins W (97%) Italy (66%) [United States] skin pieces W (100%) Italy (96%) 4029 (kg) [United States] Caiman crocodilus II/B France (86%) crocodilus 1502 skin pieces C (86%) [Colombia] Italy (100%) 1160.5 skins W (100%) [Venezuela] Caiman crocodilus II/B France (98%) fuscus 8529 skin pieces C (100%) [Colombia] France (43%) 9230 skins C (100%) [Colombia] Caiman yacare II/B 2271 skins W (97%) Italy (97%) [Bolivia] Crocodylus niloticus II/B 10013 skin pieces C (93%) France (73%) [Zimbabwe] 13808 skins C (90%) France (64%) [Zimbabwe] Crocodylus porosus II/B 1475 skin pieces R (64%) France (95%) [Australia] 1958 skins C (57%) France (95%) [Australia] Chamaeleo calyptratus* II/B 2479 live C (76%) Czech Republic Iguana iguana* II/B 2959 skins W (100%) Italy (100%)[Venezuela] Tupinambis merianae II/B 8962 skins W (100%) Italy (90%) [Argentina] Tupinambis rufescens II/B 31157 skins W (100%) Italy (90%) [Argentina] Tupinambis spp.* II/B 11413 skins W (100%) Italy (98%) [Paraguay] Varanus niloticus II/B 19485 skin pieces W (100%) France (90%) [Mali] 28906 skins W (100%) Spain (50%) [Chad] Varanus salvator II/B France (85%) 2176 skin pieces W (>99%) [Indonesia] 21043 skins W (100%) Italy (57%) [Malaysia] Python breitensteini* II/B 1066 skins W (100%) Italy (98%) [Indonesia] Python brongersmai II/B 4154 skins W (100%) Italy (67%) [Indonesia] Python molurus II/B 1742 live C (100%) Czech Republic (99%) bivittatus 1057 skin pieces C (100%) Italy (100%) [Viet Nam] 17137 skins C (>99%) Italy (69%) [Viet Nam] Python reticulates II/B 2821 skin pieces W (93%) France (>99%) [Malaysia] 11440 skins W (62%) Spain (89%) [Indonesia] Daboia russelii III/C 74716 extract F (89%) Germany (100%) [United States] Testudo hermanni II/A 1921 live C (>99%) Slovenia (69%)
71 Exports and re-exports
Amphibians All exports of amphibians from the EU in 2011 comprised live specimens (2070) traded principally for commercial purposes (94%); the vast majority of the trade was in captive-sourced specimens (98% captive-bred and 0.1% captive-born) while 2% was wild-sourced No individual species exceeded the 1000 unit threshold; the principal species traded as live specimens were Ambystoma mexicanum (864 axolotl), Dendrobates tinctorius (339 frogs), D. azureus (197 frogs) and D. auratus (186 frogs). The majority (93%) of amphibian exports from the EU were direct; the principal importers of amphibians (re-)exported from the EU were Japan (45%) and the United States (42%).
Fish The vast majority of high volume exports of fish consisted of live eggs from captive sources, with nearly 5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.9). In addition to the six term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.9, five additional term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold: meat, fingerlings, extract, bodies and extract (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live eggs) in 2011 were the highest of the five year period 2007-2011 and increased by 58% between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 5.10). All trade in live eggs between 2007 and 2011 was captive-bred.
W R C F O Unspecified 6 live 5 live (kg) 4
caviar (kg) 3 bodies (kg) 2 meat (kg)
egg (live) 1 No. exported (Millions) exported No. 0 0 2 4 6 Millions 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 5.9: Quantity of fish items (re-) Figure 5.10. EU (re-)exports of live eggs, all exported, by term, for those terms traded at purposes, 2007-2011. All trade was captive- volumes >1000 units. bred.
An overview of the eight fish species and two hybrids that met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.5. Notable levels of pre-Convention Anguilla Anguilla (live eels, meat and bodies) originating in other EU Member States were (re-)exported; the majority of the remaining high volume trade was captive-bred. The majority (68%) of live eggs were exported directly from France to China; the top species in trade was Acipenser baerii, representing 78% of the trade in live eggs.
72 Exports and re-exports
Table 5.5: Fish species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to the one decimal place, where applicable. Main EU (re-)exporter App./ Main Taxon Qty Description (%) [main origin, if Annex source (%) applicable] Acipenser baerii II/B 97735.2 bodies (kg) C (85%) France (63%) 14656.2 caviar (kg) C (>99%) France (66%) 3810 001 egg (live) C (100%) France (87%) 1735.6 extract (kg) C (>99%) France (98%) 6192 extract C (100%) France (100%) Hungary (100%) 12000 fingerling C (100%) [Germany] 61100 live (kg) C (100%) France (56%) 7893 live C (100%) France (76%) 25988.5 meat (kg) C (>99%) Germany (40%) 2620 meat C (100%) Poland (100%) Acipenser baerii x II/B 1205.1 caviar (kg) C (100%) Italy (88%) naccarii* Acipenser II/B 2000 bodies (kg) C (100%) Poland (100%) gueldenstaedtii France (61%) 8415.8 caviar (kg) C (>99%) [Bulgaria] 970000 egg (live) C (100%) Hungary (54%) 2000 fingerling C (100%) Hungary (100%) [Germany] 20622 live C (>99%) Italy (97%) 88253.6 meat (kg) C (100%) Italy (62%) Acipenser hybrid* II/B 3860.9 caviar (kg) C (100%) Germany (71%) Acipenser ruthenus II/B 60000 egg (live) C (100%) Poland (83%) France (97%) Acipenser schrenckii* II/B 26229 caviar (kg) C (100%) [China] Acipenser II/B 9521.1 caviar (kg) C (65%) Italy (52%) transmontanus 10000 egg (live) C (100%) Italy (100%) 25450 meat (kg) C (100%) Italy (100%) Huso huso* II/B 1154 caviar (kg) C (98%) France (89%) [Bulgaria] 3746 meat (kg) C (100%) Bulgaria (100%) Polyodon spathula* II/B 20000 egg (live) C (100%) Hungary (100%) Anguilla anguilla II/B 65000 bodies (kg) O (100%) Denmark (100%) [France] 2415 bodies O (100%) Greece (100%) [United Kingdom] 2400 live (kg) O (100%) Spain (75%) [Portugal] 25500 live O (100%) Greece (100%) [United Kingdom] 76290 meat (kg) O (100%) Denmark (66%) [France]
73 Exports and re-exports
Invertebrates
Invertebrates were traded at high volumes as live (both as number of individual specimens and by weight) and raw corals (kg) in 2011 (Figure 5.11). The vast majority of trade was in live specimens, with over 208,000 live invertebrates (re-)exported, 87% of which originated from captive sources (sources ‘C’ and ‘F’). (Re-)exports of live invertebrates and (re-)exports of wild-sourced invertebrates increased over the five year period 2007-2011, reaching the highest levels over the period in 2011 (Figure 5.12).
Three invertebrate species and one higher taxon met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.6). Hirudo medicinalis represented 90% of live invertebrates reported without a unit, of which 88% were captive-bred. The other three taxa originated predominantly from the wild. The top importer of live invertebrates (re-)exported by the EU was the United States, accounting for 74% of trade.
W C F W R C F 250,000 live (kg) 200,000 raw corals 150,000 (kg) 100,000
live exported No. 50,000
0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 5.11: Quantity of invertebrate Figure 5.12: Exports of live invertebrates items (re-)exported, by term and main by source, all purposes, 2007-2011. sources, for those terms traded at volumes >1000 units. Small quantities (<150 units) of sources R and O were also recorded.
Table 5.6: Invertebrate species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet high volume threshold in 2010. Main EU App./ Main source (re-)exporter [main Taxon Qty Description Annex (%) origin, if applicable] Hirudo medicinalis II/B 187987 live C (88%) France (78%) Germany (95%) Hirudo verbana* II/B 10860 live W (95%) [Turkey] Scleractinia spp. II/B 1350 live (kg) W (100%) France (81%) raw corals Germany (97%) 6340 W (100%) (kg) [Fiji] Tridacna maxima II/B 8043 live W (>99%) France (>99%)
74 Exports and re-exports
Plants
The majority of (re-)exports at high volumes were live wild-sourced plants reported without a unit, with over 1.5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.13). In addition to the three term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.13, two additional term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold: seeds reported without a unit and extract reported by weight (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live plants) were variable over the five year period 2007-2011, and decreased by 14% in 2011 to the lowest volume between 2007-2011 (Figure 5.14).
3.5 powder (kg) 3.0 2.5 wax (kg) 2.0 1.5 live 1.0
No exported (millions)exported No 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 Millions 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 5.13: Quantity of wild-sourced plant Figure 5.14: EU (re-)exports of wild sourced items (re-)exported, by term, for those terms live plants, all purposes, 2007-2011. Smaller traded at volumes >1000 units. Smaller quantities (<10 000 units) of source A, O quantities (<1 500 units) of source D, A and and D were also (re-)exported. O were also (re-)exported. An overview of the eight plant species that met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.5; all high volume trade was wild-sourced or, in the case of Appendix I cacti seeds, source code ‘D’. The vast majority (81%) of live plants (re-)exported by the EU were Galanthus elwesii originating in Turkey; the principal importers of live plants, as reported by the EU, were Japan (59%), the United States (20%) and Canada (15%).
Table 5.7: Plant species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources, rounded to the nearest kg, where applicable). Excludes timber species. *indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. App./ Main Main EU (re-)exporter [main Taxon Qty Description Annex source (%) origin, if applicable] Galanthus elwesii II/B 1438965 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey] Galanthus woronowii II/B 316315 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey] Pelecyphora strobiliformis* I/A 1870 seeds D (100%) Malta (>99%) Strombocactus disciformis I/A 4840 seeds D (100%) Malta (54%) Euphorbia antisyphilitica II/B 131637 wax (kg) W (100%) Germany (76%) [Mexico] Aloe ferox II/B 31671 powder (kg) W (100%) Germany (93%) [South Africa] II/B 140967 extract (kg) W (100%) France (54%) [South Africa] Cyclamen coum II/B 7950 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey] Cyclamen hederifolium II/B 4500 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]
75 Exports and re-exports
Timber Eight term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold for timber in 2011 (Figure 5.15). The majority of timber trade comprised (re-)exports of veneer reported in square metres; 70% was wild-sourced and 30% was pre-Convention (Figure 5.15.). Figure 5.16 shows EU (re-)exports of veneer (m2) between 2007 and 2011, by source. (Re-)exports decreased by 29% between 2010 and 2011, and in all years except 2008 quantities (re-)exported were below 25 000 square metres.
W O
W O 100,000 )
veneer (kg) 2 chips (kg) 80,000 powder (kg)
oil (kg) 60,000
)exported(m - timber (kg) 40,000 extract (kg) timber (m3) 20,000
veneer (m2) (re Quantity 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 5.15: Quantity of timber items (re-) Figure 5.16: EU exports of veneer reported exported, by term and proportion of in square metres, by source, all purposes, sources, for those terms traded at volumes 2007-2011 >1000 units. Seven species met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.8). All high-volume trade was wild-sourced or pre-Convention. Pericopsis elata represented 70% of trade in veneer (m2), all of which was wild- sourced, originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo and was imported by the United States. Trade recorded as timber (m3) was predominantly pre-Convention Cedrela odorata originating in Brazil and imported by the United States (93%). Two species represented the majority of trade in wild-sourced extract: Bulnesia sarmientoi (64%) and Prunus africana (36%). B. sarmientoi was primarily imported by Switzerland (81%) and the United States was the main importer of Prunus africana extract.
Table 5.8: Timber species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet the high volume criterion in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable. App./ Main Main EU (re-)exporter (%) Taxon Qty Description Annex source (%) [main origin, if applicable] Dalbergia nigra* I/A 4807 veneer (m2) O (100%) Spain (100%) [Unknown] Dalbergia stevensonii* III/C 5120 timber (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [Guatemala] Pericopsis elata II/B 1450 veneer (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [DRC] Spain (51%); Germany (49%) 11481.1 veneer (m2) W (100%) [DRC] Cedrela odorata* III/C 11861.7 timber (m3) O (>99%) Germany (>99%) [Brazil] Prunus africana II/B 4420.2 extract (kg) W (100%) Spain (93%) [DRC]
4289.3 powder (kg) O (92%) France (100%) [DRC] Bulnesia sarmientoi II/B 7986.1 extract (kg) W (100%) Germany (93%) [Paraguay] 4521 oil (kg) W (100%) France (64%) [Paraguay] Guaiacum sanctum* II/B 2000 chips (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [Mexico]
76 Exports and re-exports
B. Candidate countries
1. Exports of wild-collected, native species
Croatia, Iceland, and Turkey 1; 1% 1; 1% 5; 6% reported eighty-five direct export 14; 17% transactions of wild-collected native Scientific species in 2011, primarily as Commercial trade Hunting trophies commercial trade (75%) Zoological (Figure 5.17). Montenegro did not Educational report any exports within their annual report, while no wild- 64; 75% sourced were reported by FYR Figure 5.17: Number and percentage of direct Macedonia in 2011. (Re-)exports export transactions of wild-collected CITES species reported by candidate countries in involved 11 native, wild-collected 2011, by purpose. species (Table 5.9). All trade was in Appendix-II listed species, with three species listed in Annex A (Canis lupus, Ursus arctos and Phocoena phocoena) and the remainder in Annex B. The majority of taxa (Anguilla anguilla, Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo verbana and four of the five plant species) were exported for commercial purposes. Species of Galanthus and Cyclamen were exported in high volumes (>1000 units) in 2011, as in previous years. In addition, Turkey exported quantities of wild-sourced, Anguilla anguilla in excess of the high volume threshold applied in the next section.
Table 5.9: Direct exports of wild-collected CITES species in 2011, originating in candidate countries as reported by the exporters. App./ Taxon Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose Annex Canis lupus II/A Croatia Italy 43 specimens S United Croatia 4 specimens S States Ursus arctos II/A Czech Croatia 3 trophies H Republic Croatia Denmark 1 trophy H Croatia Germany 1 live Z
Croatia Germany 2 trophies H Croatia Italy 6 trophies H Croatia Italy 1 trophy T
Mammals Croatia Poland 19 teeth S United Croatia 1 trophy H Kingdom United Croatia 167 teeth S States United Croatia 2 trophies H States Phocoena II/A Iceland Unknown 4 bones (kg) E phocoena
77 Exports and re-exports
App./ Taxon Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose Annex Anguilla II/B Turkey Austria 4500 meat (kg) T
Fish anguilla Hirudo II/B Turkey France 200 live (kg) T medicinalis
Republic of Turkey 22 live (kg) T Korea Hirudo II/B Turkey Germany 155.5 live (kg) T verbana Turkey Netherlands 50 live (kg) T
Turkey Switzerland 7.7 live (kg) T Invertebrates United Turkey 50 live (kg) T Kingdom Galanthus II/B Turkey Netherlands 5250000 live T elwesii Galanthus II/B Turkey Netherlands 3000000 live T
woronowii Cyclamen II/B Turkey Netherlands 40380 live T
cilicium Plants Cyclamen II/B Turkey Netherlands 300795 live T coum Cyclamen II/B Turkey Georgia 30 live S hederifolium
2. Candidate countries’ high volume (re-)exports Candidate countries (re-)exported high volumes of one mammal, two reptile and one fish species in 2011 (Table 5.10). This is in addition to the wild-sourced trade in native species (Anguilla anguilla and the four plant taxa) that exceeded the high volume threshold and that are already highlighted in the wild-collected section. Lycalopex griseus, originating in Argentina, was the only species re-exported by candidate countries as wild-sourced at high volumes in 2011.
Table 5.10: Species/term combinations for which candidate countries’ reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011. * indicates species which did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. App./ Main Main (re-)exporter (%) Taxon Qty Description Annex source (%) [main origin, if applicable] Lycalopex griseus* II/B 1500 skins W (100%) Turkey (100%) [Argentina] Testudo graeca II/A 3555 live C (100%) Turkey (100%) Testudo hermanni* II/A 9400 live C/D (100%) FYR Macedonia (91%) Anguilla anguilla II/B 10900 live O (100%) Croatia (100%) [France]
78 Non-CITES trade
VI. Non-CITES trade
Imports: mainly reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives of Annex D species. Exports: primarily live, captive bred Columba livia exported for commercial purposes.
Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 provides for the control of trade in some species that are not listed in the Appendices to CITES; such species may be listed in Annexes A, B or D. Monitoring of trade in these species is entirely dependent on reporting by EU Member States. As such, candidate country trade is not included in this section.
A. Imports Three Annex A or B taxa were imported in 2011, the majority of transactions consisting of live Trachemys scripta elegans imported for scientific purposes (Table 6.1).
Table 6.1. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex A and B species in 2011. All trade was direct. Annex Taxon Importer Exporter Source Purpose Qty Term A Hystrix Austria Namibia W P 1 trophy Mammals cristata B Oxyura Italy Mexico W P 6 skins Birds jamaicensis B Trachemys Denmark United States W S 200 live scripta elegans Germany Turkey C P 1 live Reptiles Germany United States C P 1 live Germany United States F S 96 live
EU imports of Annex D animal taxa principally comprised reptile skins and skin products, the majority of which were reported without a source specified; as in 2010, the primary reptile species in trade were Homalopsis buccata, Elaphe carinata and E. radiata (Table 6.2). Trade in live animals was recorded for birds (2 species), reptiles (13 species), amphibians (7 species) and fish (2 taxa), with trade in Physignathus cocincinus and Pterapogon kauderni at levels in excess of 5000 individuals.
Large volumes of Annex D dried plants and plant derivatives were also imported, the majority of which were wild-sourced and a notable proportion reported without a source specified (Table 6.2). The principal plant taxa in trade were Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Harpagophytum procumbens and Harpagophytum spp. Trade was principally for commercial purposes or reported without a purpose specified.
79 Non-CITES trade
Table 6.2. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex D species in 2011. Taxon Quantity Term (Unit) Crax alector 87 feathers Syrmaticus reevesii 1900 feathers Birds Hypargos niveoguttatus 8 live Cosmopsarus regius 8 live Physignathus cocincinus 7826 live Rhacodactylus auriculatus 61 live Rhacodactylus ciliatus 203 live Rhacodactylus leachianus 39 live Zonosaurus karsteni 18 live Ctenosaura quinquecarinata 24 live Teratoscincus scincus 300 live Tribolonotus gracilis 508 live Tribolonotus novaeguineae 87 live Elaphe carinata 4 live 5622 plates 944 plates (m2) 100180 skins 14 small leather products Elaphe radiata 194 live Reptiles 7869 plates 316 plates (m2) 90058 skins 2520 small leather products Enhydris bocourti 1014 skins Homalopsis buccata 2500 large leather products 15 live 4572 plates 47 plates (m2) 2621 skin pieces 207026 skins 520 small leather products Ptyas korros 6 live Lapemis curtus 523 plates 402 plates (m2) 5289 skins Phyllomedusa sauvagii 255 live Cynops ensicauda 75 live Pachytriton labiatus 150 live Amphibians Paramesotriton chinensis 152 live Tylototriton asperrimus 125 live Tylototriton kweichowensis 350 live Tylototriton verrucosus 200 live Pterapogon kauderni 28 derivatives Fish 5250 live Pterapogon spp. 21 live Dasylirion longissimum 1807 live Plants Arisaema sikokianum 25 live
80 Non-CITES trade
Taxon Quantity Term (Unit) Arisaema spp. 25 live Arnica montana 3973.2 dried plants (kg) Othonna clavifolia 150 live Othonna retrorsa 100 live Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 83653.09 dried plants (kg) 10843 leaves (kg) Gentiana lutea 3000 dried plants (kg) 4 dried plants 14812 roots (kg) Dalbergia retusa 1 sawn wood Plants Lycopodium clavatum 12000 dried plants (kg) (cont.) Menyanthes trifoliata 7350 leaves (kg) Cetraria islandica 606 derivatives (kg) 145 dried plants (kg) 10386 leaves (kg) Harpagophytum procumbens 1560 live (kg) 53000 medicine (kg) Harpagophytum spp. 32700 dried plants (kg) 14500 live (kg) 11000 medicine (kg) 66891 roots (kg) Selaginella lepidophylla 8000 dried plants (kg)
B. (Re-)exports EU Member States reported the export or re-export of five non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes (Table 6.3). The majority comprised live, captive-bred Columba livia (Rock Dove) directly exported for commercial purposes: 23 595 birds were exported in 2011, more than double the 10 118 exported in 2010.
Table 6.3. EU-reported (re-)exports of non-CITES species in 2011. Annex Taxon Origin (Re-exporter) Source Purpose Qty Term A Hystrix cristata Unknown (Austria) O E 7 hairs Mammals Unknown O T 1 carvi (United Kingdom) ng A Bubulcus ibis Germany C Z 6 live Birds A Columba livia Spain C T 23595 live B Chrysemys picta Unknown (Germany) O P 1 live Trachemys scripta Hungary C P 1 live B elegans (United Kingdom) United States U P 1 live Reptiles (Germany) Unknown O P 2 live (Netherlands) France U P 1 live
No (re-)exports of Annex D specimens were recorded, but EU Member States are not required to report on exports of Annex D specimens.
81 Annex
Annex A – CITES purpose and source codes
Purpose of trade Code Description B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation E Educational G Botanical gardens H Hunting trophies L Law enforcement/judicial/forensic (e.g. evidence for use in court, specimens for training) M Medical (including biomedical research) N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild P Personal Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions S Scientific T Commercial / Trade Z Zoos
Source of specimens Code Description A Annex A plants artificially propagated for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof C Annex A animals bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C animals bred in captivity in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof D Annex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof F Animals born in captivity, but for which the criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and derivatives thereof I Confiscated or seized specimens14 O Pre-Convention specimens1 R Specimens originating from a ranching operation U Source unknown (must be justified) W Specimens taken from the wild
14 To be used only in conjunction with another source code.
82 Annex
Annex B – Glossary of terms
Term Definition Annex A/B/C/D species Species listed in the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Appendix-I/II/III species Species listed in the CITES Appendices Article Refers to an article in the CITES Convention text CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES-listed Species listed in one of the Appendices to CITES EU European Union Member States The 27 countries that were Member States of the European Union in 2011 Source The source of the species in trade, whether it be from the wild, captive- bred, pre-Convention, etc. A full list of sources is provided in Annex A. Species For simplicity, the term “species” may be used to refer to a list of species and sub-species Wildlife Trade Regulations European Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent updates
Annex C – Conversion factors
Converted from Converted to Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg) Millilitres Litres (l) Centimetres Metres (m) Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items] Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin] Timber (including logs, Cubic meters (m3) [calculated using the mid-point of the range of specific sawn wood, veneer etc) in weights provided in the CITES Identification Manual (Vales et al., 199915)]. kilograms
Annex D – Country name abbreviations
Full name Abbreviated name Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Venezuela Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Hong Kong, SAR Lao People’s Democratic Republic Lao PDR The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FYR Macedonia United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania United States of America United States
15 Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. (1999) Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora. CITES Secretariat, Switzerland.
83
Annex
Annex E - Valuation methodology overview
On the basis of the species coverage, level of detail, consistency of the dataset and probable comparability to EU prices, the “Declared U.S. Dollar Value” data from the United States CITES Annual Reports were used as the basis for calculations of the value of EU imports of CITES-listed species. The United States is a major importer and exporter of CITES-listed species and therefore Customs data included price data for a high number of CITES species in trade. Using EU importer-reported trade data derived from the CITES Trade Database, the United States price data were extrapolated to calculate the value of EU reported imports of CITES-listed animals. United States price data used
The Declared U.S. Dollar Value is the amount in U.S. dollars declared by the trader at the point of export from or import to the United States. The Declared U.S. Dollar Value data for cleared items (Status = “CL”) provided in the United States CITES Annual Reports for the years 2007-2011 were used. Both import and export price data were included in the analysis.
On account of limited price data, the vast majority of plants were excluded from the analysis (with the exception of two families with robust enough price data); it is hoped that plant price datasets can be improved in the future to address this issue.
Data for animals were standardised to comply with CITES accepted codes (for further information on CITES codes for terms, sources and units, see http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2011/E019A.pdf). Units and source codes were converted or grouped (in the cases of some sources) to allow for more meaningful analysis. All sources and purposes were included in the analysis.
Price per taxon per year (2007-2011) was corrected for inflation by using a conversion factor (see http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/) to express prices as estimates of U.S. dollars in 2011.
The median USD price for each family/unit/source/term combination was calculated. Family-level price data were used so that median prices would be based on a higher number of records, thus providing a more robust price estimate. Furthermore, calculations done at the family level provided value data for a higher proportion of trade records in EU importer data. EU importer data
Trade data were extracted from the CITES Trade Database to determine trade volumes as reported by EU importers in 2011. All terms, sources and purposes were included. Calculating value of EU imports
To estimate the monetary value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species, the median price value for each family/unit/source/term combination was multiplied by the EU reported trade volume.
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Where the family median was based on a small number of records within the United States price dataset (<5 records) or where price data were unavailable for a family/unit/source/term combination (e.g. because the United States had not traded in the taxon in question), proxy values were used. An example of typical proxy would be using the median price for the order/source/unit/term combination or the same family/unit/term combination but for trade in a similar but different source. For those commodities where a suitable proxy could not be found (e.g. there was no comparable proxy with enough price records to make it valid), trade was deleted.
The price dataset initially included 558 010 relevant price records for animal species. Median price values were subsequently calculated for 1 638 family/unit/source/term combinations. The final EU importer data used included 7 040 trade records, with less than 200 records with no price data available.
Considerations
A number of assumptions were made in order to undertake the calculations for this report:
- Only price data from United States “cleared” imports and exports were used, which were then extrapolated to estimate the value of EU imports. However, in reality there will be price differences between countries for the same species and there will be differences in the quality of products, leading to price differences However, it is important to note that the estimate of financial value of the trade in EU imports of CITES-listed animals is only an approximation of the actual earnings at one stage in the market chain. - The calculations focus only on animals, as no price data were available for plants, with the exception of two tree families. Furthermore, records were deleted if no price data were available or if no adequate proxy was identified. Therefore, calculations are likely to be an underestimate of total value of legal imports of CITES species to the EU. - Family-level price data and proxy data used for price calculations may not always reflect the true price of a species. - The price for any given species/commodity may vary according to size of animal, shipment size, variety (e.g. rare breeds) – such detail is not captured in the CITES trade data. To account for these differences, a median price was used. In addition, an initial analysis of the data used in this report indicated that median shipment sizes were comparable between the two datasets. - In future, it is intended to refine the methodology to further verify assumptions and to identify a suitable price dataset and methodology for plants.
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