Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD

Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 9 Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung Band 9

herausgegeben vom Braunschweigischen Landesmuseum

in Verbindung mit dem Internationalen Sachsensymposion

durch Babette Ludowici Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD

herausgegeben von Adam Cieśliński und Bartosz Kontny

Universität Warschau Alle Beiträge wurden einem Verfahren zur Qualitätssicherung unterzogen Begutachtung des Bandes: Mateusz Bogucki, Jan Schuster

Umschlaggestaltung: Karl-Heinz Perschall, Agata Wiśniewska Satz und Layout: Agata Wiśniewska

Redaktion: Adam Cieśliński, Bartosz Kontny

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Abbildungsnachweise liegen in der Verantwortung der Autoren

Druck: Intro-Druk, Koszalin

ISBN 978-83-66210-06-6 Vorwort

Die wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Völ- ne Mechanismen zur Verlagerung menschlicher Gruppen oder kern und Kulturen stellen seit Beginn der Archäologie als wis- unterschiedliche Strategien zum Einleben von Neuankömmlin- senschaftliche Disziplin zentrale Forschungsfragen dar. Die im gen unter neuen Bedingungen. Im Kapitel „New finds and Stu- Laufe der Jahre entwickelten Forschungsmethoden, so etwa dies“ werden neue archäologische Entdeckungen und Analysen typologische und chronologische Studien, Analysen der Ver- vorgestellt. Die interessantesten Aufschlüsse und Einsichten er- breitung vorherrschender Kulturmerkmale oder materialwissen- geben sich oft an den Schnittstellen zwischen den historischen schaftliche Forschungen erlauben oft detaillierte Schlussfolge- Fachdisziplinen und ebenso gibt es naturgemäß vielfältige in- rungen. Sehr lehrreiche Resultate liefern vergleichende Studien, haltliche Überschneidungen zwischen den einzelnen Kapiteln – in denen die Ergebnisse archäologischer Forschung schriftli- aber eben dies ist der Mehrwert unseres Symposions. chen Überlieferungen gegenübergestellt werden. Aus diesem Dass das Institut für Archäologie der Universität Warschau Grund umfasst der vorliegende Band, der die Beiträge zum 65. Mitherausgeber dieses Bandes ist, zeigt dass sich die vor einigen Internationalen Sachsensymposion vom 13.-17. September 2014 Jahren gegründete polnische Sektion des Internationalen Sach- am Institut für Archäologie der Universität Warschau präsen- sensymposions fest etabliert hat und die in Polen durchgeführ- tiert, Zeiträume der Frühgeschichte und des Frühmittelalters. ten Forschungen perfekt zum Themenschwerpunkt des Bandes Der Band präsentiert für verschiedene Teile Europas im ersten passen. Schließlich haben Studien zu interkulturellen Beziehun- Jahrtausend nach Christus im Überblick methodische Vorge- gen in der polnischen Archäologie und ganz allgemein in Mittel- hensweisen in Studien zu interkulturellen Kontakten und einen europa eine lange Tradition, wie beispielsweise die Forschung Vergleich von Ergebnissen und Folgerungsmöglichkeiten. Die über die Migration der Goten, Studien über die sogenannte Vielzahl der Themen, die Vielfalt der kulturellen Traditionen so- Bernsteinstraße oder Bevölkerungsveränderungen am Ausgang wie der gegenseitigen Wechselwirkungen, die unterschiedliche der Antike. Wir hoffen, dass dieser Band auf reges Interesse sto- Strahlkraft von Zivilisationszentren, aber auch abwechslungsrei- ßen wird und wünschen Ihnen eine angenehme Lektüre! che klimatische und geografische Bedingungen nebst materiel- Ins Englische oder Deutsche übersetzte Texte wurden von len Ressourcen in einem so weiten Gebiet lassen uns ein faszi- John Hines, Gundula Lidke und Clifford Sofield sprachlich über- nierendes wissenschaftliches Abenteuer erleben. Im Sinne des prüft. Ihnen sei hierfür herzlich gedankt. Themenschwerpunktes des Symposion versammelt er „interacting scolars“! Die insgesamt 31 Beiträge werden in vier Kapiteln prä- sentiert. Das erste Kapitel „Contacts“ befasst sich mit einem breiten Spektrum von Kontaktverhältnissen in komplexen, oft Adam Cieśliński und Bartosz Kontny interkulturellen Konfigurationen. Hier findet man Analysen Institut für Archäologie der Universität Warschau von Beziehungen auf wirtschaftlicher, sozialer, politischer oder militärischer Ebene. Das Kapitel „Austausch“ thematisiert den Babette Ludowici Transfer von materiellen Gütern (einschließlich Sklaven), aber Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum Arbeitsbereich Sachsenforschung auch von Technologie und Ideologie. Unter dem Titel „Migrati- on“ sind Beispiele für die Konvergenz der Forschungsergebnisse Claus von Carnap-Bornheim von Archäologen und Historikern zu Bevölkerungsbewegungen Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen in verschiedenen Teilen des europäischen Kontinents versam- Vorsitzender des Internationalen Sachsensymposions melt; die Abhandlungen betrachten deren Ursachen, heteroge-

5 Inhalt

Contacts

Rasa Banytė-Rowell Connections between the West Balts and their neighbours in the Roman and Migration Periods: the northern direction 11

Anna Bitner-Wróblewska und Magdalena Mączyńska Hic Suebiae finis! Die südliche Ostseezone in der Spätantike und in der Völkerwanderungszeit 21

Agata Chilińska-Früboes Local fashion and when did it start? The earliest copper-alloy artefacts ornamented with iron inlays discovered in 37 the area of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture

Adam Cieśliński und Andreas Rau Bügelknopffibeln mit polyedrischem Knopf östlich der Oder. Hinweise auf Kommunikation entlang der südlichen 47 Ostseeküste in der frühen Völkerwanderungszeit

Katarzyna Czarnecka Uncertain Keys from Illerup: rare and rather mysterious implements from the Younger Roman Period 61

Anne-Sofie Gräslund Aspects of the Conversion of Scandinavia: Interpretatio Scandinavica 73

John Hines From East to West: Miniature Buckets Pendants in Anglian England 81

Ursula Koch Linked from Scandinavia to Italy: The Rhine Franconian Elite in the 6th century from Hermsheimer Bösfeld, city of Mannheim 91

Bartosz Kontny Dogs of war in the Baltic Sea area. The case of Balt retinues in the Roman Period and Migration Periods 101

Babette Ludowici und Daniel Winger; mit einem Beitrag von Fleur Schweigart Fernbeziehung und Selbstzuordnung im Bestattungsbefund: Ein neues Prunkgrab der merowingerzeitlichen Elite 123 am Hellweg von Hemmingen-Hiddestorf, Region Hannover

Toby Martin A matter of scale: some impediments to broad archaeological perspectives on post-Roman European bow brooches 139

Wojciech Nowakowski Kontakte der Westbalten mit ihren Nachbarn in der römischen Kaiserzeit und in der Völkerwanderungszeit: 147 Die südliche Richtung

Radosław Prochowicz Goten zwischen der Ostsee und dem Schwarzen Meer – die Besiedlung der Wielbark-Kultur an der unteren Orzyc 155

6 Dirk Steinforth Krieger und Kulturträger, Eroberer und Einwanderer: Die frühen Wikinger auf der Isle of Man 165

Agata Wiśniewska Cicada brooches from Łężany: new evidence linking the Balt milieu and the south in the Migration Period 173 Appendix: Ewelina A. Miśta-Jakubowska, Physicochemical analysis of the copper alloys in the artefacts

Marcin Woźniak Interregional contacts of barbarian societies in the light of materials from the cemetery at Kleszewo in 185 northeastern Masovia

Exchange

Matthias Hardt The importance of far-distance-trade for the Slavic princes of the early and high Middle Ages 205

René Proos Building and basement. On the various interpretations for a large 4th century pit in the former garden of 213 a Roman villa urbana

Migration

Jacek Andrzejowski The Gothic migration through Eastern Poland – the archaeological evidence 225

Catherine Hills and Sam Lucy Spong Hill and the Anglo-Saxon Migration to England 239

Renata Madyda-Legutko and Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak New Data on the Migration of Vandalic Groups in the Direction of Dacia 249

Marek Wilczyński ”Suevi et Gallaeci” – Migration und Assimilation eines germanischen Volkes in fernen Gebieten des spätantiken Spaniens 259

New finds and studies

Morten Axboe Highlights from Danish metal detector finds 269

Per Ethelberg und Mads Leen Jensen Wo sind die Brunnen? Eine Fall-Studie über die Wasserversorgung eines Siedlungkomplexes um 400 n. Chr. bei Vonsild 279 südlich von Kolding, Jütland, Dänemark

Mogens Bo Henriksen Experimental cremations – can they help us to understand prehistoric cremation graves? 289

Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła The Craft of the Goldsmith in the Society of the Wielbark Culture from the Roman Period – case study of the cemetery 297 at Weklice

Tomasz Nowakiewicz und Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz Die Opferfundstelle im ehemaligen See Nidajno: Stand der Erforschung und Umfang der vorgenommenen Laborarbeiten 309

7 Alexandra Pesch Forgotten Kings of the North 321

Kalina Skóra Männerdefizit in den Gräberfeldern der Wielbark-Kultur? Eine archäologisch-anthropologische Perspektive 331

Anne Birgitte S�rensen Examples of accordance between archaeological and written historical sources – a result of the study of the medieval 341 rural settlement of �sterg�rd in South Jutland (10th–13th centuries)

Ursula Warnke Was tun mit großen archäologischen Objekten? Methoden und Möglichkeiten einer 3D Fund- und 349 Sammlungsdokumentation

8 CONTACTS

Connections between the West Balts and their neighbours in the Roman and Migration Periods: the northern direction

Rasa Banytė-Rowell

Introduction1 populated with people of Balt and Finnic origins in the context of various long-distance cultural relations during Roman and There is no strict definition of a West Balt territory during the Ro Migration Periods. man Period. Areas of Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) and north-eastern Poland, the Lithuanian and south-western Latvian coastland, and regions of the Lower and Middle Nemunas/Memel/Nie- The Early Roman Period men river in Lithuania are associated most frequently with the culture of the West Balts (Fig. 1). Areas of Žemaitija, northern When talking about the beginning of the Early Roman Period in Lithuania and southern Latvia also show kindred cultural fea- the Balt areas stretching northwards from Samland, it is worth tures. During the Late Roman Period the Barrow Zone of East- stressing that the lat�nisation in this region during the previ- ern Lithuania usually is treated as cultural phenomenon born ous Early Iron Age was very weak. Local ornaments of the Early under the influence of the West Balts too. Of course, when Roman Period in the eastern Baltic, most probably invented in we try to distinguish the strongest features of West Balt cul- Samland, such as neckrings with trumpet-shaped terminals, dis- ture, we associate them, as a rule, mostly with artefacts and tinguish themselves with the features of La T�ne style, as we burial customs distributed in Samland, Mazuria, the Suwałki re- see in examples of finds from the former Drusker Forst in Ka- gion and western Lithuanian areas (Nowakowski 1996, 80–93; liningrad Oblast and Pažarstis in Lithuania (Engel 1935, 262 Taf. Bitner-Wróblewska 2010, 144–154 fig. 4–5). Here I would like 144.e; Jankuhn 1950, 57 Abb. 11; Michelbertas 1989, 18; Rzeszo- to present some examples of the impact of the West Balts on tarska-Nowakiewicz 2010, 327, 329 pl. VIII.6–7). Neckrings with cultural development in the eastern Baltic region, which was trumpet-shaped terminals are an example of impact from Sam- land which is seen throughout the eastern Baltic region as far as Finnic areas in Estonia and Finland. These influences from the southern Balts were adopted with the addition of local tastes for jewellery – for example some neckrings made by Finnic people have much more massive size than products of the Balts (Lang 2007, 247 fig. 132.2, 149.2; Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2010, 320, 324 pl. V). Influences from the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture of Samland during Early Roman Period are seen not only in the distribution of unique local forms such as neckrings but also through the distribution of types which were adopted in Samland follow- ing the Germanic fashions of the neighbouring Wielbark Cul- ture. Among the types from the southern Baltic region which reached Lithuania and Latvia thanks to the intermediation of West Balts are brooches of Almgren 42, Almgren 72, Almgren group V series 7 (Almgren 1897), which were adopted in the Balt regions of what are now Lithuanian and to a lesser degree, Latvian and Estonian territories (Moora 1938, 66f.; Nowakowski 1996, 155f. Taf. 107 Karte 4; Michelbertas 1998, 427f.; Michel- bertas 2009, 67 Notiz 13; Chilińska 2009, 66f., 190–195 mapa 1 aneks 2; Banytė-Rowell 2009, 56f. footnotes 2–3 fig. 5). Sargėnai, grave 110 (Central Lithuania), and its jewellery clearly represent ‘Samland style’ which is here represented also by so Figure 1. The eastern Baltic region during the Roman Period. Broken line marks called Schlangenkopfarmringe (Fig. 2). The latter bracelets from approximate borders between the peoples of Germanic, Balt and Finnic origin. Lithuania represent the next step of imitation of Schlangenkopf-

11 Figure 2. Sargėnai cemetery, grave 110 (central Lithuania). Grave-assemblage typical of the Early Roman Period containing three bracelets with profiled terminals. Collec- tion of VDKM, inv. no 1616: 92–97 (Photo: A. Užgalis).

armringe of the Wielbark Culture through the impact of the mon shape with Almgren 72 brooches (Moora 1932 Abb. 24.3; design of Samlandic bracelets with profiled terminals (for Sam- Šmidehel’m 1955, 93f., 158 ris. 22.4, 42.1; Laul 2001 att. 38.1; land finds see:J ankuhn 1950, 56 Abb. 4; Nowakowski 1996, 48ff., Lang 2007, 207f. fig. 126.1). So the ‘Samland code’ of outfit 99 Taf. 5.8, 107; Chilińska-Drapella 2010, 14f., 30 tabl. 14.a–b, was adopted in eastern Baltic areas matching the local forms 16.a, 17.c–d, 19.b–c, 21.n–o, 24.d–e, 25.r–s, 35.b–c, 39.c, g; of jewellery. Not all ‘Samland ideas’ and goods travelled north for Lithuanian finds see: Bliujienė and Bračiulienė 2007, 55 pav. via Balt lands in Lithuania and southern Latvia. The Phase B2 5.4–5; Banytė-Rowell 2009, 53, 56 fig. 3.12–13, 6.3–4; Bliujienė tutulus brooches found in Samland (Dollkeim/Kovrovo, grave 6), 2013a, 135 pav. 62). A similar Schlangenkopfarmring to that northern Latvia (Turaidas Pūteļi, Āraišu ezerpils, Vidrižu Kalna- from Sargėnai was found far in the north, in the Piikkiö-Kosten- voti) and Estonia (Triigi cemetery) also testify to direct contacts haka cemetery, grave VI in Finland (Salo 1968, 64 Taf. 33.7). On between the West Balts and Finns during the beginning of Early the other hand these influences of Phase B2 do not overwhelm Roman Period (Tischler and Kemke 1902 Taf. VIII.4, 4a; Šmidehel’m local ideas completely, because ‘imported ideas’ landed in the 1955, 160 ris. 43.2; Jaanits et al. 1982 pilt 152; L�ugas and Se- context of locally created types such as temple ornaments, pins lirand 1989, 301; Nowakowski 1996, 21 Taf. 5.9; Ciglis 2004, 37 of Beckmann type H, and bracelets of circular cross-section att. 7; Banytė-Rowell and Bitner-Wróblewska 2005, 112f.; Āraišu (Jankuhn 1950, 56, 58 Abb. 4.14; Beckmann 1969, 110 Abb. 1; 2008, 11; Urtāns 2014, 260 att. 2). Most probably these con- Michelbertas 1986, 85f., 124–127, 135ff. pav. 14.1–4, 43.1–5, tacts were maintained using the communication lines by sea 49.4–7; Juga-Szymańska 2006, 16 Karte VI; Juga-Szymańska 2014, as are seen when analysing the impact of Germanic influences 114 tabl. XLIV.1–2, XVL.1–3, XLIX.1–2, LI.2). from the Lower Vistula area on the Finnic culture of the Tarand It is also worth drawing attention to the fact that some local cemeteries in the eastern Baltic (Schmiedehelm 1930). versions of profiled brooches of Early Roman Period, that were The adoption of the standards of the Samland elite, which produced in the Finnic areas of what is now Estonia (for exam- was the most mobile and primarily responsible for mak- ple finds from Türsamäe, Virunuka), have similarities of com- ing long-distance contacts in the western Lithuanian and

12 south-western Latvian coastland zone is clear from the luxury 281–299 Abb. 37; Michelbertas 1986, 91–94 pav. 18–23; Bany- bridles found in the Nikėlai (Phase B2, type Kirpehnen) (Puzinas tė-Rowell 2013a Abb. 12.3) (Fig. 3) and various pins play an im- 1975, 44 fig. 2.4, 6; 18; Raddatz 1993, 94 Abb. 8; Wilbers-Rost portant part in costume. The attraction of pins, albeit of dif- 1994, 45, 77, 85, 105 Karte 1, 3, 7, 10–11 Beilage 1–3; Lau 2014, ferent local forms, is testified to by similarities with the outfit 1–34 Abb. 18–19, 24–25) and Mazkatuži cemeteries (turn of of West Balts in Mazuria (Juga-Szymańska 2006; Juga-Szymańska Phase B2–very beginning of Phase B2/C1) (Griciuvienė and Buža 2014, 176–194, 199ff. tabl. XLIII–LIV). Ladder brooches (Spros- 2009, 41–44 fig. 114–139; Virse 2013, 112–115 Abb. 6). Finds senfibeln), despite the diversity of their local versions, allow us of similar bridles in the south-western Baltic region testify that to synchronize the process of cultural development from Sam- the distribution of these trends proceeded via the junction of land throughout the East Baltic region and to identify mutu- communication lines in Danish areas, which controlled the dis- al contacts between various areas (Michelbertas 1998, 428 Abb. tribution of Roman imports to Scandinavia and may also have 5–6; Nowakowski 1996, 157ff. Anhang E Karte 6; Hauptmann been important for connecting routes towards the south-east- 1998). We can detect Samlandic influences also in the distri- ern and eastern Baltic (see Baranowski 1973, 463, 466 fig. 2, bution of crossbow brooches with ringlets (Armbrustfibeln mit 11, 24–25, 28; Lund Hansen 1987, 240–243). On the other hand Ringgarnittur) (Moora 1938, 132–144; Budvydas 2002, 253–257 the adoption of chain bridles may also have been influenced by pav. 9–12; Rohtla 2005, 125ff. fig. 3–4; Lang 2007, 209f. fig. trends brought along Continental routes to the south, leading 129.3–4). to Danubian areas. If the Elbe route was relevant for Danish re- The 3rd century AD – let us say – brought ‘cosmopolitan’ gions then the Przeworsk Culture played the role of mediator for features of clothing to Balt lands. The best illustration of the the West Balts (see Lau 2014, 63ff., 248–257, 292 Abb. 19, 29). spread of interregional ideas is provided by pendants. First of Undoubtedly West Balts from Samland and Mazuria kept a tight all we have the Schellenberloque – an invention of the West rein on the trade with the Romans, but the Balts living further Balts – most popular in Samland, Mazuria and West Lithuania north, especially those in coastland areas, also had access to the and also know in sites along the so-called route of Gothic cul- capillary system of main lines of interregional communication. ture (Kokowski 1995, 45, 268f. ryc. 65 mapa 54; Nowakowski 1996, 20, 24, 31, 33, 36, 39, 46, 48 Taf. 107; Woźniak 2013). The spread of a common style of Germania Libera can be seen The Late Roman Period in the distribution of amber pendants and bucket-shaped pendants (Sidrys 1995, 69f. pav. 4; Banytė 1995; Bliujienė 2007, 297– At the beginning of the Late Roman Period, the originality of 307 fig. 178–184; Belâvec and Bitner-Wróblewska 2010; Bliujienė types of Balt jewellery produced to the north of Samland and 2011, 11–137 pav. 25, 33, 37–50). Pendants might be regarded Mazuria is manifested more clearly. Neckrings with mushroom- as signs of similar mythological concepts across a wide area of and cone-shaped terminals were very popular (Moora 1938, Barbaricum. These ideas also reached the Baltic Finns, as it is

Figure 3. Copper-alloy neckrings typical of the Late Roman Period from Stragnai Figure 4. Silver neckring with a key-shaped hole in clasp plate (mit birnenförmi- cemetery (western Lithuania). From top to bottom: neckring with cone-shaped gem Verschluss) from Stragnai cemetery (western Lithuania). Collection of LNM, terminals, neckring with coiled wire terminals and a loop-and-hook clasp, neck- inv. no AR 38:310 (Photo: K. Stoškus). ring with coiled wire terminals and round box-shaped clasps with blue glass inlays. Collection of LNM, inv. no AR 38:1166, 457, 1150 (Photo: K. Stoškus).

13 Figure 5. 1: Copper-alloy neckring with overlapping terminals from Žviliai, grave 270 (western Lithuania) from the end of Late Roman Period. Collection of LNM (drawn by I. Keršulytė); 2: Silver neckrings with overlapping terminals and other artefacts of Phase D/E from Kardla hoard (Estonia). Exhibition of AI, Tallinn (Photo: R. Banytė-Rowell). evidenced by the finds of amber and bucket-shaped pendants cesses that took place in the northern neighbourhood. For ex- from Saaremaa-Ösel island in Estonia (Mägi 2006 fig. 10). ample, the horizon of huge crossbow brooches with a bent foot Not all influences from Germania Libera reached the eastern (große Armbrustfibeln mit umgeschlagenem Fuß) which has Baltic region via the mediation of Balts in Samland and Masuria, been described by W. Nowakowski in Samlandic culture from however. There are obvious similarities with Germanic jewellery the second half of 3rd to the first half of th4 century can also be from the Elbe area and southern Scandinavia, as seen in the detected throughout the eastern Baltic region (Moora 1929, Taf. neckrings and tutuli pins with glass inlays, neckrings with a key- VIII.4–5; Bīrons et al. 1974, tāf. 30.15; Nowakowski 1996, 58 Taf. shaped hole in clasp plate (Fig. 3, 4), and Kolbenarmringe found 105.4, 107; Budvydas 2002, 248–252, 256f. pav. 4–6, 11–12; Roh- rd in Lithuania and southern Latvia during the 3 century AD tla 2005, 125f. fig. 3.4; 5). These brooches were an inspiration (Nowakowski 1999, 112; von Carnap-Bornheim 2000; Banytė-Rowell for the more ‘bulky’ later examples with ringlets that remained 2004, 17–19 fig. 4; Banytė-Rowell et al. 2012, 196 fig. 4). All in use until the Late Migration Period (Budvydas 2002, 257–259 the same, connections between areas of western Lithuania, pav. 13–14; Rohtla 2005 fig. 7). However, people of the eastern Samland and Masuria remained strong. This is testified to by Baltic region had also modified a distant inspiration from Bar- the Balt-created imitations of Scandinavian snakehead rings baricum. An example of this may be neckrings with overlapping (Schlangenkopffingerringe), which is in turn one of the signs terminals created in Balt coastland areas in imitation of prestig- that the Balts sought to demonstrate social relations similar to ious Germanic items in the southern and western Baltic region those of the rich Germanic peoples of northern Germany, Den- in the Late Roman Period. These become most popular during mark and Scandinavia. People of Finnic origin in Estonia also Early Migration Period, when silver examples occur in graves made their imitations of snakehead rings, but even more closer and hoards throughout the eastern Baltic region (Moora 1929 to Scandinavian models (Quast 2005, 256ff. Abb. 10–11; Bany- Taf. XIX.4, XX.2; Moora 1938, 322f.; Bīrons et al. 1974 tāf. 41.14, tė-Rowell and Bitner-Wróblewska 2005, 113f. fig. 7; Banytė-Rowell 45.3–4; Vaitkunskienė 1999, 160 pav. 100.5; 168; Oras 2010, 131 2007a; Banytė-Rowell 2013b, 169–172 fig. 7). Finnic people had fig. 1, 2.12–15; Banytė-Rowell 2011, 53f. pav. 7; Bliujienė 2013b their own routes of communication across the Baltic Sea – one Abb. 8.5; compare Andersson 1995, 96f. Bild 67–68; Abegg-Wigg the proofs of this is a Schildfibel found in north-western Esto- 2008, 279, 282 Abb. 4; Oras 2013, 63 fig. 3.1 table 1) (Fig. 5). nia, in the cemeteries of Rae I, Lehmja-Loo I and Proosa (Lang 1996, 179f. att. 65.2; Rohtla 2005, 130f. fig. 11.2; compareR iese 2004), or a Fibel mit hohem Nadelhalter from Saha cemetery The Migration Period (Harjumaa region in Estonia) (Lang 1996, 242 att. 83.1; Quast 2005, 254 Abb. 8.1). During the Early Migration Period (Phase D) the influences During the Late Roman Period, the West Balts remained as spreading from Samland to the north are illustrated by distri- a centre of cultural inspirations for the whole eastern Baltic re- bution maps of crossbow brooches (Armbrustfibeln mit festem gion, but they were not the omnipotent controllers of the pro- Nadelhalter) of Dollkeim-Kovrovo type and of star-footed and

14 spade-footed brooches which are regarded also as evidence earliest versions of these brooches bear elements of decoration of various connections across the Baltic Sea in A. Bitner-Wró- of Nydam Style, and through its reflexes it is possible to com- blewska’s book (Bitner-Wróblewska 2001, 41–52, 59–76 fig. 6–8, pare the ornaments found in Vidgiriai (western Lithuania) and 11–14; Schuster 2013, fig. 4). Along with this north-north-west- Mĕcholupy cemetery in Bohemia (see Bitner-Wróblewska 2001, erly direction of communication for the West Balts, the south- pl. XV.1; Šimėnas 2006 pav. 42; Tejral 1997, 349 Abb. 27.12–16). ern routes to the Danubian and Black Sea regions were well The variety of gilt silver items found in Lithuania and their par- trodden. Finds of Zwiebelfibeln (Drąsutaičiai cemetery) and allels suggest that the eastern Baltic region should be seen in a find of a silver cicada brooch (Sauginiai cemetery) in north- the context of political, military and cultural movements that ern Lithuania shows that inhabitants of the so-called ‘Balt hin- took place from the Iberian peninsula, the Danube area, and terland’ also took part in this communication along with West territories close to the Black Sea to as far away as Scandinavia Balts from the end of Late Roman Period to the mid-5th century (Bliujienė and Curta 2011, 36–57; Bliujienė 2013c, 145–152 fig. 1). (Merkevičius 1984, 55 pav. 18.2; Bliujienė and Vasiliauskas 2012, Towards the Late Migration Period, the eastern Baltic region 96–104 fig. 3). became more isolated. The impact of West Balts from Mazuria During the second half of 5th–beginning of 6th century, sil- on the distribution of such interregional fashion as Bügelfibeln ver-gilt items were deposited in Lithuanian burial sites among is weak; this type is rare (Hilberg 2001, 121f., 127, 370, 490 locally-made grave-goods. According to the Lithuanian scholars Abb. 5.31, 5.36, 5.37; RadiŅ š 2009, 124 Abb. 35.1). Nevertheless, V. Šimėnas and A. Bliujienė/V. Steponaitis (Šimėnas 2006, 99– it is possible to trace the echo of a ‘common European style’ 111; Bliujienė and Steponaitis 2009, 201f.), these items belonged among the local grave-goods in the form of decoration or in to warriors of various ethnic origin returning to the north from other details. One example may be a copper-alloy buckle with Danubian areas. I would like to draw attention to the sugges- a zoomorphic ferrule from the Strīki cemetery in north-western tion that some of these luxury items were probably imported, Latvia. Unfortunately this is a stray find (Fig. 6.1). Another ex- as in the case of a buckle-tongue from Paduobė-Šaltaliūnė ample may be the grave-set from Lazdininkai cemetery, grave (eastern Lithuania), which is similar to parts of buckles from 73, in western Lithuania, where belt-parts reflect the ‘Mazurian Ejsb�l (see �rsnes 1988 Taf. 57; Bliujienė and Steponaitis 2009, style’, and an oblong zoomorphic foot of a locally-made brooch 200 fig. 18.4 pl. V.1; Steponaitis 2012, 119); however there are is reminiscent of the mount from Kielary/Kellaren in Mazuria other silver-gilt finds such as brooches of Daumen-Tumiany type and details of helmets from Valsgärde and Sutton Hoo (Bliu- according to A. Bitner-Wróblewska which were most probably jienė and Butkus 2002, 91–95 pav. 6–7; Bliujienė and Butkus 2009, produced locally. This rare type links areas of the West Balts 154f. pl. III.3; see Hilberg 2001, 196–203 Abb. 6.17–20). Such zo- with all of the eastern Baltic region as far as the Finnic territory omorphic feet were also characteristic of other local ornaments of northern Latvia (Bitner-Wróblewska 2001, 83–88 fig. 17). On of this category in West Balt areas, which were separated as the other hand the style of decoration is a reflection of a variety cross-bow brooches with an animal head on the foot of type of distant contacts and cultural interactions. For example, the Sensburg-Mrągowo by A. Bitner-Wróblewska. The latter type

Figure 6. 1: Copper-alloy buckle with zoomorphic mount from Strīki cemetery (north-western Latvia). Collection of LNVM, inv. no A.10811:82 (drawn by Dz. Zemite); 2: Leaflet from the archive of Marta Schmiedehelm depicting an openwork belt mounting from Saramäki cemetery (Turku, Finnland). Scale shows the size of drawing (archive of AI, holding 22).

15 is also indicative of relations between the Balts and inhabitants Andersson 1995 K. Andersson, Romartida guldsmide i Norden 3: Övriga smycken, teknisk ana- of the Scandinavian islands (Bitner-Wróblewska 2001, 79–83 fig. lys och verkstadsgrupper. Aun 21 (Uppsala 1995). 15–16). An openwork belt mount from Saramäki cemetery (the northern part of Turku city) in Finnland testify to how far influ- Āraišu 2008 ences of West Balt cultural circle reached in the north (Fig. 6.2). Āraišu arheoloġiskais muzejsparks. Celvedis (Rīga 2008). Similar finds from western Lithuania (Banytė-Rowell 2007b) indi- Banytė 1995 cate the importance of the coastland area for communication R. Banytė, Gintariniai kabučiai iš Baitų senkapių. In: J. Genys, J. Žukas and across the Baltic Sea. Unfortunately, from the turn of the 7th V. Kapsevičienė (eds.), Vakarų baltų istorija ir kultūra 2 (Klaipėda 1995) 5–20. and 8th century, the regionality of eastern Baltic areas in dress becomes more obvious and their relations with West Balts less Banytė-Rowell 2004 R. Banytė-Rowell, The Transition of Ideas and Northern Lithuania in the Roman traceable. Period. In: R. Ritums (ed.), Pētījumi zemgaļu senatnē. Rakstu krājums. Latvijas Vēstures muzeja raksti 10. Arheoloģija un antropoloģija (Rīga 2004) 11–26.

Summary Banytė-Rowell 2007a R. Banytė-Rowell, Vėlyvojo romėniškojo laikotarpio žiedas iš Baitų kapinyno. Pavidalo kilmė Baltijos regiono kultūrinių ryšių plotmėje. Lietuvos archeologija The short review of the ‘cultural dressing’ of the eastern Baltic 30, 2007, 9–38. region presented here gives only very general directions for un- derstanding the network of communication during the Roman Banytė-Rowell 2007b R. Banytė-Rowell, Buckle and mountings from Western Lithuania. Some re- and Migration Periods. The West Balt area and its archaeolo- marks about a few loose finds of Migration Period. In: A. Bitner-Wróblewska gical inheritance may seem very distinct, with a lack of ‘impres- and G. Iwanowska (eds.), Bałtowie i ich sąsiedzi. Marian Kaczyński in memo- sions from outside’, only at first sight. A closer look at this ma- riam. Seminarium Bałtyjskie II (Warszawa 2009) 227–237. terial provides a rich picture of interactions between ‘local’ and Banytė-Rowell 2009 ‘foreign’ phenomena, ways of adopting cultural ideas, and the R. Banytė-Rowell, Archaeological material concerning the former Memelland ability to spread them further. District in H. Jankuhn‘s Archival Legacy. Archaeologia Lituana 10, 2009, 50–64.

(Translation revised by John Hines) Banytė-Rowell 2011 R. Banytė-Rowell, Žvilių ir Šarkų kapinynų romėniškojo laikotarpio kapų chro- nologinės fazės. Lietuvos Archeologija 37, 2011, 25–86.

1 I would like to express my sincere thanks to institutions and persons who Banytė-Rowell 2013a helped me to provide illustrations for this article: R. Banytė-Rowell, Die römische Kaiserzeit in Litauen. In: M. Wemhoff (ed.), - the Archive of the Institute of History, Tallinn University (Tallina Ülikoo- Die vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Funde aus Litauen. Museum für Vor- und li Ajaloo Instituut – further AI), also many thanks to Prof. M. Mägi and Frühgeschichte Bestandskatalog 12 (Berlin 2013) 64–87. M. Ots for special help during my stay in Tallinn, - the State Museum of Latvian History (Latvijas Nacionālais vēstures mu- Banytė-Rowell 2013b zejs, Rīga – further LNVM) and to the researchers of Archaeological De- R. Banytė-Rowell, Baitai Cemetery Grave 37 – an inspiration to return to the partment J. Ciglis, I. Virse, Z. Buža for all their assistance during my work question of contacts between Western Balt Areas in Late Roman Period. Ar- in Rīga, chaeologia Lituana 14, 2013, 157–180. - the National Museum of Lithuania (Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus, Vil- nius - further LNM) and to the researchers of Archeological department Banytė-Rowell and Bitner-Wróblewska 2005 E. Griciuvienė and G. Grižas, R. Banytė-Rowell and A. Bitner-Wróblewska, From Aestii to Esti. Connections - Vytautas the Great War Museum (Vytauto Didžiojo karo muziejus, Kau- between the Western Lithuanian Group and the area of distribution of tarand- nas - further VDKM) and to the researchers of Archaeological department graves. In: V. Lang (ed.), Culture and material culture. Papers from the first K. Rickevičiūtė and K. Šeškevičius, theoretical seminar of the Baltic archaeologists (BASE) held at the University of - Dr A. Juga-Szymańska for help in reading an Estonian note by M. Schmie- Tartu, Estonia, October 17th–19 th, 2003. Interarcheologia 1 (Tartu/Riga/Vilnius dehelm. 2005) 105–120.

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Rasa Banytė-Rowell Lithuanian Institute of History Kražių St. 5 LT 01108 Vilnius [email protected]

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