Boat Or Plane? the Caspian Sea Monster and Next-Gen Hybrids the History About Wigs Miquel Ros, CNN • Updated 21St June 2019 Facebooktwitteremail

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Boat Or Plane? the Caspian Sea Monster and Next-Gen Hybrids the History About Wigs Miquel Ros, CNN • Updated 21St June 2019 Facebooktwitteremail Search Boat or plane? The Caspian Sea Monster and next-gen hybrids the history about WIGs Miquel Ros, CNN • Updated 21st June 2019 FacebookTwitterEmail 1 (CNN) — In the late 1960s, decades deep into the Cold War, US intelligence (CNN) - På slutten av 1960-tallet, tiår langt inn i den kalde krigen, kom analysts monitoring the Caspian Sea came across satellite images of an amerikanske etterretningsanalytikere som overvåker Kaspiske hav over satellittbilder av en merkelig formet, bevinget maskin med enorme oddly shaped, winged machine of huge proportions. proporsjoner. The unfamiliar structure, a kind of hybrid between aircraft and ship, was Den ukjente strukturen, en slags hybrid mellom fly og skip, ble raskt kalt quickly dubbed the "Caspian Sea Monster." "Caspian Sea Monster." What they were looking at was an early prototype of the Soviet Union's Det de så på var en tidlig prototype av Sovjetunionen Korabl Maket Korabl Maket ground-effect vehicle, also known as an ekranoplan. bakkeeffektkjøretøy, også kjent som en ekranoplan. Ekranoplans make use of "ground effect" -- the aerodynamic forces at play Ekranoplans benytter seg av "bakkeeffekt" - de aerodynamiske kreftene when skimming close to the surface of water -- to achieve fast, but stable, som spilles når de skummer nær overflaten av vannet - for å oppnå rask, low-level flight. men stabil, lavt nivå. Korabl Maket var et mektig eksempel på genren: Inntil den sovjet- The Korabl Maket was a mighty example of the genre: Until the Soviet- designede Antonov An-225 kom på scenen i 1988, var det det største og designed Antonov An-225 came on the scene in 1988, it was the largest and tyngste flyet som noensinne er bygget. heaviest aircraft ever built. Next-generation design Retired in 1993, the A-90 Orlyonok Eaglet ekranoplan is on display at the Russian Naval Museum 2 In theory, the combination of speed and flexibility could allow ekranoplans I teorien kan kombinasjonen av hastighet og fleksibilitet tillate to compete with seaplanes and ships. But while they make for a truly ekranoplaner å konkurrere med sjøfly og skip. Men mens de sørger awesome sight when in flight, they've so far failed to progress any further for et virkelig fantastisk syn når du er på flukt, har de hittil ikke klart å than technological curiosity. komme videre enn teknologisk nysgjerrighet. Årsakene til dette spenner fra problemer med stabilitetskontroll i The reasons for this range from stability control issues in early prototypes tidlige prototyper til mangel på industriell skala for økonomisk to a lack of industrial scale for economic serial production. serieproduksjon. In addition, ground-effect vehicles have traditionally suffered from the I tillegg har bakkevirkningsfartøyer tradisjonelt lidd av de samme same limitations faced by seaplanes when it comes to taking off and begrensningene som sjøfly står overfor når det gjelder å ta av og landing in rough seas. lande i grove hav. It's been almost four decades since Korabl Maket last rode the waters. It Det er nesten fire tiår siden Korabl Maket sist syklet farvannet. Den was used as a military vehicle by the Soviet Navy and sank in a testing ble brukt som militær kjøretøy av den sovjetiske marinen og sank i en accident in the Caspian Sea in 1980. testulykke i Kaspiske hav i 1980. However, after years of research and trials, a Singaporean start-up is close Imidlertid, etter mange års research og forsøk, er en Singaporean to beginning production on a next-generation vehicle that aims to oppstart nær ved å starte produksjonen på et neste generasjons kjøretøy som har som mål å revolusjonere kysttransporten for alltid. revolutionize coastal transport forever. Has the ekranoplan's time come? <Fischer's AirFish 3 touches down on water in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, in January 1997. 3 But this isn't the first time ground-effect vehicles have been on the verge of Men dette er ikke første gang bakkekjørende fartøy har vært på randen av taking off. å ta av. While the Soviet Union was trying to develop a military ekranoplan in the Mens Sovjetunionen prøvde å utvikle et militært ekranoplan på 1960- 1960s, German engineers were working on their own ground-effect vehicle tallet, jobbet tyske ingeniører med sitt eget bakkeeffektkonsept, selv om concept, although this was the product of a private initiative. dette var produktet av et privat initiativ. Alexander Lippisch, an aeronautical engineer, produced several prototypes Alexander Lippisch, luftfartsingeniør, produserte flere prototyper med en with an inverted delta wing design, the Collins X-112, the RFB X-113 and the omvendt deltavingdesign, Collins X-112, RFB X-113 og RFB X-114. RFB X-114. However, they were never commercialized. Imidlertid ble de aldri kommersialisert. Lippisch's work was continued by his protégé, Hanno Fischer, who went on Lippischs arbeid ble videreført av hans protégé, Hanno Fischer, som to create the AirFish 2 and AirFish 3, both precursors to the AirFish 8. fortsatte med å opprette AirFish 2 og AirFish 3, begge forløpere til AirFish 8. Fischer managed to complete the first working prototype of the AirFish 8 Fischer klarte å fullføre den første fungerende prototypen av AirFish 8 for for an Australian company called Flightship, but it was never serially et australsk selskap kalt Flightship, men den ble aldri seriell produsert. produced. Deretter ble prototypen, immaterielle rettigheter og eiendeler ervervet av Subsequently, the prototype, intellectual property rights and assets were Singapore-baserte Wigetworks, som brukte det neste tiåret på å acquired by Singapore-based Wigetworks, who spent the next decade perfeksjonere designen. perfecting its design. Nå er det to nybygde prototyper av AirFish 8, et kjøretøy som kan Now there are two newly built prototypes of the AirFish 8, a vehicle capable transportere opp til åtte passasjerer og to mannskaper, samt dets mindre of carrying up to eight passengers and two crew, as well as its smaller søsken, AirFish 3, som bare kan romme to personer. sibling, the AirFish 3, which can hold just two people. Selv om røttene til begge modellene kan spores tilbake til dette tiår gamle Although the roots of both models can be traced back to this decades-old prosjektet, har de vært gjennom store redesigninger og teknologiske project, they've been through major redesigns and technological upgrades oppgraderinger de siste årene. over the past few years. 4 Ambiguous, amphibious • • 1/3 AirFish 8: Singapore-based Wigetworks has built two new prototypes of the AirFish 8. 5 Despite its ambiguous appearance, the Airfish is considered a ship by Til tross for det tvetydige utseendet, regnes Airfish som et skip av organizations such as Lloyd's Register and the International Maritime organisasjoner som Lloyds Register og Den internasjonale sjøfartsorganisasjonen. Organization. The vehicle is powered by a car engine using conventional unleaded 95- Fartøyet drives av en bilmotor som bruker konvensjonell blyfri 95-oktan octane gasoline that enables it to fly at speeds of up to 110 knots -- bensin som gjør det mulig å fly i hastigheter på opptil 110 knop - selv om although it usually cruises at lower speeds of around 70 to 90 knots. det vanligvis kjører i lavere hastigheter på rundt 70 til 90 knop. This provides a smoother, more comfortable ride for passengers and also Dette gir en jevnere og mer behagelig tur for passasjerene og forhindrer også at den klatrer for høyt og forlater bakkeeffektsonen. prevents it from climbing too high and leaving the ground-effect zone. Although the legal cruise altitude for ground-effect vehicles set by the Selv om den lovlige cruisehøyden for bakkeeffektfartøyer satt av Den International Maritime Organization is nine meters, much of the ground- internasjonale sjøfartsorganisasjonen er ni meter, går mye av effect efficiency is lost after an altitude of about six meters. bakkeeffektiviteten tapt etter en høyde på omtrent seks meter. The AirFish is designed to fly below seven meters (22 feet) at all times, in order to take full advantage of the wing in ground effect. AirFish er designet for å fly under 7 meter til enhver tid for å dra full nytte av vingen i bakkeeffekt. Its typical cruise altitude on flat water is between 0.5 meters and two meters. Den typiske cruisehøyden på flatt vann er mellom 0,5 meter og to meter. In rougher water with up to two-meter-high waves, the cruise altitude would be about three to four meters above the crest of the waves. I grovere vann med opptil to meter høye bølger ville cruisehøyden ligge omtrent tre til fire meter over bølgenes toppen. While seaplanes struggle with takeoff and landing when there's a strong swell, the Airfish is more than fit for it. It can take off and land in waves of Mens sjøfly sliter med start og landing når det er kraftig dønning, er Airfish mer enn egnet til det. Det kan ta av og lande i bølger på opptil en meter up to a meter high, says J. C. Goh, an executive director of Wigetworks, høyt, sier J. C. Goh, en administrerende direktør i Wigetworks, som også who is also a veteran of Caltech and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. er en veteran fra Caltech og NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "We are lowering this to 0.5 meters under normal operational conditions, "Vi senker dette til 0,5 meter under normale driftsforhold, men som start though, as take off and landing when waves are higher than 0.5 meters can og landing når bølger er høyere enn 0,5 meter kan være ganske grovt på be pretty rough on the passengers," he adds. passasjerene," legger han til. 6 What happens next? China's first ground-effect vehicle, Xiangzhou 1, made its first flight in Sanya in December 2017.
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