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Volume 18, Number 3 - 1976

RADIOCARBON

Published by

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Editors J GORDON OGDEN, III - IRVING ROUSE MINZE STUIVER Managing Editor RENEE S KRA

YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

Vo118, No. 3 Radiocarbon 1976

CONTENTS

Birni R F G Williams and A S Johnson Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X ...... HAM H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schiff man Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates I ...... LU Soren Hiikansson University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX ...... R Al Alessio, F Bella, S Improta, G Belluomini, G Calderoni, and B Turi C Cortesi, University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV TA F Ilves Tartu Radiocarbon Dates VI ...... TB A A Burehuladze, L D Gedevanishvili, and G I Togonidze I bilisi Radiocarbon Dates III ...... UGa John F Noakes and Betty Lee Brandau University of Georgia Radiocarbon Dates V ...... UM J J Stipp, K L Fldridge, and K Valenziano University of Miami Radiocarbon Dates VII ...... List of Laboratories ...... 376 Index to Volume 18 ...... 388

RADIOCARBON Editors: J GORDON OLDEN, III-IRVING ROUSE-MINZE STUIVER Managing Editor: RENEE S KRA Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Editors: JOHN RODGERS, JOHN H OSTROM, AND PHILLIP M ORVILLE Published three times a year, in Winter, Spring, and Summer, at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Subscription rate $45.00 (for institutions), $30.00 (for individuals), available only in whole volumes. All correspondence and manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor, RADIOCARBON, Box 2161, Yale Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts of radiocarbon papers should follow the recommendations in Sugges- tions to Authors, 5th ed.* All copy (including the bibliography) must be typewritten in double space. Manuscripts for vol 19, no. 2 must be submitted in duplicate before October 1, 1976, for vol 19, no. 3 before February 1, 1977. Descriptions of samples, in date lists, should follow as closely as possible the style used in this volume. Each separate entry (date or series) in a date list should be considered an abstract, prepared in such a way that descriptive material is distinguished from geologic or archaeologic interpretation, but description and interpretation must be both brief and informative, emphasis placed on significant comments. Date lists should therefore not be preceded by abstracts, but abstracts of the more usual form should accompany all papers (eg, geochemical contributions) that are directed to specific problems. Each description should include the following data, if possible in the order given: 1. Laboratory number, descriptive name (ordinarily that of the locality of collection), and the date expressed in years BP (before present, ie, before AD 1950) and, for finite dates, in years AD/BC. The standard error following the date should express, within limits of ± 16, the laboratory's estimate of the accuracy of the radiocarbon measurement, as judged on physicochemical (not geologic or archaeologic) grounds. 2. Substance of which the sample is composed; if a plant or animal fossil, the scientific name if possible; otherwise the popular name; but not both. Also, where pertinent, the name of the person identifying the specimen. 3. Precise geographic location, including latitude-longitude coordinates. 4. Occurrence and stratigraphic position in precise terms; use of metric system exclusively. Stratigraphic sequences should not be included. However, references that contain them can be cited. 5. Reference to relevant publications. Citations within a description should be to author and year, with specific pages wherever appropriate. References to published date lists should cite the sample no., journal (R for Radiocarbon), years, vol, and specific page (eg, M-1832, R, 1968, v 10, p 97). Full bibliographic references are listed alphabetically at the end of the manuscript, in the form recommended in Suggestions to Authors. 6. Date of collection and name of collector. 7. Name of person submitting the sample to the laboratory, and name and address of institution or organization with which submitter is affiliated. 8. Comment, usually comparing the date with other relevant dates, for each of which sample numbers and references must be quoted, as prescribed above. Interpretive material, summarizing the significance and implicity showing that the radiocarbon measurement was worth making, belongs here, as do technical matters, eg, chemical pretreatment, special laboratory difficulties, etc. Illustrations should not be included unless absolutely essential. They should be original drawings, although photographic reproductions of line drawings are sometimes acceptable, and should accompany the manuscript in any case, if the two dimensions exceed 30cm and 23cm. Reprints. Thirty copies of each article, without covers, will be furnished without cost. Additional copies and printed covers can be specially ordered. Back issues. Back issues (vols 1-9) are available at a reduced rate to subscribers at $52.00 a set, including postage; vols 10-14 are $20.00 each for individual subscribers and $30.00 for institutions; vols 15-18 are $30.00 each for individuals and $45.00 for institutions; single back issues $10.00 each; comprehensive index $10.00 each. * Suggestions to authors of the reports of the United States Geological Survey, 5th ed, Washington, DC, 1958 (Government Printing Office, $1.75).

NOTICE TO READERS 14C. Half life of In accordance with the decision of the Fifth Radio- carbon Dating Conference, Cambridge, 1962, all dates published in this volume (as in previous volumes) are based on the Libby value, 5570 ± 30 yr, for the half life. This decision was reaffirmed International at the 8th Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Wellington, New Zealand, 1972. Because of various uncertainties, when 14C measurements are expressed as dates in years BP the accuracy of the dates is limited, and refinements that take some but not all uncertainties into account may be misleading. The mean of three recent determinations of the half life, 5730 ± 40 yr, (Nature, v 195, no. 4845, p 984, 1962), is regarded as the best value presently available. Published dates in years BP, can be converted to this basis by multiplying them by 1.03. AD/BC dates. As agreed at the Cambridge Conference in 1962, AD 1950 is accepted as the standard year of reference for all dates, whether BP or in the AD/BC system. 6140. Meaning of In Volume 3, 1961, we indorsed the notation mont VIII, i (La- 1961) for geochemical measurements of 14C activity, corrected for isotopic fractionation in samples and in the NBS oxalic-acid standard. The value of 614C that entered the calculation of was defined by reference to Lamont VI, 1959, and was corrected for age. This fact has been lost sight of, by editors as well as by authors, and recent papers used 14C have as the observed deviation from the standard At the New Zealand Radiocarbon Dating Conference 614C it was recommended to use only for age-corrected samples. Without an age correction, the value should then be reported as percent of modern relative to 0.95 NBS oxalic acid. (Proceedings 8th Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Wellington, New Zealand, 1972.) In several fields, however, age corrections are not possible. 614C and , uncorrected for age, have been used extensively in oceanography, and are an integral part of models and theories. For the present therefore we continue the editorial policy of using notations for samples not corrected for age. Citations. A number of radiocarbon dates appear in publications out with- laboratory citation or reference to published date lists. We ask that laboratories remind submitters and users of radiocarbon dates to include proper citation (laboratory number and date-list citation) in all publications in which radiocarbon dates appear. Radiocarbon Measurements : Comprehensive Index, 1950.1965. This index, covering all 14C published measurements through Volume 7 of RADIOCARBON, and incorporating revisions made by all laboratories, has been published. It is available to all subscribers to RADIOCARBON at $10.00 US per copy. Publication schedule. Beginning with Volume 15, RADIOCARBON is published in three numbers: Winter, Spring, and Summer. The next deadline is October 1, 1976. Contributors who meet our deadlines will be given priority but not guaranteed publication in the following issue. List of laboratories. The comprehensive list of laboratories at the end of each volume now appears in the third number of each volume. Index. All dates appear in index form at the end of the third number of each volume.

[RADIOCARBON, VOL. 18, No. 3, 1976, P. 249-267] Radiocarbon 1976 BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY RADIOCARBON DATES X

R E G WILLIAMS and A S JOHNSON Department of Geological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England The following list of dates contains the majority of measurements made during 1975, ie, since our last list (R, 1975, v 17, p 255-275). Age calculations are based on 95% activity of the NBS oxalic acid standard computed from the Libby half-life of 5570 ± 30 yr. Errors quoted refer only to the standard deviation (li) calculated from a statistical analysis of sample, background, and standard count rates. 13C /12C ratios are measured on methane gas samples as previously described (R, 1973, v 15, p 451) and in most cases ages have been corrected for 6130 deviations. Where no value for 6130 has been quoted -25.0% has been assumed. Sample preparation and pretreatment continue as before (R, 1969, v 11, p 263). Where sample size was insufficient for full pretreatment or where the sample required special treatment, details accompany the result. All bone samples in this list were pretreated using the collagen extraction method of Longin (1971).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sample preparation and pretreatment were carried out by Lina Salvini. We particularly wish to thank Professor F W Shotton for his keen interest in the work of the laboratory. Sample descriptions are based on information supplied by submitters and collectors. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS

I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. British Isles 27,300 ± 500 Birm-595. Beckford, Worcestershire 25,350 BC 6130 = -26.6%0 Plant material, mainly twigs with grasses and sedges, from basal organic deposit .8cm thick resting on Lias clay and overlain by .4cm clay and 4m limestone gravel at Beckford gravel pit, Worcestershire (52° 01' 15" N, 02° 01' 30" W, Grid Ref SO 98403616). Coll Sept 1974 and subm by P F Whitehead, Dept Geol Sci, Univ Birmingham. Comment: c f Birm-293: 27,650 ± 250 (R, 1973, v 15, p 5) from silt in W face of sec at N end of same pit (Briggs et al, 1975, Fig 3, p 6). Date equates this terrace of Carrant Brook with No. 2 Terrace of R Avon. 249 250 R E G Williams and A S Johnson +2050 36,600 -1640 Birm-599. Twyning, Gloucestershire 34,650 BC 6130 _ -26.8% Plant material, washed from silt ca .3m thick in small hollow on underlying Lower Lias clay, overlain by ca 2.7m gravel at quarry in R Avon No. 2 Terrace (Tomlinson, 1925, P1 X, Fig 1 & 2) ca 4.8km N of Tewkesbury at Twyning, Gloucestershire (52° 01' N, 02° 09' '\/V, Grid Ref SO 89623570). Coll Oct 1974 and subm by PFW. Comment: mid- Devensian age consistent with views on origin of Avon No. 2 Terrace (Shotton, 1953, 1968; Coope, 1962, 1968). (a) 3990 ± 120 2040BC 6130 = -26.9% (b) 3900 ± 120 Birm-600. Topsham, Devonshire 1950 BC 6130 = -26.9% Unid, wood from large log 30 X 30 X 45cm (W4) from -4.lm alt in fluvial sand and gravel on E edge of tidal R Exe at Topsham, Devon- shire (50° 41' N, 03° 28' W, Grid Ref SX 963883). Coil May 1974 by R A Cullingford; subm by Allan Straw, Dept Geog, Univ Exeter. Com- ment: outer ca lcm used, after bark and adhering foreign matter removed. Confirms Birm-533: 3910 ± 130 (R, 1975, v 17, p 262) and dates relative sea-level stand in R Exe estuary. (a) and (b) are independent determinations of same sample gas in different counters at different filling pressures. Pilgrim Lock series, Warwickshire Plant fragments washed from gray silt containing shells (Shotton, 1972) overlain by 2.74m red silt at Pilgrim Lock, ca 1.5km NE of Bid- ford on Avon, Warwickshire (52° 09' N, 01 ° 50' W, Grid Ref SP 120516). Coil Nov 1970 by P J Osborne and F W Shotton; subm by FWS, Dept Geol Sci, Univ Birmingham. 2770 ± 250 Birm-613. 820 BC 6130 = -21.3% From 2.74 to 3.15m deep, immediately underlying red silt. 2890 ± 100 Birm-632. 940 BC 6130 = -24.5% 0 From 3.96 to 4.07m deep, middle of gray silt. 2880 ± 100 Birm-651. 930 BC 613C = -24.8%0 From 4.27 to 4.37m deep. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 251 General Comment: cf Birm-247: 3010 ± 120 (R, 1973, v 15, p 2) from base of gray silt at 4.57 to 4.67m deep, immediately overlying gravel. Dates precede sudden change in alluvium from gray to red, which may indicate beginning of large scale field clearance and ploughing. 4500 ± 100 Birm-615. Minchin Hole, W Glamorgan 2550 BC 5130 = Stalagmite from middle layer of inner talus cone of coastal cave at Minchin Hole on S coast of Gower Peninsula, W Glamorgan (51 ° 33'

14 000

_ BIRM-.4O1a)

13,000 _ BIRM-641

_. BIRM -642

SIR M-318 _ BIRM-643 `-BIRM-644

T - SIR M-645 1 _ BIRM- 646

12,000

BIRM-641

_ BIRM 648 -BIRM-649

10 20 30 40 50 cros above DATUM 14c Fig,1 Dates for St Bees series.

terrestrial debris pond-bottom sediments 252 R E G W illiams and A S Johnson 30" N, 04° 04' 45" W, Grid Ref SS 554868). Coil Dec 1974 and subm by D Q Bowen, Dept Geog, Univ Coil Wales, Aberystwyth. Comment: much younger than expected, probably due to dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 during Holocene. Date can only be taken as apparent. For details of excavation at Minchin Hole, see Sutcliffe & Bowen (1973). Glim's Moss series, Isle of Orkney, off NE Scotland Peat from core samples using Russian borer at Glim's Moss, Birsay, NW Mainland Orkney, off NE Scotland (59° 05' N, 03° 13' W, Grid Ref HY 305223). Coil July 1973 and subm by J H Dickson, Dept Botany, Univ Glasgow. (a) 2690 ± 500 740 BC 6130 = -21.2% (b) 2960 ± 110 Birm-634. 1010 BC 6130 = -24.9% From 3.94 to 3.99m deep. Sample (a) after alkali pretreatment which dissolved most of sample, b) humate extract. Comment (JHD): sample composed mainly of fragments of Cyperaceae with some Calluna and bryophytes. 4200 ± 160 Birm-635. 2250 Bc S13C = -27/ .6% From 4.54 to 4.59m deep. Comment (JHD): sample composed of Cyperaceae with some bryophytes. General Comment (JHD): dates early agricultural phase in pollen record. St Bees series, Cumberland Plant material washed from detritus mud, 3.7 to 4.2m deep, from coastal cliff sec at St Bees, Cumberland (54° 29' N, 03° 36' W, Grid Ref NX 965114). Coil March 1975 and subm by G R Coope, Dept Geol Sci, Univ Birmingham. Birm-640 to -649 are continuous sequence of samples, 5cm thick, through detritus mud overlying red sand and gravel and underlying 3.7m sand with dark brown fibrous peat at .90 to .95m deep (Walker, 1956, p 99). Sample positions measured above base of detritus mud. (a) 13,290 ± 310 11,340 BC 6130 = -26.7% 0 (b) 11,940 ± 210 Birm-640. 0 to 5cm 9990 BC 8130 = -27.7% Sample (a) after alkali pretreatment, (b) humate extract. Comment: dates indicate younger humic material contained in untreated sample. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 253 All subsequent dates in series determined on sample after alkali pretreatment.

12,900 ± 150 Birm-641. 5 to 10cm 10,950 BC S13C = -26.O% 12,490 ± 250 Birm-642. 10 to 15em 10,540 BC S13C = -25.5% 12,540±210 Bir:m-643. 15 to 20cm 10,590 BC 613C = -24.6%o 12,570 ± 300 Birm-644. 20 to 25cm 10,620 BC 6130 = -25.2% 12,230 ± 110 Birm-645. 25 to 30cm 10,280 BC S13C = -25.1% 12,430 ± 250 Birm-646. 30 to 35cm 10,480 BC 613C = -25.5%0 11,500 ± 120 Birm-647. 35 to 40cm 9550 BC S13C = -26.8% 11,300 ± 220 Birm-648. 40 to 45cm 9350 Bc 613C = -26.4; o 11,180 ± 120 Birm-649. 40 to 45cm 9230 BC 6130 = -25.7% General Comment (GRC): graph of 1`1C age plotted against height above base of detritus mud (Fig 1) displays 2 distinct groups of dates. Group (a), Birm-640 (a), -641 to -646 and group (b), Birm-378, -647 to -649. Each group conforms to a separate linear relationship. Birm-378: 12,560 ± 170 (R, 1973, v 15, p 461) was composed of sticks washed from bottom 5cm of same detritus mud. Group (a) is pond-bottom sediments, group (b) is largely or wholely terrestrial debris. The aquatic sediments appear to be ca 400yr older than the contemporary terrestrial material at this site. Other dates from this site; Q-71: 12,810 ± 180 (R, 1959, v 1, p 67), thought to be too old due to inclusion of coal and Q-304: 10,350 ± 200 254 R E G Williams and A S Johnson dates described (R, 1960, v 2, p 65). Beetle fauna assoc with Cambridge by Pearson (1962). 5100 ± 100 Birm-652. Kinf auns, Perthshire 3230 BC 6130 _ -26.6%0 Wood fragments washed from lower .18m of peat at 1.10 to 1.63m deep, underlying gray clay and overlying .85m of sand and 1.54m+ of gravel on N bank of R Tay ca 6.4km ESE of Perth at Kinfauns, Perth- shire (56° 22' 45" N, 03° 21' 15" W, Grid Ref NO 166214). Coil 1968 and subm by FWS. Comment: peat contains rich insect fauna, most N British Flandrian deposit yet studied. 8460 ± 170 Birm-655. Evesham, Worcestershire 6510 BC 8130 -20.8% Collagen from pelvic bone of Bos (c f primigenius), ca lm deep in bunter and flint gravel containing black organic silt overlying Lias clay and underlying floodplain alluvium of R Avon at Evesham, Worcester- shire (52° 05' 10" N, 01° 57' 00" W, Grid Ref SP 037433). Coil July 1972 and subm by PFW. Comment: possibly only 2nd Boreal date on Bos primigenius in England after Starr Carr (Shawcross 8c Higgs, 1961). +700 26,600 -650 Birm-656. Broadway, Worcestershire 24,650 BC 613C = -19.9% Collagen from sacrum of Bison in oolitic gravel of Broadway gravel pit, Worcestershire (52° 02' N, 01 ° 52' W, Grid Ref SP 091376). Coll 1915; subm by PFW. Comment: confirms correlation of Cotswolds subedge gravels with R Avon No. 2 Terrace (Tomlinson, 1940; Briggs, 1975). Birm-657. Cropthorne, Worcestershire >28,100 Collagen from phalanx of ? Bison from R Avon terrace at Crop- thorne, ca 7.2km E of Evesham, Worcestershire (52° 05' 45" N, 02° 00' 05" W, Grid Ref SP 997443). Coil ca 1900; subm by PFW. Comment: mammalian bones of Hippopotamus, Bos, Cervus, Ursus, and Canis from same deposit assigned to R Avon No. 3 Terrace by Tomlinson (1925, p 148) but sample too small to give limiting age (based on 4Q) old enough to exclude correlation with No. 2 Terrace. Puggieston series, Angus, Scotland Collagen from duck bones of diving, sea-going type from laminated silty marine clay of late-Devensian raised shoreline on N side of Montrose Basin at Puggieston, Angus, Scotland (56° 43' N, 02° 30' W, Grid Ref NO 69205975). Coil 1891 by D Howden; subm by D E Smith and R L Jones, Dept Geog, Lanchester Polytech, Coventry. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 255 10,610 ± 220 Birm-660. E/P1 8660 BC 6130 = -14.00 Eider duck, Somateria mollissima, id by D Bramwell. 11,110 ± 210 Birm-661. E/P2 9160 BC 8130 = -12.4%0 Part of embedded skeleton, Somateria or Scoter, Melanitta sp. General Comment (DES & RU): dates confirm late-Devensian age sug- gested by pollen from silty clay embedding skeleton. "Vina-mold" used in preparation of replicas of bones removed by handpicking after lightly crushing sample. Collagen extracted for dating. Eshton Tarn series, N Yorkshire Slightly humified sedge peat with woody (Eriophorum) remains, from N edge of drumlin field of Craven Lowlands, at Eshton Tarn basin, N Yorkshire (540 01' N, 02° 08' W, Grid Ref SD 918576). Coll April 1975 and subm by I P Jones, Dept Geog, Univ Leeds. 3600 ± 100 Birm-662. 1650 BC 613C = -25.9%0 From .86 to .91m deep. Comment (IPj): dates change of agricultural activity from sporadic, low intensity nature to one of comprehensive woodland clearance. 5010 ± 110 Birr-663. 3060 BC 6130 = -26.87 0 From 2.15 to 2.2lm deep. Comment (IPJ): dates Ulmus decline and start of agricultural activity in Lowland Craven. C f 5100 ± 120 (unpub) for Ulmus decline horizon at Blea Tarn (Pennington, 1965, p 315; 1969, p67). 4780 ± 120 Birm-664. Gordale Beck, N Yorkshire 2830 BC 13C = -25.27 Peat with tree remains (? Alnus), 1m deep in bog ca 3m thick, overlying Silurian slate at Gordale Beck, N Yorkshire (54° 05' 25" N, 02° 08' 00" W, Grid Ref SD 911661). Coil April 1975 and subm by R T Smith, Dept Geog, Univ Leeds. Comment (RTS): dates final substantial woodland clearance and onset of more intensive use of land for agriculture. White Moss series, N Yorkshire Peat from shallow, ca 7m deep, basin at White Moss, N Yorkshire (53° 59' 15" N, 02° 19' 10" W, Grid Ref SD 792545). Coil April 1975 and subm by IP J. 256 R E G W illiams and A S Johnson 5080 ± 100 Birm-665. 3130 BC S13C =-27.3% Slightly humified limnic peat with abundant woody remains from 3.88 to 3.93m deep. Comment (IPJ): dates Ulmus decline, c f Birm-663, ibid, above. Many dates on Ulmus decline in NW Europe within a century or two on either side of 3000 BC (Pennington, 1969, p 63). 1470 ± 100 Birm-666. AD 480 613C = -25.9% Slightly humified sedge/sphagnum peat from 1.52 to 1.56m deep. Comment (IPJ): dates change from sporadic, low intensity agricultural activity to comprehensive woodland clearance for more intensive use of land for agriculture. 3390 ± 100 Birm-667. Aston Mill, Worcestershire 1440 BC 6130 = -21.5% Collagen from rib bones of wild ox (Bos primigenius) from basal 20cm of peat, .76m thick, underlying .95m clay and overlying mid-Deven- sian terrace gravel at Aston Mill, Worcestershire (52° 01' 00" N, 02° 04' 45" W, Grid Ref SO 94493549). Peat contains pot-boilers, flint artifacts, charcoal, and wooden stake. Coll May 1975 and subm by PFW. Comment: bones of wild ox cut by tools. Assoc animals (Bos longi f rons, pig, sheep) indicate domestic animal economy and hunting (wild ox, red deer). 11,210 ± 150 Birm-668. Robroyston, NE Glasgow, Scotland 9260 BC 6130 = -27.O% Peat composed of Scorpidium scorpioides and Carex c f rostrata from 5.60 to 5.95m deep from Borehole M47 at Robroyston, NE Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland (55° 53' N, 04° 12' W, Grid Ref NS 633676). Coll 1975 by W Bradford; subm by J H Dickson. Comment: peat underlies 4.2m deposit interpreted as till, expected to be either mid-Devensian or earlier. Date indicates Pollen Zone II and "till" is either due to Loch Lomond readvance which culminated at ca 10,700 (Evans, 1971, p 236) or is solifluction. Alcester series, Warwickshire Wood and vegetation fragments washed from sequence of clay and peat in alluvium of R Avon at Alcester, Warwickshire (52° 12' 25" N, 01° 51' 30" W, Grid Ref SP 097576). Coll July 1975 by PJO & FWS; subm by FWS. 7440 ± 200 Birm-680. Layer 5 5490 BC 6130 = -22.0% From black peaty clay, 2.13 to 2.22m deep. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 257 7450 ± 500 Birm-694. Layer 6 5500 BC 613C = -24.6% From silty peat, 2.22 to 2.29m deep. 6930 ± 380 Birm-708. Layer 7 4980 BC 613C = -22.8%0 Coarse fraction obtained by wet sieving of silty peat, 2.29 to 2.35m deep. 8480 ± 140 Birm-709. Layer 7 6530 BC 613C = -25.1%0 Fine fraction of same sample, ie, 2.29 to 2.35m deep. 4160 ± 290 Birm-696. Layer 8 2210 BC S13G' = -24.5% From light gray clay with occasional pebble, 2.35 to 2.43m deep. General Comment (FWS): series dates part of study of alluvium and its fauna. Birm-708 and -696 anomalous and must be contaminated by un- recognized roots from river bank. 2260 ± 100 Birm-689. Extwistle Moor, Lancashire 310 BC 613C = -27.9%0 Moss peat with some sedge remains and abundant Juncus seeds from 1.18 to 1.20m deep, .26m above base of deposit at Extwistle Moor, near Burnley, Lancashire (53° 47' 45" N, 02° 08' 15" W, Grid Ref SD 908334). Coll Dec 1973 and subm by D D Bartley, Dept Plant Sci, Univ Leeds. Comment (DDB): dates lowest clearance phase of woodland in blanket peat on Extwistle Moor at late Bronze age/early Iron age period. Sample assoc with high percentages of Plantago lancealota and Rumex acetosa type pollen together with high Pteridium spore value. 1350 ± 100 Birm-690. Epping Forest, Essex AD 600 613C = -27.0%0 Wood fragments washed from 10kg detritus clay from Borehole B5, 110 to 120cm deep, from shallow peat bog in Epping Forest, Essex (51 ° 41' N, 00° 04' E, Grid Ref TL 431999). Coil June 1975 and subm by C A Baker, Dept Geog, King's Coil, Univ London. Comment: dates forest clearance and T ilia decline. Date apparently too young but together with Birm-582: 1110 ± 160 (R, 1975, v 17, p 260) confirms clearance is Saxon phenomena. 258 R E G Williams and A S Johnson 11,240 ± 260 Birm-701. Bo,dymoor Heath, Warwickshire 9290 BC 6130 = -28.5% Compacted woody peat with silt layers from loose block not in situ, probably from within or beneath alluvial gravel in R Tame at Body- moor Heath gravel pit, Warwickshire (52° 33' 50" N, 01 ° 41' 15" W, Grid Ref SP 21229560). Coil Sept 1975 and subm by T A Brown, Dept Geol Sci, Univ Birmingham. Comment: date confirms pollen and insect faunal evidence that deposit is of Zone II age.

3060 ± 230 Birm-706. Worcester 1110 BC 613C = -23.6°; o Small fragments of wood washed from gray clay 2.3 to 3m deep, overlying coarse gravel and covered by reddish silt, on floodplain of R Severn at municipal tip site, Worcester (52° 12' 35" N, 02° 14' 12" W, Grid Ref SO 838570). Coil Oct 1975 and subm by FWS. Comment: limiting date to development of upper red alluvium. C f dates from Pilgrim Lock, R Avon in similar gray clay beneath reddish alluvium, ie, Birm- 613, -632, -651 (ibid, above) and Birm-247: 3010 ± 120 (R, 1973, v 15, p2).

10,550 ± 250 Birm-707. Messingham, Lincolnshire 8600 BC 613C = -35.2% Moss peat, largely Drcpanocladus sp, probably D f luitans, id by M Dalby, from upper peat bed, ca 1.5m deep, ca 1.5m above lower peat bed, in thin bedded to laminated orange sand at Messingham sand pit, Lincolnshire (53° 30' 30" N, 00° 37' 00" W, Grid Ref SE 916047). Coil May 1975 and subm by P C Buckland, Doncaster Mus. Comment: sample contains arctic insect fauna. Cover sands form terminal phase of Zone III in N Lincolnshire. C f Birm-349: 10,280 ± 120 (R, 1973, v 15, p 458) from lower peat deposit and N-488: 10,700 ± 190 (R, 1969, v 11, p 455) on peat from lower part of blown sand at East Moor, near Sutton on the Forest (Gaunt et al, 1971, p 283).

B. Other countries Suguta Strandline series, Lake Rudolf, Kenya Shells and algal limestone from strandlines of former large lake, ca 80km long and 30 to 50km wide, in Suguta Valley, Lake Rudolf Basin, Kenya. Outer fraction of shells discarded, inner (a) and middle (b) fraction dated. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 259 (a) 9060 ± 380 7110 BC 6130 = -4.2%0 (b) 9660 ± 210 Birrn-539. 11/670 7710 BC 6130 = -5.8 Melanoides tuberculata from lacustrine silt in shallow, offshore/ beach deposit, at ca +602m alt (227m above present day Lake Rudolf) from high still strand of former Lake Rudolf near Aruba on W flank of Suguta Valley fault trough (01° 55' N, 36° 25' E). Coll Sept 1973 by P Truckle; subm by W W Bishop, Dept Geol, Queen Mary Coll, Univ London. Comment (WWB): similar ages for highest lake levels of early Holocene "pluvial"; in Omo Valley, N of Lake. Rudolf (Kibish formation of Butzer Sc Thurber, 1969, p 1142): L-1203 J, 9500 ± 150 and Y-1340, 9200 ± 160 (R, 1969, v 11, p 600) for Lake Naivasha (00° 46' S, 36° 21' E).

(a) 4940 ± 230 2990 BC 8130 - -4x%0 (b) 4380 ± 200 Birrn-540. Ref 1 2430 BC 6130 = -3.7 Shells of freshwater oyster (Etheria elliptica) from 67m strandline, ie, above present day lake level, ca 4.8km NE of Koobi Fora, E shore of Lake Rudolf, Kenya (03° 58' N, 36° 12' E). Coll Aug 1970 by R E F Leakey; subm by WWB. Comment (WWB): c f Y-1575: 4880 ± 100 (R, 1969, v 11, p 600) also on Etheria elliptica from an archaeol site on "67m" beach, W of Lake Rudolf at Kangatotha. Present day Lake Rudolf is saline and contains no mollusks but "67m" lake was large body of freshwater.

(a) 9320 ± 250 7370BC 6130 = -1.8% (b) 9470 ± 270 Birrn-583. WW 900 7520 BC 6130 = -3,1%0 Melanoides tuberculata from beach of pumiceous sand marking high level strandline of former lake in Suguta Valley, ca 1.6km S of camp at Kamuge waterhole (01° 40' N, 36° 14' E). Comment: dates local culmination of sedimentation on W side of Suguta Valley. 260 R E G Williams and A S Johnson (a) 9330 ± 190 7380 Bc 6130 = -O.5% o (b) 10,300 ± 250 Birm-584. WW 901 8350 BC 613C = -2.2% Melanoides tuberculata from beach sand largely derived from volcanic detritus and slightly ferruginous, marking high-level strandline of former large lake in Suguta Valley, .8km S of Lolilia waterhole (01° 36' N, 36° 28' E). Comment: dates local culmination of sedimentation on E side of valley. (a) 11,250 ± 220 9300 Bc 613C = -3.8% (b) 10,570 ± 300 Birmm-585. WW 903 8620 BC 6130 = -3.6% Etheria elliptica from coarse gravel of beach deposit with abundant remains of catfish, perch, and few mammalian fossils overlying finer- grained diatomaceous lake sediment in narrow outcrop following line of R Suguta at Naserkalia (01 ° 32' N, 36° 15' E). +1300 (a) 29,400 -1100 27,450 BC 613C = -0.2% (b) 29,000 ± 1000 Birm-586. WW 904 27,050 BC 613C = -1.3% Algal limestone encrusting basalt cobbles on former shoreline of Suguta Valley lake, 4.8km S of Kamuge river crossing (01 ° 38' N, 36° 16' E). Comment: an embayment in basalts encloses Suguta Beds which are diatomaceous lacustrine sediments with lenses of fossiliferous grit containing fish and bird bones and many artifacts. Algal limestone marks temporary still-stand in falling lake level. Carbonate ages >20,000 described by Butzer & Thurber (1969, p 1142) considered unreliable. Birm- 586 must be taken as apparent due to possible leaching of deposit and reprecipitation. General Comment: Birm-583-586 coll Aug 1974 and subm by WWB. Heights, where not supplied, will be computed from theodolite readings and pub elsewhere by WWB. Map refs are approx, as region is un- mapped. Differing ages of inner and middle fractions indicate some isotopic replacement. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 261 Lake Ba:ringo strandline series, Kokwob formation Shells, Melanoides tuberculata, Corbicula sp, Unio sp, and ? Vivi- parus sp from emerged beach deposits of several high still stands of former Lake Baringo, Kenya (00° 30' N, 36° 00' E). Coll Aug 1969 and Sept 1973 by P C Buckland, E Spooner, and WWB; subm by WWB. (a) 11,870 ± 310 9920 Bc 613C = -4.4% (b) 10,860 ± 280 Birm-541. WW 505 8910 BC 613C = -5.2%0 Melanoides tuberculata from emerged beach, +987m alt, near trig point at old trading post of Logumukum, SE of Lake Baringo (00° 27' N, 36° 05' E). (a) 13,670 ± 320 11,720 BC 613C = -6.4% (b) 13,850 ± 430 Birm-542. WW 888 11,900 BC 6130 = -5.7% 0 Melanoides tuberculata from beach or near-shore deposit, 15.85m above present day Lake Baringo, ca 3.2km N of Kampi-ya-Samaki fishing village, W Bay, Lake Baringo (00° 38' N, 36° 01' E). (a) 7620 ± 180 5670 Bc 6130 = +1.6% (b) 8460 ± 180 Birm-543. WW 786 6510 BC 6130 = +2.2%0 Unio sp fragments and few ? Viviparus sp from beach or near-shore deposit, 3.66m above present day Lake Baringo, near Kampi-ya-Samaki air-strip, W of Lake Baringo (00° 36' N, 36° 01' E). (a) 12,260 ± 280 10,310 BC 613C = +1.1% (b) 12,600 ± 280 Birm-544. WW 860 10,650 BC 6130 = 0.0%0 Melanoides tuberculata, valves of Corbicula sp, and few ? Viviparus sp, from silt 15.54m above present day Lake Baringo, S of Kampi-ya- Samaki in lower valley of R Kapthur:in, W of Lake Baringo (00° 35' N, 36° 00' E). Comment: Melanoides tuberculata dated. 613C value for fraction (b) assumed as no measurements undertaken. 262 R E G Williams and A S Johnson (a) 9940 ± 250 7990 BC 6130 = -3.4% (h) 10,810 ± 270 Birm-545. WW 869 8860 BC 6130 = -2.6% Melanoides tuberculata from intermediate strandline 10.06m above present day Lake Baringo, S of Kampi-ya-Samaki, W of Lake Baringo (00° 35' 30" N, 36° 00' 00" E). General Comment: outer fraction discarded, inner (a) and middle (b) fractions dated. Dates indicate isotopic replacement has occurred but series shows increasing age with increased strandline height. Study of sedimentary units in Baringo region described by Bishop et al, 1971. 61C=+49.5±22.8% Birm-612. Engahreen, N Norway Modern 6130 = -21.3% Amorphous humus from buried podzol, .3m deep, overlying 2 outer moraine ridges assoc with Neoglacial advances of Engabreen glacier (Worsley & Alexander, 1975) at Hollandsfjord, N Norway (66° 50' N, 13° 43' E, Grid Ref 33WVP 437993). Coil Aug 1973 and subm by P Worsley, Dept Geog, Univ Reading. Comment: impossible to distinguish 14C and remove large mass of ? modern roots from sample. age of tree stump from below horizon of soil and over-ridden by advance of Enga- breen 1600 ± 100, T-263. Date erroneously reported by Liestc l (1962) as BP and AD ages read in reverse order (Worsley, 1974). 6'4C indicates modern roots. 8140 = +7.0 ± 35.5% Birm-633. Rio San Pedro, Chile Modern 613C Roots washed from ca 4kg soil underlying 1.3m airfall pumice at Rio San Pedro, Antofagasta prov, N Chile near frontier with Bolivia (21° 59' S, 68° 15' W). Coll Aug 1974 and subm by P W Francis, Dept Earth Sci, Open Univ, Buckinghamshire. Comment: < lg of combustible material recovered. No alkali pretreatment. Large standard deviation does not preclude possibility that pumice is assoc with recorded eruptions of AD 1877, 1891, 1901, or 1960 (Casertano, 1962). Francis (1974, p 366) relates this pumice horizon with other events in San Pedro's volcanic history. 19,100 ± 500 Birm-679. Tyszowce, Poland 17,150 BC 613C = -21.8% Fine organic material (<250k) washed from soil, 7.5 to 8m deep, in loess on Lublin Plateau at Tyszowce, SE Poland (50° 36' 35" N, 23° 42' 34" E). Coil April 1975 and subm by J Buraczynski, Inst Geog, Univ Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 263 Curie-Sklodowska, Lublin, Poland. Comment: clay/humus fraction separated from ca 3kg buried soil by method used at Sed Lab, INSTAAR, Univ Colorado (Kihl, 1975). Much younger than expected Brrup interstadial age. Birm-322: 41,500 +2200 -1750 (R, 1973, v 15, p 462) also on humus from similar stratigraphic position. Sample must be contaminated by younger humic material and Birm-322 should be regarded as minimum. NaOH pretreatment not possible.

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. British Isles Skaill series, Orkney Islands, off NE Scotland Hearth material, mainly Betula, id by S Limbrey, from Iron age site at Skaill, Deerness, Orkney Is, off NE Scotland (58° 56' 40" N, 02° 43' 00" W, Grid Ref HY 587067). Coll July 1974 and subm by P S Gelling, Dept Ancient Hist & Archaeol, Univ Birmingham. 1500 ± 120 Birm-592. Site 6, No. 2 AD 450 8130 = -23.4 From .33 to .38m deep, underlying latest occupation level. 1760 ± 110 Birm-593. Site 6, No. 3 AD 190 6130 = -23.6% From .69 to .74m deep, underlying penultimate occupation level. 3010 ± 140 Birm-594. Site 6, No. 4 1060 BC 813C = -23.8% o Frorn 1.12 to 1.17m deep, underlying earliest occupation level. General Comment: dates show site occupied by wide cultural range including Saxon, Iron age, and Bronze age settlements. Previous dates from Iron age level, Birm-397: 2100 ± 100 and Birm-413: 2120 ± 120 (R, 1974, v 16, p 297-298). Cadbury Congresbury series, Somersetshire Charcoal and bone assoc with collapsed post-Roman rampart at Cadbury Congresbury, Somersetshire (51° 23' N, 02° 48' W, Grid Ref ST 442650). Coil July 1973 and subm by P A Rahtz, Hist School, Univ Birmingham. 1630 ± 110 Birm-596. G 2464/GF 164 AD 320 8130 = -22.9% Charcoal from ca .5m deep overlying dark? Iron age soil and underlying stony rubble of rampart. 264 R E G W illiams and A S Johnson 1690 ± 350 Birm-597. B 1410 AD 260 g13C = -23.O% Charcoal from ca 8m deep in similar stratigraphic position as Birm-596. 1460 ± 110 Birm-598. YF 5 AD 490 6130 = -20.5%0 Collagen from ox skull, id by PAR, from ca .7rn deep, within rubble of collapsed rampart. General Comment: dates rampart to post-Roman period rather than Iron age. 2130 ± 100 Birm-614. Fisherwick, Staffordshire 180 BC 6130 = -26.1% o Unid wood washed from peat with pebbles and sand lenses from base of Iron age ditch on W bank of R Tame at confluence with small brook, on gravel terrace ca 1.5m above present flood plain at Fisherwick, near Lichfield, Staffordshire (52° 40' N, 01° 44' W, Grid Ref SK 187081). Coil July 1974 and subm by Christopher Smith, Dept Archaeol, Univ Nottingham. Comment: sample from water-logged base of sec 2m wide and 1.75m deep, excavated across main enclosure ditches, containing "large quantities of organic materials, especially insects, seeds, wood including hewn timber, and animal bones.... Interstratified with these deposits is Iron age pottery...." (Smith, 1975). Skara Brae series, Orkney Islands Collagen from bone samples (Bos longif roes) of Neolithic site on S edge of Bay of Skaill at Skara Brae, Orkney Is (59° 02' 50" N, 03° 20' 40" W, Grid Ref HY 231187). Coil July-Aug 1973 and subm by D V Clarke, Natl Mus Antiquaries, Edinburgh, Scotland. 4350 ± 130 Birm-636. Trench 1, Sec B, 68A 2400 BC 8130 = -19.2% 4430 ± 100 Birm-637. Trench 1, Sec B, 68B 2480 BC 613C = -19.9%0 4430 ± 120 Birm-638. Trench 1, Sec B, 68C 2480 BC 13G = -24.5%0 4400 ± 100 Birm-639. Trench 1, Sec B, 68D 2450 BC 6130 = -21.3%0 General Comment: dates beginning of occupation of settlement. C f Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 265 Birm-480: 4320 ± 100 (R, 1975, v 1.7, p 267) also assoc with earliest human activity at site. Other dates from this site: Birm-433-438 (R, 1974, v 16, p 300-301). 650 ± 100 Birm-659. Dinas Emrys, Gwynedd AD 1300 613C = -25.6% Wood, ? conifer, from earliest post-hole, ca 1.2m deep at defended chieftain's stronghold, Dinas Emrys, ca 1.6km NE of Beddgelert, Gwynedd (53° 01' 10" N, 04° 04' 20" W, Grid Ref SH 606492). Coll July 1954 by H N Savory; subm by PAR. Comment (PAR): date unexpectedly late. Sample originally thought to be Iron age with site ex- tending to 12th century (Savory, 1960). Reconsideration of pub evidence suggests post-Roman date. Both hypotheses provisionally invalidated by this Medieval date. 2960 ± 140 Birm-697. Bournville Park, Birmingham 1010 BC 6130 = -23.4% Charcoal from near base of 50cm thick compact layer of severely cracked and fragmented Bunter quartzite pebbles with black clayey silt underlying 10cm loam and overlying ca 15cm clean yellow clayey alluvium, whitened at contact on N bank of Griffins Brook, near SW of yatching pool, Bournville park, Birmingham (52° 25' 44" N, 01 ° 56' 43" W, Grid Ref SP 03688120). Coll Aug 1975 and subm by M J Nixon, Birmingham Archaeol Soc. Comment: c f Birm-344: 2950 ± 100 and -371: 2990 ± 100 (R, 1973, v 15, p 465) from similar "potboiler" site (Ellis & Shotton, 1973). 2180 ± 120 Birm-705. Hascombe, Surrey 230 BC 6130 = -21.0; o Carbonized grain from Iron age hill fort 6.4km SE of Godalming at ° Hascombe, Surrey (51 08' N, 00° 34' W, Grid Ref TQ 004386). Coll 1975 by E Collins; subm by F H Thompson, Soc Antiquaries, Burlington House, London. Comment: dates abandonment of fort. C f dates from nearby Iron age hill fort of Anstiebury, Birm-468: 2380 ± 120 and Holm- bury H111, Birm-591: 2260 ± 100 (R, 1975, v 17, p 266). B. Other countries 230 ± 110 Birm-537. Chesowa:nja, Kenya AD 1720 613C = -27.0%0 Charcoal from burnt tree stump in growth position, on former course of R Mukutan at Chesowanja archaeol and hominid locality (Bishop et al, 1975) ca 6.4km W of old trading post of Baringo, E of Lake Baringo in Northern Rift Valley of Kenya (00° 39' N, 36° 13' E). Coll Sept 1973 and subm by WWB. Comment (WWB): date confirms tree stumps are not related to stratified archaeol material but to burning 266 R E G Williams and A S Johnson of dead trees following diversion of R Mukutan towards N by Njemps tribesmen to irrigate washplain for agriculture. No knowledge of event from local (Njemps) oral history. Monte Rocca series, Verona, NE Italy Collagen from unid, animal bones in group of intersecting storage pits of Rivoli-Castelnovo at Monte Rocca, Rivoli, Verona, NE Italy (450 50' N, 11 ° 20' E). Coll Aug 1967 and subm by L H Barfield, Dept Ancient Hist & Archaeol, Univ Birmingham. 5070 ± 100 Birm-616. Site L 3120 BC 613C = -19.i% o 5370 ± 70 Birm-617. Site L 3420 BC 6130 = -19.6% General Comment (LHB): date latest stage of square-mouthed pottery culture (Rivoli-Castelnovo) in Veneto region. C f Birm-103: 5520 ± 140 and -104: 5670 ± 130 (R, 1970, v 12, p 397) from same pit complex. REFERENCES Bishop, W W, Chapman, G R, Hill, A, and Miller, J A, 1971, Succession of Cainozoic vertebrate assemblages from the northern Kenya Rift Valley: Nature, v 233, p 389-394. Bishop, W W, Pickford, M, and Hill, A, 1975, New evidence regarding the Quaternary geology, archaeology, and hominids of Chesowanja, Kenya: Nature, v 258, p 204-208. Butzer, K W and Thurber, D L, 1969, Some late Cenozoic sedimentary formations of the lower Omo Basin: Nature, v 222, p 1138-1143. sand Briggs, D J, 1975, Origin, depositional environment, and age of the Cheltenham and gravel and related (leposits: Geol Assoc Proc, v 86, p 333-348. Briggs, D J, Coope, G R, and Gilbertson, 1) D, 1975, Late Pleistocene terrace deposits at Beckford, Worcestershire, England: Geol Jour, v 10, p 1-16. Casertano, L, 1963, Catalogue of the active volcanoes of the world including solfatara fields; pt 15, Chilean continent, p 1-55: Int Volcan Assoc, Naples, 1963. Coope, G R, 1962, A Pleistocene coleopterous fauna with arctic affinities from Fladhury, Worcestershire: Geol Soc [London] Quart jour, v 118, p 103-123. 1968, An insect fauna from Mid-\Veichselian deposit at Brandon, Warwick- shire: Royal Soc [London] Philos Trans, ser B, v 254, p 425-456. Ellis, N and Shotton, F W, 1973, Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating of a prehistoric hearth and a pit near the Fosse Way in Harbury parish, Warwick- shire: Coventry & Dist Nat Hist & Sci Soc Proc, v 4, p 204-206. Evans, P. 1971, Towards a Pleistocene time-scale. Part 2 of The Phanerozoic Time- scale-a supplement: Geol Soc spec pub no. 5, London, p 123-356. Francis, P W, Roobol, M J, Walker, G R L, Cobbold, P R, and Coward, M, 1974, The San Pedro and San Pablo volcanoes of northern Chile and their hot avalanche deposits: Geol Rund, v 63, p 357-388. Gaunt, G D, Jarvis, R A, and Matthews, B, 1971, The late Weichselian sequence in the Vale of York: Yorks Geol Soc Proc, v 38, no. 13, p 281-284. Kihl, R, 1975, Physical preparation of organic matter samples for submission to a radiocarbon dating laboratory: Quarternary Res Assoc Newsletter, no. 16, p 4-6, June 1975. LiestOl, 0, 1962, Discovery of a tree stump in front of Engabreen, Svartisen: Norsk Polarinst Arbok 1960, p 64-65. Longin, Robert, 1971, New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating: Nature, v 230, p 241-242. Pearson, R G, 1962, The Coleoptera from a late-glacial deposit at St Bees, Cumberland: Jour Animal Ecol, v 31, p 129-150. Birmingham University Radiocarbon Dates X 267 Pennington, Winifred, 1965, The interpretation of some post-glacial vegetation diver- sities at different Lake District sites: Royal Soc [London] Proc, ser B, v 161, 310-323. p -- 1969, The history of British vegetation: London, English Univ Press, 152 P Savory, H N, 1960, Excavations at Dinas Emrys, Beddgelert, Caernarvonshire, 1954-56: Archaeol Cambrensis, v 109, p 13-77. Shawcross, F W and Higgs, E S, 1961, The excavation of a Bus primigenius at Lowe's Farm, Littleport: Cambridge Antiquarian Soc Proc, v 54, p 3-16. Shotton, F W, 1953, The Pleistocene deposits of the area between Coventry, Rugby, and Leamington, and their bearing upon the topographic development of the Mid- lands: Royal Soc [London] Philos Trans, ser B, v 237, p 209-260. - 1968, The Pleistocene succession around Brandon, Warwickshire: Royal Soc [London] Philos Trans, ser B, v 254, p 387-400. 1972, A comparison of modern and Bronze age mollusc faunas from the Warwickshire-Worcestershire Avon: Coventry & Dist Nat Hist & Sci Soc Proc, v 4, p 173-182. Smith, Christopher, 1975, Excavations at Fisherwick, Staffordshire, 1974, an interim note: Nottingham, Dept Classical & Archaeol Studies, Univ Nottingham, 6 p. Sutcliffe, A J and Bowen, D Q, 1973, Preliminary report on excavations in Minchin Hole, April-May 1973: William Pengelly Cave Studies Trust Newsletter, no. 21, p 12-25. Tomlinson, M E, 1925, River terraces of the lower valley of the Warwickshire Avon: Geol Soc [London] Quart Jour, v 81, p 137-163. -- 1940, Pleistocene gravels of the Cotswold subedge plain from Mickleton to the Frome Valley: Geol Soc [London] Quart Jour, v 96, p 385-421. Walker, D, 1956, A late-glacial deposit at St Bees, Cumberland: Geol Soc [London] Quart Jour, v 112, p 93-101. Worsley, P, 1974, On the significance of the age of a buried tree stump by Engabreen, Svartisen: Norsk Polari:nst Arbok 1972, p 111-117. Worsley, P and Alexander, M, 1975, Neoglacial paleoenvironmental change at Enga- brevatn, Svartisen, Holandsfjord, north Norway: Norsk Geol Unders, v 321, in press. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 18, No, 3, 1976, P. 268-289] HAMBURG UNIVERSITY RADIOCARBON DATES I H W SCHARPENSEEL, F PIETIG, and H SCHIFFMANN Institut fur Bodenkunde der Universitat Bonn and Ordinariat fur Bodenkunde der Universitat Hamburg Radiocarbon measurements are carried out mainly on soil samples and soil organic matter fractions. Benzene samples are prepared as described earlier (Scharpenseel and Pietig, 1969; 1970). Radioactivity is measured in a single quartz vial, using a Packard Tri Garb Model 3075 as well as a Berthold Betascint BF 5000. Most equipment has been transferred from Bonn University Radiocarbon Dating Lab to Hamburg, where operation of former Bonn Radiocarbon Lab will be continued. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Much of the technical work for sample preparation was carried out by E Kruse, M Fricke, and E Schneider. This work was supported by the German Federal Department of Research and Technology. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. SOIL SAMPLES Pretreatment of soil samples is described elsewhere (Scharpenseel and Pietig, 1969; Scharpenseel, 1972). A. Germany Humus horizons in high flood loam, Hapludalf, on nether (lowest terrace level) terrace of Rhine R, Friesdorf, from large construction pit of Fed Dept Econ Coop (50° 43' N, 7° 8' E). 5010 ± 280 HAM-1. 3060 BC Bt horizon in Hapludalf, near boundary of terrace gravel, 120cm depth. 3620 ± 70 HAM-2. 1670 BC Bt horizon in Hapludalf, S side of pit, 80cm depth. Samples coll and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel. Comment: dates do not measure up to fA horizon adjacent to terrace gravel 10km farther N (BONN-1653: R, 1973, v 15, p 264). HAM-1 equals BN-1652 in Hersel pit. HAM-2 at 80cm depth seems to be already in root zone and rejuvenated. Samples of various horizons from soil formations in alluvial loess, deposited on Tsar terrace, region Landshut/Ergolding (48° 35' N, 12° 11' E). Different genetic soil types close together in catenary relation. HAM-4. Aquept, loessic parent material, slightly 1070 ± 60 colluvial cover, nether (lowest terrace level) AD 880 terrace of Tsar R, SW Altheim 4.5% C, Ah 20 to 40 cm. 268 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi ff mann 269 5700 ± 80 HAM-5. 0.3% C, AGo 55 to 70cm 375O BC 8420 ± 100 HAM-6. 1.1% C, AGoGr 70 to 85cm 6470 BC 10,880 ± 140 HAM-7. 0.6% C, AGr 85 to 100cm 8930 BC HAM-8. Udoll on high terrace of Isar R, 3180 ± 80 1.3% C, Ah 20 to 45cm 1230 BC 3190 ± 80 HAM-9. 0.6% C, CcaA 45 to 65cm 1240 BC 3050 ± 80 HAM-10. 0.3% C, AC 65 to 75cm 1100 BC

HAM-11. Hapludalf on high terrace of Isar R 2780 ± 70 (higher than Udoll, above), 0.9% C, 830 BC Btl 40 to 60cm.

3320 ± 70 HAM-12. 0.3% C, Bt2 60 to 75cm 1370 BC 2750 ± 70 HAM43. 0.2% C, Btp 75 to 90cm 800 BC HAM-14. Koislhof, transition between lower and 3920 ± 80 upper nether (lowest terrace level) terrace of 1970 BC Isar R, colluvial vertic soil with >60% clay, overlying nether moor 22.5% C, I Bt 30 to 50cm. 6540 ± 120 HAM-15. 38.0% C, II Hnl 50 to 70cm 4590 BC 8520 ± 120 HAM-16. 38.0% C, II Hn2 70 to 90cm 6570 BC

9330 ± 120 HAM-17. 46.0% C, II Hn3 90 to 105cm 7380 BC

9490 ± 100 HAM-18. 43.0% C, II Hn4 105 to 130cm 7540 BC

10,250 ± 130 HAM-19. 21.4% C, II Hn5 130 to 150cm 8300 BC

10,680± 140 HAM-20. 27.0% C, II Hn6 150 to 170cm 8730 BC

10,600 ± 140 HAM-21. 8.3% C, III HnC 170 to 180cm 8650 BC 270 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi f fmann ± 90 HAM-22. Deeply humic Hapludalf, Marktschwaben, 4650 2.3% C, AhSwdl 25 to 40cm. 2700 BC 5260 ± 80 HAM-23. 1.2% C, AhSwd2 40 to 55cm 3310 BC 5790 ± 120 HAM-24. 2.0% C, Sd 55 to 75cm 3840 BC 3820 ± 80 HAM-25. Crotovine in Sd horizon, 55cm 1870 BC Samples coil and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel and B Hofmann from Bayrisches Geol Landesamt, Munich. Comment: Aquept, HAM-4-7 dates to Allerod origin; Udoll, HAM-8-10 as well as Hapludalf, HAM-11- by 13 are of almost uniform age throughout profile, evidently rejuvenated root growth and animal transport; deeply humic Hapludalf, HAM-22-25 arrive at 5800 yr old, approx maximum, that recent Holocene soils with intact biodynamics will show. The Koislhof profile, HAM-14-21 with underlying low moor was expected to date to Atlantic. Dates indicate at least Allerod age. For regional survey, see soil map 1:25000 Landshut Ost (Hofmann, 1966.) Profiles with fossil horizons in N Bavarian landscape, S Danube. HAM-26. Deeply humic colluvium upon 01d Riss moraine, 800± 60 lkm N of Landsberg (48° 3' N, 10° 53' E), AD 1050 0.5% C, Ap 15 to 30cm. 1240 ± 70 HAM-27. 0.5% C, I AB 30 to 60cm AD 710 2080 ± 70 HAM-28. 0.6% C, II Bvtl 60 to 90cm 130 BC 3080 ± 70 HAM-29. 0.7% C, II Bvt21 90 to 140cm 1130 BC 4010 ± 80 HAM-30. 1.0% C, II Bvt22 140 to 150cm 2060 BC

4340 ± 70 HAM-31. 0.7% C, III BvtCv 150 to 170cm 2390 BC Samples coil and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel and H Grotten- thaler, Bayrisches Geol Landesamt, Munich. Comment: "Ackerbrown earth", developed in loamy cover overlying old Riss moraine with humic colluvial patches in slight depressions is thought to be product of top soil material eroded during Germanic land occupation and deforestation. Considering time required for deposition of erosion product, dates fit well into theory. Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates I 271 HAM-32. Chernozem like Mollisol in loess in steep 760 70 bank of Lech R, Kaufering (48° 5' N, 100 AD 1190 53' 0), 0.8% C, IAhl 0 to 30cm. 1160 ± 70 HAM-33. 0.7% C, I Ah2 30 to 65cm AD 790

2140 ± 70 HAM-34. C, 0.7% IIAC 65 to 75cm 190 BC

4410 ± 80 HAM-36. 0.3% C, IIfBt 95 to 110cm 2460 BC Samples coil and subm 1974 by Fl W Scharpenseel and H Grotten- thaler. Comment: in survey study of soils on Lech terraces, Diez (1968) estimates formation of Kaufering soil on main nether terrace at early Holocene. Maximum age of 4410 yr falls short of expectation due to rejuvenation by root growth and animal transport. HAM-37. Neuenried near sources of Mindel R, horizons of fossil organic matter in AD 310 tuffaceous limestone on top of tertiary sand and marl (47° 54' N, 100 27' E), 2.7% C, fA 160 to 90cm. 1070 ± 70 HAM-39. 1.2% C, fA2 105 to 115cm AD 880

1880 ± 70 HAM-40. 0.7% C, fA3 119 to 135cm AD 70

2460 ± 70 C, HAM-41. 1.1% fA4 137 to 145cm 510 BC 2560±80 HAM-42. C, 0.7% fA5 165 to 190cm 610 BC HAM-43. 10.2% C, fA6 315 to 320cm 4580 ± 90 (lignite + charcoal) 2630 BC Samples coll and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel and H Grotten- thaler. Comment: tuffaceous material believed identical to age of better studied tuff below Erdinger moos, dated to Atlantic time. fA6 horizon is lignitic. Maximum date is slightly younger than expected: 7000 to 5000 yr BP.

HAM-44. Pit of brick factory Fellheim, between 4340 ± 130 Fellheim and Boos. Loess loam overlying gravel 2390 BC of nether terrace of Iller R, fBt near boundary between terrace gravel and loess loam (48° 4' N, 100 10' E), 0.5% C, IIBvt 115 to 130cm.

HAM-45. Transition to nether (lowest terrace level) 3850 ± 90 terrace gravel, 0.3% C, IIBC 130 to 150cm. 1900.Be 272 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schiffmann ± 80 HAM-46. Pit Heimertingen, geol as above. Fossil Bt at 1150 boundary to terrace gravel, but closer to soil AD 800 surface (48 ° 3' N, 10 ° 9' E), 0.4% C, IIBvt 85 to 110cm. Samples coll and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel and H Grotten- thaler. Comment: it is not known whether carbon of fossil horizon was formed in situ or if most of it was transported, perhaps through secondary pores, especially rain worm tubes. Dates, especially HAM-46 (Heimer- tingen), do not agree with origin of soil in Wurm interstadial or early Holocene. Young carbon immigration from top soil seems considerable. Soil profiles in Nordlinger Ries crater. HAM-47. Eutrochrept, deep humic brown earth, near 5920 ± 100 Hohentrudingen in loam on Jurassic (Dogger) 3970 BC bedrock, (49° 0' N, 10° 42' E), 3.0% C, AhBv 125 to 40cm. 10,360 ± 140 HAM-48. 2.7% C, AhBv2 40 to 60cm 8410 BC 15,730 ± 410 HAM-49. 1.6% C, Cv 60 to 80cm 13,780 BC HAM-50. Vertisol on tertiary Ries deposits, 3 750 ± 80 300m E Maihingen (48° 65' N, 10° 31' E), 1800 BC 3.8% C, BvAh 40 to 60cm. 5660 ± 90 HAM-51. 1.5% C, AhBv 60 to 80cm 3710 BC 7060± 110 HAM-52. 0.6% C, BvCvl 80 to 100cm 5110 BC 5680 ± 90 HAM-53. 0.9% C, BvCv2 100 to 120cm 3730 BC 8710± 120 HAM-54. 0.6% C, BvCv3 120 to 140cm 6760 BC 11,820± 170 HAM-55. 0.5% C, IIfAh 140 to 160cm 9870 BC HAM-56. Vertisol-Gley on younger Ries lake deposits, 3640 ± 70 Pfafflingen (48° 56' N, 10° 34' E), 2.6% C, 1690 BC GoAh2 30 to 50cm. 4880 ± 80 HAM-57. 1.7% C, AhGol 50 to 80cm 2930 BC 4840 ± 90 HAM-58. 1.0% C, AhGo2 80 to 110cm 2890 BC Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates 1 273 7590 ± 100 HAM-59. 0.5% C, AhGro 110 to 130cm 5640 BC 10,470 ± 160 HAM-60. 4.0% C, Gor 130 to 140cm 8520 BC HAM-61. Vertisol-Pseudogley, Ries lake deposits, 3300 ± 80 Wechingen (48° 56' N, 10° 36' E), AhSw 1350 BC 30 to 50cm. 3860 ± 80 HAM-62. SwSd 50 to 70cm 1910 BC HAM-63. Vertisol-Braunerde, Ries lake deposits, Munningen 3980 ± 70 (48° 63' N, 10° 35' E), By 25 to 50cm. 2030 BC 4840 ± 60 HAM-64. BvCv 50 to 70cm 2890 BC Samples coil and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel and G Ruckert, Bayrisches Geol Landesamt, Munich. Comment: geol and pedol survey (Schmidt-Kaler & Treibs, 1970; Ruckert, 1975) of the Ries indicate occurrence of vertisolic soils, otherwise rare in W German climate. Vertisols are best qualified for 14C-dating, especially below cracking zone (Schar- penseel, 1972) Ries samples indicate soil formation at least since Allerod time. HAM-49 was a very small sample from a highly calcareous substrate. Age 15,730 yr needs reconfirmation. The rather shallow Wechingen, HAM-61, 62 and Munningen profiles, HAM-63, 64, apparently have not yet outgrown rejuvenated range due to root growth and animal transport. Maximum dates, ca 11,000 yr are as expected. HAM-65. Near Landshut nethermoor, Koislhof, 10,960 ± 180 Profile 2, 4.6% C, 130 to 150cm 9010 BC Sample coil and subm 1974 by B Hofmann, Bayrisches Geol Lande- samt, Munich. Comment: samples serve to reconfirm findings of HAM-14 to -21 from another sampling spot of same geol situation. Reconfirmation of Allerod age of nethermoor is perfect. Smonica,/Chernozem-like soils in Rheinhessen. HAM-66. Smonica, Vertisol-like soil, SW Lotzweiler, 2740 ± 70 M2 Ah 60 to 80cm (R 345069, H 552938) 790 BC 5430 ± 90 HAM-67. Smonica Lo I, fAh 95 to 115cm 3480 BC 2580 ± 70 HAM-68. Chernozem Lo II, M 30 to 40cm 530 BC 2010 ± 60 HAM-69. Chernozem, fAh 55 to 70cm 60 BC Samples toll and subm 1974 by H Zakosek, Amt f Bodenforschung Wiesbaden. Comment: sampling spots all close together. Ham-67 indicates 274 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi f fmann supposed age of soil formation during Boreal/Atlantic periods. Others apparently rejuvenated by intact recent biodynamics. Aim of study, genetic and systematic position of Smonica in central Europe. Steppe soils below colluvium in loess as parent material, region of Fritzlar, Hessen. HAM-70. Transition Mollisol-Hapludalf, Dorla I/2, 3300 70 Km 21 Fritzlar-Gudensberg Hwy 1350 BC ° (51 11' N , 90 20' E) , fAh 90 to 110cm HAM-71. Transition Mollisol-Hapludalf, Lohne I, 2040 60 N village of Lohne (51 ° 11' N, 9° 16' E), 90 BC Ah 40 to 50cm HAM-72. Transition Mollisol-Hapludalf, Wehren 2890 70 I/2, Wehren-Kirchberg St, (510 11' N, 940 BC 9° 18' E) , Ah 35 to 55cm HAM-73. Transition Mollisol-Hapludalf, Wehren 4740 80 I/3, Wehren-Kirchberg St, (510 11' N, BC ° 9 18' E ), AIB t 60 to 80 cm Samples coil and subm 1974 by C Haupenthal, Amt f Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. Comment: aim is systematic study of steppe soils in slight depressions; classification to Mollisols or Hapludalfs. HAM-71, 72, at 40 to 55cm depth, are rejuvenated by root growth and animal transport, HAM-70, at 90 to 110cm, is younger than expected, only HAM-73 comes close to 'C age commonly found at fringes of A-horizon of Mollisols (Scharpenseel, 1972). HAM-74. Mollisol Heuchelheim, colluvial loess-loam 3660 90 on top of degraded Chernozem, (50° 23' N, 1710 BC 8° 52' E) 1.0% C, fAh 70 to 85cm HAM-75. Gleichen II, "Im Grund", middle slope, 6480 80 colluvium of loess loam on top of degraded Be ° ' Chernozem (51 13 N, 9° 2 0' E ), 1.0% C, fAh 240 to 260cm. Samples coil and subm 1974 by C Haupenthal and S Schrader, Amt f Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. Comment: HAM-75, an fAh outside root growth and animal transport, indicates expected age of Boreal/Atlantic origin. Aim is classification of colluvium capped steppe soils. Soil samples from loess loam and underlying solifluction debris, Vogelsberg, Hessen.

HAM-76. 1.2km S Hoingen, Vogelsberg, loess loam 10,550 ± 130 overlying solifluction debris, below tuffaceous 8600 Be pumice of lake of Laach Allerod volcanism (50° 42' N, 9° 55' E), fA 120cm Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates 1 275 HAM-77. 300m E Taufstein (High Vogelsberg), upper 2540 70 part of solifluction debris (mixture of loess loam 590 BC as well as t:uffaceous pumice and basalt) ° (50 31 ' N, 9 ° 14' E), 20 to 40 cm

HAM-78. Same spot, lower part (>40 cm) 5360 80 of solifluction debris. 3410 Be Samples coil and subm 1973 by E Schonhals, Inst f Bodenkunde, Univ Giessen. Comment: HAM-76 had to reveal, whether the fA-horizon was in situ below Allerod-time trachyt ashes or transported by percolation through porous tuff material. Date confirms formation in situ. HAM- 77-78 should determine whether the solifluction debris was uniform also in age, or deposited stepwise. Large difference in age supports the latter. High flood loam, plane S of Main R.

HAM-79. High flood loam of Main, Kelsterbach- 7700 170 Lerchenberg, Kiesgrube Schmidt, loam 5750 Be contains charcoal particles, (R 34 67 89, H 55 49 71, sheet Kelsterbach), IIfAhBtx

HAM-80. Same spot and horizon (IIfAhBtx), 100 without charcoal, humus-C only 5950 BC HAM-81. Fossil A-horizon adjacent to Allerod-time 10,000 210 trachyt tuff of Laach-volcanism, in sandy 8050 BC deposits of Plane S Main R, Buchschlag III, material enriched with charcoal. Samples toll and subm 1973 by W Plass, Inst Geog, Univ Frankfort. Comment: HAM-79-80 indicate, that in same material charcoal-C is not older than humus-C. HAM-81 falls slightly short of expected value, 10,500 yr. Slash in age probably due to percolation of younger humus-C in rather sandy and acid substrate accompanied by some deep racination. Colluvial loam, valley fillings, Hochheim and Waldeck. HAM-82. Colluvial loam, Hochheirn, Water Sta 1020 60 Hattersheim, 140cm below surface AD 930 (50° 3' N, 8° 28' E)

HAM-83. Colluvial loam, Hochheirn, Hattersheim, 1570 70 dark horizon 50cm below surface AD 380 (50° 3' N, 8° 28' E) HAM-84. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, slightly sandy 1760 70 loess loam with some humus over crude loess, AD 190 130 to 150cm below surface (50° 4' N, 8° 28' E)

HAM-85. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, foot of slope 3180 70 accumulation, calcareous sandy loam, 1230 Be (50° 2' N, 8° 25' E), 140 to 150cm 276 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schif f mann HAM-86. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, foot of slope 2450 ± 70 accumulation, (50° 2' N, 8° 25' E), 100 to 120cm 500 BC HAM-87. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, humus-rich 6230 ± 100 horizon in foot of slope accumulation, 4280 BC 90 to 110cm, (50° 2' N, 8° 25' E) HAM-88. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, dopy terrace, 28° 2050 ± 70 inclination, 80 to 100cm (50° 2' N, 8° 26' E) 100 BC HAM-89. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, terrace plane, < 2° 2580 100 inclination, 120 to 140cm, (50° 2' N, 8° 26' E) 630 BC HAM-90. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, slightly humic 580 ± 120 cover on terrace pebbles, sandy-loamy, AD 1370 80 to 100cm (50° 4' N , 8° 23' E) HAM-91. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, Delkenheim, fA 70 40 to 60cm below surface (50° 3' N, 8° 22' E) 20 BC HAM-92. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, Delkenheim, 2330 `+ 80 slopy site, between foss A-horizons, 380 BC 100 to 120cm (50° 3' N , 8° 22' E) HAM-93. Colluvial loam, Hochheim, Delkenheim, 100 humic basis horizon over loess loam, 5020 BC 80 to 100cm (50° 3' N , 8° 22' E) HAM-94. Colluvium, Waldeck, Freienhagen, dark 560 150 humic loamy sand over sandstone debris, AD 1390 70 to 90cm (50° 16' N, 9° 4' E) HAM-95. Colluvium, Waldeck, Ippinghausen, 820 110 slopy part over sandstone debris, AD 1130 loamy sand with little humus, 50 to 80cm (50° 17' N, 9° 9' E) Samples coil and subm 1973 by j Gie/3ubel, Inst Geog, Univ Frankfort. Comment: colluvial Valley fillings rather young, but mostly older than those of medieval deforestation. Humic basis horizons with 6000 to 7000 yr apparently Boreal/Atlantic in origin (Thesis, Frankfort, in press). Podzol-"Raseneisengley" soils of Black Forest, Rotes Meer near Alt- glashutten. HAM-96. Samples from freshly opened profiles 60 "Rotes Meer, between Altglashutten and AD 1750 Barental (47° 51.5' N, 8° 6' E), 20.3% C, Oh 830± 180 HAM-97. Same sample, charcoal only AD 1120 1850 ± 60

HAM-98. Same profile, Go II, brown . AD 100 Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates I 277

2130± 60 HAM-99. Same profile, Go II, black-brown 180 BC

3120± 90 HAM-100. Same profile, sandy peaty horizon 1170 BC

580± 60 HAM-101. Same profile, Bh AD 1370

1260 ± 60 HAM-102. Same profile, Bs AD 690 Samples coil and subm 1974 by K Stahr, Inst Soil Sci, Freiburg Univ. Comment: Podzol formation expected in Allerod time, older Dryas, or time after deforestation-17th century. Due to permanent organic matter percolation, date of Podzol is at best minimum age. Origin after deforestation, 17th century, can be excluded. Rather recent date of charcoal in Oh horizon is insignificant for origin of soil formation. Placorthods, "Banclchen-Podsole" from Wales

HAM-103. Hiraethog, Denbighmors, Denbigshire 580 ± 60 Mynydd. Aled near Landmans Arms AD 1370 (53° 10' N, 3° 30' W) 45.0% C, Oh

1420 ± 60 HAM-104. Same profile, 7.7% C, Bb (ligand) 530 BC

5810± 150 HAM-107. Same profile, coal-like substance BsCv 3860 BC

4010 ± 70 HAM-108. Same profile, twig at basis of Oh 2060 BC HAM-105. Peny Gwrydd-pass, Snowdonia Natl Park, 1290 ± 60 Caernarvonshire (53° 5' N, 4° 2' W), 660 "Bandchen-Stagnogley" Oh , 13 . 7% C 1770 ± 80 HAM-106. Same profile, 5.6% Ahf AD 180 Samples coil and subm 1974 by K Stahr. Comment: HAM-103-104 date Placorthod Formation, also HAM-105-106 date time for ligand formation, minimum is ca 1300 yr. Twig (HAM-108) was found at basis of Oh horizon, coal-like substance in Bs BvC horizon, where it dates erosion and settlement phase. Comparison of humus-C and charcoal dates of Black Forest Podzol. HAM-109. Soil sample, S Black Forest, between 1120 ± 60 Breitnau and Hollertal, Breitnau I, AD 830 Podzoi Oh j Ah 560 ± 70 HAM-110. Same profile and sample, only charcoal . AD 1390 278 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi ff mann HAM-111. Soil sample S Black Forest, between 490 ± 70 Breitnau and Hollertal, Breitnau II, AD 1460 Podzol Oh/Ah 530 ± 80 HAM-112. Same profile and sample, only charcoal AD 1420 HAM-113. Charcoal pile, Trescher, 0 to 10cm, 103.4 ± 0.5% Oh/Ah, (47° 57' N, 8° 7' E) 420 ± 50 HAM-114. Same spot, charcoal, upper portion, 10 to 30cm AD 1530 340 ± 60 HAM-115. Same spot, charcoal, lower portion, 30 to 50cm AD 1610 1040 ± 50 HAM-116. Fossil Brown earth, fAh 50 to 70cm AD 910 HAM-117. Brown earth Trescher, below 102.5 ± 0.40 rough humus cover, Ah Samples coil and subm 1974 by K Stahr. Comment: since podzols have extremely strong rejuvenation due to percolation of rough humus-C, by charcoal in podzol, we hoped to find gap between charcoal and humus dates caused by rejuvenation. Breitnau I showed reverse trend, humus-C being older than charcoal-C, which apparently entered soil later. Breitnau II gives equal results for humus-C and charcoal-C. Charcoal pile Trescher was army camp at beginning of 18th century. Charcoal reflects tree age plus time after conversion into charcoal. Humus-C age in Ah-horizons affected by bomb-C, fAh of Brown earth in subsoil relatively oldest, old land surface before charcoal pile construction and army lodging. Parallel dating of charcoal and humus-C of same horizon for estimate of re- juvenating effect on humus-C is disappointing with humus-podzols due to their young age. Low moor peat, charcoal and fossil soil on Riss boulder marl, A1- tenerding, Bavaria. HAM-118. Charcoal, old fireplace, in loess Brown 1920 ± 160 earth 40 to 50cm (H 53 45 05, R 44 92 95) AD 30 HAM-119. Low moor peat in between loess and Riss 30,340 ± 1130 boulder marl, 4 to 5m (H 53 45 25, 28,390 BC R 44 96 35) 28,840 ± 940 HAM-120. Another spot of the same pit 26,890 BC HAM-121a. Low moor peat below 4 to 5m tuffaceous 8470 ± 110 limestone; sample contains carbonates, 6520 BC destroyed before sample preparation (H 53 500, R44925) Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates I 279 8490 ± 100 HAM-121b. Same sample in spot without carbonates 6540 Be HAM-122. Buried Ah horizon of soil, formed in Riss 5550 ± 100 boulder marl below colluvium of slope 3600 BC (H 53 45 05, R 44 92 95) Samples coil and subm 1973 by U Schwertmann, Inst Soil Sci, Tech Univ Munich. Comment: aim was to date low moor peat between loess and Riss boulder marl; further below 4 to 5m tuffaceous limestone, a recent Brown Earth in loess, and buried soil below colluvium, in the Altenerding area. Peat seems to originate from Paudorf interstadial and may be Allerod with some rejuvenation or Boreal/Atlantic time with some older materials included. Buried soil below colluvium seems to date from climatic optimum Boreal/Atlantic time with some rejuvenation due to root growth and animal transport. Samples describing Eastern Sea coastline changes, SW Heiligenhafen HAM-123. Cliff wall, till 150cm below surface, 4020 ± 90 70cm below fossil beech sediment 2070 Be (54° 29' N, 10° 55' E) HAM-124. Cliff wall, 2m depth, low moor below same 2070 ± 70 fossil beech sediment (54° 22' N, 100 55' E) 120 BC HAM-125. Cliff wall, 45 to 90cm, underlying fossil 1140 ± 60 beech sediment (54° 22' N, 100 55' E) An 810 HAM-126. Cliff wall 90 to 110cm below beech 1990 ± 60 sediment (54° 22' N, 100 55' E) 40 BC HAM-127. Cliff wall 110 to 125cm below fossil 2300 ± 110 beech sediment (54° 22' N, 100 55' E). 350 Be Samples coil and subm 1974 by D Goetz, Ordinariat f Bodenkunde, Hamburg Univ. Comment: studied to elucidate earliest time of beech wall formation, and to estimate highest water level of Eastern Sea. Esti- mations of ca 2000 yr were met, except for HAM-125, in rather high position, and HAM-123, 70cm below beech sediment, where 4000 yr suggest older origin of this beech wall, closer to climatic optimum of region. Fossil Chernozem samples

HAM-128. Outskirts of Homberg, Kassel Co, 5650 ± 80 110 to 130cm fA (51° 2' N, 90 6' E) 3700 BC HAM-129. Worms I, near town of Worms, 3530 ± fAh, 80 to 90cm 1580 BC Samples coll and subm 1974 by C Haupenthal, Hessisches Landesamt f Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. Comment: HAM-128, from Homberg, dated at 5000 BC by Fritzlar Mus based on band ceramic relics; fA-material of Worms apparently slightly rejuvenated by roots and animal transport, since soils are believed to date from Atlantic period. 280 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi ff mann Bones and wood in sediment layer believed from Roman time HAM-130. Bones in lower pebble layer, near Xanten 1680 ± 50 (collagen date), (510 39' N, 6° 32' E) AD 270 1980 ± 70 HAM-131. Same spot, wood buried in middle sand 30 BC 2180± 60 HAM-132. Same spot, dark gray silty loam 230 BC HAM-133. Same spot, bluish silty fine sand 3150 ± 70 between middle sand and pebbles 1200 BC Samples coil and subm 1974 by E Muckenhausen, Inst f Bodenkunde, Bonn Univ. Comment: good confirmation of Roman origin, except for deepest bluish silty fine sand. Deeply humic soils near Dutch border; organic matter in deeper part of profiles due to plaggen culture or deep plowing HAM-134. Walbeker Heide, gravel pit, humic 8340 ± 90 eolian sand, believed from Allerod 6390 BC time, 120 to 140cm (51° 30' N, 6° 15° E) HAM-135. Same sample, 6 N HCl-hydrolysis 9580 ± 100 residue only 7630 BC HAM-136. Sand loess in Maasaue near Velden, 1540 ± 60 humic, 50 to 70cm (51 ° 25' N, 6° 9' E) AD 410 HAM-137. Same sample, 6 N HC1-hydrolysis 2070 ± 90 residue only 120 BC HAM-138. Humic eolian sand, Issum, Haus Beeren- 1440 ± 50 bruck, 50 to 70cm (51° 32' N, 6° 25' E) AD 510 HAM-139. Same sample, 6 N HC1-hydrolysis 1860 ±90 residue only AD 90 HAM-140. Humic sand loess, Schandelah, 1250 ± 50 45 to 60cm AD 700

HAM-141. Same sample, 6 N HC1-hydrolysis 1440 ± 60 residue only AD 510 HAM-142. Humic sand loess, Walbeck, 1175 ± 50 60 to 80cm, (51° 30' N, 6° 15' E) AD 775

HAM-143. Same sample, 6 N HC1-hydrolysis 1880 ± 130 residue only AD 70 Samples coil and subm 1974 by D Schroder, Inst f Bodenkunde, Bonn Univ. Comment: deeply humic material could be derived from past landsurface horizons, as well as from plaggen covers or from deeply humic Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates I 281 horizon due to deep plowing. Total sample and 6 N HC1 hydrolysis residue were parallel-dated, because hydrolysis residue samples were expected to be older. Ages older than 1500 to 2000 yr could safely be excluded from plaggen origin, since it is essentially a medieval technique of soil improvement. Since fossil carbon can be present in plaggen material, eg, from. coal ashes, all samples, except for Walbeker Heide with soil formation close to Allerod, could be due to plaggen culture (Mucken- hausen et al, 1968). B. Austria HAM-144. Low moor, Neumarkt, Am Wallersee, state 2790 ± 90 of Salzburg, underneath low moor calcareous 840 BC silt, 90 to l 00cm (47° 40' IN, 13° 10' E)

3770 ± 70 HAM-145. Same profile, 160 to 170cm 1820 BC Samples coll and subm by F Biumel, Federal Inst Cultural Tech- nique, Petzenkirchen. Comment: aim of study was to date beginning of low moor formation. Dates are somewhat younger than estimated 5000 yr.

C. USSR HAM-146. Southern Predkaokadzye Chernozem, 11,330 ± 980 ca 130km S Rostov, 1.5% C, 180 to 200cm, 9380 BC Profile 1

HAM-147. Chernozem of nether terrace of Don R, 5250 ± 150 crotovines in C-horizon, 1.2% C, 95cm, 3300 BC Profile 2 HAM-148. Meadow Chernozem in Asow system 6510 ± 260 0.2% C, Profile 3 4560 BC HAM-149. Dark Gray Forest soil on diluvium of 5490 ± 280 carboniferous limestone (Zhiguli State 3540 BC Reserve), 0.4% C, BC, 70 to 80cm, Profile 6

HAM-150. Paleohydromorphic Chernozem, Crotovine, 4320 ± 80 4.1% C, 85cm, Profile 9 2370 BC 4750 ± 80 HAM-151. Same Profile, 8.3;o C, 110cm 2800 BC HAM-152. Typical Chernozem from Privolzhye Upland, 5390 ± 120 Karlinsky State Farm, Ulyanovsk Dist, 3440 BC Ulyanovsk Area, 1.4% C, BC, 100cm, Profile 14 HAM-153. Normal Chernozem, near Meadow Solod, 5550 ± 140 outskirts Ulyanovsk Agric Inst campus, 3600 BC 1.0% C, BC, 110cm, Profile 16 282 H W Seharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi f f mann HAM-154. Gray Forest soil, Serp-i-molot collective 7890 ± 680 farm, Vysokogorsky region, Tatar ASSR 5940 BC 0.3% C, Bat, ca 140cm, Profile 19 Samples coil and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel. Samples coil during Wolga-Don excursion, 10th Internatl Cong Soil Sci, Moscow, 1974. Profile numbers refer to excursion guide (Ivanov, 1974). Comment: most samples indicate ages from 5000 to 6300 yr as usual in European cherno- zems, suggesting main phase of formation during Atlantic period. HAM- 146 and -154 were small samples. HAM-155. Chernozem from Tour I, 10th Internatl 4540 80 Cong Soil Sci, 0.6% C, AC, 80 to 90cm, Profile 3. 2590 BC

2350 ± 50 HAM-156. Same profile, 18 to 40cm 400 BC Samples coil and subm by C Haupenthal, Hessisches Landesamt f Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. Comment: dates agree with expected ages at sampling levels. Some rejuvenation due to root growth and animal transport is likely even in HAM-155. D. Tunisia Fossil horizons in steppe and alluvial soils of the semiarid region

HAM-157. Fossil soil in pasture experimental 2250 ± 60 plot, Ain Oktor, Korbous, 0.3% C, fA, 300 BC 80 to 100cm (36° 48' N, 10° 34' E)

HAM-158. Three fossil horizons, Ferme near 720 ± 60 Korba, pasture experiment, 0.2% C, fAl, AD 1230 48 to 60cm (36° 35' N, 10° 53' E)

1300 ± 60 HAM-159. Same profile, 0.1% C, fA2, 115 to 125cm AD 650

2300 ± 100 HAM-160. Same profile, 0.1% C, fA3, 160 to 175cm 350 BC

HAM-161. Two fossil horizons near Ferme Korba, 1030 ± 60 profile in plot of pasture experiments, 0.3% C, AD 920 fAl, 60 to 80cm (36° 35' N, 10° 53' E) 2470±70 HAM-162. Same profile, 0.4% C, fA2, 110 to 130cm 520 BC

HAM-163. Fossil horizon, Ferme E nnasser near 4230 ± 60 Bir Bou Rekba, 0.6% C, fAl, 180 to 2280 BC 190cm (36° 26' N, 10° 33' E)

HAM-164. Same region profile nearby higher 4170 ± 70 slope, 0.8% C, fAl, 105 to 115cm 2220 BC Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates 1 283 HAM-165. Fossil horizon near Enfida, Km 52, rd 4510 ± 80 to Kairouan, 0.9% C, fAl, 75 to 90cm 2560 BC (36° 6' N, 10° 21' E) HAM-166. Fossil horizons in Medjerdah alluvium, 6450 ± 100 near Ghardimaou bridge, fAl, 70 to 90cm 4500 BC (36° 26' N, 8° 27' E) 8000 ± 180 HAM-167. Same location of alluvium, fA2, 250 to 270cm 6050 BC HAM-168. Fossil horizons in Medjerdah alluvium, 670 ± 60 near Bou Salem, 2.4% C, fAl, 35 to 40cm AD 1280 (36° 37' N, 8° 57' E) HAM-169. Same location of alluvium, 1.5% C, 5050 ± 80 fA2, 90 to 110cm 3100 BC 4500 ± 80 HAM-170. Location nearby, 1.5% C, fA2, 85 to 95cm 2550 Be 7800 ± 160 HAM-171. Same location, 1.2% C, fA3, 120 to 140cm 5850 BC HAM-172. Location nearby, near Bou Huertma R, 2170 ± 170 0.4% C, 300cm 220 BC 1220 ± 60 HAM-173. Drainage ditch nearby, 0.8% C, 100cm AD 730 2400 ± 120 HAM-174. Same location 0.7% C, 150cm 450 BC Samples coil and subm 1974 by H W Scharpenseel and K Kirschey, Ordinariat f Bodenkunde, Hamburg Univ. Comment: in general, samples from Cap Bon and transition to Sahel (HAM-157-165) show fA-horizons of ca 1300 yr (Islamic conquest?) 2300 yr (deforestation and alluviation due to Punic civilization?), and 4500 yr (by higher fossil horizons rejuvenated fossil soil from period of climatic optimum?). Medjerdah- and Bou Huertma R show fossil horizons from 5000 to 6000 yr and 7000 to 8000 yr; younger samples from drainage ditches are probably rejuvenated by roots or disturbed. Soil profile of Sol Brun a Croute with calcareous crust HAM-175. Soil profile with free limestone and 10,820 ± 170 faintly developed calcareous crust, 8870 Be 0 to 15cm (36° 23.5' N,10° 33' E) 23,560 ± 500 HAM-176. Same profile, 15 to 120cm 21,610 BC 25,900 ± 840 HAM-177. Same profile, 120 to 130cm 23,950 BC 284 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi f fmann 21,500 ± 410 HAM-178. Same profile, 130 to 160cm 19,550 BC 27,160 ± 1090 HAM-179. Same profile, 160 to 170cm 25,210 BC 12,590 ± 160 HAM-180. Same profile, 170 to 190cm 10,640 BC 25,270 ± 610 HAM-181. Same profile, 190 to 200cm 23,320 BC 19,230 ± 780 HAM-182. Same profile, 200 to 250cm 17,280 BC Samples coil and subm 1974 by C Haupenthal, Hessisches Landesamt f Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. Comment: ca 25,000 yr old, at the most 20,000 yr, when subtracting 50% lithic dead carbon contribution, age of faintly developed calcareous crust appears rather low. Dated for orien- tation, rather than for convincing evidence HAM-180 must be rejuvenated or contaminated for reasons unknown to the analyst.

II. SUBHYDRIC SOIL SAMPLES Subhydric soil samples of artificial lake of Ruhr R

HAM-183. Baldeney Lake Essen-Werden, S shore, 8480 ± 110 ca 800m E Villa Hugel, 0 to 20cm 6530 BC HAM-184. Same location, ca 400m E Villa Hugel, 12,160 ± 270 0 to 25cm 10,210 BC 9950 ± 130 HAM-185. Approx opposite Villa Hugel, 0 to 35cm 8000 BC 9720 ± 130 HAM-186. Ca 200m W Villa Hugel, 0 to 35cm 7770 BC HAM-187. In front of large boating port, 6180 ± 210 S shore E of HAM-183, 0 to 35cm 4230 BC HAM-188. Ca 200m E of boating port, 7390 ± 170 E of HAM-183 and 187. 5440 BC Samples coil and subm by H W Scharpenseel and D Schroeder, Inst f Bodenkunde, Bonn Univ. Comment: old ages of organic matter from young man-made lake was surprising. Investigation revealed that Ruhr R transports coal dust particles through lake bed. Old ages result of fossil carbon contamination. III. OTHER SAMPLES HAM-189. Clay pit Kaerlich, wood from tree, 29,600 ± 1150 underlying Allerod and Holocene soil 27,650 BC (50° 23'N, 7° 28'E) Sample coil and subm 1973 by J Frechen, Min Inst, Bonn Univ. Comment: sample apparently is derived from Paudorf interstadial. Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates 1 285 HAM-190. Grass, Rottgen, near Bonn, Oct 1973 (50° 41' N, 7° 5.5' E) 132.9 ± 0.5% HAM-191. Grass, same spot, Sept 1974 138.5% modern Samples coil and subm by H W Scharpenseel as follow-up of yearly samples since 1957. Comment: dates in general show decreasing trend of thermonuclear bomb carbon (R, 1968, v 10, p 24-27; R, 1969, v 11, p 10-13; R, 1970, v 12, p 38; R, 1971, v 13, p 212; R, 1972, v 15, p 40). IV. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Iversheim, Rhineland Charcoal and recarbonified limestone from oven remains of Roman lime furnace HAM-192. Dry charcoal from lime furnace of 1740 ± 70 Roman origin, estimated age: 1st to AD 210 2nd century AD (50° 35' N, 06° 46' E) HAM-193. Charcoal, same sample loc, on upper 1640 ± 70 burning level, age estimate: AD 260 to 300 AD 310 HAM-194. Charcoal, same sample loc, on lower 1820 ± 70 burning level, age estimate somewhat Al) 130 older than HAM-193 HAM-195. Presumably recarbonized lime in burned 141.5 ± 0.4% dolomite fitting of oven, upper region, expected age similar to HAM-193 HAM-196. Presumably recarbonized lime in 1.370 ± 60 burned dolomite fitting of oven, AD 580 140cm deeper than preceding sample, expected age similar to HAM-193 Samples coil and subm 1973 by B Solter, Rheinisches Landesmus, Bonn. First dug-out lime burning oven of Roman origin. Comment: charcoal dates are close to expected ages. Recarbonized lime is obviously contaminated by bomb carbon, especially surface near HAM-195. Au, Hallertau, Freising Co, Bavaria Charcoal in prehistoric soil relics, dating early settlements. Archaeologic dates of line-band-ceramics and linear-band-ceramics indicate 3000 or 4000 yr BC. 5990 ± 90 ° HAM-197. Charcoal Hallertau (48° 33' N, 11 45' E) 4040 BC Sample coll and subm 1974 by U Schwertmann, Inst Soil Sci, Tech Univ Munich. Comment: date is expected. Bulgaria Wood and charcoal samples; mining relics 286 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi ff mann HAM-198. Part of wooden trough in old PB-Zn 1560 ± 120 mine pit, Straschimir-Rhodopen region, 390 (41 ° 22' N, 25 ° 00 ' E) HAM-199. Part of wooden trough in old mine 1790 70 pit, Bakadjik, 30km S Jambol, AD 160 (42 ° 24' N, 26° 46' E) HAM-200. Part of wooden mine support, 2710 70 Tscherweno Sname copper mine, 760 BC S Burgas, (42° 24' N, 27° 38' E) HAM-201. Part of wooden mine support, 1940 60 Bakadjik mine, 30km S Jambol, AD 10 (42 ° 24' N, 26° 46' E) HAM-202. Wooden double piston pump, Jambol, 1650 60 ° (42 24' N, 26° 46' E) AD 300

HAM-203. Charcoal of old copper mine, 2510 80 Tscherweno Sname, S Burgas, 560 BC (42° 24' N, 27° 38' E) Samples coil and subm 1974 by E Maximoff and G Weisgerber, Berg- bau Mus Bochum. Comment: most samples date to Roman time, except wood and charcoal samples from copper mine, Tscherweno Sname, which are older, even if older mature wood was used for production of supports and for charcoal producing fuel. Wood from gold, silver, and copper-lead mines

HAM-204. Round wooden climbing pole of old 1750 ± 60 gold mine, Jaworow Preslap near AD 200 Goweschda (43° 23' N, 22 ° 56' E)

HAM-205. Slightly burned wood from copper 1730 ± 50 mine, Plakalnitza near Vratza AD 220 (43° 4' N, 23° 30' E)

HAM-206. Part of large wooden trough, 520 ± 60 silver-lead mine Tschiprowtzi AD 1430 (43° 4' N, 23° 30' E) Samples coll and subm 1974 by E Maximoff and G Weisgerber, Berg- bau Mus, Bochum. Comment: HAM-204-205 date to Roman time; HAM- 206 suggests medieval origin. Israel Charcoal from Timna mine (29° 40' N, 34° 50' E)

HAM-207. Charcoal, Mine 212/1, Timna, 2910 ± 70 S-Israel, site in Egyptian tunnel 960 BC Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates I 287 2910 ± 60 HAM-208. Charcoal, Mine 2121, Egyptian tunnel 960 BC HAM-209. Charcoal, Mine 2121, Egyptian - tunnel sample too small, discarded 3050 ±70 HAM-210. Charcoal, Mine 212/1e, Egyptian tunnel 1100 BC

2640 ± 60 HAM-211. Charcoal, Mine 212/1g, Egyptian tunnel 690 BC 2780 ± 90 HAM-212. Charcoal, Mine 2122, :Egyptian tunnel 830 Be

3890 ± 70 HAM-213. Charcoal, Mine 212/2, Egyptian tunnel 1940 BC

4000 ± 90 HAM-214. Charcoal, Mine 212/2a, Egyptian tunnel 2050 Be

HAM-215. Charcoal, mining site, slag pile 4020 ± 100 (Cut 25, Layer 2) 2070 BC HAM-216. Charcoal, mining site, slag pile, 3340 ± 60 Timna 30, Layer 1 1390 BC HAM-217. Charcoal, mining site, slag pile, - Timna 30, Layer 1, sample too small, discarded. Samples coll and subm 1974 by G Weisgerber, Bergbaumus Bochum. Comment: HAM-207-212 agree with estimated age ca 3000 yr, based on assumed origin at King Solomon's time. HAM-213-216 are unexplainably older. Iran Wood samples of ruin at E rim of oasis Shahdad, Central Iran HAM-218. Wooden lintel "Imamzadeh" 430 ± 60 (30° 25' N, 57° 45' E) AD 1520

HAM-219. Wooden lintel, SE side base floor, 1150 ± 110 apparently palm wood, (30° 25' N, 57° 45' E) All 800

430 ± 70 HAM-220. Wooden window lintel, E apse, same loc AD 1520 Samples coll and subm 1973 by U W Hallier, Inst Bot, Dusseldorf Univ. Comment: expectation, that ruins might be relics of Nesturian church building, could be confirmed by HAM-219. The other samples seem rather young. 288 H W Scharpenseel, F Pietig, and H Schi ff mann Organic matter and wood samples, Khorasaner Kavir, Central Iran and border region along Afghanistan. HAM-221. Organic matter/charcoal in pre- 2280 ± 300 Islamic pottery. SE rim of Tar-o-Sar, 300 Bc Nimrouz (30° 33' N, 62° 6' E) HAM-222. Wooden pole of doorway, Fort Nakhlak, 1430 ± 60 N Kuh-i-Nakhlak (330 12' N, 53° 46' E) AD 520 HAM-223. Wooden pole of door construction, 1490 ± 60 Fort Nakhlak N Kuh-i-Nakhlak AD 460 (33° 12' N, 53° 46' E) HAM-224. Construction wood of water tank, 1030 ± 80 Qual'eh Dukhtar near Duruna AD 920 (35° 17' N, 57° 13' E) Samples coll and subm by U W Hallier, Inst Bot, Di sseldorf Univ. Comment: HAM-221 agrees well with town Tar-o-Sar's settlement history. HAM-222-224 relate to former samples BONN-1666-1668 (R, 1973, v 15, p 278). Confirmation is needed, if samples are derived from Parther or Sasanide times. Samples are younger than BONN-1668, and just exceed age ca 1300 yr. HAM-224 dates hitherto unknown and archaeologically undescribed ruins. Ecuador Bone, charcoal, and wood, Cochasqui, 70km N Quito (0° 6' N, 78° 18' E). HAM-225. Bones in deeper part of trench, 1930 ± 70 pyramid N highland, (rather small AD 20 sample of collagen carbon) HAM-226. Bones on top of burned plate, E 118.3 -}- 0.4% pyramid, 1 to 3m (bones highly mineralized, very small sample, date to be discarded) HAM-227. Wood and earth, pyramid, 1020 ± 120 Cut 28, 80 to 120cm AD 930 HAM-228. Wood sample in shaft, assoc with 890 ± 70 pottery of Panzaleo style AD 1060 980 ± 70 HAM-229. Scattered bits of wood in lower shaft AD 970 910 ± 60 HAM-230. Charcoal, planum 1, SE part, 3 to 5m AD 1040 Samples coil and subm 1973 by H J Wentscher, Sem Anthropol, Rheinisches Landesmus Bonn. Comment: bone samples were highly mineralized, small samples questionable. Other dates agree well with estimated age, ca 1000 yr. Hamburg University Radiocarbon Dates I 289

REFERENCES Diez, T, 1968, Die wurm- and postwurmglazialen Terrassen des Lech and ihre Boden- bildurigen: Eiszeitalter u Gegenwart, v 19, p 102-128. Hofmann, B, 1966, Erlauterungen zur Bodenkarte von Bayern 1:25000, Blatt Landshut Ost: Bayrisches Geol Landesamt, Mi nchen. Ivanov, J V, 1974, Soils of Povolyhye: 10th internatl Gong soil sci, Moscou-Wolga-Don excursion guide book. Mi ckenhausen, E, Scharpenseel, H W, and Pietig, F, 1968, Zum Alter des Plag- geneschs: Eiszeitalter u Gegenwart, v 19, p 190-196. Ruckert, G, 1975, Die Boden des Nordlinger Ries: Mitt Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, (Papers of Regensburg Conf, in press). Scharpenseel, H W and Pietig, F, 1969, Einfache Boden- and Wasserdatierung lurch Messung der 14C- oiler Tritium- konzentration: Geoderma, v 2, p 273-289. - 1970, Altersbestimmung mit dem Fliissigkeits-Szintillations-Spektrometer - Vereinfachte Benzolsynthese, auch aus kleinen C02-Mengen: Atompraxis, v 16, p 1-2. Scharpenseel, H W, 1972, Messung der nati:irlichen C-14 Konzentration in der orga- nischen Substanz von rezenten Boden, Eine Zwischenbilanz: Zeitschr PHanzenernahr, Bodenkunde v 133, p 241-263. Scharpenseel, H W and Pietig, F, 1970, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements III: R, v 12, p 19-39. - 1971, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements IV: R, v 13, p 189-212. -- 1973, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements V: R, v 15, p 13-41. -- 1973, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements VI: R, v 15, p 252279. Scharpenseel, H W, Pietig, F, and Tamers, M A, 1968, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements I: R, v 10, p 8-28. - 1969, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements II: R, v 11, p 3-14. Schmidt-Kaler, H and Treibs, W, 1970, EXkursionsfuhrer zur geologischen Ubersichts- karte des Rieses, 1:100,000: Bayrisches Geol Landesamt, Munich. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 18, No. 3, 1976, P. 290-320] UNIVERSITY OF LUND RADIOCARBON DATES IX SOREN HAKANSSON Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Department of Quaternary Geology University of Lund, Sweden

INTRODUCTION Most of the 14C measurements reported here were made between October 1974 and October 1975. Equipment, measurement, and treatment of samples are the same as reported previously (R, 1968, v 10, p 36-37) except for bone samples (see below). Age calculations are based on a contemporary value equal to 0.950 of the activity of NBS oxalic acid standard and on the conventional half- 14C life for of 5568 yr. Results are reported in years before 1950 (years BP), and in the AD/BC system. Errors quoted (±l) include standard deviations of count rates for the unknown sample, contemporary standard, and background. Corrections for deviations from 6130 = -25.0%o in the PDB scale are applied for all samples; also for marine shells, because apparent age of recent marine shells is not always just counterbalanced by the effect of isotopic fractionation (c f, Recent marine shells series, R, 1973, v 15, p 506-507). 613C values quoted are relative to the PDB standard. The remark, "undersized; diluted", in Comments means the sample did not produce enough CO2 to fill the counter to normal pressure and "dead" CO2 from anthracite was introduced to make up the pressure. "% sample" indicates amount of CO2 derived from the sample present in the diluted counting gas; the rest is "dead" CO2. Collagen extraction method has been changed and treatment of bone samples are now in short as follows: removal of superficial contamination by mechanical cleaning, followed in some cases by ultrasonic washing, drying at 110°C, crushing or grinding to a size < 0.5mm, hydrolysis and removal of all bone carbonate with 0.8N HC1 at room temperature under reduced pressure, washing to neutral, removal of humic material by leaching insoluble residue (mostly collagen) with 0.5% NaOH at room temperature for 18 to 20 hours, washing to neutral and adjusting pH with HC1 to ca 3.0 in 250 to 500m1 of water, transformation of collagen to gelatine by heating (with pH kept at ca 3.0) in a warming cupboard (ca 90°C) and leaving it there for about 24 hours with occasional stirring and control of pH, separation of gelatine from insoluble impurities by centrifugation, evaporation and drying. NaOH treatment is left out for bone samples without obvious signs of humus contamination, since main part of such contamination remains insoluble at a pH of 3.0. Organic carbon content reported for bone samples is calculated from yield of CO2 by combustion of collagen remaining after treatment. Organic carbon lost during treatment is not included in calculated percentage. The description of each sample is based on information provided by the submitter.

290 Soren Hakansson 291

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Kerstin Lundahl for sample preparation and routine operation of the dating equipment, and R Ryhage and his staff at the mass-spectrometric laboratory of Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, for the 13C analyses. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS

I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Sweden Mammoth tusk series Four mammoth tusks from different parts of S and W Sweden were dated. Closer scrutiny of find stratigraphy, description of laboratory treatment, and evaluation of dates will be pub elsewhere (Berglund et al, ms in preparation). +3050 31,200 -2650 Lu-746. Orsjo mammoth 1972 (1) 29,250 BC 6130 = -20.00 Collagen from ill-preserved material of mammoth tusk fragment from gravel pit at Orsjo, ca 2km E of Skurup, S Scania (55° 28' 20" N, 13° 32' 20" E). Coil 1972 by H Mansson; subm by E Lageriund, Dept Quaternary Geol, Univ Lund. Comment: organic carbon content: 1%. Sample undersized; diluted; 40% sample. (4 1-day counts.) +2000 36,100 -1600 Lu-880. Orsjo mammoth 1972 (2) 34,150 BC 313c = -19.7% Collagen from well-preserved material from same mammoth tusk fragment as Lu-746 above. Comment: organic carbon content: 4.750. Not diluted. (3 1-day counts.) 13,360 ± 95 Lu-796. Lockarp mammoth 1939 (1) 11,410 BC 6130 = -20.00 Collagen from very well-preserved material from inner part of mammoth tusk from gravel pit at Lockarp, S of Malmo, SW Scania (55° 32' 40" N, 13° 03' E). Coll 1939 by F Hansen; subm by B E Berglund, Dept Quaternary Geol, Univ Lund. Tusk described by Persson (1961, p 254- 261). Comment: tusk surface was coated with shellac soon after collection. Analysis of extracted collagen with pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) showed complete absence of shellac contamination. The PGC analysis employed is described by Ericsson (1975). Organic carbon content: 8.7%. Not diluted. (2 2-day counts.) 292 Soren Hakansson 13,090 ± 120 Lu-796 :2. Lockarp mammoth 1939 (2) 11,140 BC 613C = -20.0% Collagen from same extraction as Lu-796 but treated with alcohol for removal of shellac. Comment: organic carbon content: 8.7%. Diluted; 90% sample. (31-day counts.) 13,260 ± 110 Lu-865. Lockarp mammoth 1939 (3) 11,310 BC 613C = -20.0% Collagen from well-preserved material from outer part of same tusk as Lu-796. Comment: collagen extracted by the Longin method (1971). Organic carbon content: 7.3%. Not diluted. (3 1-day counts.) +900 22,000 -800 Lu-887. Arrie mammoth 1934 (1) 20,050 BC 613C = -18.7% Collagen from fairly well-preserved material from inner part of mammoth tusk fragment from gravel pit at Risebjar, Arrie, SW Scania (55° 31' 15" N, 13° 06' 10" E). Coll 1934; subm by B E Berglund. Find described by Persson (1961, p 261-262). Comment: extraction of preservatives had to be interrupted prematurely due to partial dissolution of collagen. Therefore date must be regarded as minimum for tusk. Diluted; 25% sample. (2 2-day counts.) 19,150 ± 390 Lu-887:E. Arrie mammoth 1934 (2) 17,200 BC 613C = -18.7% Alcohol extract from Lu-887 containing dissolved collagen to unknown extent. Comment: diluted; 67% sample. Date unreliable due to presence of preservatives. 21,040 ± 200 Lu-795. Dosebacka mammoth 1931 (1) 19,090 BC 6130 = -21.3% Collagen from fairly well-preserved material from inner part of mammoth tusk fragment from gravel pit at Dosebacka, Gota R valley, Bohuslan, W Sweden (57° 54' 41" N, 12° 02' 41" E). Coll 1931; subm by Ake Hillefors, Dept Phys Geog, Univ Lund. Facts about find and detailed descriptions of stratigraphy at Dosebacka given by submitter (Hillefors, 1961, p 90-91; 1969, p 40-52, Fig 24, lower part, p 71-74 & 76-77; 1974, p 364 & 373). Comment: organic-carbon content: 5.2%. No alcohol treatment since material was taken from inner part of tusk. Later test on rest of collagen with PGC analysis revealed considerable contamination with shellac from original preservation. Date is much too young (c f Lu-879 below). University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 293 +1550 36,000 -1300 Lu-879. Dosebacka mammoth 1931 (2) 34,050 BC 6130 = -20.6% Collagen from inner part of same mammoth tusk fragment as Lu- 795. Comment: dried collagen was crushed to < 0.3mm and treated repeatedly with absolute alcohol at ca 40°C for 3 days for removal of shellac. Collagen was then dissolved in de-ionized water and remaining alcohol removed by evaporation. PGC analysis on collagen indicated that contamination with shellac was now < 0.4%, which means that date is < 3450 yr too young. Organic carbon content: 3.70. Diluted; 93% sample. (41-day counts.) Southern Baltic, pine stump series Wood from pine stumps, id by 'T Bartholin, dredged by fishermen from bottom of S Baltic Sea at water depths 49 to 52m ENE of Stens- huvud. Coil 1973 by H Berntsson, Hallevik; subm by B E Berglund. Pretreated with HCl and NaOH. 9420 ± 95 Lu-890. Southern Baltic 4 7470 BC 8130 = -24.4% Wood from large pine stump coil at 52m depth (55° 43' N, 14° 28' E). 9520 ± 95 Lu-891. Southern Baltic 5 7570 BC 613C = -25.0% Wood from pine stump coil at 49m depth (55 ° 42' N, 14° 24' E). 9620 ± 95 Lu-892. Southern Baltic 6 7670 BC 8130 = -25.8% Wood from pine stump. Same depth and position as Lu-891. General Comment: dates agree well with previous dates for similar stumps from same area (c f R, 1972, v 14, p 386; 1974, v 16, p 310-311). Hallarumsviken series Sediment from Hallarumsviken, a bay of S Baltic Sea, E Blekinge (56° 08' N, 15° 48' E). Samples are from 3m core taken with Mackereth sampler, 55mm (ham, to date pollen-analytic and paleomagnetic sequence. Coil 1972 and subm by B E Berglund. Water depth 5m and distance to nearest shore ca 300m. Depths refer to water surface. Pollen zones refer to Nilsson (1961) and Berglund (1966). Sediment is brackish clayey gyttja and clay gyttja (Lu-1045). Pretreated with HC1. All samples undersized; diluted. Amount of CO2 from sample is given in Comments below as "% sample". 294 Soren Hdkansson 6650 ± 75 Lu-1045. Hallarumsviken 1, 770 to 775cm 4700 BC 613C = -21.2% Pollen Zone AT. Comment: 95% sample. 4160 ± 65 Lu-1046. Hallarumsviken 2, 710 to 715cm 2210 BC 6130 = -19.4% Pollen Zone SB 1. Decreased clay content and increased deposition rate above this level. Comment: 91% sample. 2490 ± 70 Lu-1047. Hallarumsviken 3, 645 to 650cm 540 BC 8130 = -17.6% Pollen Zone SA 1. Comment: 67% sample. 1880 ± 75 Lu-1048. Hallarumsviken 4, 570 to 575cm AD 70 6130 = -18.0% Pollen Zone SA 1 (upper part). Sediment disturbed above this level. Comment: 54% sample. General Comment (BEB): dates confirm pollen-analytic zoning and correlation to limnic sequence on land. Tomtabacken series (II) Sediment from Akerhultagol, a mire pool lkm SW of Tomtabacken, highest hill of South Swedish Upland (59° 29' N, 14° 28' E). Samples are from core taken with Livingstone sampler, 100mm diam. Site and main series described earlier (R, 1975, v 17, p 178-180). Coll 1973 and subm by B E Berglund. Depths refer to surface of mire. Pretreated with HCI. 10,580 ± 115 Lu-1089. Tomtabacken 13, 500 to 502cm 8630 BC 8130=-23.1% Clay gyttj a. Middle of Younger Dryas zone. Comment: undersized; diluted; 71% sample. (3 1-day counts.) 10,500 ± 130 Lu-1090. Tomtabacken 14, 498 to 500cm 8550 Bc 6130 -22.9% Clay gyttja. Middle of Younger Dryas zone. Comment: undersized; diluted; 70% sample. Subfossil polar bear series Subfossil bones of Ursus maritimus Phipps from the Swedish West Coast were studied paleoecologically and chronologically (Berglund et al, ms in preparation). One find, Kullaberg, Scania, was dated earlier (R, 1974, v 16, p 311; Lu-660, 12,710 ± 125; Lu-661, 12,740 ± 170, Lu-602, 12,580 ± 100). All finds subm by B E Berglund. Collagen extracted by new method (see introduction to this date list). University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 295 12,490 ± 105 Lu-1076. Ostra Karup, Scania 10,540 BC $13C = -14.1% Collagen from ulna in beach gravel at + 15m at Ostra Karup, Bastad, Scania (56° 25' N, 12° 57' E). Coil 1925 by V Ewald. Comments: organic carbon content: 7%. (BEB): date corresponds well to dates of the Kulla- berg find. 10,620 ± 105 Lu-1074. Nedre Kurod, Bohuslan 8670 BC 613C = -13.6% o Collagen from proximal fragment of rib from shell deposit at Nedre Kurod, Uddevalla (58° 21' N, 11 ° 59' E). Coil 1952. Comment: organic carbon content: 7.5%. 10,430 ± 100 Lu-1075. Kurod, Bohuslan 8480 BC 6130 = -14.1% Collagen from distal epiphysis of femur from shell deposit at Kurod, Uddevalla (58° 20' N, 11 ° 59' E). Coil 1931. Comments: organic carbon content: 6.4%. (BEB): date corresponds quite well to Lu-1074 above. General Comment: no corrections are made for apparent age of bones of living polar bears (R, 1974, v 16, p 311-312). For apparent age of Late Weichselian polar bears on the Swedlish West Coast, see Berglund et al (above). Marine shells series Marine subfossil shells from various parts of W Sweden. Coil 1974-75 and subm by Ake Hillefors. Dated as part of study of deglaciation of this area (Hillefors, 1975). 12,450 ± 120 Lu-967:1. Torrekulla, Hiateiia 10,500 BC 6130 = +0.3% Shells (Hiatella arctica) from brown glacial-marine clay at Torre- kulla, Molndal (57° 37' 24" N, 12° 02' 35" E). Alt ca lOm. Comment: outer 60% of shells removed by acid leaching. 12,350 ± 120 Lu-967 :2. Torrekulla, Balanus 10,400 BC 6130 = +0.1% Shells (Balanus hammeri) from same locality as Lu-967:1. Comment: outer 66% removed by acid leaching. 12,500 ± 120 Lu-931. Molndal 10,550 BC 6130 = +0.1%0 Large shells (Balanus hammeri) from shell accumulation a few m E of position for Lu-967:1 at Torrekulla, Molndal. Comment: outer 39% removed by acid leaching. Only 3 shells used for dating. 296 Soren Hakansson 11,400 ± 110 Lu-968. R.omesjo 9450 BC S13C =-0.5% Shells (Balanus sp) and shell fragments (Mytilus sp) from indistinctly varved, brown-gray glacial-marine clay, probably 1 to 2m above glaciofluvial sand and gravel in glaciofluvial accumulation at Lake Romesjo (570 56' 35" N, 12° 01' 15" E), described by Bjorsjo (1949, p 222-226, Fig 57). Comment: outer 50% removed by acid leaching. 13,410 } 120 Lu-1042. Vinberg 11,460 BC 6130 = +0.70 Shells (Hiatella arctica) from varved glacial-marine clay, ca 1.5m thick, underlain by glaciofluvial sand and overlain successively by marine sand, deflation horizon, and eolian sand, at Vinberg, 5km NE of Falken- berg (56° 56' 30" N, 12° 32' 30" E). Alt ca 21m. Comment: outer 50% removed by acid leaching. 12,490 ± 175 Lu-1043. Lingome 10,540 BC 8130 = -0.3% Shells and shell fragments (Macorna cf calcarea, Hiatella arctica, Balanus sp, and Mytilus sp) from marine clay, overlain by material derived from adjacent drumlin by wave action, at Lingomehoj den, 500m E of pt 55.8, Varo, N Halland (57° 15' 55" N, 12° 09' 15" E). Alt ca 38m. Comment: outer 27% removed by acid leaching. Undersized; diluted; 49% sample. (3 1-day counts.) 12,530 ± 120 Lu-1105. Dalen, Orust, Balanus 10,580 BC 613C = -0.1% Shells (Balanus cf balanus) from shell accumulation, ca 30cm thick, underlain successively by ca 20cm gray, nonvarved glacial-marine clay, glaciofluvial sand, and bedrock, at Dalen, Storehamn, Orust (58° 08' 40" N, 11° 30' 40" E). Alt ca 90m. Comment: outer 65% removed by acid leaching. 12,470 ± 120 Lu-1106. Dalen, Orust, Mytilus 10,520 BC S13C = +0.1% Shell fragments (Mytilus sp) from same shell accumulation as Lu- 1105. Comment: outer 19% removed by acid leaching. 13,150 ± 130 Lu-1108. Svedaskogen, Balanus 11,200 BC 613C = ±0.0% Shells (Balanus cf balanoides) from below ca 5m wave-washed sand and gravel at Svedaskogen, ca 3km N of Fjaras church (57° 28' 45" N, 12° 10' 30" E). Alt ca 50m. Comment: outer 40% removed by acid leaching. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 297 12,980 ± 125 Balanus 11,030 BC Lu-1107. Fjaras, 613C= sand in Shells (Balanus spp; mainly probably B balanoides) from gravel pit ca 600m N of Fjaras church (570 27' 35" N, 12° 11 10 E). Alt ca 55m. Comment: outer 62% removed by acid leaching. Lu-1115:1. Fjaras Bracka, Mytilus, 13,170 ± 125 inner fraction 11,220 BC 6130 -1.O% Shells (Mytilus edulis) from varved glacial-marine clay underlain by glaciofluvial material and overlain by wave-washed gravel in ice-border moraine at Fjaras Bracka (57° 25' 40" N, 12° 13' E). Comment: inner fraction (480 of shells) was used. Lu-1115:2. Fjaras Bracka, Mytilus, 13,050 ± 125 outer fraction 11,100 BC 613C = -1.2% Outer fraction of shells used for Lu-lll5:l. Comment: outer fraction formed 400 of shells; outermost 12% removed by acid leaching. 4960 ± 65 Lu-1041. O Oresjon 3010 BC 613C = -24.5% Wood from submerged stump (Pinus sp) id by T Bartholin from extensive stump layer NE of Oresund in Lake O Oresjon (57° 26' 40" N, 12° 45' 50" E). Coll 1974 and subm by A Hillefors. Pretreated with HCl and NaOH. Lauralompolo series Dy with varying amount of minerogenic matter from tarn near Rd N, 98, 600m SE of Lauralompolo, Tome Lappmark, N Sweden (67° 04' 21° 07' E). Alt ca 300m. Coll 1974 by W Karlen; subm by M Sonesson, Dept Plant Ecol, Univ Lund. Dated as part of study on late-glacial vegetational development in area. Comment: due to risk of contamination by graphite main part of organic matter was extracted with 5% NaOH solution at 80°C (2 days) after mild HC1 pretreatment. Acid-precipitated part of this extract was used for dating. Insoluble residues were combined and dated together. All samples undersized; diluted. Amount of CO2 from sample is given in Comments below as "% sample". 8430 ± 130 Lauralompolo, F :2, 0 to 4cm 6480 BC Lu-1001A. 613C = -29.6 0 Acid-precipitated part of NaOH-soluble fraction from 0 to 4cm above mineral substratum in Core F:2. Comment: 55% sample. 298 Soren Hakansson 7770 ± 145 Lu-1002A. Lauralompolo, F:4, 0 to 6cm 5820 BC 613C = -29.6% o Acid-precipitated part of NaOH-soluble fraction from 0 to 6cm above mineral substratum in Core F:4. Comment: 36% sample. 8080 ± 100 Lu-1003A. Lauralompolo, F:5, 0 to 6cm 6130 BC 8130 = -30.2% Acid-precipitated part of NaOH-soluble fraction from 0 to 6cm above mineral substratum in Core F:5. Comment: 79% sample. 8450 ± 95 Lu-1000. Lauralompolo, F :2, F :4, F :5 6500 BC 613C = -31.1% Insoluble residue from preceding 3 samples. Comment: 87% sample. 6300 ± 85 Lu-1049. Nakervare 7 4350 BC 8130 = -28.5% Gyttja from Pollen Zone Boundary T2/T3 ca 2.5cm below silt layer in core from tarn at Nakervare, Tome Lappmark, N Sweden (68° 10' N, 19° 35' E). Alt ca 620cm. Coil 1974 by W Karlen; subm by M Sonesson. Comment: acid-precipitated part of NaOH-soluble fraction (ca 80% of total organic matter) used for dating. Extracted with 5% NaOH at 80°C (4 days) and 110°C (1 day). Diluted; 77% sample. Flarken series Sediment from Lake Flarken, Vastergotland, central Sweden (58° 33' N, 13° 41' E). Alt 108m; area 0.2 sq km; max depth lm. Coil 1974 arid subm by G Digerfeldt, Dept Quaternary Geol, Univ Lund. Dating is part of study of Flandrian development of lake and vegetational history of surrounding region. Samples come from profile in central part of lake (Livingstone sampler, diam 100mm). Dated samples represent pollen-zone boundaries and characteristic horizons in pollen sequence. Water depth 90cm at sampling point. Depths given are below water surface. All samples pretreated with HC1. 10,330 ± 100 Lu-1029. Flarken, 655 to 660cm 8380 BC 813 _ -16.7% Clayey algae gyttja. At max of Juniperus and Empetrum. 9720 ± 95 Lu-1083. Flarken, 625 to 630cm 7770 BC 8130 = -20.5% Clayey algae gyttja. At rational Corylus limit. 8960 ± 90 Lu-1030. Flarken, 605 to 610cm 7010 BC 613C = -26.0% Algae gyttja. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 299 8210 ± 85 Lu-1031. Flarken, 555 to 560cm 6260 BC 613C = -28.9%0 Algae gyttja. Just below Ulmus rational limit. 8060 ± 85 Lu-1032. Flarken, 535 to 540cm 6110 BC 613C = -30.2%0 Algae gyttja. 7370 ± 80 Lu-1033. Flarken, 485 to 490cm 5420 BC S1sC = -30.8%0 Detritus gyttja. At distinct increase of Quercus. 6590 ± 75 Lu-1034. Flarken, 435 to 440cm 4640 BC 313C = -30.8%0 Detritus gyttja. 6130 ± 70 Lu-1035. Flarken, 375 to 380cm 4180 BC 1313C = _29.9%0 Detritus gyttja. 5390 ± 70 Lu-1036. Flarken, 325 to 330cm 3440 BC 6130 = -30.0%0 Detritus gyttja. Just below distinct decrease of Ulmus. 4520 ± 65 Lu-1037. Flarken, 270 to 275cm 2570 BC 613C = -29.6%0 Detritus gyttja. 4070 ± 60 Lu-1038. Flarken, 215 to 220cm 2120 BC 613C = -29.4% 0 Detritus gyttja. Further decrease of Ulmus and Tilia. 2470 ± 55 Lu-1039. Flarken, 155 to 160cm 520 BC $13C = -27.6%0 Detritus gyttja. Just below rational limit of Picea. 1000 ± 50 Lu-1040. Flarken, 110 to :115cm AD 950 613C = -28.3%0 Detritus gyttja. Strong further increase of Picea. 1400 ± 50 Lu-1073. Lake Hullsjon AD 550 3130 = -27.3%0 Sediment from 300 to 305cm below sediment surface, at distinct sediment change from detritus gyttja to clay gyttja, Lake Hullsjon, Vaster- gotland (58° 17' N, 12° 23' E). Alt 38.4m; area 1.8 sq km; max depth 300 Soren Hakansson 1.5m. Coil 1975 and subm by G Digerfeldt. Distinct decrease of Quercus and increase of Juniperus at dated level. Comment: pretreated with HC1. Mabo posse series Peat from raised bog Mabo Mosse, lkm NW of Tyllinge, Dalhem parish, Kalmar lan (58° 01' 30" N, 16° 04' E). Alt 118m. Coll 1975 and subm by H Goransson, Dept Quaternary Geol, Univ Lund. Samples taken with 100mm Livingstone core sampler. Dating is part of study on vegetational development and human influence in area. For other dates from area, R, see 1970, v 12, p 541-543, Lake Striern series; 1974, v 16, p 315- 316, Lake Van series; 1975, v 17, p 180-182, Lake Ammern series and Lake Striern series II. Mabo Mosse is situated 18.5km ESE of Lake Striern. Pollen analyses by submitter. Sphagnum species id by K Tolonen, Hel- sinki. Depths are below bog surface. All samples received mild pretreatment with HC1 and NaOH. 8560 ± 90 Lu-1116. Mabo Mosse, 394 to 396cm 6610 BC 613C = -25.2% Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat (Eriophorum vaginatum, Sphagnum acutif olio cf f uscum). Humification H9. At or just below rational Alnus limit. 7800 ± 80 Lu-1117. Mabo Mosse, 364 to 366cm 5850 BC 6130 _ _25.8% (Eriophorum)-Sphagnum peat (Eriophorum vaginatum, Sphagnum f uscum or S rubellum). H5_9. Characteristic Tilia peak before rational Tilia limit, before mass distribution of Tilia. 7250 ± 75 Lu-1118. Mabo Mosse, 354 to 356cm 5300 BC 6130 = -26.5%a Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat. H9. Rational Tilia limit. 6240 ± 70 Lu-1119. Mabo Mosse, 344 to 346cm 4290 BC 6130 = -26.47 0 Pinus-Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat. H9_9. High Tilia values; temporary decline of Ulmus. Rise of Pteridium (shown by analyses at 346, 345, and 344cm depth). One find of Succisa pratensis. 5600 ± 70 Lu-1120. Mabo Mosse, 334 to 336cm 3650 BC 6130 = -26.4%0 Pinus-Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat. H8_9. At 335cm temporary steep fall of Fraxinus and temporary rise of Quercus. From 335cm slightly and temporary falling Ulmus curve. At 337cm 1 pollen grain very like Plan- tago major. (Analyses every cm from 337 to 333cm.) University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 341 5130 ± 65 Lu-1121. Mabo Mosse, 319 to 321cm 3180 BC 13C = -25.9% Pinus-Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat. H8_9. From 319cm very strong and durable increase of amount of charcoal particles. Steep decrease of Fraxinus; gently falling Ulmus curve. 4740 ± 60 Lu-1122. Mabo Mosse, 309 to 311cm 2790 BC 613C -23.8% Eriophorum-Sphagnum-Pinus peat (Sphagnum f uscum, S magellanicum). H6. Analysis on every cm from 315 to 305cm. At 314, 313, and 312cm slides are black from abundant charcoal particles, which diminish at 311cm. Two grains of Plantago lanceolata at 313cm; absolute Ulmus minimum at 309cm; small Populus peak at 310cm. 4520 ± 60 Lu-1123. Mabo Mosse, 304 to 306cm 2570 BC 613C = -25.20 Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat (Sphagnum balticum). H5_6 Rise of Ulmus after decline; falling Tilia. At. 305cm 2 grains of Cerealia and 6 grains of Plantago lanceolata. 1760 ± 50 Lu-1160. Mabo Mosse, 177 to 180cm AD 190 6130 = -26.500 Sphagnum peat (Sphagnum f uscum, S magellanicum). H4_;. Above or at recurrence surface. Picea 0.5%; peak of charcoal particles. 1730 ± 50 Lu-1161. Mabo Mosse, 173 to 177cm AD 220 613C = -25.2 Sphagnum peat (Sphagnum f uscum, S ball icum, S angustif olium). H4. Rational Picea limit; empiric Secale limit. General Comment (HG): Mabo Mosse is a very old Sphagnum bog. Ombrotrophic phase starts before rational Alnus limit (transition minero/ ombrotrophic peat at 400cm below bog surface). Radiocarbon dates and pollen analysis from Mabo Mosse do riot contradict results obtained from Lake Van (R, 1974, v 16, p 315-316) and Lake Striern II (R, 1975, v 17, p 181-182). C f rational T ilia limit. The connection between mass distribution of Picea and cultivation (Secale, Plantago lanceolata, and charcoal) is clearly apparent in the Mabo Mosse study. B. Greenland East Greenland series (V) Marine shells, whale bone, and reindeer antler from Kong Oscars Fjord-Vega Sund disc, Central East Greenland. Coll 1931-32 (Lu-1070) by A Noe-Nygaard and 1970-71 by C Hjort, Dept Quaternary Geol, Univ Lund, who subm the samples. Lu-1069 and -1070 dated as part of study 302 Soren Hakansson of glacial chronology and shoreline displacement, Lu-1095 and -1103 for comparison of 14C age on various materials from same sediment, and Lu-1096 to date an early occurrence of reindeer. For other dates from area, see R, 1972, v 14, p 388-390; 1973, v 15, p 504-507; 1974, v 16, p 319-322; 1975, v 17, p 184-187. 6400 ± 70 Lu-1069. Forsblads Fjord, Sample 2 4450 BC 6130 = +0.8% Shells (Hiatella arctica) from surface of silt at +7m on small peninsula on N shore of central Forsblads Fjord (72° 25' N, 25° 55' W). Comment: outer 42% of shells removed by acid leaching. 7530 ± 75 Lu-1070. Rohss Fjord 5580 BC 6130 = +1.0% Shells (Hiatella arctica) from silt at +2 to +4m at Stromnaes in central Rohss Fjord (72° 43' N, 26° 50' W). Sample (No. 1, Noe- Nygaard, 1932) also contained shells of Chlamys islandica and Mytilus edulis (c f Hjort & Funder, 1974). Comment: outer 360 of shells removed by acid leaching. 8580 ± 85 Lu-1095. Jaegerdalselv, Sample 2 6630 BC 613C = -20.70 Collagen from well preserved part of process of whale vertebra (probably Balaena mysticetus) from deltaic sand at +40m close to Jaeger- dalsely (72° 08' N, 23° 38' W), S shore of Kong Oscars Fjord. Comment: organic carbon content: 7.0%. 8850 ± 85 Lu-1103. Jaegerdalselv, Sample 3 6900 BC 6130 = +0.100 Shells (Mya truncatg, Hiatella arctica, and Macoma calcarea) from same sediment and same alt as Lu-1095. Comment: outer 60% removed by acid leaching. 6200 ± 70 Lu-1096. Skeldal, Sample 2 4250 BC 6130 = -18.0% Collagen from single antler of Rangi f er tarandus found on present river bed (probably not in primary position) in lower Skeldal (72° 17' N, 24° 10' W), S shore of Kong Oscars Fjord. Comment: organic carbon content: 5.70. General Comment: corrections for deviations from 613C = -25.0% in PDB scale are applied also for shell samples. No corrections are made for apparent age of shells of living marine mollusks and whale bones. For University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 303 apparent age of recent shells in area,, see R, 1973, v 15, p 506-507 and Hjort (1973). C. Poland Lower Vistula valley series Peat and mud samples In order to date the lower terraces of Vistula valley, organic basal material from depressions on different terraces was coil and dated. Area is named Grudzh dz Basin (Drozdowski, 1974, p 10-11). Coil 1968 (Lu- 1044) and 1974 and subm by E Drozdowski, Inst Geog, Polish Acad Sci, Torun, Poland. Pollen analysis by B E Berglund. All samples pretreated with HC1. 11,630 ± 265 Lu-984. Rudnik 9680 BC 613C = -27.4; o Silty peat layer, 674 to 680cm below mire surface, overlain by limnic sequence of silt and mud at Rudnik (53° 25' N, 18° 44' E). Depression situated on Terrace II, the lowest and next youngest. Comment (BEB): date confirms pollen-analytic dating to Allerod zone. 6960 ± 75 Lu-983. Przechowo 5010 BC 613C = -26.O%0 Peat layer 340 to 348cm below mire surface of overgrown oxbow lake at Przechowo, near mouth of R Wda (53° 24' N, 18° 22' E). Depression situated on present-day flood plain. 4940 ± 65 Lu-1044. Michale 2990 BC 613C = -26.7 Muddy layer (silty clay) from 696 to 700cm below surface of overgrown oxbow lake at Michale (53° 29' N, 18° 43' E). Depression situated on present-day flood plain. Shell samples +2900 38,100 --2100 Lu-1071. Rzadz 36,150 BC 613C = ±0.0%0 Shell fragments (unidentifiable except for a few pieces of Cardium and 1 almost whole shell of Nassa reticulata) from sandy till and gravel in fossil landform (crevasse) carved in substratum and filled with super- glacial and intraglacial deposits (see Drozdowski, 1974, p 66, Fig 31:3-4, Photo 12:E-B; p 132) at Rzadz (53° 25' N, 18° 45' E). Coil 1974 and subm by E Drozdowski. Comment: outer 11% removed by acid leaching. Sample undersized; diluted; 63% sample. (3 1-day counts.) 304 Soren Hdkansson +3550 41,800 -2450 Lu-1072 :1. Gniewskie Mlyny, inner fraction 39,850 BC S13C = -0.9% Shells and shell fragments (Cardium edule, Macoma balthica, Cyprina islandica, and Nassa reticulata) id by C Hjort, from sand below till in sand pits W of small town Gniew at Vistula R (53° 55' N, 18° 50' E). Coll 1974 and subm by E Drozdowski. Comment: inner fraction (46% of shells) was used. (4 1-day counts.) +2300 37,200 -1800 Lu-1072:2. Gniewskie Mlyny, outer fraction 35,250 BC 6130 = -0.6% Outer fraction of shells used for Lu-1072:1. Comment: outer fraction was 49% of shells; outermost 5% removed by acid leaching. (3 1-day counts.) D. Patagonia (Chile) 13,260 ± 115 Lu-794. Mylodon Cave 11,310 BC 6130 = -19.4% Collagen from part of vertebra from giant sloth, id by E Norden- skiold, from Mylodon Cave (Cueva Eberhardt), Ultima Esperanza, Pata- gonia (ca 51° 35' S, 72° 38' W). Alt ca 160m. Coil 1899 by E Norden- skiold; subm by G Andersson, Malmo Mus. Date important for evaluation of deglaciation history for area E of Ultima Esperanza. Comment: bone material extremely well preserved; organic carbon content: 9.40.

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Sweden Agerod series Charcoal, hazel-nut shells, peat, and bone from Mesolithic settlement area at raised bog Agerods mosse, Munkarp parish, Scania (55° 56.5' N, 13° 25' E). Coll 1971-74 and subm by L Larsson, Hist Mus, Univ Lund. Dating is part of study of Mesolithic settlements in Scania (Althin, 1954; Nilsson, 1967; Larsson, 1973a, 1975a). See also Arlov and Segebro series, below. Charcoal id by T Bartholin; bone id by J Lepiksaar and 0 Persson. Site Agerod I:HC 7740 ± 80 Lu-752. Agerod I:HC, Sample 1 5790 BC 6130 = -25.5% Hazel-nut shells from uppermost 3cm of lower peat. Comment: mild pretreatment with NaOH; small sample. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 305 7910 ± 80 Lu-753. Agerod I:HC, Sample 2 5960 BC S13C = -26.4% Hazel-nut shells from lowest 3cm of white layer. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 7860 ± 80 Lu-754. Agerod I:HC, Sample 3 5910 BC 613C = -23.9% Charcoal from same stratigraphic position as Lu-753. Comment: mild pretreatment with NaOH; small sample. 7710 ± 80 Lu-755. Agerod I:HC, Sample 4 5760 BC 613C = -20.3 Collagen from bone fragments of red deer from white layer. Com- ment: collagen extracted as described previously (R, 1970, v 12, p 534). 7220 } 70 Lu-872. Agerod I:HC, Sample 6 5270 BC 613C = -22.9 p Collagen from bone fragments of red deer from white layer. Com- ment: collagen extracted using the Longin method (1971). Organic carbon content: 1.50. Sample was split in 2 equal parts after grinding and 1 part was subm to I U Olsson at Uppsala radiocarbon dating lab for chetk- dating after collagen extraction with the EDTA method (Olsson et al, 1974, p 178). Dating not yet finished. Final date will appear in next Uppsala date list. 7880 ± 85 Lu-871. Agerod I:HC, Sample 7 5930 BC 613C = -21.7 %o Collagen from bone fragments of red deer from lower peat. Co;n- ment: collagen extracted in same way as Sample 6. Organic carbon content: 3.70. 7770 ± 80 Lu-874. Agerod I:HC, Sample 8 5820 BC S13C=-24.4% Charcoal from occupation layer, upper peat. Comment: pretreat°d with HC1 and NaOH. 7970 ± 80 Lu-875. Agerod I:HC, Sample 9 6020 BC 613C = -25.0%0 Charcoal (Alnus, Betula, Tilia, and Corylus) from lower peat. Co;n- ment: mild pretreatment with NaOH; small sample. 8230 ± 85 Lu-992. Agerod I:HC, Sample 10 6280 BC 613C = -23.8%0 Charcoal (Pinus) from lower peat. Comment: pretreated with HCl and NaOH. 306 Soren Hdkansson 7870 ± 80 Lu-993. Agerod I:HC, Sample 11 5920 BC 813C Charcoal (Pinus) from white layer. Comment: pretreated with HCl and NaOH.

8000 ± 80 Lu-994. Agerod I:HC, Sample 12 6050 BC 6130 = -25.4% Charcoal (Finns) from upper part of lower peat. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 8320 ± 85 Lu-1005. Agerod I:HC, Sample 13 6370 BC 6130 = -25.4%0 Charcoal (Pinus) from bottom layer. Comment: pretreated with HCl and NaOH. 7810 ± 80 Lu-1006. Agerod I:HC, Sample 14 5860 BC 6130 = -24.2%0 Charcoal (Pinus) from upper peat. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. Site Ager" I:B 6290 ± 70 Lu-598. Agerod I:B, Sample 1, peat 4340 BC 613C = -27.4%0 Allochthonous peat from ca 3m outside former shore line at Site Agerod I:B. Comment: pretreated with HC1 at 80°C and with 1% NaOH at room temperature. 6040 ± 70 Lu-598A. Agerod I:B, Sample 1, humic acid 4090 BC 613C = -26.0%0 Acid-precipitated part of NaOH-soluble fraction from Lu-598. 8020 ± 80 Lu-599. Agerod I:B, Sample 2 6070 BC 613C = -23.2`'00 Charcoal from lowest part of occupation layer. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 6380 ± 70 Lu-600. Agerod I:B, Sample 3 4430 BC S13C = -26.5%0 Peat from refuse layer. Comment: pretreated with HCI. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 307 3930 ± 60 Lu-601. Agerod I:B, Sample 4 1980 BC 613C = -25.1% 0 Wood from lower part of occupation layer. Comment: pretreated with NaOH; small sample. 7960 ± 80 Lu-698. Agerod I:B, Sample 5 6010 BC 613C = -24.8%0 Charcoal from lower part of occupation layer. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 8000 ± 80 Lu-873. Agerod I:B, S ample 6 6050 BC 613C = -25.0%0 Charcoal (Alms, Betula, Tilia, and Corylus) from refuse layer. Com- ment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. Site Agerod I:D 7940 ± 80 Lu-751. Agerod I:D, Sample 1 5990 BC 813C = -23.4%0 Charcoal (Pines) from refuse layer. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 7630 ± 80 Lu-760. Agerod I:D, Sample 2 5680 BC 613C = -19.6% 0 Collagen from mandible fragment of wild boar from refuse layer. Comment: collagen extracted as described previously (R, 1970, v 12, p 534). Mild NaOH treatment possibly insufficient to remove all humus contamination. 7780 ± 80 Lu-991. Agerod I:D, Sample 3 5830 BC 6130 = -26.3% Charcoal (Alms and Corylus) from refuse layer. Comment: mild pretreatment with NaOH and HCI; small sample. Site Agerod V 6720 ± 75 Lu-696. Agerod V, Sample 1 4770 BC 6130 = -26.3%0 Hazel-nut shells from bottom of occupation layer. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 6540 ± 75 Lu-697. Agerod V, Sample 2 4590 BC S13C = -25.7%0 Charcoal from occupation layer. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 308 Soren Hdkansson 6800 ± 90 Lu-963. Agerod V, Sample 3 4850 BC s13C = -25.0%0 Charcoal from occupation layer. Comment: no pretreatment; small sample; diluted; 75% sample. General Comment (LL): dates from Agerod I:HC, I:B, and I:D agree, with exceptions below, very well with pollen-analytic studies, indicating very short intervals between the 3 sites representing Late Maglemose culture (Nilsson, 1967). Lu-598, -598A, -600, and -601 prove later pertur- bations by plants. Dates from Agerod V confirm that this site represents a late stage of the Kongemose culture. Segebro series Charcoal and bone from Mesolithic settlement Segebro in delta of Sege R, SW Scania (550 37' 25" N, 13° 03' 35" E). Coil 1960 and 1973; subm by L Larsson. Site described by B Salomonsson (1971, p 31-41). 7390 ± 80 Lu-626. Segebro, Sample 1 5440 BC 6130 = -25.O% Charcoal from occupation layer, x = +4, y = +5. Coll 1960 by B Salomonsson (No. 657). Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 6970 ± 90 Lu-758. Segebro, Sample 2 5020 BC s 13 C = -25.1% Charcoal from occupation layer, x = 27, y = 5. Coil 1960 (No. 675). Comment: mild pretreatment with NaOH; small sample; diluted; 79% sample. 7320 ± 130 Lu-759. Segebro, Sample 3 5370 BC 613C = -25.4% Charcoal from occupation layer, x = 26, y = 8.5-9. Coil 1960 (No. 676). Comment: no pretreatment; small sample; diluted; 50% sample. 7080 ± 80 Lu-854. Segebro, Sample 4 5130 Bc 6130 = -21.4% 0 Collagen from bone fragments from occupation layer. Coil 1973 by L Larsson. Comment: collagen extracted using the Longin method. Or- ganic carbon content: 3.40. 7030 ± 80 Lu-855:1. Segebro, Sample 5:1 5080 BC 6130 = -22.D%o Collagen from bones of red deer from occupation layer. Coil 1973 by L Larsson. Comment: sample was split in 2 equal parts after grinding. Collagen from one part was extracted as described previously (R, 1970, University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 309 v 12, p 534) and dated as Lu-855:1. Collagen from other part was extracted using the Longin method and dated as Lu-855:2 below. Organic carbon content: 3.4%. 7140 ± 80 Lu-855:2. Segebro, Sample 5:2 5190 BC 6130 -22.0%0 Collagen from same bone sample as Lu-855:1. Comment: organic carbon content: 5%. See also Comment to Lu-855:1. General Comment (LL): radiocarbon dates agree well with archaeol date. Arlov I series Charcoal from Mesolithic settlement Arlov I in delta of Sege R, SW Scania (55° 37' 30" N, 13° 04' E). Coll 1961 by P U Horberg (Lu-1007) and 1962 by B Salomonsson; subm by L Larsson. Site described by Salo- monsson (1971, p 31-41). All samples pretreated with HCl and NaOH. 6160 ± 75 Lu-756. Arlov I, Sample 1 4210 BC 8130 = -24.$%0 Charcoal from Layer K, x = 52, y = 30. Comment: sample undersized; diluted; 90% sample. 6290 ± 70 Lu-757. Arlov I, Sample 2 4340 BC 6130 25.4%0 Charcoal from lower part of find layer (KS), x = 54, y = 30. 6640 ± 100 Lu-1007. Arlov I, Sample 3 4690 BC 3130 = -25.4%0 Charcoal (Corylus) id by T Bartholin, from same layer as Lu-757, x = 53, y = 30. Comment: sample undersized; diluted; 66% sample. General Comment (LL): dates show a longer interval than expected between settling of Segebro site (see Segebro series above) and this site. 4680 ± 120 Lu-780. Fogdarp 2730 BC 8130 = -25.400 Charcoal (Quercus, Betula, and Corylus) from pit near find site for Late Bronze age hoard (Larsson, 1973b, 1975b) at Fogdarp, Bosjokloster parish, Central Scania (55° 49' N, 13° 30' E). Coll 1972 and subm by L Larsson. Assoc with fragmentary flint blade and piece of waste. Com- ment: no pretreatment; small sample; diluted; 26% sample. (4 1-day counts.) Mollehusen series Charcoal from Middle Neolithic settlement at Mollehusen, Nymolla, Gualov parish, NE Scania (56° 02' N, 14° 28' E). Coll 1974-75 by B and 310 Soren Hakansson M Wyszomirski; subm by B Wyszomirski, Hist Mus, Univ Lund. Dating is part of study of Pitted Ware culture settlements in Scania. Mollehusen settlement is situated on littorina beach ridge and may, on stratigraphic grounds, be dated to Littorina Transgression V (Berglund & Welinder, 1972, p 89). Dating, situation, find circumstances, and economy agree with Pitted Ware culture settlement at Siretorp (op cit, p 73-93), ca 10km N of Mollehusen. Study shows that Mollehusen was permanent coastal settlement during MN I to III, specialized in sea. fishing and seal hunting. 4650 ± 95 Lu-973. Mollehusen, Sample 1 2700 BC 613C = 28.5% Charcoal from sand layer, Sq K7, L26, L27, L28, and L29, below transgressional gravel. Alt 3.77m. Assoc with flint tools, pit-ornamented pottery, and animal bones. Comment: mild pretreatment with HC1 and NaOH. Sample undersized; diluted; 42% sample. 280 ± 55 Lu-1028. Mollehusen, Sample 2 AID 1670 6130 _ -24.40 Charcoal from sand layer, Sq M7. Alt 3.50m. Assoc with flint tools, pottery, and animal bones. Comment: normal pretreatment with HC1 and NaOH. Diluted; 77% sample. 4380 ± 60 Lu-1110. Mollehusen, Sample 3 2430 BC 613C = -24.6% o Charcoal from transgressional gravel, Sq L40. Alt 4.35 to 4.45m. Assoc with pit- and comb-ornamented pottery, diorite axe, flint tools, and animal bones. Comment: only HC1 pretreatment. 3850 ± 60 Lu-1111. Mollehusen, Sample 4 1900 BC 613C = -24.7% Charcoal from same layer as Lu-1110, Sq L41. Assoc with pit-ornamented pottery, flint and stone tools, and animal bones. Comment: only HC1 pretreatment. 3620 ± 65 Lu-1112. Mollehusen, Sample 5 1670 BC 613C = -25.3; o Charcoal from same layer as Lu-1110, Sq L42. Alt 4.45 to 4.55m. Same artifact assemblage as Lu-1111. Comment: only HC1 pretreatment. Diluted; 79% sample. 4220 ± 110 Lu-1113. Mollehusen, Sample 6 2270 BC 613C = -24.4% Charcoal from Sq L40, L41, L42. Alt 4.35 to 4.55m. Comment: only HCl pretreatment. Diluted; 31% sample. (3 1-day counts.) University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 311 860 ± 50 Lu-982. Hulu 1 AD 1090 613C = -23.8% Charcoal from base of hearth pit at prehistoric settlement site, Hulu, V Ryd parish, ostergotland (57° 49' N, 15° 13' E). Coil 1974 and subm by S Welinder, Hist Mus, Univ Lund. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. Hedbo series Charcoal from Stone age settlement, Hedbo 1, and peat and lake sediments from adjacent carr Hedbokarret, Hedbo, Vasterfarnebo parish, Vastmanland (60° 58' N, 16° 21' E). Coil 1974 and subm by S Welinder. 3860 ± 60 Lu-1025. Hedbo 1 1910 BC 6130 = -24.40 Charcoal from hearth pit. Comment: pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 4120 ± 60 Lu-1084. Hedbokarret 1 2170Bc 8130 = -27.1% Peat from 57 to 64cm above transition clay/clay gyttja. Comment: pretreated with HC1. 6240 ± 90 Lu-1085. Hedbokarret 2 4290 BC 613C = -28.2% Coarse detritus gyttja from 27 to 32cm above transition clay/clay gyttja. Comment: pretreated with HCI. Sample undersized; diluted; 70% sample. 7190 ± 95 Lu-1086. Hedbokarret 3 5240 BC 8130 = -29.4% Clay gyttja from 0 to 7cm above transition clay/clay gyttja. Com- ment: pretreated with HC1. Sample undersized; diluted; 50% sample. (41-day counts.) Gardlosa series Charcoal from Gardlosa, Smedstorp parish, SE Scania (55° 34' N, 14° 08' E). Coll 1964-74 and subm by B Stjernquist, Hist Mus, Univ Lund. Dated as complement to extensive study of continuity of settlement in Gardlosa area. For other dates from area and refs, see R, 1972, v 14, p 264-266, 392-393; 1973, v 15, p 510-511; 1974, v 16, p 326; 1975, v 17, p 190. Charcoal id by T Bartholin. 2760 ± 55 Lu-996. Gardlosa 3, Spring IV 810 BC 6130 = -23.6% Charcoal from feature connected with Spring IV on cult site (Stjern- 312 Soren Hdkansson quist, 1964). Coil 1966. Comments: pretreated with HCl and NaOH. (BS): date agrees well with archaeol dating based on pottery found in spring. 1910 ± 50 Lu-1057. Gardlosa 3, Spring II AD 40 6130 = -24.5% Charcoal (Quercus, Alnus, and Ulmus) from 25 to 55cm below surface in cultural layer connected with Spring II on cult-site. Coil 1964. Comments: mild pretreatment with NaOH and HC1. (BS): same comment as Lu-996 above. 1730 ± 50 Lu-1058. Gardlosa 3, Spring III AD 220 6130 = -24.2% Charcoal (Quercus and Cory ins) connected with Spring III, from 50 to 70cm below surface. Coil 1964. Comments: pretreated with HCl and NaOH. (BS): not possible to date this spring on archaeol finds. 1320 ± 50 Lu-1055. Gardlosa 3, House IX AD 630 6130 = -24.6% Charcoal (Quercus, Cory ins, and Prunus) from 25 to 50cm below surface in occupation layer, House IX. Coil 1963. Comments: mild pretreatment with NaOH and HC1. (BS): date agrees well with assoc bronze finds. 2230 ± 55 Lu-1056. Gardlosa 3, Grave 20 280 BC 6130 = -24.7% Charcoal (Alms, Corylus, and Quercus) from fire pit below stone near surface. Coll 1965. Comments: mild pretreatment with NaOH and HC1. (BS): date earlier than expected. Archaeol estimate based on artifact assemblage is AD 400 to 800. 1360 ± 50 Lu-997. Gardlosa 10, Grave 112 AD 590 613C = -23.6%o Charcoal from hearth, depth 30 to 65cm, near Grave 112. Coil 1974. Comments: pretreated with HCl and NaOH. (BS): date shows that hearth is not connected to grave, but to Migration period structures at same site. 1190 ± 50 Lu-998. Gardlosa 10, Grave 113 AD 760 6130 = -24.5%0 Charcoal from hearth, depth 30 to 65cm, near Grave 113. Coil 1974. Comments: pretreated with HCl and NaOH. (BS): same comment as Lu-997 above. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 313 1820 ± 50 Lu-999. Hassle Bosarp 11, Grave 1 AD 130 813C = -25.7%

Charcoal from Grave 1 at Hassle Bosarp No. 11, Hassle Bosarp parish, S Scania (550 27' N, 13° 32' E). Coil 1962 and subm by B Stjern- quist. Results from study of adjacent Hassle Bosarp Mosse pub by submitter (Stjernquist, 1973). Pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. Comment (BS): grave is difficult to date archaeologically but grave complex at Hassle Bosarp 11 seems to belong to Migration period.

Hagestad series Charcoal from Hagestad, Loderup parish, Scania. Coil 1974 and subm by M Stromberg, Hist Mus, Univ Lund. Dated as complement to extensive archaeol study in area to clarify cultural development and different milieu-influencing factors from Early Stone age to Early Middle ages. Samples pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 1990 ± 50 Lu-1023. Hagestad 438 A, Sample 1:HT74 40 sc 613C -23.2%0 Charcoal from Grave 2:74 (cremation grave) at Hagestad 438 A (55° 23' N, 14° 08' E). Assoc with pottery. 1560 ± 50 Lu-1068. Hagestad 385, Sample 4:74.75 AD 390 S13C = -25.2% Charcoal from post-hole in house foundation at Hagestad 385 (55° 24' N, 14° 11' E). Assoc with pottery and iron objects. General Comment (MS): dates agree well with archaeol results based on assoc finds.

Valleberga series Charcoal and bone from settlement area with grave field at Valle- berga, Scania. Coil Sept 1974 to Jan 1975 and subm by M Stromberg. Reports from study of Bronze age graves in Valleberga-Ingelstorp- Loderup area pub by submitter (Stromberg, 1975a, 1975b). For other dates from Valleberga, see R, 1974, v 16, p 324-325; 1975, v 17, p 192-193. Charcoal pretreated with HC1 and NaOH; bone collagen extracted by new method (see Introduction, above). 1890 ± 50 Lu-1024. Valleberga 52, Sample 2:HT74 AD 60 3130 = -24.4% Charcoal from Grave 3:74 (cremation grave) at Valleberga 52 (55° 24' N, 14° 04' E). Assoc with bronze fragment, pottery, and burnt bones. 314 Soren Hdkansson 1320 ± 50 Lu-1067. Valleberga 52, Sample 3:HT74 AD 130 S13C =-24.7% Charcoal from Grave 9 (cremation grave) at Valleberge 52. Assoc with bronze fibula and pottery. 2390 ± 55 Lu-1092. Valleberga 362, Sample 5:74.75 940 BC 6130 = -20.2% Collagen from metatarsal bones of Cervus elaphus, id by 0 Persson, from occupation layer of Bronze age settlement (Stromberg, 1975a, p 140-144) at Valleberga 362 (55° 24' N, 14° 03' E). Comment: organic carbon content: 4.9%. 2960 ± 55 Lu-1093. Valleberga 362, Sample 6:74.75 1010 BC 6130 = -20.1% Collagen from scapula of Bos sp from lower occupation layer, Trench 1, Valleberga 362. Comment: organic carbon content: 5.9%. General Comment (MS): dates agree fairly well with result of preliminary examination of archaeol material, but Lu-1092 and -1093 are somewhat earlier than expected. Ingelstorp series Charcoal from grave field at Ingelstorp 31, Ingelstorp parish, Scania (55° 25' N, 14° 03' E). Coll 1975 and subm by M Stromberg. Pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 1920 ± 50 Lu-1091. Ingelstorp 31, Sample 7:74.75 AD 30 6130 = -24.7% Charcoal from Grave 25 (cremation grave). Assoc with iron knife. 1330 ± 50 Lu-1100. Ingelstorp 31, Sample 3:74.75 AD 620 13C = -23.2% Charcoal from hearth at fringe of stone circle. General Comment (MS): dates confirm archaeol estimate. 3720 ± 60 Lu-1109. Loderup 101, Sample 9:74.75 1770 BC 6130 = -24.4% Charcoal from bottom of well with wooden construction at Loderup 101, Loderup parish, Scania (55° 23' N, 14° 06' E). Coil 1975 and subm by M Stromberg. Assoc with pottery and brittle-burnt stones. Pretreated with HC1 and Na0H. Comment (MS): date agrees well with time estimate based on assoc pottery. Stora Raby series Charcoal and bone from Settlement No. 2 at Stora Raby, Lund, Scania (55° 42' N, 13° 14' E). Coil 1973-74 and subm by M Wyszomirski, University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 315 area Hist Mus, Univ Lund. Results from surface study of settlement from settle reported by submitter (Wyszomirski, 1974). For other dates ment, see R, 1975, v 17, p 193-194. 1210 ± 50 Stora Raby 2, Object 19 AD 740 Lu-1.050. 813C -24.6% down Charcoal from rectangular pit house with stone packing, dug Neolithic occupation layer. Assoc with large amount of animal to Early with bones, pottery of Iron age character, and flint. Comment: pretreated HC1 and NaOH. 1250 ± 50 Stora Raby 2, Object 32 AD 700 Lu-1052. 6130 = -24.x% Charcoal from stone-filled cylindrical pit of same form as Object 194). Assoc with bones and 21 (Lu-914, 1250 ± 50 BP, R, 1975, v 17, p HC1 and NaOH. pottery of Iron age character. Comment: pretreated with 1220 ± 50 Stora Raby 2, Object 40 An 730 Lu-1053. 3130 = -20.8% with Collagen from well preserved horse mandible from pit house of Iron age stone packing. Assoc with other animal bones and pottery character. Comment: organic carbon content: 6.3%. 1260 ± 55 Stora Raby 2, Pit 2 AID 690 Lu-1097. 13C = -24.3% Charcoal from large pit (diam ca 2m) with 2 find layers. Upper pottery, and layer is from Migration period. Assoc with web-weight, small sample; bones. Comment: only mild pretreatment with HC1; diluted; 81% sample. St Clemens series probably Bone, wood, and organic soil samples from excavation of Block St oldest burial ground connected to church in town of Lund, subm by A W Clemens No. 8 (55° 42' N, 13° 11' E). Coll 1974-75 and Mus Cultural Hist, Lund. Oldest burial period is on archaeol Martensson, approx evidence estimated by submitter to AD 1020 to 1060, corresponding coffin planks to 420 to 460 in floating dendrochronology based on oak Yr 1915, from St Clemens No. 8 and adjacent site Kattesund (Bartholin, bone samples. 14-15). Soil samples are expected to be of same age as p old bone dates. Wood from 2 coffins dated as check on unexpectedly Other dates from same area are Lu.-9, AD 960 ± 100 and Lu-18, AD 770 and soil samples ± 100 1968, v 10, 46) on charcoal samples. Wood (R, p method pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. Bone collagen extracted by new (see Introduction, above). 316 Soren Hakansson 1380 ± 50 Lu-1061. St Clemens 8, Grave 85, bone (1) AD 570 613C 18.6%0 Collagen from human femur (male) from Grave 85. Comment: organic carbon content: 4.4%. 1230 ± 35 Lu-1061:2. St Clemens 8, Grave 85, bone (2) AD 720 6130 = -18.60 Collagen from other part of same femur as Lu-1061. Comment: organic carbon content: 5.70. (3 1-day counts.) 1160 ± 35 Lu-1088. St Clemens 8, Grave 85, wood AD 790 613C = -25.1 0 Wood from coffin plank, Grave 85. Outer ca 50 tree rings, approx yr 370 to 420 in floating chronology, used for dating. Tree-ring analysis by T Bartholin (including Lu-1087, below). (41-day counts). 1160 ± Lu-1062. 50 St Clemens 8, Grave 109, bone AD 790 613C -18.4% Collagen from human femur (male) from Grave 109. Comment: organic carbon content: 5.90. 1140 Lu-1087. ± 35 St Clemens 8, Grave 109, wood AD 810 6130 = -26.00 Wood from coffin plank, Grave 109. Outer ca 50 tree rings, a pp rox yr 360 to 410 in floating chronology, used for dating. ( 4 1-day counts.) 1180 Lu-1063. ± 50 St Clemens 8, Grave 271, bone AD 770 613C = -18.30 Collagen from human femur (female) from Grave 271. Hocker position burial. Comment: organic carbon content: 6.6%. 1090 ± 50 Lu-1064. St Clemens 8, Grave 286, bone AD 860 6130 = -19.30 Collagen from human femur (female) from Grave 286. Hocker position burial. Comment: organic carbon content: 5.5°Jo 1230 ± Lu-1065. St 50 Clemens 8 Sec 20m E AD 720 6130 = -25.6% Soil sample from lowest allochthonous "peat" layer. 910 ± Lu-1066. St 50 Clemens 8 p 1 ant layer AD 1040 313C = -25.3% Soil sample from layer enriched in plant material. Fraction > lmm University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 317 separated for dating. Position: 14m N, 16-17m E, +33.80. Comment: only mild pretreatment with NaOH and HCI. General Comment: only Lu-1066 is in expected time interval. Dates on coffin planks agree fairly well with other dates in series, except Lu-1061 and -1066, but are > 200 yr older than expected. This may be due, in part, to variation in 14C inventory judging from different bristlecone pine calibration curves, but most discrepancies between radiocarbon dates and expected age remain unexplained and need further study. A similar, but milder problem exists in St Clemens church series, Oslo (R, 1975, v 17, are p 381), where all dates on bone and wood from oldest graves also older than expected. Loddekopinge series Bone, teeth, and wood from settlement area at Loddekopinge, E Scania, (55° 45' N, 13° 00' E). Coil June 1973 to Sept 1974 and subm by T Ohlsson, Hist Mus, Univ Lund. Preliminary report from excavation pub by submitter (Ohlsson, 1973). For other dates from same settlement, see R, 1973, v 15, p 512-513. Wood samples pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. Collagen from bone and teeth samples extracted by new method (see Introduction, above). Lu-1077. Loddekopinge, Banvallen, 1020 ± 50 Structure 15 AD 930 6130 = -20.8% Collagen from horse mandible from filling layer in Structure 15. Assoc with Vendel period bird fibula, pottery, iron objects, and animal bones. Comment: organic carbon content: 6.40. 1090 ± 50 Lu-1078. Loddekopinge, Skolan, Structure 2 AD 860 6130 = -20.8% Collagen from humerus of Bos sp, id by R Liljegren, from floor level of Structure 2. Assoc with Slavonic pottery, 11th century coin, iron objects, and animal bones. Comment: organic carbon content: 7.30. 1120 ± 50 Lu-1079. Loddekopinge, Skola 3, Structure 18 AD 830 $13C = -20.20 Collagen from metacarpal bone of Bos sp, id by R Liljegren, from floor level of Structure 18. Assoc with pottery, bone combs, iron objects, and animal bones. Comment: organic carbon content: 2.60. 1010 ± 50 Lu-1080. Loddekopinge, Skolan 3, Structure 7 AD 940 6130 = -20.4% Collagen from teeth of horse, pig, and sheep or goat from filling layer in Structure 7. Assoc with Slavonic pottery, iron objects, and animal bones. Comment: organic carbon content: 3.1%. 318 Soren Hdkansson 1110±50 Lu-1082. Loddekopinge, Skolan AD 840 6130 _ -26.2% Sample from wooden well-lining. 1030 ± 50 Lu-1081. L®ddek®pinge 10, Grave 32 AD 920 6130 = -18.5% Collagen from human femur from Grave 32 at Loddekopinge No, 10. Comment: organic carbon content: 7.60. General Comment (TO): Lu-1077 is younger and Lu-1078 is older than expected. Other dates agree with estimates based on assoc archaeol finds. B. Denmark Svendborg series Wood and hazel-nut shells from excavations in town of Svendborg, Sunds herred, Fyn (55° 03' N, 10° 36' E). Coll Aug 1972 to Aug 1974 and subm by H M Jansen, Inst Hist & Social Sci, Univ Odense, Denmark. Reports on excavations pub by submitter (Jansen, 1973a, 1973b, 1974). Wood id by T Bartholin. All samples pretreated with HC1 and NaOH. 590 ± 50 Lu-932. Svendborg, Site NK I/265 AD 1360 6130 _ -21.4% Wood (Quercus sp) from post in ditch at St Nikolai kirkeplads (Jansen, 1973b, p 54). 740 ± 50 Lu-933. Svendborg, Site 362, II, Pr 667 AD 1210 6130 _ -26.7% Wood (Alnus sp and Populus sp) from basal layer of inner Toss (Jansen, 1974, p 59, Fig 8). 600 ± 50 Lu-934. Svendborg, Site 362, II, Pr 668 AD 1350 613C = -26.7% Wood (Corylus avellana) from basal layer of outer foss. 570 ± 50 Lu-1004. Svendborg, Site 544a, II, Nn 237 AD 1380 6130 - -27.7% Wood (Quercus sp) from post used in structure connected with foss. 610 ± 50 Lu-1098. Svendborg, Site 544a, II, N 123/74 AD 1340 613C = -26.6c//CG Wood (Corylus avellana) from basal layer of foss. 580 * 50 Lu-1099. Svendborg, Site 544a, II, Nn 178/74 AD 1370 613C = -25.9% Wood (Alnus sp) from basal layer of foss. University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates IX 319 850 ± 50 Lu-1022. Svendborg, Site 449a, II AD 1100 6130 = -25.4%o Samples from staves (Fagus sylvatica) lining a well in oldest cultural layer, just above undisturbed mineral substratum (Jansen, 1973a, p 158- 159; 1973b, p 58-60). 790 ± 50 Lu-1021. Svendborg, Site 449a, I, 444/72 AD 1160 613G = -24.5% Hazel-nut shells found in and near well (c f Lu-1022, above).

REFERENCES Althin, C-A, 1954, The chronology of the Stone Age settlement of Scania, Sweden I: Archaeol Lundensia Acta, ser in 4°, no. 1. Bartholin, T S, 1975, Dendrokronologi en ny naturvidenskab i arkaeologiens tjaenste: Ale, Hist tidsk for Skaneland, no. 2 1975, p 1-17. Berglund, B E, 1966, Late-Quaternary vegetation in eastern Blekinge, southeastern Sweden. II. Post-Glacial time: Op But A Soc Lundensi, v 12, no. 2, 190 p. Berglund, B E, Hakansson, Soren, and Lagerlund, Erik, 1976, Radiocarbon dated Mammoth finds in Scandinavia: Boreas (Oslo), in press. Berglund, B E, Hakansson, Soren, and Lepiksaar, Johannes, 1976, Late Weichselian finds of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) in North West Europe: Boreas (Oslo), in press. Berglund, B E and Welinder, S, 1972, Stratigrafin vid Siretorp: Fornvannen, no. 2 1972, p 73-93. Bjorsjo, Nils, 1949, Israndstudier i sodra Bohuslan: Sveriges Geol Unders, ser C, no. 504, 321 p. Drozdowski, Eugeniusz, 1974, Genesis of the Grudziadz Basin in the light of its deposits and glacial forms (in Polish with English summary): Polska Akad Nauk Inst Geog, Prace Geograficzne no. 104, Wroclaw,139 p. Ericsson, Inger, 1975, Qualitative, quantitative and kinetic studies of salts and polymers with a new pyrolyzer in combination with a gas chromatograph: Thesis, Dept Anal Chem, Chemical Centre, Lund. Hakansson, Soren, 1970, University of Lund radiocarbon dates III: Radiocarbon, v 12, p 534-552. -1972, University of Lund radiocarbon dates V: Radiocarbon, v 14, p 380-400. 1973, University of Lund radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 493-513. 1974, University of Lund radiocarbon dates VII: Radiocarbon, v 16, p 307-330. 1975, University of Lund radiocarbon dates VIII: Radiocarbon, v 17, p 174-195. Hillefors, Ake, 1961, Om vindslipade blockhorisonter i Dosebackagruppens bildningar: Gothia, Medd Geog Foren Goteborg, v 9, p 73-93. 1969, Vastsveriges glaciala historia och morfologi (with English summary): Lunds Univ Geog Inst Medd, Avh 60, 319 p. The stratigraphy and genesis of the Dosebacka and Ellesbo drumlins. 1974, Sweden: A contribution to the knowledge of the Weichsel-glacial history in western Geol Foren Stockholm Forh, v 96, p 355-374. Contributions to the knowledge of the chronology of the deglaciation 1975, Svensk of Western Sweden with special reference to the Gothenburg moraine: Arg 51, 70-80. Geog Arsb, p Stockholm Hjort, Christian, 1973, A sea correction for East Greenland: Geol Foren Forh, v 95, p 132-134. edulis Hjort, Christian and Funder, Svcnd, 1974, The subfossil occurrence of Mytilus central East Greenland: Boreas (Oslo), v 3, p 23-33. L. in An interim Jansen, H M, 1973a, Archeological investigations in medieval Svendborg. report on excavations in the summer of 1972: Mediaeval Scandinavia (Odense), v 6, p 151-160. 320 Soren Hdkansson

Jansen, M H, 1973b, Pa sporet of vikingetidens Svendborg. Udgravingerne i sommeren 1972 (German summary): Fynske Minder 1972 (Svendborg), p 43-76. 1974, Svendborgs befaestning i middelalderen. De arkeologiske unders¢gelser sommeren 1973 (German summary): Fynske Minder 1973 (Svendborg), p 49-67. Larsson, Lars, 1973a, Some problems of the Mesolithic based upon the finds from the raised bog Agerods mosse, in: Kozlowski, S (ed), The Mesolithic in Europe, Wars- zawa, p 367-380. 1973b, Jonstorpsfyndet. Ett offerfynd fran yngre bronsaldern: Ale, Hist tidskr for Skaneland (Lund), no, 1, 1-48. 1975a, A contribution to the knowledge of mesolithic huts in southern Scandinavia: Lunds Univ Hist Mus Medd 1973-74, p 5-28. 19751), The Fogdarp find. A hoard from the Late Bronze Age: Lunds Univ Hist Mus Medd 1973-74, p 169-238. Longin, Robert, 1971, New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating: Nature, v 230, p 241-242. Nilsson, Tage, 1961, Ein neues Standardpollendiagramm aus Bjarsjoholmssjon in Schonen: Lunds Univ Arssk, NF avd 2, v 56, no. 18, p 1-34. 1967, Pollenanalytische Datierungen mesolithischer Siedlungen im Randge- biet des Agerods mosse im mittleren Schonen: Acta Univ Lundensis, Sec II, no. 16, 80 p. Noe-Nygaard, A, 1932, Remarks on Mytilus edulis in raised beaches in East Greenland: Gronland Medd, v 95, no. 2, 23 p. Ohlsson, Tom, 1973, Vikingatid och Medeltid i Loddekopinge: Ale, Hist tidsk for Skaneland, no. 11973, p 27-42. Olsson, I U, E1-Daoushy, MFAF, Abd-El-Maged, A I, and Klasson, M, 1974, A comparison of different methods for pretreatment of bones. I: Geol Foren Stock- holm Forh, v 96, p 171-181. Persson, P 0, 1961, Skanska mammutfynd: Geol Foren Stockholm Forh, v 83, p 253-268. Salomonsson, Bengt, 1971, Malmotraktens forhistoria, in: Bjurling, 0 (ed), Malmo Stads Historia I. Allhems Forlag, Malmo, p 15-170. Stjernquist, Berta, 1964, New light on spring-cults in Scandinavian prehistory: Arch- aeology, v 17, no. 3, p 180-184. 1973, Das Opfermoor in Hassle Bosarp, Schweden: Acta Archaeologica (KObenhavn), v XLIV, p 19-62. Stromberg, Marta, 1975a, Untersuchungen zur Bronzezeit in Siidostschonen. Prob- leme um die Besiedlung: Lunds Univ Hist Mus Medd 1973-74, p 101-168. 1975b, Bronsalder pa Osterlen. Undersokningar i Valleberga-Loderup-Ingel- storp: Kulturnamnden i Ystad 1975, 80 p. Wyszomirski, Mark, 1974, Metodiska ytundersokningar av stenalders-boplatser vid Stora Raby (summary in English): Fornvannen (Stockholm), Arg 69, p 57-69. [RADIOcARBON, VOL. 18, No. 3, 1976, P. 321-349] UNIVERSITY OF ROME CARBON-14 DATES XIV M ALESSIO, F BELLA, S IMPROTA, Istituto di Fisica, University di Roma G BELLUOMINI, G CALDERONI, C CORTESI, and B TURI Istituto di Geochimica, University di Roma This list includes dates measured from January 1974 to June 1975 with previously described CO2 proportional counters (Alessio et al, 1970b). All archaeologic and geologic samples except for Arslantepe series come from Italian territory. Chemical apparatus for CO2 preparation and purification is unchanged (Alessio et al, 1970b). Data recording devices have recently been replaced with integrated circuits built entirely at the Lab. The logic of the circuitry was also modified to provide more stable devices and a higher relative figure of merit A/ VB of each counter (A = net activity of modern standard, B = background). Consequently, the resolution of age measurements has increased appreciably. Present values of Af yB for the 4 counters in use are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Volume A Counter (liters) 1/B

1 1.5 10.4 2 1.0 9.2 3 1.0 7.1 4 0.5 3.3

Collagen from human and animal bones was dated for the first time. Pretreatment and collagen extraction are carried out as follows: when possible, only compact bone tissue is used. Bone bits are first cleaned both by hand and with 5% HC1; then collagen is freed from bone structure by cold N HC1 under continuous stirring, recovered by centrifugation, washed to eliminate P043- and dried. Finally, the collagen is carbonized with conc H2SO4 before combustion in oxygen stream. Charcoal and wood samples underwent standard pretreatment by boiling with 5 to 10% HCI; a-labeled samples were given additional leaching with .2N NaOH. The activity of our modern standard, wood grown near Rome between 1949 and 1953, is checked repeatedly with 95% activity of NBS oxalic acid and measurements agree within la. For each sample of C02, the counting rate was corrected according to mass-spectrometrically measured 13C/12C ratio as described previously (Alessio et al, 1969). Dates are reported in conventional radiocarbon years, using Libby half-life of 5568 ± 30 yr, with 1950 as the standard year of reference. When requested, dates are corrected according to Ralph et al (1973).

321 322 M Alessio, et al

CHECK SAMPLES At our Lab proportional counting and benzene scintillation methods are mutually checked from time to time. Ages of various samples determined by scintillation method and remeasured by proportional counters are compared in Table 2. Results agree within 3Q.

TABLE 2 '4G age-GO2- age-liquid proportional scintillation Sample counting method method R-694a 2330 ± 50 50 v 17, p 316 R-990 2960 ± 50 50 v 17, p 318 R-914a 3610 ± 50 100 v 17, p 321 R-1023a <150 370 ± 60 v 17, p 324 R-980 1210 ± 50 50 v 17, p 326 R-810a <150 <150 be pub

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Consiglio Nazionale Belle Ricerche for partial financial support. We also wish to thank our technicians for their fine work: A Frus- calzo for mass-spectrometric measurements, and B Petrocchi for activity measurements. We are indebted to U Nonno and L Ruotolo for their valuable help in sample preparation. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC AND HISTORIC SAMPLES A. Italy Lago di Monate, pirogue series 1430±50 R-854a. Monate Pirogue 2 AD 520 813G = -27.5% Fairly preserved wood from pirogue discovered in August 1971 in N area of Monate Lake, 6m water depth, Comm Travedona-Monate, prov Varese, Lombardy (45° 48' 21" N, 8° 39' 34" E). Coll and subm 1971 by Sopr Antichita Lombardia, Milan. Comment: date agrees with F-63, for the same pirogue (R, 1974, v 16, p 13). No information has been provided on pirogue typology. 1820 ± 50 R-855a. Monate 2a AD 130 3130 = -27.5% Wood fragments found near Pirogue 2, 6m water depth, N area Monate Lake. Comment: 14C age shows unid. older wreck. General Comment: wood from other pirogue named Monate I, subm by Sopr Antichita Lombardia, were dated: F-62, 940 ± 75 (R, 1974, v 16, p 13). University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV 323 <150 R-847a. Gravellona Toce, boat AD >1800 S13C =-26.97 0 Fairly preserved wood, plank remains of a boat found partly buried in compact silty clayey sediments, ca 4m depth, right bank and partly protruding into Rio Inferno at "La Baldina", 100m from junction of Toce R, Lago Maggiore right tributary, N Gravellona Toce, prov Novara, Piedmont (45° 56' 13" N, 8° 25' 55" E). The flat-bottomed boat, 1.30m wide and 5m long, was discovered 1955 by G Cribich and recovered by C and P Merletto et al, Gravellona. Toce. Subm 1971 by F Rittatore Vonwiller, Gabinetto Paleont, Univ Milano. Comment: as Maggiore Lake still occupied above territory ca 1st century AD, boat was considered buried in old lacustrine sediments; "C date instead id a modern boat possibly buried by Toce flood deposits. Selvazzano pirogue series In 1972 sand quarrying revealed 2 large pirogues in Bacchiglione R bend at I1 Porto near Selvazzano bridge ca 9km WSW Padova, Veneto (45° 23' 55" N, 11° 46' 41" E). Recovered 1972 by Club Sommozzatori Padova, Sez Archeol, for Sopr Antichita Belle Venezie, Padova; subm 1972 (Club S P, 1976). 1210 ± 50 R-917a. Selvazzano Pirogue 1 AD 740 S13C = -26.5% Heavily darkened wood from stemless monoxilous Pirogue 1 (Find B), 8.92m long, max diam lm, cut out of oak trunk. Pirogue was submerged across river, water depth 5 to 8m, partly resting on Pirogue 2, with stem buried in bottom sediments at middle river-bed. Comment: 5% HC1 pretreatment disclosed only abundant Fe++ and fulvic acids; abundant humic fraction was extracted by .2N NaOH. 1200 ± 50 R-918a. Selvazzano Pirogue 2 AD 750 613C = -29.57c0 Heavily darkened wood from sternless monoxilous Pirogue 2 (Find A), 15.9m long, max diam ca 1.lm, cut out of oak trunk, estimated ca 25 to 30m long. Pirogue, probably longest in Europe, rested inclined and partly buried in river bed near left bank, parallel to current. Com- ment: see R-917a. 1020 ± 50 R-919a. Selvazzano C AD 930 613C = -28.O% Heavily darkened wood (Find C) from monoxilous fragment, ca 7m long and 0.8m wide, of unknown use, with 2 opposite groups of 4 holes, found on river bottom near pirogues. Comment: see R-917a. 324 Al Alessio, et al 1130 ± 50 R-920a. Selvazzano D AD 820 6130 = -27.5%0 Heavily darkened wood (Find D) presumably fragment of pirogue resting on river bottom near ABC finds. Comment: see R-917a. General Comment: in river near pirogues bronze objects and pottery of various periods (prehistoric, Roman, medieval, modern) were found. From technical and phytogeog data, pirogues were believed of prehistoric age. 'C date attribute them to Middle ages. 710 ± 50 R-894a. Laghi di Monticolo, pirogue AD 1240 3130 = -28.8% Darkened wood, fragment from monoxilous pirogue cut out of trunk, 3.4m long and 70cm wide, found almost entire half buried in bottom silty sediments, 8m water depth, ca 30m from W shore in larger of 2 small Monticolo Lakes, Comm Appiano, prov Bolzano, Alto Adige (46° ° 25' 18" N, 11 17' 57" E) at +490m. Pirogue, discovered on 26 Sept 1971 by skin-diver Roversi and recovered by Gruppo Sommozzatori Bol- zano under direction of H Schwarzer, is temporarily kept in storage at Mus Civico, Bolzano. Subm 1971 by Mus Tridentino Sci Naturali, Trento. Comment: pirogue, along with remains of 2 more pirogues also found half buried in bottom in same area of large Monticolo L, was considered, though doubtfully, of Prehistoric age (Lunz, 1973) because of its way of manufacture and assoc with other finds of prehistoric peri- lacustrine settlements in the area, probably of Bronze age. 14C date refutes attribution. See also Selvazzano pirogue series, above. 3680 ± 110 R-1001. Buco della Sabbia, Civate 1730 BC 613C = -24.60 Collagen of human bones from inhumation burials in inner Cham- ber C of Buco della Sabbia, a small karst cave on slope of Cornizzolo Mt at Linate, PreAlps of Lombardy, Comm Civate, prov Como (45 ° 49' 41" N, 9° 19' 38" E) at +445m. Coll 1964 and subm 1971 by 0 Cornaggia Castiglioni who excavated for Sopr Antichita Lombardia, Milan. Com- ment: in Buco della Sabbia necropolis new Eneolithic archaic facies in Lombardy named Civate culture was id and dated 2300 to 2500 se, as judged immediately subsequent Upper Neolithic Lagozza culture, dated 3000 to 2700 BC, see: Pi-34 (R, 1961, v 3, p 102) and R-338, -337 (R, 1968, v 10, p 356-357) (Cornaggia Castiglioni, 1971; Cornaggia Castiglioni & De Michele, 1963; Corrain & Cornaggia Castiglioni, 1964). R-1001 date strongly and inexplicably disagrees with expected age. 11,700 ± 200 R-1005. Grotta della Ferrovia 9750 BC 6130 = -25.1%0 Charcoal from inner chamber, Sqs T, U, V, Cuts 2 to 4, of Ferrovia or Abbondanza cave deposit, right side of "Gola della Rossa" along University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV 325 Esmno R upstream from Serra S Quirico, prov Ancona, Marche (43° 25' 351'' N, 13° 00' 10" E). Coil 1972 and subm 1973 by G Bartolomei and A Broglio, both of 1st Geol, Paleont: & Paleont Umana, Univ Ferrara. Excavated in 1966, 1969, and 1972 with D Lollini, Sopr Antichita Marche. Deposit comprises Upper Paleolithic cultural horizon with flint industry of Evolute Epigravettian type, scarce remains of large unidentifiable mammals and abundant micromammals of numerous species, recovered by wet sieving (3mm mesh). Comment: diagram of micro-mammal assocs throughout deposit gives 1st detailed paleoclimatic sequence of Late Wurm in central Italy (Bartolomei, 1966). 14C age agrees both with industry and climatic sequence. Ca.va Due Madonne series Sec, 18m high, in Due Madonne gravel quarry on Due Madonne Rd ca 380m from junction of 106.7km Via Emilia, SE suburbs of Bologna, Emilia (44° 28' 55" N, 11° 23' 32" E) at +57m exposed along 2km Z-shaped perimeter from surface soil. At present sec is no longer exposed, quarry was infilled with waste materials (G Bardella, written commun). 4640 ± 50 R-720. Cava Due Madonne I 2690 BC 613C = -24.8% Charcoal embedded in probable stone floor of prehistoric dwelling in archaeol horizon, 1.60 to 1.90m, SW sec of quarry (44° 28' 50" N, 11 ° 23' 30.5" E). Coll and subm 1970 by G Bardella, Unione Speleologica Bolognese. Comment: a suitable cavity dug in sec showed remains of semi- circular stone floor, diam 1.20m, made by upper layer of large stone pebbles, partly reddened by fire, resting on lower sandstone bits. Finds of phthanite implements and pottery attributable to Early Eneolithic were comparable to cultural complexes in neighboring settlements (Mala- volti, 1948; Scarani, 1963; Bardella, written commun). 14C date agrees. R-719Aa. Cava Due Madonne II >42,000 6130 = -26.30 R-719Ba. Cava Due Madonne II >42,000 5180 = -26.0% Heavily darkened apparently lignitous wood flattened fragment found in stratified fluvial sand, 3.10 to 3.30m at top of pebbly-gravelly alluvial cone, SE sec of quarry (44° 28' 58" N, 11° 23' 33" E). Coil and subm 1969 by G Bardella. Comment: sample pretreated with 5% HCI: no carbonates or Fe+ + and Fe+ + + present; additional leaching with .2N NaOH reveals scarce humic fraction. R-920Aa from dark compact inner part; R-720Ba small wood polyedra easily detached from both sides of outer part showing regular polygonal fissures 0.5 to 0.8cm deep. Geo- paleontol data, ie, 14C minimum age of wood at top and reworked phthanite implements in upper part of gravel belonging to Lower and Middle Paleolithic cultures, from Clactonian up to proto-Levalloisian 326 M Alessio, et al and Levalloisian, attributes Wurm I/Wurm II interstadial age to last phase of alluvial cone formation (G Bardella, written commun). 2250 ± 50 R-978. Poggio Pietricci Etruscan Tombs 300 BC 8130 = -23.5% Collagen of bones of 6 human bodies from Tombs 1, 2, 4, 6, & 7 of Poggio Pietricci necropolis overhanging Radicata torrent, E facing Cutig- nolo small lake, Comm Marsiliana, prow Grosseto, Tuscany (42° 30' 16" N, 11° 20' 41" E) at +165m. Excavations by A Mazzolai, Mus Archeol Maremma, Grosseto, for Sopr Antichita Etruria, revealed 16 Etruscan rock tombs of "Cavernelle circolari with dromos" type, containing scarce bone remains and a few funerary objects. Tombs had been plundered in both Roman and modern times. Bone remains, housed in Maremma Mus, coil 1969 by A Mazzolai and subm 1972 by the late M Franceschini, 1st Anat Umana Norm, Univ Rome. Comment: funerary objects, mainly pottery and bucchero, from Tomb 11 only dated 1st quarter of 6th century BC (Mondello et al, 1977). MASCA corrected date, 430 to 390 IBC, though rough average age for Tombs 1, 2, 4, 6, & 7, agrees well with archaeol age of Tomb 11, also assuming a short-life necropolis. Argentario shipwreck series Two fragments of very impaired wood from different shipwrecks recovered by Bathyscaphe P-82, Sub Sea Oil Services, Milan, in Tyrrenian Sea off the shore of Argentario Mt, water depth 42m (42° 19' 13" N, 11° 26 04 E). Subm 1974 by F Gnetti, SSOS. <150 R-1080a. Argentario Wreck 1 AD >1800 613C = -25.8% Fragment of darkened and very impaired wood from Wreck 1. <150 R-1081a. Argentario Wreck 2 AD >1800 613 C = -25.8%G Fragment of darkened and very impaired wood from Wreck 2. General Comment: according to '4C ages, shipwrecks not old enough to be worth recovering, as was thought. Palidoro series In 1954 A C Blanc uncovered a prehistoric settlement found during mining in travertine formation at Palidoro, via Aurelia ca 30km W Rome, Latium (41° 56' 09" N, 12° 11' 32" E) at ca +40m (Blanc, 1955). Excavated 1955 by P F Cassoli, and 1956 and 1959 by V G Chiappella (1956, 1958-61), both of 1st Italiano Paleont Umana. Upper levels of N edge of a relict spur in travertine quarry, ca 2m thick, contained bones of domestic animals and potsherds of Middle ages, Roman period, Iron and Bronze ages, and Middle Neolithic. Lower cultural level contained University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV 327 many bones and bone fragments, some charred, mainly Cervus, Equus caballus, and Equus hydruntinus, some Capreolus and Sus scro f a, and scarce birds (Cassoli, 1976). Also present were many flint tools of Upper Paleolithic industry, Evolute Epigravettian type: mainly burins, mostly dihedral and on fracture, end-scrapers, mostly on blade, various backed microliths and several truncated and notched bladelets, and very abundant unretouched blades on flakes and rejects (Bietti, 1976). Bone-breccia probably part of deposit in small cave or shelter half-way up travertine cliff formed by Rio Palidoro or "Fosso della Caduta" in S side of travertine formation and crumbled before Neolithic time. Bones and charred bones, Bos and Equus, from travertine bone-breccia coll 1955 by P F Caso1i and 1956, 1959 by V iG Chiappella; subm 1972, 1974 by A Bietti, 1st It Paleont Umana. 1955 excavations-Trench B, 80cm deep, dug throughout breccia with Evolute Epigravettian industry comprising from top, Cuts 1 to 8, 10cm thick. 14,500 ± 130 R-944. Palidoro Ti 1 12,630 BC 6130 = -23.5% Collagen of animal bones from Cut 1. 13,950 ± 100 R-944a. Palidoro Ti 1 12,000 BC 6130 = -21.6% Charred animal bones from Cut 1. 14,780 ± 130 R-1066. Palidoro Ti 2 12,830 BC 6130 = -23.970 Collagen of animal bones from Cut 2. 15,190 ± 120 11-1067. Palidoro Ti 3 13,240 BC 6130 = -23.7% Collagen of animal bones from Cut 3. 15,310 ± 160 11-945. Palidoro Ti 4 13,360 BC 6130=-24.3%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cut 4. 15,340 ± 140 11-946. Palidoro Ti 5 13,390 BC 6130 = -23.8%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cut 5. 15,660 ± 130 R-947. Palidoro Ti 6 13,710 BC 6130 = -23.6% Collagen of animal bones from Cut 6. 328 M Alessio, et al 15,900 ± 150 R-948. Palidoro Ti 7 13,950 BC 613' = -24.5%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cut 7. 15,520 ± 140 R-949. Palidoro Ti 8 13,570 BC 613C = -24.7%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cut 8. 1956 and 1959 excavations-Trench Gi, > 3m deep, E side of Trench B, dug throughout upper and lower cultural levels; lower sec in breccia with Evolute Epigravettian industry comprises from top to sterile layer, Cuts 22 to 41. 14,330 ± 340 R-1068. Palidoro Ti 25 12,380 BC 613C = -24.5%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cut 25. 14,480 ± 100 R-83. Palidoro Ti 25.30 15,530 BC 6130 = -21.97 0 Charred animal bones presumably from Cuts 25 to 30. Comment: sample remeasured, see R-83 (R, 1964, v 6, p 79). 15,290 ± 300 R-1072. Palidoro Ti 30 13,340 BC 613C = -23.7% Collagen of animal bones from Cut 30. 15,380 ± 140 R-950. Palidoro Ti 29.34 13,430 BC 6130 = -21.8%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cuts 29 to 34. 14,780 x-130 R-968. Palidoro Ti 35.37 12,830 BC 6130 = -21.9%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cuts 35 to 37. 15,750 ¢ 120 R-1069. Palidoro Ti 36, 39, 41 13,800 BC 6130 = -24.3%0 Collagen of animal bones from Cuts 36, 39, and 41. 15,970 ± 110 R-969. Palidoro Ti 38.41 14,020 BC 6130 = -23.1%0 Charred animal bones from Cuts 38 to 41. General Comment: only bits of compact bone tissue, less liable to contamination, were used for dating purposes. Dates range almost con- tinuously from ca 14,000 to 16,000 BP, agreeing with stratigraphy. How- ever, for 1955 excavations, coincidence is observed within 2Q of Cuts 4 University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XI V 329 to 8 dates. Industry was classified by G Laplace (1964a, 1966) as Evolved Tardigravettian (Epigravettian) and as a typical example of internal evolution of industrial assemblage (Laplace, 1966, 129-132). Cut 5 plays p an intermediate role between lower level (Cuts 8 to 6) and a higher horizon (Cuts 4 to 1). A recent analysis of the same industry (Bietti, 1976) assigns it to a single Evolute Epigravettian horizon. 14C dates obviously agree with both interpretations, but they do not confirm an intermediate role for 14C Cut 5 industry. dates of 1966 and 1959 excavations sub- stantially agree with those of 1955. Colosseo series During restoration work in the Colosseum in 1973 a deposit was discovered obstructing entrance and along ca 80m of W radial drain tunnel of original water supply and sewer system. Archaeol excavations made by G Carettoni and C Moccheggiani Carpano, both of Sopr Antichita Roma, with Servizio Sci Sussidiarie Archeol C N R. Along 20cm of VV tunnel, up to 30cm from vault, was a silty-clayey deposit, caused by stagnation and decantation of alluvial water in 2nd half of 6th century AD., when tunnel, 1.30m wide and 1.80m high, was almost out of use owing to previous crumble. Deposit kept intact in lower part in tact con- with floor, an archaeol layer, ca 30cm thick, sealed by upper sterile layer, consisting of all kinds of waste materials, ie, vegetal, animal, and cultural remains from inside the amphitheatre and its surrounding areas. Various studies on these finds are still in progress and are providing in- valuable archaeol documentation of 4th century Colosseum (Picozzi, 1974; Ferri-Ricchi, 1974; Corona, 1974a). Wood plank, pile, and peach- pits coil and subm by C Moccheggiani Carpano. 1930 ± 50 R-953a. Colosseo 1 AD 20 6130 = -26.4% Wood (Quercus sp deciduous group, probably Quercus pubescens Wild) id by E Corona, fragment of plank, 80 X 16cm, 3cm thick, found in situ, after removing deposit, inside W radial drain tunnel between bipedal brick floor and left wall at ca lOm from entrance. Comment: plank is from wooden form board of trass-mortar casting used to con- struct tunnel along with foundation. 14C date and MASCA corrected one, AD 20-40 to 110-130, agree with dendrochronologic age of plank from trunk ca 100 yr old felled between AD 73 and 84 (Corona, 1974a) and provide archaeol evidence of Colosseum construction date, AD 70 to 80. 1770 ± 50 R-1002a. Colosseo 3 AD 180

1820 ± 50 R-1002a1. Colosseo 3 AD 130 6130 = -27.6% Badly damaged wood (Quercus sp deciduous group, probably Quer- 330 M Alessio, et al of a cus pubescens Wild) id by E Corona, upper part, ca 30cm long, in situ, timber, 40 X 20cm wide and presumably several m long, found after removing deposit, inside W radial drain tunnel vertically protruding from bipedal brick floor and adhering to right concrete wall at ca 13m from entrance. Comment: R-1002a1 was remeasured after repeated leaching with .2N NaOH. According to archaeol data, timber is considered integral part of form board. MASCA corrected date, AD 35-120 to 115-180 agrees. 1590 ± 50 J1-983a. Colosseo 2 AD 360 61'C = -25.8% Well preserved peach-pits (Prunus persica Batsch) id by M Follieri, Bot, Univ Rome, from archaeol basal layer sealed by overlying sterile 1st '4C sediment of W radial drain tunnel. Comment: date and MASCA century corrected one, AD 320-350 to 440 agree with age, 2nd half of 4th waste materials of AD, attributed archaeologically and historically to all deposit. 1960 ± 50 R-858. Foro Romano, Basilica Emilia 10 BC 613C = -26.8% 1900 ± 50 R-858a. Foro Romano, Basilica Emilia AD 50 613C = -26.270 Well preserved wood (Albies alba Mill) id by E Corona, fragment of of trunk, diam 20cm and ca 45cm long, at 3m depth under floor Taberna X, Basilica Emilia, Roman Forum. Coil and subm 1971 by H Bauer. Comment: R-858 is inner part and R-858a is outer part of trunk; test with .2N NaOH did not disclose humic material. 135 tree rings were id; tentative dendrochronology by E Corona dates felling after 39 BC or mortar founda- AD 30 (Corona, 1974b). Trunk left its mark in trass-cement tion of wall protruding from floor of Taberna X, made of yellow and red Use of yellow tuff and other archaeol data id protruding wall tuff blocks. 44C as part of older series of narrower tabernae dated 78-60 or 55-34 BC. date agrees but excludes its attribution to 1st oldest tabernae of Basilica, also built with yellow tuff, mentioned in 179 BC (Bauer, written commun). Former 14C date for Basilica Emilia: R-17, 2120 ± 190 (R, 1964, v 6, p83). 940 ± 50 R-1007. Roma, Sette Sale AD 1010 6130 = _23.2% Collagen from bones of human bodies buried in Room IX of Sette Sale, Colle Oppio, Rome, discovered during archaeol excavations carried out 1966-67 by X Ripartizione, Comune di Roma; coil and subm 1968. Sette Sale is Roman bldg consisting of 9 large rooms built AD 104 as water reservoir supplying nearby Terme di Traiano, presently in a Comm University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XI V 331 archaeol area bounded by Via Belle Terme di Traiano, Via Mecenate, and Brancaccio property. In Room. IX, 5.30m wide x 15m long, a cemetery was discovered, where many adult bodies without any funerary furniture were buried close to each other in upper part of earthy deposit, ;> lm thick, surface covering approx half the room. Many minute in- scriptions, still undecipherecl, are engraved on walls (Cozza, 1975). Com- m °nt: historic or archaeol data on Sette Sale as a burial place are still unknown. Roma, Battistero Lateranense series Wood from framework of Battistero Lateranense, Rome, coil 1966- 1967 by G B Pelliccioni, during restoration and archaeol studies in Battis- tero Lateranense site, dir by Pontificia Com per la Tutela dei Monu- menti, and subm by V Federici, Gabinetto Ricerche Mus Vaticani, Rome (Pelliccioni, 1973). 1750 ± 50 R-381. Battistero Lateranense 1 AD 200 3130 = -26.4% Well preserved wood from wooden platband in situ in upper part of one of a series of holes, ca 40 X 40cm and 35cm deep, for wooden beams supporting ceiling in longest wall of large room, 24 X 11m, before con- sti uction of Battistero, partly overlaying it at ca 1.60m above floor. Holes in wall are now at height of ca 6.65m above present Battistero floor. Comment: architecturally, wall should date 2nd half of 3rd century AD; 141; date agrees and MASCA corrected one remains unchanged, AD 160 to 260. 1750 ± 50 11-382. Battistero Lateranense 2 AD 200 6130 = -25.4% Well preserved wood from original platband in situ of a window in S Giovanni Evangelista Chapel. Construction historically ascribed to Pope Llario, AD 461-468. Window is older than cross-vault with mosaic in Chapel which may have been built between Hilary's pontificate and 8th century AD. Comment: 14C date shows re-utilization of wood, at least 2 centuries old, for platband. 280 ± 50 R-384x. Battistero Lateranense 4 AID 1670 6130 = -25.5% Wood from large square timber, 30cm2, vertically in foundation wall of left apse in atrium of Battistero, possibly built in 4th or 5th century AD. Comment: dates timber to late restoration of foundation or, perhaps, to reconstruction of apse, sponsored by Lercari family. MASCA corrected date: AD 1520 to 1640. General Comment: other wood from Battistero previously dated (R, 1967, v 9, p 353-354). 332 M Alessio, et al 1780 ± 50 R-1021a. Tevere wreck AD 170 8130 = -27.8% Wooden (Coni f era) swan-neck-shaped object with metal ornaments from Tiber R bed, near Rome. Subm 1974 by W Ventrella, Roma. Com- ment: impossible to determine age of find on stylistic grounds; probably an "aplustre" fragment (ornament of ship stern). '4C date is from Roman Imperial period. 9730 ± 150 R-681. Peschio Ranaro 7780 BC 613C = -22.5% In 1966, I Biddittu discovered prehistoric settlement, Peschio Ranaro, a Karst cave in Mesozoic limestone on slope of Ernici Mts, ca lkm NNE Comm Collepardo, on rd to Abbazia di Trisulti, prov Frosinone, Latium (41° 46' 14" N, 13° 22' 38" E) at ca +700m (Biddittu, 1967-68). Remains of sediment with fauna, industry and pottery still adhering to cave walls indicate layer, ca 1.lOm thick, removed possibly recently from upper part of deposit, probably to use cave as a stable. In 1969, a trench, dug in remaining deposit by the late L Cardini and I Biddittu, both of 1st Italiano Paleont Umana, revealed from upper horizon, ca lm thick, plentiful Upper Paleolithic microlithic flint industry of final Epigravet- tian type according to G Laplace (1964a, b) characterized by scarce simple and break burins, numerous short and circular end-scrapers, backed and truncated bladelets, backed points, geometric and denticu- lated. Faunal remains included Capra ibex, frequent Cervus elaphus, Marmota Marmota, Mustela nivalis, Talpa coeca. Lower horizon, 40cm thick, revealed scarce fauna similar to those above and flint industry too scarce to be id. From industrial and faunal remains, "Peschio Ranaro" was id as seasonal hunting settlement (Cardini, 1969; Biddittu, 1973). Charred bones from upper Paleolithic horizon coil and subm by L Cardini and I Biddittu. Comment: 14C date agrees with final E pigravettian in Italy and can be compared with Grotta della Madonna Layer X, Secs 48-50 and 54-55 ages, from 9020 to 10,450 (R, 1967, v 9, p 355-356). Riparo C Belle Grotte Cipolliane series Charred bones from cuts of Layer 3 of Cipolliane Caves C shelter in Tertiary limestone cliff along Ionian coast ca 2km S Marina di Novaglie, prov Lecce, Apulia (39° 51' 10" N, 18° 23' 25" E) at +30m. Coll 1964 and subm 1966 by A Palma di Cesnola, 1st Antropol, Univ Siena. Deposit comprises 4 layers with Upper Paleolithic cultural horizons; Layer 3 includes transition from Evolute to Late Epigravettian with flint industry mainly of backed blades, backed and truncated blades, burins and short end-scrapers. Typologically analyzed by Laplace method (Laplace, 1964b, 1966, 1968). Fauna includes frequent Bos Caballus and Cervus, scarce micromammals and birds (Palma di Cesnola, 1962, 1967; Palma di Cesnola and Borzatti, 1962; Gambassini, 1970). University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XI V 333 15,000 ± 100 R-353. Cipolliane C3, I-II 13,050 BC 6130 -21.6% Charred bones from Cuts I and II, top of Layer 3. 15,270 ± 300 R-355. Cipolliane C3, III 13,320 BC 6130 = -21.7% Charred bones from Cut III, middle of Layer 3. 15,200 ± 100 R-356. Cipolliane C3, VI-VII 13,250 BC 8130 = -21.8% Charred bones from Cuts VI and VII, bottom of Layer 3. General Comment: dates agree with an Evolute Epigravettian facies. No direct comparison, but some refs are possible to Epigravettian industries like Ugento, Apulia: R-271, 14,170 ± 170 and R-272, 13,870 ± 110 (R, 1967, v 9, p 359); Palidoro, Latium (see Palidoro series, above); Riparo T'agliente, Veneto, R-604, 12,000 ± 400, and R-605, 13,330 ± 160 (R, 1970, v 12, p 600). 6140 ± 120 R-346. Passo di Corvo 4190 BC 6130 = -24.0%0 Charred vegetable remains, mainly wheat and other cereals, caryopses and leguminous seeds, id 1973 by M Follieri. From 4m depth to base, at 6.50m, in earth filling of pit at NE C-shaped ditch or "compound" excavated in Area A, Passo dli Corvo Neolithic ditched village, 8km NE Foggia, Tavoliere della Puglia (41° 33' 10" N, 15° 35' 18" E) at +70m. Coal 1969 and subm 1971 by S Tine, 1st Archeol, Univ Genova, who has been excavating since 1965 (Tine, 1968, 1972, 1975a, b). Passo di Corvo is largest of > 1000 Neolithic ditched villages id by aerial photograph, scattered mainly in Apulia Tavoliere (Bradford, 1957) characterized by many typical inner C ditches (compounds) and outer circular, concentric ditches, the latter enclosing villages, the function of which is not yet known (Tine, 1975a, b). Comment: in pit, both "figulina" bichrome pot- terT with unedged-red-band painted decoration and black planed ware of ]:Va cultural phase, "Passo di Corvo style", of Tavoliere Neolithic were assoc. 14C date agrees well with expected age for IVa phase, placing it between available dates for preceding III phase, "Masseria della Quercia style": R-350, 5050 ± 100 BC and R-351, 4590 ± 65 BC and for subsequent IVb phase "Scaloria bassa style": R-349, 3530 ± 70 BC (R, 1969, v 11, p 485-486) of Ta.voliere Neolithic cultures. Date also agrees with similar pottery at Villaggio Leopardi, Pescara, Pi-101, 4630 ± 135 and at Grotta dei Piccioni, Pescara, Pi-46, 4300 ± 130 BC (R, 1961, v 3, p 100). 600 ± 50 R-910. Santuario dell'Incoronata, statue AD 1350 613C = -25.0% 334 M Alessio, et al 640 ± 50 R-910A. Santuario ,dell'Ineoronata, statue AD 1310 613C = -24.60 Well preservedwood (Juglans regia) from fragment chiselled out of an original part of painted wooden statue of Maria SS Incoronata, worshipped for many centuries in old Sanctuary of Incoronata, 13km SE Foggia, Tavoliere plain, at junction of State Rd 16 at Km 11.3, Apulia. Coil 1970 and subm 1973 by Father G D'Onorio De Meo F D P and G Moro, 1st Centrale del Restauro, Roma. Comment: R-910 pretreated with HCI. Stylistic and chemical analyses suggest late Medieval age, 5% 14C AD 1280-1320, in agreement with date (D'Onorio De Meo, 1975). MASCA corrected dates: R-910, AD 1305 to 1380; R-910A, AD 1260 to 1350. J. Sardinia 3460 ± 50 R.-963a. Sa Turricula 1510 BC 613C = -24.5% Charcoal from hearth of Hut 1, Layer 2, Bonnanaro culture, of prehistoric village at Sa Turricula, ca 1 km ENE Comm Muros, prov Sassari (40° 42' 27" N, 8° 36' 48" E) at +392m. Coil 1972 and subm 1973 by M L Ferrarese Ceruti, 1st Antichita, Archeol e Arte, Univ Cagliari for Sopr Antichita Sassari. Comment: date agrees; Bonnanaro culture, Bronze age, until now only known from burials, probably follows Monte Ciaro culture: R-677, 3690 ± 60 (R, 1970, v 12, p 607) and Gsy-323, 3770 ± 250 (R, 1966, v 8, p 86), and seems connected to 1st Nuragic manifestations: K-151, 3420 ± 200 (R, 1960, v 2, p 10) (Contu, 1972a; Ferrarese Ceruti, 1972). 790 ± 50 11.916. Su Crucifissu Mannu AD 1160 613C = -22.8% a Charcoal scattered in Layer 2, main cell of Tomb XVI, in "domus de janas" hypogean necropolis, Su Crucifissu Mannu, in low limestone hill S Porto Torres, Km 4 along State Rd 131, Prov Sassari (40° 48' 33" N, 8° 26' 37" E) at +75m. Coil and subm 1972 by M L Ferrarese Ceruti for Sopr Antichita Sassari. Comment: Layer 2 contains secondary burials of Bonnanaro culture (see Sa Turricula, above); disagreement of 14C date attributed to mixing of more recent charcoal due to water percolating down hill and entering tomb through 2 fissures in upper edge of stone slab still closing entrance (Contu, 1972b; Ferrarese Ceruti, 1972). 3170 ± 50 11-1060. ®ridda 1220 BC 6130 = -23.6% Collagen from human bones from Zone D, Layer II of archaeol deposit of hypogean tomb at Oridda, Comm Sennori, 9km N Sassari (40° 47' 23" N, 8° 35' 33" E) at +230m. Coil and subm 1966 by E Castaldi, 1st Paletnol, Univ Rome, for Sopr Antichita Sassari. Comment: University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XI V 335 Oridda hypogeum, discovered in 1960, consists of a sepulchral chamber, 6.50m long, 0.75 to 0.85m wide and up to 1.65m high, entirely excavated in weathered vulcanite, reinforced with small limestone blocks and covered with slabs, with open-air "porta-stele" and exedra. Zone D, Layer I and II, 65cm thick, 4m from chamber background, yielded abundant human bones and pottery attributable to Nuragic period (Contu, 1966, Castaldi, 1969). Structurally, Oridda was classified as "Giant's tomb" AS of mixed type (Castaldi, 1969, 1975) and, according to G Lilliu, Nuragic cultural sequence (Lilliu, 1963, 1967) attributed to Early Archaic Nuragic II, 12th to 10th centuries i3e. Pottery complex agrees and 14C date confirms attribution. C. Sicily 12,840 ± 100 R484. Grotta Giovanna 10,890 BC 313C - -22.r7/ % Charred bones from upper Paleolithic cultural horizon of Grotta Giovanna, a small Karst cave at Contrada Spinagallo, 3.7km along rd joining Km 11 of Prov Rd Siracusa-Canicattini to Cassibile, Prov Siracusa (37° 00' 00" N, 15° 11' 38" E). Coll and subm 1968 by the late L Cardini and by S Piarrese, 1st Italiano Paleont Umana, Rome. Deposit discovered ][965 (Bernabo Brea, 1965); excavations, made by 1st Italiano Paleont 1Jmana with Sopr Antichita Sicilia Orientale, Siracusa, revealed from upper layer, ca 40cm thick, undefinable pottery, Holocene fauna, mainly domestic animals, and abundant fresh water mollusk shells, and food refuse; Upper Paleolithic cultural horizon, ca 60cm thick, yielded flint industry typologically analyzed according to Laplace (1964a, b) as final Epigravettian of Sicily; Pleistocene fauna, largely Bos primigenius, Equus hydruntinus, Cervus elaphus, and abundant microfauna. Ca 70 small limestone blocks, with linear engravings, one with engraving of an ox, are 1st evidence of Upper Paleolithic mobiliar art in Sicily. Lower layer, loessic red earth, over 2m thick, with wild fauna, Hyaena, Elephas mnaidriensis, Hippopotamus sp, Cervus sp, and sterile of industry (Cardini, 1968-71; Pianese, 1968). Comment: '4C date agrees with cultural horizon and can be compared in Sicily with: Grotta dell`Acqua Fi tusa, Agrigento, F-26, 13,760 ± 330 and with Grotta Perciata, Palermo, F-27, 11,960±: 330 (R, 1973, v 15, p 483). D. Turkey Arslantepe (Malatya) series During past few yr Italian Archaeol Mission in Eastern Anatolia, ][st Paletnol, Univ Rome, Head, S M Puglisi, has been excavating in the hiayuk of Arslantepe, 5km NE Malatya, ca 0.5km N Orduzu village, E Anatolia (38° 22' 08" N, 38° 23' 38" E) at +912m. Arslantepe is a mound, 30m high, max length NE to SW ca 250m, formed by accumulating remains of superimposed settlements, VII to I periods of Arslantepe cultural sequence: VII, Late Chalcolithic; VI, Early Bronze, various phases; V, 336 M Alessio, et al Middle and Late Bronze, 2 phases; IV, recent Hittite-Imperial and III- II, neo-Hittite levels; I Roman-Byzantine epoch; Islamic testimony. Until 1971, excavations were made in NE slopes of huyuk, where Delaporte uncovered Gate of the Lions of neo-Hittite age (Delaporte, 1940). This deposit is mainly formed by 5 superimposed town walls, gates, and bldgs of Hittite-Imperial and neo-Hittite periods; at base, Late Chalcolithic, Early Bronze final phase, Roman-Byzantine, and Islamic structures have been recognized. Since 1971 SW slope is excavated. Almost whole deposit formed before end of Early Bronze but terraced structures of Middle Bronze, Hittite-Imperial and Roman age are also present; post-Roman cemetery dates end of huyuk life in area (Puglisi & Meriggi, 1964; Pal- mien, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1974; Schneider Equini, 1970; Pecorella, 1975). 2 samples from Hittite levels already dated (R, 1966, v 8, p 405-406). Charred wood and charcoal of Late Chalcolithic and Bronze age, Periods VII, VI, and V, from both NE and SW excavation areas; coil and subm 1969 to 1973 by Alba Palmieri, 1st Italiano Paletnol, Univ Rome, who carried out excavations and archaeol studies.

VII Arslantepe period, Late Chalcolithic, NE area, 1970 and 1972 4860 ± 50 R-931a. Arslantepe C3(E6) VIId All 2910 BC 6130 = -24.So Charred wood on floor of Rm 11, Zone C3(E6), Level VIId. Coil 1970. 4790 ± 60 R-932a. Arslantepe C3 (E7) Vile A21 2840 BC 81C = -23.9% Charcoal from filling of Rm 21, Zone C3(E7), Level Vile. Coil 1972. 4730 ± 50 R-933a. Arslantepe C3 (E7) Vile A21 2780 BC i s B C = -24.6% Charcoal from filling of Rm 21, Zone. C3(E7), Level Vile. Coil 1972. General Comment: dates refer to 2 rooms of Late Chalcolithic; cultural. features similar to Amuq Phase F (Braidwood & Braidwood, 1960) at sites in Keban Dam area, ie, Noruntepe (Hauptmann, 1974) Tepecik (Esin, 1972) Korucu Tepe (Van Loon, 1973) and in Mesopotamia belonging to Late Uruk period (Porada, 1965). Pottery characterized by chaff-faced simple ware, chaff-faced red-slipped ware, and numerous bowls with bevelled inner rims, also present were obsidian triangular arrowheads and stamp seals. Dates of similar sites: Grai Resh, Singjar Dist, Iraq, P-468, 4939 ± 75 and P-469, 5169 ± 64 (R, 1963, v 5, p 85); Korucu Tepe, Altinova, E Elazig, Keban Dam area, Turkey, from 5400 to 5100 BP, GrN-5286-5287 (R, 1972, v 14, p 51) and P-1928, 5150 ± 80 (R, 1974, v 16, p 224) (Van Loon, 1973). University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XI V 337 VI Arslantepe period, Early Bronze, SW area, 1973 A. Old phase, Horizon 1(Temple), Earlier Early Bronze I 4420 ± 50 R-1010. Arslantepe C8(2) A28 2470 BC 613C = -23.7% Charred grain from floor of Rm 28, Sq C8(2). 4360 ± 50 C8(9-10) A36 x9 2410 BC R-1013. Arslantepe 613C = -22.7% o Charcoal inside Pot 9 on floor of Rm 36, Balk C8(9-10). 4270 ± 50 R-1014. Arslantepe C8(9) A36 2320 BC 813C = -24.2% Charcoal from floor of Rm 36, Sq C8-9. 4310 ± 50 R-1015. Arslantepe C8(9-13) A36 x3 2360 BC 6130 = -25.x% Charcoal inside Pot 3 on floor of Rm 36, Balk C8(9-13). 3300 ± 50 R-1016x. Arslantepe C8(9.10) A36 x21 1350 BC 613C = -24.7% Charcoal inside Pot 21 on floor of Rm 36, Balk C8(9-10). Comment: aberrant date was rejected but no satisfactory explanation possible. 4360 ± 50 R-1017. Arslantepe C8(10.11) A44 2410 BC 613C = -23.3% 4360 ± 50 R-1017a. Arslantepe C8(10.11) A44 2410 BC 13C = -23.1% Charcoal on Bench 44 inside Rm 46, Balk C8(10-11). Comment: sample leached with .2N NaOH. 4350 ± 50 R-1018 Arslantepe C8(10) A46 2400 BC 613C = -25.O% 4410 ± 50 R-1018,a. Arslantepe C8( 10) A46 2460 BC S13C = -24.3% Charcoal from floor of Rm 46, Sq C8-10. Comment: sample leached with .2N NaOH. 4570 ± 60 R-1019a. Arslantepe C8(10.14) A46 2620 BC S13C = -25.7% Charcoal from floor of Rm A46, Balk C8(10-14). 338 M Alessio, et al General Comment: dates refer to various rooms of a temple structure destroyed by fire. Archaeol finds, including: wheel-made pottery comprising reserved-slipware and hand-made red-black burnished pottery, "Cananean" lithic industry and a series of stamp-seal impressions, show affinities with both Amuq Phase G (Braidwood & Braidwood, 1960) and Mesopotamian features of Jemdet Nasr-Early Dynastic I (Porada, 1965) as well as with Early Bronze I of Central Anatolia (Orthmann, 1963). Rather older date for Phase G at Tell Judiadah, Amuq, Turkey, P-1473, 4782 ± 60 (R, 1973, v 15, p 364).

B. Old phase, Horizon 2, Later Early Bronze 1 4360 ± 50 R-1009. Arslantepe C8(11-15) A33 2410 Bc 613C = -24.7% Charcoal from earth on floor of Rm 33, Balk C8(11-15). Comment: dates room superimposed on temple structure destroyed by fire. Hand- made red-black burnished pottery showing Transcaucasian Early Bronze affinities and subordinately wheel-made pottery comprising reserved-slip ware. Similar levels at Norsuntepe (Hauptmann, 1972) and at Takun Mevkii, both in Keban Dam area (Helms, 1973). Date can be compared with Early Transcaucasian II at Geoy Tepe K3: P-199, 4400 ± 142 (R, 1959, v 1, 5) p and at Yanik Tepe, ca 4500 to 4200 BP, P-1247-1250 (R, 1969, v 11, p 151), both at Urmia Lake, Iran (Burney and Lang, 1971) and at Amiranis Gora, Georgia, TB-9, 4625 ± 170 (R, 1968, v 10, p 466) (Kushnareva and Chubinishvili, 1970).

C. Recent phase, Early Bronze 8111 3530 ± 110 R-1011. Arslantepe E8( 13) A29 1580 Bc 6 13 C _ -23.1% Charred grain from floor of Rm 29, Sq E8-13.

3750 ± 50 R-1012. Arslantepe D8( 12-16) A30 l800 c 613C = -25.4%

3840 ± 110 R-1012a. Arslantepe D8(12-16) A30 l890 c 6130 = -25.17 0 Charcoal from floor of Rm. 30, Balk D8(12-16). Comment: sample leached with .2N NaOH.

3800 ± 50 R-1008a. Arslantepe C7(16) A6 1850 Bc 613C = -24.9% Charcoal from hearth on floor of Rm 6, Sq C7-16. University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV 339 3680 ± 50 R-930a. Arslantepe 1)8(1) A2 1730 BC 6130 = -24.90 Charcoal from floor of R:m 2, Sq D8-l. Comment: sample from 1971 excavations. General Comment: 14C dates refer to rooms of Early Bronze Final phase characterized in Malatya-Elazig area by hand-made red-black burnished and bichrome and trichrome painted pottery. In Altinova, Keban Dam area, at Noruntepe site, Horizon VI, a palatial citadel represents out- standing settlement for this period (Hauptmann, 1972). Dates for preceding Early Bronze II at Korucu Tepe from 4400 to 3800 BP: P-1617/18 -1628/29 (R, 1971, v 13, p 369); P-1926/27 (R, 1974, v 16, p 223); M-2376 (R, 1972, v 14,, p 219); GrN-6056, 4160 ± 60 (Van Loon, 1973). Moreover dates available for Early Transcaucasian III level at Yanik Tepe, Urmia Lake, Iran: P4251/52 (R, 1969, v 11, p 151) and at Shengavit, Armenia, LE-458, 4020 ± 80 (Kushnareva and Chubinishvili, 1970).

V Arslantepe period, Old phase, Middle Bronze, SW area, 1972 3240 ± 50 R-926a. Arslantepe 1)8(8) A58 1290 BC 6130 = -23.2% Charred grain from floor of Rm 58 with double hearth, Sq D8-8. 3210 ± 50 R-927a. Arslantepe D8(8) A58 1260 BC S13C = -23.6% Charcoal from double hearth in Rm 58, Sq D8-8. 3430 ± 50 R-928a. Arslantepe D8(8)-E8(5) A58 1480 BC S13G = -24.4% Charcoal from floor of R.m 58, Balk D8(8)-E8(5). General Comment: dates refer to a room with central double hearth built on terraced area cutting final Early Bronze levels. Pottery with plastic decoration. Local aspect to be correlated to old Hittite, dated at Korucu Tepe, Middle Bronze II, 3320 to 3160 BP, see P-1613/14 -16 -27 (R, 1971, v 13, p 368-369); GrN-6057, 3250 ± 35 (Van Loon, 1973). V Arslantepe period, recent phase, Late Bronze 1, NE area, 1969 & 1971 3220 ± 50 R-724a. Arslantepe C3 (F1) A66 Vb 1270 BC 613C = -22.3% Charcoal inside pot in Rm 66, Zone C3(Fl), Level Vb, 1969. 2970 ± 50 R-725a. Arslantepe C3 (F1) A67 Vb 1020 BC 613C = -26.O% Charcoal from filling of Rm 67, Zone C3(Fl), Level Vb, 1969. 340 M Alessio, et al 3120 ± 50 R-726a. Arslantepe C3 (F2) Vb 1170 BC 6130 =-23.1% Charcoal from floor of left tower of gate re-utilization, Zone C3(F2) Level Vb, 1969. 3420 ± 50 R-924a. C3 (F4) Vb 1470 BC 613C = -25.1% Charcoal from floor, gate entrance re-utilization, Zone C3(F4) Level Vb, 1971. 14C General Comment: dates re-utilization, probably as dwelling, of 2- Tower Gate. Rooms 66 and 67 cut out in earthen enclosure wall near gate. Pottery, Hittite type, comprising also red-on-buff painted ware. Aspect to be correlated with "Middle Hittite" (Middle Kingdom). Dating of Korucu Tepe, Late Bronze I, in Altinova: P-1615, 3244 ± 59 (R, 1971, v 13, p 369; Van Loon, 1973). General Comment on Arslantepe: Arslantepe sequence is mainly comparable with that of Altinova, Keban Dam area. Series is consistent and agrees with ages of Korucu Tepe, similar cultural sequence. Available date of Arslantepe Imperial Gate, R-914, 2835 ± 70 (R, 1966, v 8, p 405-406) also agrees with Korucu Tepe Late Bronze II: P-1611, 2924 ± 71 and P-1612, 2871 ± 63 (R, 1971, v 13, p 368). For correlations with historic dates, MASCA corrected '4C dates are to be considered. II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Italy 23,000 ± 300 R-977. Candiolo 21,050 BC S13C = -30.3% 24,200 ± 300 R-977a. Candiolo 22,250 BC 613C = -29.3% Sedge (Carex) peat from Level IV, Drilling P3, 1972, for FIAT at Ciabot near fosso Martinetto, NNE Comm Candiolo, prov Turin, Pied- mont (440 57' 42" N, 7° 36' 28" E) at +237m. Coll by L Peretti 1972 and subm 1973 by G Charrier, both of 1st Giacim Min, Politecnico Turin. Pollen analysis of peat by G Charrier (written commun) shows herbaceous plants (Cyperaceae, Graminaceae, Compositae, Caryophyl- laceae, Ephedra, Pteridophita) prevailing (85%), on arboreal plant pollen (15%) (Pinus cembra, Betula nana, Juniperus and very scarce Picea) absent Abies and mixed-forest trees. Comment: R-977 was pretreated with only 10% HC1, R-977a also leached with .2N NaOH. For the first time in W Po plain '4C dates at Early Wurm III, a vegetational complex typical of dry cold climatic phase; through pollen analysis data, Candiolo IV can be correlated with peat layers of Pleistocene series in W Po University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV 341 plain S Turin as at Vinovo, Carignano-La Loggia, Moncalieri, etc now under study (Charrier and Peretti, 1976).

1720 ± 50 R-1022a. Flume Adda, Formigara AD 230 8130 = -28.4% Well preserved wood (Juglans regia) from very large trunk, diam 1.5m, buried in gravelly sandy sediments of Adda R stream-bed ca 1 km upstream from Formigara, prov Cremona, Lombardy (45° 13' 43" N, 9° 46' 04" E). Coll 1971 by local people and subm 1974 by G A Milanesi, Soresina. Comment: owing to extraction by suction of gravel and sand for commercial purposes, at tames tree trunks (Quercus sp, Ulmus, Jug- lans, etc) are uncovered from river bed and used for firewood (Milanesi, written commun). '4C age, the only available, approx dates an alluvial phase.

4800 ± 50 R-951a. Misurina 2850 BC 813C = -25.5% Vegetable remains, mainly small darkened wood fragments (Abies alba, Larix decidua) id by F Lona, 1st Bot, Univ Parma (oral commun), from base of a slope wash at foot of mts surrounding Misurina Lake ca 20 to 30m from SW shore, prov Belluno, Veneto (46° 34' 39" N, 12° 15' 05" E). Coll and subm 1972 by F Lona. Comment: wood dates Holocene event more recent than expected.

R-1078a. Torrente Stirone >42r,000 8130 = -2/ .2% Classical Plio-Pleistocene thick series incised by Stirone torrent, ca 23km NW Parma, Emilia (44" 50' 57" N, 10° 00' 19" E) exposes Lower Middle and Upper Pliocene up to Calabrian interbedded marine sands, calcarenite and clay formations underlying Pleistocene lacustrine and continental deposits. Along river bed in Calabrian clays there are some stratigraphically anomalous erosion pockets filled by lacustrine deposits; the latter, though sedimentarily analogous to lacustrine normal series, cannot be correlated to this stratigraphically. Stratigraphic, micro- and macropaleontologic and paleoecologic revisions (Papani and Pelosio, 1962; Pelosio and Ratti, 1974), as well as paleomagnetic measurements (Bucha et al, 1974) of this series are being done. Fairly well preserved wood, large trunk of Coni f era from upper lacustrine sediments in erosion pocket coil andL subm 1974 by G Kukla, Columbia Univ, C Arias, and F P Bonadonna, both of Univ Pisa, and G Bigazzi, Lab Geochronol C N R, Pisa. Comment: 5% HC1 pretreatment shows wood devoid of carbonates, abundant Fe+ + and S04 14C minimum age refutes Main Wurm and supports sedimentologic analogies for correlation between lacustrine deposits of pockets and lacustrine series. 342 M Alessio, et al 5290 ± 50 R-1046. Cava Serrelle 3340 BC 613G = -25.6% o Well preserved wood, fragment of fossil trunk ca 2m long (Pines sp, silvestris-montana group) id by M Follieri, 1st Bot, Univ Rome, (written commun) recovered from ca 15 to 20m depth by suction pump with marine silica sand during work at Serrelle quarry, Comm Massarosa, coastal plain of Bassa Versilia, prov Lucca, Tuscany (43° 52' 47" N, 10° 14' 06" E; U T M system PP 0325 5950) at +2m. Coll and subm by D Pandolfi, Dist Min Carrara (Pandolfi, 1975). Comment: .2N NaOH pretreatment did not disclose humic material. At Serrelle dune and marine silica sand formation, ca 25m thick, underlies upper peat layer, 2 to 4m thick, and rests on interbedded sand and peaty clay levels. Similar stratigraphic series were recognized over vast area in Versilia coastal plain (A C Blanc, 1935, 1937; A C Blanc et al, 1953; Pandolfi, 1975). Fossil trunk dates a Holocene Sub-Boreal cold climatic phase for Versilia plain, as already recognized (Tongiorgi, 1936); at present, species belonging to silvestris-montana group live over + 1000m in Italy. 14C age of shells (Purpura haemastoma L s sp consul) extracted by suction from marine silicia sand formation in Massaciuccoli Lake near Torre del Lago: Pi-116, 5650 ± 220 (R, 1961, v 3, p 104). For dating of upper peat layer and of a compressed peat pebble found in marine silica sand, both sampled by suction in Massaciuccoli Lake, see R-40-51 and R-39 (R, 1964, v 6, p 87-88 Sc 1965, v 7, p 220). Torrente Saccione series Dark-grayish sandy clays and vegetable remains from cores of SM 6, 8, and 32, from > 50, drillings made 1974 by Geosonda, Roma for ENEL along Adriatic coast, 2.3 to 1.3km left side. of Saccione torrent mouth, ca 14km SW Termoli, prov Campobasso, Molise (41 ° 55' N, 15° 06' E). Coll 1974 by R Gnisci, Geosonda, and subm 1974 by G Sestini and G Tirabassi for V Morelli, ENEL. StratigTaphic, sedimentologic, and micropaleontologic studies of some cores, 70 to 100m long, were made (Chiocchini, 1975). From surface soil Holocene continental deposits and Pleistocene ones, latter both continental (fluvio-lacustrine and marshy) and marine (littoral and neritic) have been identified as 4 formations. 7900 ± 60 R-1075. Saccione SM32 5950 BC 8130 = -27.30 Dark-gray sandy clay with many mollusk shells and no visible vegetable remains, from 13 to 13.30m below top of SM32 core (44° 55' 21" N, 15° 07' 06.2" E) at +3.98m. Comment: sample was pretreated with 10% HC1 only. Date indicates Holocene time. 7770 ± 60 R-1076a. Saccione SM6 5820 BC 613C = -26.6% University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV 343 7960 ± 60 R-1076b. Saccione SM6 6010 BC 6130 = -27.0% Dark-grayish sandy clay with mollusk shells and scarce small vegetable remains, from 16 to 16.30m below top of SM6 core (41 ° 55' 31" N, 15° 07' 13.9" E) at -2.74m. Comment: samples pretreated with 100 HC1 only. R-1076a had almost no shells; R-1076b was full of shells. Dates agree and indicate Holocene time as expected. R-1077aa. Saccione SM8 >42,000 6130 = -27.0% R-1077a. Saccione SM8 >42,000 isC =-27.4% R-1077b. Saccione SM8 >42,000 6130 = -27.3% Dark-grayish sandy clay with mollusk shells and darkened wood remains, ranging in size from tiny to many cm, from 69.50 to 70.30m below top of SM8 core (41° 55' 27.6" N, 15° 06' 24.8" E). Comment: R-1077aa, largest wood fragments separated by hand: 5% HC1 pretreatment and additional leaching with .2N NaOH; R-1077a, smaller wood fragments recovered by wet sieving, 2mm mesh; R-1.077b, dark-grayish sandy clay fraction freed from wood by wet sieving, 2mm mesh: pretreatment only with 5% HCI. Three minimum ages agree and refute Wurm III and Main Wurm. General Comment: 3 dates requested for geotechnical purposes, to check compaction and stabilization of coastal terrains, are inadequate for geologic study of zone. B. Procida Island The following series include systematic dates of carbonized wood and humified layers of paleosols interbedded in pyroclasts of Procida- Vivara Is, Tyrrenian Sea, divided by Procida channel, 3km average width, from Campanian coast facing Campi Flegrei dist, NW Naples (40° 45' N, 14° 00' E). Procida-Vivara volcanic dist comprises several volcanic vents and was formed by autochthonous pyroclasts of both submarine and subaereal origin (Di Girolamo & Stanzione, 1973). Volcanic activity on island ended with Volcano VII-Solchiaro eruption; later Procida was covered by tephra from nearby Campi Flegrei volcanos, probably from vents at Fondi di Baia, though definite stratigraphic correlation between 2 volcanic districts is still lacking (Rittmann, 1951; Di Girolamo & Stan- zione, 1973). Carbonized wood and humified layers, sampled in cliff sec- tions exposed along Procida-Vivara coasts, are interbedded in stratigraphically significant pyroclastic formations. All visible contaminants (rootlets, etc) ,were removed by hand. Sample pretreated with 8N HC1, humic acids extracted with .2N NaOH and precipitated again by dilute HCI. Coll and subm by P Di Girolamo, 1st Min, Univ Napoli and by G Calderoni and U Nonno, both of 1st Geochimica, Univ Rome. 344 M Alessio, et al Procida, Sancio Cattolico series Sec, ca 20m thick, in Sancio Cattolico cliff ca 500m E Procida 1 harbor, NE coast (40° 45' 52" N, 14° 02' 07" E) exposes from top: a) Phlegrean tephra, 6m thick, with embedded humified layer, covering whole Procida-Vivara area, separated by humified layer from underlying b) bedded trachybasalt hyaloclastite of Vulcano VII-Solchiaro, latter the most widespread of autochthonous formations; c) cinder pyroclasts "For- mazione 12", 8m thick, comprising over 3 humified layers, also guide- level largely widespread in I. 6220 ± 70 R-1052. Sancio Cattolico 1 4270 BC S13C = -25.6% Humic acids (0.20) from humified layer, 40cm thick, embedded in middle part of Phlegrean tephra. 14,100 ± 150 R-1053. Sancio Cattolico 2 12,150 BC 8130 = -25.8% Humic acids (0.40) from humified layer, 60cm thick, underlying Phlegrean tephra and overlying Solchiaro stratified hyaloclastite. 19,620 ± 270 R-1054. Sancio Cattolico 3 17,670 BC S13C = -25.6% Humic acids (1.1%) from upper humified layer, 40cm thick, in cinder pyroclasts "Formazione 12", immediately underlying Solchiaro stratified hyaloclastite. 25,200 ± 400 R-941. Sancio Cattolico 4 23,250 BC 8130 = -25.2% Humic acids (0.1%) from humified layer, 30cm thick, embedded in middle part of cinder pyroclasts "Formazione 12". 28,850 ± 860 R-1055. Sancio Cattolico 5 26,900 BC 613C = -25.9; o Humic acids (1.00) from humified layer, 50cm thick, at base of cinder pyroclasts "Formazione 12". General Comment: dates of humified layers cropping out in Sancio Cattolico cliff are consistent. R-1053 dates within 14,100 BP end of eruptions in Procida I. Subsequent fall of Phlegrean tephra, id as 2nd and 3rd period products (see: R, 1971, v 13, p 405-409, & 1973, v 15, p 173- 176), shows a significant interruption at ca 6200 BP according to R-1052. R-1054 dates at ca 19,600 BP the only, though notable, Solchiaro eruption. Finally, R-1054, -941, & -1055 date from ca 19,000 to 30,000 BP outcrop of widespread "Formazione 12" of still uncertain origin. University of Rome Carbon-14 Dates XIV 345 Procida, Fiumicello series Sec, ca 25rn thick, in Fiumicello cliff, N coast Procida I (40° 46' 05" N, 14° 00' 46" E) exposes from top: a) Phlegrean tephra; b) hyaloclastite of Solchiaro; c) cineritic "Formazione 12" containing paleosols; d) Vul- cano IV pyroclasts; e) humified layer, 1.5m thick; f) Vulcano III-Fiumi- cello stratified tuff. 26,700 ± 500 R-1050. Fiumicello A 24,750 BC $13C = -25.4% Humic acids (0.5%) from upper level of humified layer, 1.5m thick, underlying Vulcano IV pyroclasts. 29,000 ± 800 R-1051. Fiumicello B 27,050 BC 31sC = -26.4% Humic acids (0.20) from lower level of humified layer, 1.5m thick, underlying Vulcano IV pyroclasts. General Comment: dates Vulcano IV explosion whose products, mainly welded scoriae and pumice tuffs, extend to NE area of Procida I. Differ- ence between 2 dates indicate soil evolution before burial.

Vivara Island Small Vivara I, SW Procida, minimum distance ca 100m (40° 44' 33" N, 13° 59' 38" E) is well-preserved crater relict of Vulcano I-Vivara that erupted trachybasalt hyaloclastite, oldest formation cropping out in Procida-Vivara list. Sec, 20m thick, at La Carcara, E coast Vivara (40° 44' 43" N, 13° 59' 42" E) exposes from top: a) Phlegrean tephra; b) Vulcano VII--Solchiaro hyaloclastite; c) pumices interbedded in ash layers, partly belonging to Vulcano I-Vivara, and overlying hyaloclastite from same volcano. 40,000 ± 4000 R-967a. Vivara, La Carcara 38,050 BC 313C = -24.6% Carbonized wood from pumices embedded in ash layers, at La Carcara E coast of Vivara. Comment: R-967a dates last eruptions of Vivara volcano. General Comment: dates of humified layers and carbonized wood are stratigraphicaily consistent and date from ca 44,000 to 14,000 BP the volcanic activity in Procida-Vivara list from last eruptive phases of oldest outcropping Vivara volcano to Solchiaro eruption; Vulcano IV explosion was also dated at ca 27,000 :BP. Ages of Phlegrean tephra cover indicate products belonging to 2nd and 3rd periods of Campi Flegrei volcanic activity. 346 M Alessio, et al

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Van Loon, M, 1973, The excavations at Korucutepe, Turkey, 1968-70, Preliminary Report, Part I: Jour of Near Eastern Studies, v 32, no. 4, p 357-423. Vogel, J C and Waterbolk H T, 1972, Groningen radiocarbon dates X: Radiocarbon v14,p6-110. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 18, No. 3, 197'3, P. 350-354] TARTU RADIOCARBON DATES VI E ILVES Institute of Zoology and Botany, Academy of Sciences, Estonian SSR The present list includes 35 dates of geologic samples analyzed at the Geobiochemical Laboratory of the Institute of Zoology and Botany, Academy of Sciences, Estonian SSR. Benzene synthesized from wood dating from 1850 ± 10 yr served as a reference standard. All radiocarbon dates have been calculated using 5568 ± 30 yr before AD 1950 as the half-life of 14C. Saviku Bog series A sec from an extensive bog system, Emajoe-Suursoo, located at the estuary of Emajogi R, on the left bank of the river near its inflow into Lake Peipsi (Tartu Dist, Estonian SSR). Samples toll 1969 by E Ilves and A Sarv, pollen analyses by A Sarv. 1620 ± 50 TA-317. Saviku AD 330 Reed and sedge peat from depth 90 to 100cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones SAl and SA2. 2490 ± 50 TA-318. Saviku 540 BC Reed peat from depth 150 to 160cm. Pollen Zone SAI. 2570 ± 70 TA-319. Saviku 620 BC Wood and reed from depth 230 to 240cm. Pollen Zone SA 1. 2850 ± 70 TA-320. Saviku 900 BC Wood peat from depth 280 to 290cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones SB2 and SAI, Sub-Boreal and Atlantic contact. 3130 ± 60 TA-321. Saviku 1180 BC Wood and reed peat from depth 310 to 320cm. Culmination of spruce pollen. Pollen Zone SB2. 3880 ± 60 TA-322. Saviku 930 BC Wood and reed peat from depth 340 to 350cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones SB 1 and SB2. 4060 ± 70 TA-323. Saviku 2110 BC Wood and reed peat from depth 380 to 390cm. Pollen Zone SB1. 350 E lives 351 4620 ± 60 TA-425. Saviku 2670 BC Wood and reed peat from depth. 390 to 400cm. Boundary of Pollen Zones AT2 and SB 1, Atlantic and Sub-Boreal contact. 5690 ± 70 TA-324. Saviku 3740 BC Reed peat from depth 480 to 490cm. Pollen Zone AT2. 6900 ± 70 TA-325. Saviku 4950 BC Peat-like sapropel with slight admixture of fine-grained sand and fragments of mollusk shells from depth 520 to 530cm. Empirical boundary of spruce pollen. End of Pollen Zone AT 1. 7110 ± 70 TA-326. Saviku 5160 BC Peat-like sapropel with slight admixture of fine-grained sand and fragments of mollusk shells from depth 580 to 590cm. End of Boreal period. 8090 ± 70 TA-426. Saviku 6140 BC Peat-like sapropel with admixture of fine-grained sand from depth 590 to 600cm. Sample contained mollusk shells (Valvata piscinalis [Mull] and Sphaerium corneum [L]). Determination of sp by J Vilbaste. Boreal maximum of pine pollen. 9090 ± 70 TA-327. Saviku 7140 BC Peat-like sapropel with admixture of fine-grained sand from depth 620 to 630cm. Sample contained mollusk shells (Planorbis carinatus [Mull], Sphaerium sp, Radix sp, Spirorbis spirorbis [L] ). Determination by A Jarvekulg. Pre-Boreal (PB) and Boreal (BO) contact. 10,200 ± 90 TA-328 Saviku 8250 BC Peat-like sapropel with admixture of fine-grained sand from depth 690 to 700cm, overlain immediately by DR3 and PB contacts. Haani series Submerged organogenic deposits from central part of E shore of Lake Vortsjarv, Estonian SSR. Samples coil 1970 by E lives and T Rinne. 470 ± 60 TA-233. Haani AD 1480 Peat from depth 87 to 90cm. 2510 ± 60 TA-234. Haani 560 BC Sapropel from depth 117 to 130cm. 352 E lives Kurnovo Bog series Kurnovo Bog lies ca 7km E of town of Pechory, Pskov Region, RSFSR. Samples coll 1970 by E lives and A Sarv by hand from cleaned wall of quarry. 2820 ± 70 TA-231. Kurnovo 870 BC Peat from depth 75 to 80cm. 3970 ± 70 TA-232. Kurnovo 2020 BC Peat from depth 95 to 98cm. Shalkar series Submerged wood remains near Lake Shalkar, Volodar Dist, Kokche- tav Region, Kazakh SSR. Samples coil in 1969 and subm by A Shnitnikov, Inst Limnol, Acad Sci USSR. 380 ± 50 TA-383. Shalkar AD 1570 Submerged pine stump, age according to annual rings, 90 yr, discovered upside down in thick massif of fine sand on NE shore of lake. Depth, ca 1.2m. 470 ± 50 TA-381. Shalkar AD 1480 Submerged tree trunk from deposits of isolated lagoon on N shore of lake. Depth 2.4m below surface of sand bar. 310 ± 50 TA-377. Shalkar AD 1640 Submerged pine stump, age according to annual rings, 26 yr, from lower submerged horizon in NE bay of lake. TA-376. Korzhun I Modern Juniper trunk, age according to annual rings, 527 yr, from Dzhungar Alatau, basin of Koksu R, upper reaches of Korzhun R, +2730m. Trunk lay on debris of left bank of Korzhun R valley, inside dense juniper shrubbery. No arboreal vegetation in area. Probable age, 400 to 500 yr. Sample coil and subm by A Shnitnikov. 9300 ± 120 TA-430. Chatyrkyol I 7350 BC Algae from layer of submerged gyttja, 12 to 16cm thick, among silty, well-interstratified sands of ancient deposits on left shore of Lake Chatyr- kyol, Central Tien Shan, + 3530m. According to mode of occurrence, the sample age, 4000 or 5000 yr, was estimated. Sample coil by A Shnitnikov and E Maximov; subm by A Shnitnikov. Pesochnya Bog series Peat bog in Zheleznogorsk Dist, Kursk Region, RSFSR, 200m NE of village of Andreyjevskaya, S of Moscow-Kiev Hwy. Samples coil 1970 and Tartu Radiocarbon Dates VI 353 subm by T Serebryannaya, Inst Geog, Acad Sci SSSR, who also did paleo- botanic analyses. 190 ± 50 TA-357. Pesochnya AD 1760 Sedge peat from depth 120 to 125cm, at place of contact overlain by Carex and Bryales peat. Beginning of intensive forest clearance and plowing up of territories. 1820 ± 60 TA-358. Pesochnya AD 130 Alder wood from horizon of wood and sedge peat at depth 195 to 205cm. Upper maximum of oak forest distribution. 3830 ± 60 TA-352. Pesochnya 1880 BC Reed and sedge peat from depth 305 to 310cm. Culmination of linden pollen. 3720 ± 60 TA-359. Pesochnya 1770 BC Basal reed and sedge peat (with slight admixture of fine-grained sand) from depth 310 to 315cm, above place of contact with reed and sapropel-like peat. Liniya Bog series Liniya peat bog lies in upper reaches of Gnilusha R, tributary of Oka R, Krornysk Dist, Orel Region, RSFSR, 300m NE of village of Liniya, E of Moscow-Simferopol Hwy. Light gray sapropels with scattered plant remains at base of sec. Higher in sec :lie peat-like reed sapropel as well as various kinds of peat: Bryales with remains of wood and birch bark, Menyanthes-Phragmites and Menyanthes-Phragmites peat. Peat bog covered with diluvial mantle, 120cm thick. Absolute heights of mantle surface ca 220m (Serebryannaya and Ilves, 1973). Samples coll and subm 1970 by T Serebryannaya, Inst Geog, Acad Sci USSR. 1940 ± 50 TA427. Liniya AD 10 Arbor-Menyanthes-Phragmites peat from depth 123 to 128cm, Upper maximum of oak forest distribution. 2210 ± 60 TA-378. Liniya 260 BC Birch wood from horizon of Bryales peat 185cm below surface, dating from period of oak forest distribution. 2730 ± 60 TA-428. Liniya 780 BC Reed peat from depth 229 to 232cm at place of contact overlain by arbor-Menyanthes-Phragmites peat. Rational boundary of oak pollen. 354 E lives 2860 ± 60 TA-429. Liniya 910 BC Reed peat from depth 249 to 252cm. Replacement of principal forest-forming plant species, oak replaces linden. Retyazh series Samples from 2 secs in upper reaches of Retyazhi R, left tributary of Oka R, NW of village of Borisovka Kroysk Dist, Orel Region, RSFSR. River originates from confluence of 2 rather large streams cutting deep into winding valley. First 3 dates are from sec at base of left valley, 0.5km from point of confluence of both sources of Retyazhi R; 4th date from sec lying on steep slope of right valley, lkm from point of confluence of sources. Samples coll and subm 1970 by T Serebryannaya. 1250 ± 60 TA-373. Retyazh 6 AD 700 Peaty loam from depth 155 to 160cm, central part of bed. 2220 ± 60 TA-374. Retyazh 6 270 BC Bryales and Carex peat from depth 220 to 225cm, upper part of bed. 3880 ± 60 TA-375. Retyazh 6 1930 BC Bryales and Carex peat from depth 290 to 295cm, central part of bed. 2410 ± 60 TA-360. Retyazh 8 460 BC Carex peat from depth 170 to 175cm, upper half of bed.

REFERENCES Serebryannaya, T and Jives, E, 1972, First data on palynology and age of a watershed peat-bog in the central part of Central Russian heights near the town of Zhelezno- gorsk (in Russian). Acad Sci Estonian SSR Proc, Chem & Geol ser, v 21, no. 2, p 161. 1973, Last forest stage in the development of the vegetation of Central Russian heights (in Russian): Acad Sci SSSR Proc, Geog ser, no. 2, p 95-102. [RAniocARnoN, VOL. 18, No. 3, 1976, P. 355-361] TBILISI RADIOCARBON DATES III A A BURCHULADZE, L D GEDEVANISHVILI, and G I TOGONIDZE Radiocarbon Laboratory, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, USSR The Radiocarbon Laboratory under the Chair of Nuclear physics of Tbilisi State University is engaged in studies of radiocarbon variation in the atmosphere and mineral waters and determination of the absolute age of archaeologic, geologic, botanical, and other samples. This list reports dates of archaeologic and geologic specimens only. Gas counting and liquid scintillation methods are used for dating. Initially CO2 activity was determined by proportional counting. Re- sults of the first measurement were published earlier (Burchuladze, 1968). At present, the absolute age of most samples is determined in laboratory by the liquid scintillation method. For this, a 3-channel scintillation spectrometer SL-30 of "Intertechnique" was used, and benzene C6H6 served as scintillation solvent. Benzene is synthesized according to the modified method of Barker (1969). The pretreated sample is burnt out instantaneously in the calorimetric "bomb" under high pressure of oxygen, and the obtained CO2 needs no further purification. Acetylene is obtained from CO2 through lithium carbide by means of dissociation with artesian water (from Tbilisi) and then is transformed into benzene (C6H6) with the help of alu.mosilicate catalyst, activated by vanadium pentoxide with a high yield of benzene (-' 90%). Usually 5m1 of benzene synthesized from the sample in the vessel with minimum content of potassium is dissolved in 5m1 of "dead" benzene with the content of 14C channels an SL-30 4 g/1 PPO and .1 g/1 POPOP. For one of the spectrometer is used for measurements in which the interval with high quality and effectiveness of 64.9% is selected. Volume of scintillation solvent of benzene is lOml, the count of "dead carbon" (background) is 11.3 cpm, the count of modern carbon 76.6 cpm (the reference sample of the modern carbon was prepared in the laboratory of the Inst Geol Acad Sci USSR). Modern carbon is con- trolled by NBS oxalic acid (USA). Measuring time of sample activity was 30 to 50 hours. Obtained data are registered by digital printers each 100 min. After 5 to 6 samples are measured, the activity of modern and dead carbon is checked. Statis- tical accuracy of measurements for various samples is 2r to 3ff. Calcula- tions are based on the 14C half-life, 5568 ± 30 years, with values relative to 1950. Below are given the dating results made by gas and scintillation methods, and the characteristics of those samples as well. I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES 900 ± 110 TB-7. Mestia, Georgian SSR AD 1050 Wooden beams and boards. Wall of Svani tower, ancient tower of Koldans, Muzhali village, Mestia region. Archaeol date: Middle age. 355 356 A A Burchuladze, L D Gedevanishvili, and G I Togonidze

Subm by G Chitaya, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Georgian Acad Sci. 660 ± 40 TB-84. Mestia, Georgian SSR AD 1290 Cereals, Kvanchiantkari village, Mestia region. Subm by I Tuma- janov and L Gogichaishvili, Inst Botanics, Acad Sci, GSSR. 5590 ± 260 TB-10. Novgorod region, RSFSR 3640 BC Wood (birch) remains of bark. Lake peat, 2.3m deep, Novgorod region. Dated to compare with results from radiocarbon lab of Geol Chem: Mo-346 (5860 ± 210). Subm by A Devirtz, Inst Geochem & Analytical Chem, Vernadsky Acad Sci USSR. TB-11. Tsulukidze, Georgian SSR <250 Wood with bull bones incorporated into it. Mus Regional Studies, City of Tsulukidze. Subm by P Pirpilashvili, State Mus Georgia. 1925 ± 175 TB-24. Uplistsikhe, Georgian SSR AID 25 Semi-carbonized tree. Field no. Al, Uplistsikhe village, Gori region. Archaeol date: Late Bronze age. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili, Inst His- tory, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 1130 ± 125 TB-25. Uplistsikhe, Georgian SSR AD 820 Semi-carbonized tree. Field no. A2. From same location (TB-24). Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 3370 ± 60 TB-26. "Sabid-Akhcha", Georgian SSR 1420 BC Wood from wooden 4-wheeled chariot, lm deep. Barrow no. 5, "Sabid-Akhcha" Tsalka Plateau. Archaeol date: Trialeti culture. Subm by 0 Japaridze, Tbilisi State Univ. 6300 ± 120 TB-27. "Imiris Gora", Georgian SSR 4350 BC Wood remains of carbonized wooden structure of building span, "Imiris-Gora", Shulaveri village, Marneuli region. Archaeol date: Chal- colithic epoch. Subm by 0 Japaridze and A Javakhishvili, State Mus Georgia. 4220 ± 90 TB-29. "Khizanaant-Gora", Georgian SSR 2270 BC Cereals, "Khizanaant-Gora", Urbnisi village, Kareli region. Archaeol date: Early Bronze age. Subm by Y Kikvidze, State Mus Georgia. 3330 ± 60 TB-30. Tetri-Tskaro, Georgian SSR 1380 BC Wood, remains of tomb, lOm deep, Bedeni upland, Tetri-Tskaro. T bilisi Radiocarbon Dates III 357 Archaeol date: Bronze age. Subm by A Apakidze and G Gobejishvili, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 3235 ± 60 TB-31. Metekhi, Georgian SSR 1285 Bc Wood, 5m deep, Burial no. 6, Metekhi village, Kaspi region. Archaeol date: Middle Bronze age. Subm by Z Shatberashvili, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 1670 ± 50 TB-32. Mtskheta, Georgian SSR AD 280 Coal, 5m deep, City gates, Mtskheta. Archaeol date: Early Middle ages. Subm by A Kalandadze, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 2565 ± 60 TB-34. "Treligora", Georgian SSR 615 BC Coal, 1.2 to 1.5 m deep, Burial no. 9, "Treligora", Digomi, Tbilisi. Archaeol date: Iron age. Subm by R Abramishvili, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 2730 ± 130 TB-37. "Treligora", Georgian SSR 780 BC Coal, 4m deep. From same location as TB-34, from stone burial, no. 16. Archaeol date: Iron age. Subm by R Abramishvili. 245 ± 40 TB-35. Darbazi, Georgian SSR AD 1705 Wood" from peasant's house "Darbazi", Chachkari village, Aspindza region. Archaeol date: Middle ages. Subm by G Chtaya, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 740 ± 50 TB-36. "Samnateo", Georgian SSR AD 1210 Wooden piece of beam, "Samnateo", Sanctuary Kotia, Tsitelauri village, Pshavi, Dusheti region. Archaeol date: Middle ages. Subm by G Chitaya, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 4330 ± 160 TB-38. The mummy, Egypt 2380 BC Bandages of Egyptian mummy, Tarkhan II, Cairo, Egypt. Sample was subm by Univ Birmingham lab for control dating; it was previously dated by other labs: Arizona: A-569 (4295 ± 90), Univ California: UCLA- 739 (4265 ± 80), British Mus: BM-203 (4150 ± 110), Univ Birmingham: Birm-20 (4224 ± 97), Natl Physical Lab: NPL (4310 ± 90). 990 ± 90 TB-40. Akhaltsikhe, Georgian SSR AD 960 Remains of cloth from mummified corpse from one of bricked-up caves, Janisi village, Akhaltsikhe region. Subm by P Pirpilashvili, Re- search Inst Traumatology & Orthopedics, Ministry Public Health, Georgian SSR.. 358 A A Burchuladze, L D Gedevanishvili, and G I Togonidze TB-41. Tsutskhvati, Georgian SSR >38,000 Bones (cave-bear) from Bison cave, Tsutskhvati village, Tkibuli region. Cave remains are of upper Pleistocene. Subm by L Maruashvili, Inst Geog, Acad Sci GSSR. 2520 ± 45 TB-49. "Choga", Georgian SSR 570 BC Coal, .35 to .5m deep, "Choga II", First Choga village, Chkhorotski region. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 1930 ± 50 TB-52. "Simagre", Georgian SSR AD 20 Wood from ruins of ancient building, Hill "Simagre", Sakorkio village, Khobi region. Archaeol date: Roman epoch. Subm by G Mikel- adze, T Baramidze, Inst History, Archaeol 8c Ethnog, Acad Sci, GSSR. 980 ± 40 TB-58. "Simagre", Georgian SSR AD 970 Wood, 4m deep, from same location as TB-52. From deposits of 1st terrace over flood land, bank of Rioni R. Subm by T Mikeladze, D Tabidze, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci, GSSR. Kulevi series 2010 ± 45 TB-60. Kulevi, Georgian SSR 60 BC Wood, 1.3m deep, ancient Kolkhi settlement, 4th cultural layer. Right bank of Khobi R, Kulevi village, Khobi region. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 2260 ± 45 TB-61. Kulevi, Georgian SSR 310 BC Wood, 1.5m deep, from same location as TB-60. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 2150 ± 45 TB-62. Kulevi, Georgian SSR 200 BC Wood, 1.6m deep, from same location as TB-60, 61. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 605 ± 40 TB-68. Tsutskhvati, Georgian SSR AD 1345 Wood, from Tsutskhvati cave, Tsutskhvati village, Tkibuli region. Subm by L Maruashvili. 6655 ± 55 TB-72. "Guard Hill", Georgian SSR 4705 BC Coal, 4.4m deep, "Guard Hill", Shulaveri-I Hill, settlement of Shaumyani, Marneuli region. End of Neolithic beginning of early Eneo- lithic. Subm by A Javakhishvili, State Mus Georgia. T bilisi Radiocarbon Dates III 359 3025 ± 50 TB-73. "Te1.ri-Mgvime", Georgian. SSR 1075 BC Coal, lOm deep relative to present earth surface in cave, "Tetri- Mgvime", Le gvtadzeebi Hill, Khomuri village, Tskkaltubo region. Archaeol date: Bronze age. Subm by K Kalandadze, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci, GSSR. 1885 ± 40 TB-74. "Tsikhi-Gora", Georgian SSR AD 65 Cereals, 1.5m deep. "Tsikhi-Gora", Kavtiskhevi village, Kaspi region. Subm by G Tskitishvili, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci GSSR. 1995 ± 40 TB-75. "Tsikhi-Gora", Georgian SSR 45 BC Wood, 3.5m deep, "Tsikhi-Gora", from same location as TB-74. Subm by G Tskitishvili. 3235 ± 50 TB-80. "Dikha-Gubura", Georgian SSR 1285 BC Wood, 5m deep, "Dikha-Gubura IT", left bank of Inguri R, Anaklia village, Zugdidi region. Subm by D Muskhelishvili, Inst History, Archaeol & Ethnog, Acad Sci, GSSR. Namcheduri series 3115 ± 50 TB-81. "Namcheduri", Georgian SSR 1165 BC Wood, 4.4m deep, 7th layer, "Namcheduri", right bank of Och- khamuri R, city of Kobuleti, Ajarian ASSR. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 2770 ± 45 TB-50. "Namcheduri", Georgian SSR 820 BC Wood, 3m deep, "Namcheduri", 5th cultural layer, ancient Kolkhi settlement, right bank Ochkhamuri R, Kobuleti region, Ajarian ASSR. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 2795 ± 50 TB-63. "Namcheduri", Georgian SSR 845 BC Wood, 3m deep, from same location as TB-50, 4th cultural layer. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili. 4405 ± 50 TB-82. "Ispani", Georgian SSR 2455 BC Wood, 2.8 to 3m deep in peaty layer, "Ispani", left bank of Shavcheli R, Kobuleti region, Ajarian ASSR. Subm by D Khakhutaishvili.

II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 3450 ± 270 TB-33. Tokhliauri, Georgian SSR 1500 BC Lake deposits with organic particles, 4.25m deep, 2nd terrace of Iozi R, Sagarejo region. Subm by I Tumajanov and L Gogichaishvili. 360 A A Burchuladze, L D Gedevanishvili, and G I Togonidze Kolkhidka series 4460 ± 150 TB-42. Kolkhidka, Georgian SSR 2510 BC Peat, 1.8m deep in terrace surface, from deposits of New Black Sea terrace, mouth of Kolkhidka R, Gagra, Abkhazian ASSR. Subm by C Janelidze, Inst Geog, Acad Sci, GSSR. 4280 ± 60 TB-43. Kolkhidka, Georgian SSR 2330 BC Submerged peat, 4 to 5m below water surface, from same location as TB-42, from surface of submerged peat horizon. Subm by C Janelidze. 7060 ± 100 TB-47. Kolkhidka, Georgian SSR 5110 BC Submerged peat, 4 to 5m deep, from same location as TB-43. Sample was taken from sea bottom, from lower layers of submerged peaty horizon. Subm by C Janelidze. Kazbegi series 6580 ± 70 TB-46. Kazbegi, Georgian SSR 4630 BC Peat, 4m deep in diluvial terrace surface, from same location as TB-44, 45. Subm by C Janelidze. 5950 ± 90 TB-44. Kazbegi, Georgian SSR 4000 BC Wood, 3.2m deep below terrace surface, from deposits of 1st terrace over flood plain of Terek R, Goristsikhe village, Kazbegi region. Subm by C Janelidze, Inst Geog, Acad Sci, GSSR. 3470 ± 50 TB-45. Kazbegi, Georgian SSR 1520 BC Peat, 2m deep, from same location as TB-44, from diluvial deposits from surface of peaty horizon. Subm by C Janelidze. Sakorkio series 6660 ± 100 TB-55. Sakorkio, Georgian SSR 4710 BC Peat, 19m deep, from Holocene deposits on left bank of Rioni R, Sakorkio village, Khobi region. Subm by C Janelidze. 3150 ± 90 TB-56. Sakorkio, Georgian SSR 1200 BC Peat, 6m deep, from same location as TB-55. Subm by C Janelidze. 31,300 ± 320 TB-57. Sakorkio, Georgian SSR 29,350 BC Peat, 64m deep, from same location as TB-55, -56. Subm by C Janelidze. Tbilisi Radiocarbon Dates III 361 31,290 ± 510 TB-65. Samikao, Georgian SSR 29,340 BC Peat, 67m deep, from upper Pleistocene deposits, left bank of Tsivi R, Samikao village, Abasha region. Subm by C Janelidze. 35,300 ± 690 TB-66. Ureki, Georgian. SSR 33,350 BC Wood, 4m deep in terrace surface, from sea deposits of late caragate terrace of Black Sea, Ureki village, Makharadze region. Subm by C Janelidze. 4050 ± 50 TB-67. Anaklia, Georgian SSR 2100 BC Peat, 3.5m deep, from Anaklian peaty deposits, left bank of Tikori R, Anaklia village, Zugdidi region. Subm by C Janelidze. 5600 ± 50 TB-69. Khorga, Georgian SSR 3650 BC Peat, 6m deep, from lower layer of peaty horizon, mouth of Khobi R, Khorga village, Khobi region. Subm by C Janelidze. 4170 ± 50 TB-70. Khorga, Georgian SSR 2220 BC Peat, 3.5m deep, from upper layer of peaty horizon, from same location as TB-69. Subm by C Janelidze. 910 ± 40 TB-71. Kariata, Georgian SSR AD 1040 Wood, 8m deep, Kariata village, Khobi region, mouth of Khobi R. Subm by C Janelidze. 870 ± 40 TB-76. Chakva, Georgian SSR AD 1080 Wood, 1.2m deep in terrace surface, Chakva village, Kobuleti region, Ajarian SSR. Subm by C Janelidze. 4865 ± 60 TB-78. Akhalkalaki, Georgian SSR 2915 BC Peat, 3.75m deep, Kartsakhi swamp, Kartsakhi village, Akhalkalaki region. Subm by C Janelidze. 2085 ± 50 TB-79. Akhalkalaki, Georgian SSR 135 BC Peat, 2.25m deep, from same location as TB-78. Subm by C Janelidze. REFERENCES Barker, Harold, Burleigh, Richard, and Meeks, Nigel, 1969, British Museum natural radiocarbon measurements VI: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 278-294. 1969, New method for the combustion of samples for radiocarbon dating: Nature, v 221, no. 5175, p 49-50. Burchuladze, A A, 1968, Tbilisi radiocarbon dates I: Radiocarbon, v 10, p 466-467. Burchuladze, A A et al, 1969, Tbilisi radiocarbon dates II: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 499-501. 1970, New system for the combustion of samples for radiocarbon dating: The works of the Symposium "Astrophysical phenomena Radiocarbon", Tbilisi, p 51-55 (in Russian). 1974, On some method of synthesis of the scintillation solvent from natural patterns containing carbon: The works of the Symposium "Astrophysical phenomena Radiocarbon", Tbilisi, p 317-323 (in Russian). [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 18, No. 3, 1976, P. 362-370] UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA RADIOCARBON DATES V JOHN E NOAKES and BETTY LEE BRANDAU Geochronology Laboratory, 110 Riverbend Road University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 The following list of dates is compiled from samples prepared and catalogued since publication of our last date list (R, 1975, v 17, p 99-111). The counting equipment and operating procedures are the same. Ages are quoted with a l counting error which includes statistical variation of the sample count as well as for background and standard, using AD 14C 1950 as the reference year and 95% NBS oxalic acid for dating as the standard. The half-life value used is 5570 years. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the sample preparation and technical support of Donald F Smith and Karen Romine. Our thanks also to those contributors of samples who supplied descriptions for inclusion in this list. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS

ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Alabama Green County series Samples from Green Co, W central Alabama, on the Mississippi border. 995 ± 75 UGa-897. 1 Gr 2 AD 955 Charcoal from large cylindrical pit, 0.7m below surface in shell midden with sherds of Saltillo Fabric Impressed, few Furrs Cord Marked, Porter Zone Incised. On Tombigbee R (34° 55' N, 88° 11' W). 1450 ± 75 UGa-898. 1 Gr 2 AD 500 Charcoal from 0.3m deeper than UGa-897 in same pit. Randolph County series Samples from several sites in Randolph Co, NE Alabama, on the Georgia border. 2550 ± 110 UGa-934. 1 Ra 12 600 BC Charcoal from Feature 1, a hearth in Zone I), a layer containing Late Archaic artifacts. Site is a rock shelter in W Randolph Co (33° 21.5' N, 85° 37' W). 800 ± 70 UGa-1112. 1 Ra 28 AD 1150 Charcoal from mass of charred wood in Level 2, 10 to 20cm from 362 John E Noakes and Betty Lee Brandau 363 by site on Little Tallapoose R (33° 20' N, 85° 30' W). Level dominated ceramics of Lamar period. 490 ± 110 UGa-900. 1 Ra 24 AD 1460 Charcoal underlying plow zone at depth 35cm in Burial 1 pit and Site is overlying large fragment of Lamar Complicated Stamped vessel. on E bank on Tallapoosa R (85° 35' N, 33° 16' W). 685 ± 135 UGa-1113. l Ra 24 AD 1265 Charcoal from mass of charred wood in pit fill of Burial 2. Assoc R at ceramics place it within Lamar occupation. Site on Tallapoosa Hunter's Bottoms (85° 40' N, 33° 18' W). UGa-1112, -1.113 dates are early Lamar period. All dates are as expected. Alabama samples coil and described by D L Dejarnette, Mound State Mus, Moundviile, Alabama. California Ventura Mission Plaza site series Ven-87 is W of Mission San Buenaventura, Main St, Ventura, Ventura Co, California (34° 16' 50" N, 119° 17' 48.5" W). 3355 ± 70 UGa-916. Shell (Tivela stultorum) 1405 BC 3550 ± 90 UGa-917. Shell (Tivela stultorum) 1600 BC UGa-916. These 2 shells are from depth 2m, UGa-917 2m N of Original surface may have sloped from N to S, accounting for difference a in ages. UGa-916 is more directly beneath a secondary hearth below large rock feature. 3070 ± 70 UGa-1024. Shell (Tivela stultorum) 1120 BC 3015 ± 70 UGa-1025. Shell (Protothaca staminea) 1065 BC The two above samples are from a test trench below a Chumash Indian midden at a depth of 2.5m and in contact with riverine sands. 2305 ± 140 UGa-1117. Pinniped hone 355 BC of Bone of sea mammal from depth 2.05m below surface from top of sea rock-lined earth oven. Date is reasonable for Canalino hunting was occupied mammals. Comment (RSG): Ventura Mission Plaza site to the historic ca 3500 BP, an Aboriginal (pre-contact) occupation from the of Mission lands. Presumably the early samples are from occupation La Indian village known in Chumash as Mitz-khlan-a-kan and renamed 364 John E Noakes and Betty Lee Brandau Asuncion de Nuestra Senora by Fr Crespi, Spanish missionary. Coil by Roberta S Greenwood, Mission Plaza Archaeol Proj, Ventura, Calif. Colorado 2440 ± 185 UGa-993. Bradford House II bone 490 BC Sec of spinal cord from burial pit of 5 Jf 32 (39° 36' N, 105° 10' 29" W), at depth 2.3m beneath a rock shelter. Coil and subm by Douglas M Medina, Aurora, Colo. Burke site series Site 5 Rb 123 is on right bank of Piceance Creek ca 17.7km upstream from juncture with White R in Rio Blanco Co (39° 53' 13" N, 108° 15' 6" W). 1575 ± 135 UGa-1045. Charcoal AD 375 From ash and charcoal concentration 3cm thick, 121 cm below datum. A single hammerstone was found in this layer, overlain by sherds of plain gray pottery and a single notched projectile point coil by G A Bair. Boxelder Creek series Samples taken as part of survey along Boxelder Creek (40° 56' N, 105° 11' W), a tributary of the N branch of the Cache La Poudre R which runs into the S Platte R. 60 ± 100 UGa-810. 5 Lr 257 AD 1890 Charcoal from hearth eroding out of E bank of creek. West Bank Samples 5 Lr 263 1370 ± 175 UGa-812. Charcoal AD 580 Charcoal from hearth exposed in backhoe test. 250 ± 85 UGa-816. Charcoal AD 1700 Charcoal from hearth related to first culture-bearing level, assoc with many flakes, both large and retouch, glass beads, clay pine fragments, possible brass fragment, side scraper, and various bone fragments, depth 4cm. 210 ± 95 UGa-813. Charcoal AD 1740 Charcoal from hearth at 18cm depth on W bank of creek. 420 ± 80 UGa-814. Charcoal AD 1530 Charcoal related to 3rd culture-bearing level, assoc with some bone and many flakes, depth 20cm. University of Georgia Radiocarbon Dates V 365 1675 ± 85 UGa-818. Charcoal AD 275 Charcoal from rock-lined basin-shaped hearth with large piece of charcoal remaining. It is the deepest definite hearth found at site, 110cm below surface. Comment (EAM): except for UGa-810 from W bank which is either contaminated or dates recent sheep camp overlying site, the other dates, from the E bank, fit the expectations based on artifacts and stratigraphy very well. Coll and subm by E A Morris, Dept Anthrop, Lab Public Archaeol, Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins. Dipper Gap site series Site 5 Lg 101, Logan Co (400 54' N, 1030 33' W). Samples were isolated fragments in D Layer at site assoc with projectile points, bifaces, side and end scrapers, flakes worked bone and rough grinding stones corresponding to the Plains Archaic-Early Middle period, McKean cultural affiliations. 3410 ± 90 UGa-453. Charcoal from Feature 5 1160 BC From fill around hearth, l m below surface. 3520 ± 85 UGa-455. Charcoal from Feature 10 1570 BC From fill around hearth, .5m below surface. 3180 ± 90 UGa-456. Charcoal 1230 BC Fragments from D layer sec, 1.5mm diam, .2m deep. Samples subm by Elizabeth Morris and coll by M D Metcalf, Colo State Univ Archaeol Field School, Dept Soc & Anthropol, Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins, Colorado. Comment (EAM): dates consistent with expected results. UGa-661. Charcoal from Merino bison kill, 2945 ± 1475 5 Lg 122 995 BC Very small sample from disturbed hearth material in redistributed Bison bone deposit on edge of South Platte R, (103° 21' W, 40° 28' N). Artifacts include scrapers and bifaces which are not specific in age or cultural affiliations. Coll and subm by E A Morris. Comment (EAM): date as expected. Spring Gulch site series Spring Gulch series 5 Lr 252, Livermore, Colorado (40° 51' N, 105 ° 12' 30" W), a stratified site. 1075 ± 135 UGa-664. Feature 6, Level II AD 875 Charcoal from one of several high hearths in Level II. 366 John E Noakes and Betty Lee Brandau 2340 ± 85 UGa-669. Feature 7, Level III 390 BC Charcoal from one of lower hearths in Level III. 1315 ± 70 UGa-670. Feature 5, Level III AD 635 Charcoal from one of higher hearths in Level III. 2830 ± 135 UGa-671. Feature 10a, Level IV 880 BC Charcoal from lowest hearth excavated in Level IV. 3095 ± 75 UGa-672. Feature 8, Level IV 1145 BC Charcoal from hearth in deepest level excavated. 1705 ± 70 UGa-673. Feature 3, Level III AD 245 Charcoal from upper portion of Level III hearth. 2415 ± 85 UGa-829. Feature 3, Level III 465 BC Charcoal from hearth in lower portion of Level III. Comment subm by E A (EAM) : dates consistent with expected results. Coil and Morris. Indiana 4400 ± 185 UGa-823. Harrison Co site, 12 Hr 103 2450 BC Bone from features of mussel shell (pits) which extend into sterile clay (86° 00' 15" N, 38° 00' 01" W). Comment (DEJ): sample not originally coil for 14C age determination and was washed in water only. Archaic date, ca 2700 BC is expected. Coil and subm by D E Janzen, Dept Anthropol, Centre Coil, Danville, Kentucky. Kansas 1935 ± 75 UGa-381. Elliott site AD 15 Charcoal hearth in midden of 14 Ge 312 (39° 2' N, 96° 37' W), Geary Co, Kansas. Hearth has Woodland component and site has Schultz focus traits. Comment (PJO'B): date is earlier than expected, but not impossible (O'Brien et al, 1973). 5505 ± 105 UGa-382. Coffey site 3555 BC Charcoal from Feature 11 hearth, Zone B, 3rd of 7 stratigraphic layers separated by sterile soil at Coffey Site 14 Po 1 (39° 34' N, 96° 34' W), at Pottawatomie-Marshall Co border. Materials in Zone A above Zone B are related to Grove focus in NE Oklahoma and Calf Creek in NW Arkansas. These are thought to be Middle or late Early Archaic and the date fits well (O'Brien et al, 1973). University of Georgia Radiocarbon Dates V 367 Griffing site series Site 14 Ry 401(39° 11' N, 96° 36' W). 860 ± 60 UGa-465. Charcoal AD 1090 From Feature 20, trash storage pit in floor of house. 810 ± 60 UGa-828. Charcoal AD 1140 From same feature as UGaL-465. 670 ± 60 UGa-827. Charcoal AD 1280 From Feature 19, storage pit. Comment (PJO'B): 5 GaK dates (1446- 50 unpub) range from 250 to 280 BP but 860 BP agrees with sites on the Blue (Johnson, 1973) and Republic (Witty, 1963) Rivers. Kansas samples coil and subm by P J O'Brien, Dept of Soc and Anthropol, Kansas State Univ, Manhattan. Kentucky Spencer Co 15 Sp 5 site series (85° 25' 56" N, 38° 01' 29" W). 1215 ± 55 UGa-837. Charcoal, Units 1 and 2, Feature 1 AD 635 Charcoal assoc with trash pit (bone and shell tempered pottery). Comment (DEJ): date should be ca AD 1300. 600 ± 75 UGa-838. Charcoal AD 1350 Charcoal assoc with Burial 3. Comment (DEJ): date should be ca AD 1300 or later. 1020 ± 60 UGa-839. Charcoal AD 930 Sample derived from large circular pit, ca 4.58m diam containing bone and shell tempered pottery. The feature was covered with 5 layers of limestone slabs. No burial ,was assoc with the feature and its meaning is unknown. 680 ± 80 UGa-840. Bone AD 1270 Sample's occurrence and history same as UGa-839. Subm to make comparison of this date with the date derived from charcoal sample. Coil and subm by D E Janzen, Dept Anthropol, Centre Coil, Danville, Kentucky. Missouri Coons site series Coons site 23 P116 (38° 12' N, 94° 43' W) at mouth of Brush Creek, Platte Co, Missouri. 368 John E Noakes and Betty Lee Brandau 635 ± 60 UGa-392. Charcoal AD 1315 From plow zone-mix boundary of House 1. 645 ± 60 UGa-466. Charcoal AD 1305 Fill above House 1 floor. 1045 ± 60 UGa-467. Charcoal AD 905 From Feature 1B, a storage trash pit under fireplace of House 1. 1180 ± 110 UGa-375. Charcoal AD 770 From same location as UGa-467. Samples coil and subm by P J O'Brien, Kansas State Univ, Man- hattan, Kansas. Comment (PJO'B): house dates are consistent with expectations, but pit dates are too early as charcoal was assoc with a Cahokian Ramey Incised sherd dating ca AD 1100. James River Basin Archaeological Project series 750 ± 105 UGa-886. Ingram site AD 1200 Charcoal from Level 2 at 23 Gr303 (37° 9' N, 93° 12' W) assoc with a non-ceramic Woodland horizon. 775 ± 70 UGa-887. Indian Cave-1 AD 1175 Charcoal from Level 9 at 23 Wb 60 (37° 12' N, 93° 1' W) assoc with grit and crushed limestone sherds of a Woodland period occupational horizon. 760 ± 70 UGa-888. Indian Cave-1 AD 1190 Charcoal from Level 10, same site and assoc as UGa-887. 1325 ± 130 UGa-889. Turner Station site AD 625 Charcoal from post mold at 23Gr 10A (37° 11' N, 93° 10' W) assoc with Late Archaic-Early Woodland material. Comment (MJF): dates as expected. Coil by Michael J Fuller and subm by Robert Cooley, South- west Missouri State Univ, Springfield.

North Carolina 525 ± 70 UGa-1086. Jordan's Landing AD 1425 Charcoal from 31Br 7, Berties Co, North Carolina (35° 53' 15" N, 76° 55' 30" W) from intact cooking pit with assoc ceramic ladle, bone fish hook, fish and mussel remains, also hickory nut fragments and seeds. Sample coil from bottom of pit around quartzite fire stones. Ceramic University of Georgia Radiocarbon Dates V 369 com- assocs indicate late Tuscarora occupation and date agrees. Coil and ment by D S Phelps. 1590 ± 65 UGa-1085. Baum site AD 360 Charred juncus grass fragments of woven grass mat upon which lay contain- a cremated burial. This burial partly intruded into an ossuary of the site. ing 58 persons. Both date from the late Algonkian occupation Assoc ceramics are shell tempered. Date is much earlier than expected. Coil and comment by D S Phelps. 635 ± 70 UGa-1089. Baurn site AD 1315 Oyster from midden covering site, contains shell tempered ceramics. 17' 40" N, Baum site 31 Ck 9 is in Currituck Co, North Carolina (36° (DSP): age 75° 53' 20" W). Coil by 1) S P and R W Anthony. Comment is reasonable. 905 ± 65 UGa-1090. Kitty Hawk Bay site AD 1045 Oyster shell from 31Dr 14, Collington I., Dare Co, North Carolina at high point (36° 01' 20" N, 75° 43' 12" W), basal level of shell midden C 3 in Haag of island, +12m. Assoc with shell tempered ceramics. Site (1958). Collected by R Bunn. 1685 ± 65 UGa-1088. Rush Point site AID 265 N, 43' 45" Oyster shell from 3lDr 15, Collington I. (36° 01' 20" 75° with W from basal level of midden 30cm deep on ridge at +5m, assoc sand and grit tempered ceramics. Coll by J G Justice and D S P. 720 ± 65 AD 1230 UGa-1087. White Court site N, 75° 43' 20" Oyster shell from 31Dr 33, Collington I. (36° 0' 21" (DSP): deep in a refuse pit. Coil by T Gardner. Comment W 20cm with Kitty context indicates age should be about contemporaneous Bay site sample. Hawk 1)ept Soc The above North Carolina samples subm by D S Phelps, North Carolina. & Anthropol, East Carolina Univ, Greenville, Oregon 855 ± 55 AID 1095 UGa-1003. North Mound, yeah-:Kah-Nie Mt mound was built Charcoal from filled pit over which a small stone somewhat early to support 45° 44' 30" N, 123° 75' W). Comment: date is ( Spanish explorers in 1579. theory that this was a survey marker built by Oregon. Coil and comment by M W Jensen, Jr, Tillamook, 970 John E Noakes and Betty Lee Brandau Colombia, South America 985 ± 120 UGa-819. Camp Cangaru site, N Colombia AD 965 Charcoal from shell midden on Isla de Salamanca, a vegetated sandbar E of Santa Marta on N coast of Colombia 11° N , 74° Cultural affiliation ( 33 W). of site is uncertain but appears related to relatively late cultures of lower Magdalena R and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Date is reasonable. Coll by Carson N 1vlurdy, Peace Corps, by and subm Donald R Sutherland, Dept of Anthro of Univ South Columbia. p Carolina, REFERENCES Greenwood, R S, 1974, San Buenaventura Mission port: Plaza Project Archaeological Re- 3500 years on one city block. Redevelopment Agency, Ventura, 93001, 484 p. California Haag, W G, 1958, Archaeology of coastal North Carolina, Louisiana State University Coastal Studies, ser no. 2, Baton Rouge, Johnson, 120 p. A E, 1973, Archaeological investigations at the Budenbender Creek Reservoir, North site, Turtle Central Kansas, 1957: Plains Anthropologist, Topeka, v 18, no. 62, p 271-299. O'Brien, P J, 1973, A most preliminary report of the Coffey site Archaic site in Pottawatomie 14 Pol; a Plains County, Kansas: Kansas Anthropol Assoc Newsletter, Topeka, v 18, no. 5, p 1-38. O'Brien, P J, et at, 1973, The Elliott site Anthropologist, (14Ge 303), a preliminary report: Plains Topeka, v 18, no. 59, p 54-72. Witty, T A, Jr, 1963, The Woods, Avery and Streeter Archaeological sites, Milford Reservoir, Kansas: Kansas State Hist Soc Anthropol ser, no. 2, Topeka, 73 p. [RAniocARBON, VOL. 18, No. 3, 1976, P. 371-375] UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI RADIOCARBON DATES VII J J STIPP, K L ELDRIDGE, and K VALENZIANO Department of Geology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124 The following radiocarbon measurements are a partial list of geologic samples from S Florida dated during the summer of 1975. The technique used is liquid scintillation counting of wholly synthesized benzene as indicated in R, v 16, p 402-408 and R, v 18, p 210-220. Dates are calculated using a 14C half-life of 5568 yr and errors are reported as one standard deviation. Before conversion, shell material was etched with HC1 to remove all soft or powdery material. All wood and peat samples were treated with NaOH.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to D Evans, Dept Biology, for the continued supple- mental use of his Packard Tri-Garb 2003 liquid scintillation spectrometer. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS Lake Okeechobee series Shell, peat, and gyttja from Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Continuation of study on sedimentary environment of lake (R, v 17, p 240-241; Gleason & Stone, 1975). Dates fresh water and marine influence on lake area. Coll and subm 1975 by P Gleason, Central and S Florida Flood Control Dist. 1860 ± 120 UM-554. Core LO 26 AD 90 Hydrobeids from 19 to 22cm within core (26° 58' 30" N, 80° 47' 05" W). Present as lenses and distinct strata. Comment (PG): dated to determine if Hydrobeids are reworked material in underlying Pleistocene Ft Thompson Fm. +1150 29,320 -1350 UM-562. Cores 12 and 13 combined 27,370 BC Chione cancellata shells from base of mud in 30cm cores (27° 01' 50" N, 80° 47' 20" W). Comment (PG): brackish to marine shells used to determine age of most recent marine influence in lake. +1940 38,660 -2570 UM-559. Grab 12 A 36,710 BC Ran gia cuneata shells loose on lake bottom over a marl containing abundant Rangia (26° 54' 20" N, 80° 49' 30" W). Comment (PG): shells appear to represent a non-depositional surface during last 30,000 yr. Dated to establish age of brackish water shells. 371 372 J J Stipp, K L Lldridge, and K Valenziano +2180 39,710 -3010 UM-560. Grab 12 A 37,760 Bc Duplicate run of UM-559. 31,130 ± 950 UM-636. Core LO 29 29,180 BC Rangia cuneata shells from 82 to 93cm within core (26° 58' 30" N, 80° 47' 05" W). Comment (PG): Rangia bed overlain by fresh water gyttja and V iviparus zone. Dates last brackish water influence in lake. 32,740 ± 1120 UM-637. Sample Y 30,790 BC Rangia cuneata shells from within 15cm of surface under, and mixed with, several cm gyttja (26° 52' N, 80° 49' W). Comment (PG): dates last marine influence in lake. 32,560 ± 1040 UM-638. Sample X 30,610 BC Rangia cuneata shells near and similar to UM-637. UM-646. Modern Viviparus 31% > modern Viviparus atop and in surface gyttja material covering bottom of lake. Shells contained living animal at time of colln. Comment (PG): hard water lake expected to show this effect by giving slightly older than modern `age'. 3720 ± 130 UM-647. Core LO 27 1770 BC Viviparus shells from 75 to 86cm within core (26° 58' 30" N, 80° 47' 05" W). Comment (PG): Viviparus zone underlies gyttja and overlies brackish water Ran gia cuneata marl. Dates initiation of gyttja deposition. 4150 ± 90 UM-648. Core LO 31: 1 to 6cm 2200 BC Peat from within top 6cm of layer (26° 44' 30" N, 80° 47' 30" W), adjacent to Ritta I. Comment (PG): dates end of peat deposition in lake as fresh water level rose. 5490 ± 90 UM-649. Core LO 31: 30 to 38cm 3540 BC Peat from base of layer (26° 44' 30" N, 80° 47' 30" W) adjacent to Ritta I. Comment (PG): dates initiation of peat deposition in lake. 2670 ± 80 UM-650. Core LO 32: 1 to 6cm 720 BC Peat from within top 6cm of layer (26° 44' 10" N, 80° 48' 20" W) adjacent to Ritta I. Comment (PG): dates end of peat deposition in lake as fresh water level rose. See UM-648. University of Miami Radiocarbon Dates VII 373 3020 ± 70 UM-555. Core LO 26 1070 BC Gyttja and organic mud from 75 to 83cm within core of lake sediment (26° 58' 30" N, 80° 47' 05" W). Comment (PG): dates sediment and rate of deposition. 5270 ± 140 UM-558. Core LO 22 3320 BC Helisoma shells (fresh water) from 49 to 57cm within core (26° 56' 58 N, 80 41' 10 W). Comment (PG): dates marl-forming environment and maximum age of gyttja. 13,160 ± 190 UM-561. Core LO 14 11,210 BC Carbonate marl from 43 to 46cm within core near base of gyttja (26° 57' 50" N, 80° 47' 13" W). Comment (PG): marl appears to be fresh water because of presence of Helisoma and absence of Ran gia and Chione. Dates fresh-water environment in lake and maximum age for gyttja. 3780 ± 100 UM-563. Core 8, 15, 16, 22, 24 composite 1830 BC V iviparns shells combined from distinct strata of several 20cm cores in gyttja material W of Port Mayaca. Comment (PG): dates beginning of gyttja deposition in lake. 4780 ± 180 UM-564. Core LO 25 2830 BC Viviparns shells from 75.5 to 82.5cm at base of gyttja (26° 58' 30" N, 80° 47' 05" W). Comment (PG): dates initiation of gyttja deposition in lake. 2360 ± 100 UM-565. Core LO 24: 0 to 12cm 410 BC Gyttja and organic mud from 0 to 12cm in core of lake bottom sediment (26° 58' 30" N, 80° 47' 05" W). 2750 ± 80 UM-566. Core LO 24: 14 to 23cm 800 BC Gyttja and organic mud. 4450 ± 270 UM-567. Core LO 24: 28 to 42cm 2500 BC Shell fraction of gyttja. 3030 ± 80 UM-568. Core LO 24: 52 to 60cm 1080 BC Gyttja and organic mud. 3730 ± 110 UM-569. Core LO 24: 75 to 83cm 1780 BC Gyttja and organic mud. 374 J J Stipp, K L Eldridge, and K Valenziano Sand Curt series Shell and coral samples from cockpit in high bedrock ridge ca 5km E of Sand Cut on E side of Lake Okeechobee, Florida (26° 55' N, 80° 35' W). Coil and subm by P Gleason, July 1975, Central and S Florida Flood Control Dist. + 1750 35,250 -2230 UM-639. Ridge 1 33,300 BC Marine shell hash from top of ridge. Comment (PG): represents most recent marine deposition on ridge. 31,270 ± 1230 UM-640. Ridge 2 29,320 BC Marine shell hash from top of ridge. Comment (PG): marine shells could have either been deposited around same time as Rangia cuneata in lake center, or they could represent much older reworked material. Thought to date most recent deposition of marine carbonates. 24,360 ± 500 UM-641. Ridge 3 22,410 BC Fresh-water gastropod shell hash from top of ridge. Comment (PG): dates most recent deposition on beach ridge. +2520 37,630 -3690 UM-642. Ridge 4 35,680 BC Corals from coarse shell hash from top of ridge. Comment (PG): dates most recent age of marine influence in Lake Okeechobee area. 3830 ± 110 UM-643. Pamaceae-A&B contact 1880 BC Pomaceae from 0.5m below surface at contact between base of peat and sandy marl. Comment (PG): dates most recent peat deposition on ridge. 4650 ± 140 UM-644. Lymnaea & Polygyra-A&B contact 2700 BC Lymnaea and Polygyra shells from 0.5m below surface at contact between base of peat and sandy marl. Comment (PG): dates most recent peat deposition on ridge. 3030 ± 100 UM-645. Heliosoma-A&B contact 1080 BC Heliosoma shells from 0.5m below surface at contact between base of peat and sandy marl. Comment (PG): dates most recent peat deposition on ridge. University of Miami Radiocarbon Dates VII 375 Everglades Tree-island series Peat samples from 3 cores in Everglades tree-island, small Persea type, in Conservation Area 1, The Everglades, Florida (26° 31' 10" N, 80° 19' 40" W). General Comment (PG): stratigraphic age reversal suggests concurrence with theory that tree-islands formed in one place, later broke loose during flooding, came to rest over a younger area, and resumed growth. 210 ± 60 UM-595. Core 16 (2) : 59 to 64cm AD 1740 540 ± 70 UM-596. Core 16 (3) : 101 to 106cm AD 1410 780 ± 80 UM-597. Core 16 (3) : 131 to 137cm AD 1170 1880 ± 90 UM-598. Core 16 (3) : 186 to 191cm AD 70 2580 ± 100 UM-599. Core 16 (3) : 201 to 207cm 630 Bc 1890 ± 70 UM-600. Core 16 (3) : 207 to 212cm AB 60 2920 ± 90 UM-601. Core 16 (4) : 228 to 233cm 970 Bc 2500 ± 80 UM-602. Core 16 (4) : 264 to 269cm 550 Bc 3590 ± 80 UM-603. Core 16 (4) : 295 to 300cm 1640 BC 4800 ± 100 UM-604. Core 16 (4) : 308 to 314cm 2850 BC

REFERENCES Eldridge, K L, Stipp, J J, and Cohen, S J, 1975, University of Miami radiocarbon dates III: Radiocarbon, v 17, p 239-246. Gleason, P and Stone, P, 1975, Prehistoric trophic level status and evidence for cultural influences on Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Unpub rept for Central and S Florida Flood Control Dist. Stipp, J J, Eldridge, K L, Cohen, S J, and Webber, K, 1974, University of Miami radiocarbon dates I: Radiocarbon, v 16, p 402-408. Stipp, J J, Eldridge, K L, and Cadwell, R, 1976, University of Miami radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v 18, p 210-220. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 18, No. 3, 1976, P. 376-387] LABORATORIES ` Inactive Laboratories ' The 3H-Laboratorium of this institute (directed by Klaus Frohlich) should be addressed separately. la Lists from this laboratory have not been submitted to RADIOCARBON. See Gdansk I, Acta Physica Polonica, vol 22, p 189, 1962 Gdansk II, ibid, vol 32, p 39, 1967. Z This designation Gif supersedes both Sa (Saclay) and Gsy (Gif-sur-Yvette). The only Gsy date list to be published is Gsy I (Coursaget and Le Run, RADIOCARBON, v 8). s From January 1, 1961 the Gro numbers have been replaced by GrN numbers. "New" dates are referred to the NBS oxalic-acid standard. 4 Early dates from this laboratory were given a code designation that represents the name of the sponsoring institution, e g, I (AGS) for American Geographical Society (Heusser, RADIOCARBON SUPPLEMENT, v 1). J Formerly Hazelton Nuclear: code designation HNS has been dropped. Some dates from this laboratory were published with the code designations S (Pringle et al, 1957, Science, v 125, p 69-70). 7 See SM. 8 See Gif. Some dates from this laboratory have been published with the code designation RC (Flint and Gale, 1958, AM JOUR SCI, v 256, p 698-714). The code designation MP published in volume 1 of the RADIOCARBON SUPPLEMENT (1959, p 216) has been changed to SM in conformity with the wishes of the laboratory, and is explained by the change of the company's name from Magnolia Petroleum Company to Socony M o b il Oil Company, Inc. 10 Formerly Texas-Bio-Nuclear, then Kaman Instruments. The laboratory is no longer operating. 11 Moved to Ahmedabad. See PRL. A ARIZONA Dr Austin Long Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry Geosciences Department University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 ALG ALGIERS 0 Rahmouni Bd Frantz Fanon BP 1147 Algiers, Algeria ANL ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY Mr James Gray, Jr Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois 60439 ANTW ANTWERP UNIVERSITY Prof R Vanhoorne Dept of General Botany State University Centre Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium ANU AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Mr H A Polach ANU Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory c/-Research School of Earth Sciences The Australian National University Canberra ACT, Australia 2600 376 Laboratories 377 AU UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA William S Reeburgh and M Springer Young Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 B BERN Prof H Oeschger Physikalisches Institut Universitat Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 Bern, Switzerland Ba BRATISLAVA Prof S Usacev and I)r P Povinec Department of Nuclear Physics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F1 816 31 Bratislava Czechoslovakia Birm BIRMINGHAM R E G Williams Department of Geological Sciences, PO Box 363 University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT, England Bln BERLIN Dr Gunther Kohl Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR Zentralinstitut fL r Alte Geschichte and Archaologie 1199 Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 6 German Democratic Republic

BM BRITISH MUSEUM Mr Richard Burleigh Research Laboratory The British Museum London WCIB 3DG, England *BONN BONN Dr H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig Institut fiir Bodenkunde Universitat Bonn Bonn, Germany

*C CHICAGO Dr W F Libby Institute of Geophysics University of California Los Angeles, California 90024 CRCA CAIRO Dr Shawki M Nakhla Cairo Carbon-14 Dating Laboratory Center of Research and Conservation of Antiquities Organization of Egyptian Antiquities Midan El Tahrir Cairo, Egypt *CT CALTECH Dr Don M Yost Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chemistry California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91109 378 Laboratories *D DUBLIN Prof G F Mitchell Department of Botany Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Dak DAKAR Dr Cheikh Anta Diop Directeur du Laboratoire de Radiocarbone IFAN Universite de Dakar Republique du Senegal DAL DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY J Gordon Ogden, III Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5 DE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY L J Schroder U S Geological Survey Denver Federal Center, Bldg 82 Lakewood, Colorado 80225 DIC DICAR CORPORATION I C Stehli Radioisotope Laboratory Dicar Corporation 2040 Adelbert Rd Cleveland, Ohio 44106 F FLORENCE Dr C M Azzi, L Bigliocca, and E Piovan Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Istituto di Antropologia Universite di Firenze Via del Proconsolo 12 50122, Florence, Italy Fr' FREIBERG Dr Klaus Frohlich Sektion Physik Bergakademie Freiberg DDR 92 Freiberg *FSU FLORIDA STATE James R Martin, H G Goodell, and D S Phelps Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Department of Geology Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306

*G GOTEBORG Dr E Ehn Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola Goteborg, Sweden

GaK GAKUSHUIN UNIVERSITY Prof K Kigoshi Gakushuin University Mejiro, Toshima-ku Tokyo, Japan Laboratories 379 Gdla GDANSK Prof W Moscicki, Gliwice Politechnika Slaska Katedra Fizyki Zaklad Fizyki Technicznej C-14 Laboratory Poland Gift CIF-SUR-YVETTE Dr J Labeyrie or Mme G Delibrias Centre des Faibles Radioactivites Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA 91190-Gif-sur-Yvette, France *GL GEOCHRONOLOGICAL LABORATORY Institute of Archaeology 31-34 Gordon Square London, WC1, England Gro3 GRONINGEN GrN Dr W G Mook Natuurkundig Laboratorium der Rijks Universiteit Westersingel 34 Groningen, Netherlands

GSC OTTAWA Mr J A Lowdon Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

*Gsy2 GIF-SUR-YVETTE GU GLASGOW UNIVERSITY Dr M S Baxter Department of Chemistry The University Glasgow Gl2 8QQ, Scotland GX GEOCHRON LABORATORIES Harold W Krueger Geochron Laboratories Division Krueger Enterprises, Inc 24 Blackstone Street Cambridge, Mass 02139 H HEIDELBERG P:rof K 0 Miinnich,, D Berdau, and M Munnich Institut fiir Umweltphysik der Universitat Heidelberg D-69 Heidelberg, Tin Neuenheimer Feld 366, West Germany HAM UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Prof Dr H W Scharpenseel Ordinariat fur Bodenkunde University of Hamburg 2057 Reinbek, Schloss Germany HAR HARWELL R L Otlet Carbon-14 /Tritium. Measurements Laboratory Bldg 10.46 AERE, Harwell Didcot, Berkshire OX11 ORA, England 380 Laboratories HIG HAWAII INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS Robert W Buddemeier Hawaii Institute of Geophysics University of Hawaii 2525 Correa Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Hv HANNOVER Dr MAGeyh Niedersachsisches Landesamt fur Bodenforschung D-3000 Hannover-Buchholz, Postf 510153 West Germany P TELEDYNE ISOTOPES James Buckley Teledyne Isotopes 50 Van Buren Avenue Westwood, New Jersey 07675 IRPA INSTITUT ROYAL DU PATRIMOINE ARTISTIQUE M Dauchot-Dehon and J Heylen Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique 1 Parc du Cinquantenaire Brussels 4, Belgium

ISGS ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dr Dennis D Coleman Section of Analytical Chemistry Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 *IVIC CARACAS Dr Carlos Schubert Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Departamento de Ecologia Apartado 1827 Caracas 101, Venezuela

K COPENHAGEN Dr Henrik Tauber Geological Survey of Denmark and National Museum DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark KAERI KOREA ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Dr Kvung Rin Yang Radioanalytical Division Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute PO Box 7, Cheong Ryang Seoul, Korea KI KIEL Dr H Willkomm and Dr H Erlenkeuser Institut fair Reine and Angewandte Kernphysik Universitat Kiel Olshausenstrasse 40-60 23 Kiel, Germany KN KOLN Dr J C Freundlich Universitat Koln, Institut fur Ur-und Fri hgeschichte C14-Laboratorium Koln-Lindenthal Weyertal 125, W Germany Laboratories 381 L LAMONT Manik Talwani Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Columbia University Palisades, New York 10964 LAR LIEGE STATE UNIVERSITY Prof Dr Jean Govaerts Lab d'application des radioelernents 9 Place du XX Aout Liege, Belgium LE LENINGRAD Radiocarbon Laboratory Institute of Archaeology (Leningrad Section) Dvortsovaya Nab 18 Leningrad 192041, USSR

LJ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Dr H E Suess Mt Soledad Radiocarbon Laboratory S-003 University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 LP LA PLATA Laboratorio de Triti.o y Radiocarbono Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Paseo del Bosque La Plata, Argentina Lu LUND Prof Bjorn BerglundL and Mr Siren Hakansson Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Lund Tunavagen 29 S-22363 Lund, Sweden Lv LOUVAIN LA NEUVE Prof P C Capron and Mr E Gilot Laboratoire de Carbone 14 Chemin du Cyclotron 2 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium

Ly UNIVERSITY OF LYON Mr J Evin Laboratoire de Radiocarbone Centre de datations et d'Analyses Isotopiques Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I 43, Boulevard du II Novembre 1918 69621, Villeurbanne-Lyon France *M MICHIGAN Dr James B Griffin University Museums Building The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 *Mae MANITOBA MC MONACO Dr J Thommeret or Dr J L Rapaire Laboratoire de Radioactivite Appliquce Centre Scientifique cle Monaco Avenue Saint Martin Monaco 382 Laboratories ML MIAMI Dr H G Ostlund Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami Miami, Florida 33149 Mo VERNADSKI INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY Vernadski Institute of Geochemistry Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow, USSR Address: Prof V L Barsukov Vorobevskoye shosse,d47-A Moscow, USSR MP7 MAGNOLIA PETROLEUM MRRI MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE Thomas D Mathews Marine Resources Research Institute P O Box 12559 Charleston, South Carolina 29412 N RIKEN (TOKYO) Dr F Yamasaki The Institue of Physical and Chemical Research Wako-shi, Saitama Pref Japan 351 NPL NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY Mr W J Callow and Miss G I Hassall Division of Radiation Science National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex, England NSW NEW SOUTH WALES D J Carswell, Assoc Prof Department of Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry University of New South Wales PO Box 1 Kensington, New South Wales, 2033, Australia NTU NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY Yuin-Chi Hsu Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, China Ny NANCY Pr Rene Coppens et Dr Pierre Richard Centre de Recherches Radiogeologiques ENS de Geologic Appliquee et de Prospection Minicre Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine BP 452 54001 Nancy Cedex, France NZ NEW ZEALAND Dr T A Rafter Institute of Nuclear Sciences DSIR, Private Bag Lower Hutt, New Zealand *O HUMBLE-ESSO PRODUCTION RESEARCH COMPANY General Manager, Geologic Research Esso Production Research Company Affiliate of Humble Oil & Refining Co PO Box 2189 Houston, Texas 77001 Laboratories 383 ORINS OAK RIDGE ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES Dr John E Noakes, Director Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 *OWU OHIO WESLEYAN ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES Dr J Gordon Ogden, III Department of Botany and Bacteriology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, Ohio 43015 *OX US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE L ]L McDowell Agricultural Research Service Soil and Water Conservation Research Division Sedimentation Laboratory PO Box 30 Oxford, Mississippi 38655 P PENNSYLVANIA Dr Elizabeth K Ralph and Mrs Stuart Lawn Department of Physics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174 Pi PISA Prof E Tongiorgi Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare dell'Universita Via S Maria, 22 Pisa, Italy #PIC PACKARD Dr Ariel G Schrodt Low Level Counting Laboratory Packard Instrument Co, Inc 2200 Warrenville Road Downers Grove, Illinois 60515 Pr PRAGUE Alois Dubanskv Laboratory for Isotopes Geochemistry and Geochronology 384 Laboratories QC QUEENS COLLEGE Richard R Pardi Radiocarbon Laboratory Queens College, CUNY Flushing, New York 11367

QL QUATERNARY ISOTOPE LABORATORY Minze Stuiver Quaternary Research Center University of Washington Ak-60 Seattle, Washington 98195 R ROME Dr F Bella, Istituto di Fisica and Dr C Cortesi, Istituto di Geochimica Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Rome Citta Universitaria 00100-Rome, Italy RL RADIOCARBON, LTD Charles S Tucek Radiocarbon, Ltd Route 2, Box 21E Lampasas, Texas 76550 RT REHOVOT GEOISOTOPE LABORATORY Dr A Kaufman and Mr I Carmi Geoisotope Laboratory Department of Isotope Research Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel RU RICE UNIVERSITY J A S Adams Laboratories 385

SMU SOUTHERN METHOT)IST UNIVERSITY Dr Herbert Haas Institute for the Study of Earth and Man Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas 75275 SR SALISBURY. RHODESIA Dr J G Sheppard Gulbenkian Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Rhodesia PO Box MP 167 Salisbury, Rhodesia SRR SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH AND REACTOR CENTRE Dr D D Harkncss and Prof H W Wilson Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre East Kilbride Glasgow G75 OQU, Scotland

St STOCKHOLM Dr Eric Welin Laboratory for Isotope Geology Swedish Museum of. Natural History S-104 05 Stockholm 50, Sweden Su FINLAND Aulis Heikkinen, Laic Phil Geological Survey of Finland SF-02150 Espoo 15, Finland SUA SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA Assoc Prof R B Temple or Mr R Gillespie Dept of Physical Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006, Australia T TRONDHEIM Dr Reidar Nydal, Mr Steinar Gulliksen, and Mr Knut Lovseth Radiological Dating Laboratory The Norwegian Institute of Technology Trondheim, Norway TA TARTU E Ilves and A Liiva Geo-biochemistry Laboratory Institute of Zoology and Botany Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR Vanemuise St 21 202400 Tartu, Estonia, USSR

TAM TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY I)r William M Sackett I)ept of Oceanography Texas A & M University College Station, Texas 77843 TB TBILISI A A Burchuladze Radiocarbon Laboratory Tbilisi University 1 Chavchavadze Avenue Tbilisi, USSR 380028 *TBNCiO KAMAN NUCLEAR Kaman Nuclear Garden of the Gods Road Colorado Springs, Colorado 386 Laboratories *TFU TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH Prof D Lal Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road Bombay-5 BR, India TK UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO Dr Naotune Watanabe Carbon Dating Laboratory c/o Department of Anthropology Faculty of Science University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Tin TALLIN J M Punning Institute of Geology Academy of Sciences Tallin, Estonia puiestee 7 ESSR TUNC TEHRAN UNIVERSITY NUCLEAR CENTRE Dr A Mahdavi Tehran University Nuclear Centre PO Box 2989 Tehran, Iran Tx TEXAS Mr S Valastro, Jr or Dr E Mott Davis Radiocarbon Laboratory Balcones Research Center, Rt 4, Box 189 University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78757 U UPPSALA Dr Ingrid U Olsson Institute of Physics University of Uppsala Box 530 5-75121 Uppsala, Sweden UB BELFAST Mr G W Pearson or Dr J R Pilcher Palaeoecology Laboratory The Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN Northern Ireland UCLA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES Dr Rainer Berger and Dr W F Libby Institute of Geophysics University of California Los Angeles, California UCR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE Dr R E Taylor Department of Anthropology Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California Riverside, California 92502 UGa THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA John E Noakes, Betty Lee Brandau The University of Georgia 4 GGS Bldg Geochronology Laboratory Athens, Georgia 30601 Laboratories 387

UM UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI Dr J J Stipp and Mr D J Piepgras Geochronology Laboratory Department of Geology University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida 33124 UW UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Dr A W Fairhall Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 *7 VICTORIA Anne Bermingham Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Science Museum of Victoria 304-328 Swanston Street Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3000 VRI VIENNA RADIUM INSTITUTE Dr H Felber Iristitut fur Radiumforschung and Kernphysik Boltzmanngasse 3 A-1090 Vienna, Austria W US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dr Meyer Rubin US Geological Survey National Center, 971 Reston, Virginia 22092 WIS WISCONSIN Dr Margaret Bender Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Center for Climatic Research Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin 1225 W Dayton St Madison, Wisconsin 53706 WRD US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION Dr F J Pearson, Jr US Geological Survey Isotope Hydrology Laboratory National Center, MS 432 Reston, Virginia 22092 WSU WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Dr John C Sheppard Radiocarbon Laboratory Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99163 X WHITWORTH COLLEGE I)r Edwin A Olson Iepartment of Earth Science Whitworth College Spokane, Washington 99218 YA YALE Prof Karl K Turekian Department of Geology and Geophysics Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Z ZAGREB I)r Adela Sliepcevic and Dr I)u"san Srdoc Institute "Ruder Bolkovic" 41001 Zagreb, POTI 1016, Yugoslavia INDEX Volume 18, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, 1976 All samples published in Volume 18, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, 1976 are listed here in index form. They appear alphabetically, by laboratory, and in numerical order. Page numbers for each sample are indicated.

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

ANTW AU AU -1 153 -1 2 6 -83 154 -2 2 -91 158 -3 2 7 -92 154 -4 2 7 -93 154 -5 2 7 -94 153 -6 2 7 -95 153 -7 2 7 -96 153 -8 2 8 -97 153 -11 2 8 2 153 2 8 2 8 2 153 2 156 -17 3 -106 159 -19 3 -107 158 -20 3 7 3 -109 153 -23 3 -112 156 -24 3 -113 157 -25 3 -114 159 -26 3 -115 157 -27 3 -116 157 -28 10 -117 159 -32 -119 157 -33 9 -120 157 -34 6 -121 159 -36 6 4 9 4 -125 157 -39 4 -126 159 -40 4 -127 154 -40B 4 -128 155 -40C 4 -129 157 -41 4 -131 155 -42 5 -132 155 -43 5 -133 155 -44 5 -134 156 -45 3 -135 159 -46 3 -136 156 -47 3 -137 155 -48 5 -138 155 -50 5 -139 156 -52 5 -140 158 -53 5 -141 158 -58 -142 158 -59 -143 158 -64 -146 154 -66 -149 158 -68 -150 158 -69 6 -151 158 -70 6 -153 154 -71 6 388 cc cc -c ccC\t CVQ t- r- r`i`r`r-r`c-r-t-c- Lei LLLr' t-t-r-.LL7LL7Lr 1C cc cc i-r-t-r`r`x-r-c--r`c-- r`cccccc - In icc ic; icc icc L 1n 1C) 1C) Lr lid c- 1 li LCD 1C) Lf) a Lc a cc Q-CVIcAcO- ccu tccCCctDC'cOc.OCccO-C7-iccd+icc cc d+cDcccdtcOCI

c-- < icccc cc cc cc c-- OOt-- c-- cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc L^1ccc ccccKiccicccc cc inll)Lrcc di di di do di - Cv GV ccc ccc ccc cc cc) cc) cc) cc) cc cc cc ccc cc) cc)

c; i`cooo-+ior-+cvct+cDrcocvcwL^mrt+rcr,o,-cr,+Looa a cc-c < diLccCJ1-1Cl6c icccc cc-c chccc c <1-1ic--c- Ii--cccc -dcdcdiic-c Lr)ccccccccc Q cc cc 0000GOGO0000GOGD00DDGOGODDGOCI.000O00W00G'Ccccccc QGCi CQ7CQGv ACdCOiGOG r--Cf11KCt7G2G? -

< ---t+d< cj-c lT- lT--< o0 o0 cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ic-c ctctc-ictc-fc-cc-Ictccc cccccccc- cccd) 1'dif)cccccI- I-- c cc 000Q-ccc-- cc-c ccc ccc ccc CV ci Cv CV ct CV CV CV Cv cc-c ccc CV ccc c-c cc cn cc; c-i CV c-c cc) cc) -cc-c cc cc cc) ccc ccc r Cn ccc cc; cc-c cc) cc) cc) CV CV CV c-t c-t c-t c-i ccc cc; cc) ccc cc) cn ci ccc - - CV

IOJnCVe')}+CDLOCCV`'1cILc 1IC/_1GC^'Ctd'lr.`cDt7CC<]^CCGQQIc`')dL^,000;)QOCVC\ICVCVCVK)ct--cccccccccccccQ c-CV Cc 0>CccOOcccccc-ci cIGIL.Lccc.rc^l-i--i---f l--i-tt--t OC GO p cc cc cc r` c- i - r` r` c-c-c 1` r` r` r` c--c--c--r` r` r` r` r` c-- r` c-- c-- r` r` r` r` c- c- r, r` c--r, r` r` r` c--c--r` r` r` OG GG GO OG GC OC GO 00 cc cc 00 00

l-- ccc c-- l- i-- cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc CVC-cG-ICVcccccccc c-) Lcccc ccK.cc;ccccc cc

a icc i-- c-iL- ucc c-imicc CCOOC''i GVcc c-- cc cc cc C!c Lr)r-+c-Icc)-Gcc Gcc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc r,r+r- --r------CICICICfcicrCf iÌ- Iì`t-t-t-1`-- coCLCOC; coccococco(C (Ccoccc`1`c-- 1`c`c-- c-- c--- c-- c-- c-- L`c`1ì`1`1`c-- IT- c--- IÌ`t`1`c--- r- r, r- '-+ C-f f C-f CST C-f C-I C-f C-f C-f CSI CSI C-f 1`rÌ-- 1` -- -- CJ Cf C CI Cf C-I Cf C-I CI C-I C-f C-I C-I CT CJ C-f C-f C-I C-I C-I CI C-f CV C-f CI CI C-I C-f CI CI CI CI C-I CI C-I C-I C-I CI

L` OG ac cc -+ CT c d v cc cc cc rNd dd Q O C-fcc c c-00cc'-CTcc; +L (C cccc-CJc}+cL`cc-C-fc[}+Lcc cccc -C-f L C:) CJ CC CO CO IT CO x r-+ CI - T CV C f CSI CSI CI GPI CSI Cf CJ G G Cc C G Gt C d di d W d d d^ d L L u

I-I--i-c--ICI--tcccccccccccccccccc cc cc cc cc cc cccccccccccccccccccccccc0cc cc cc cc c cc cc cc cc 0000cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc t11`1`t-- c-- c--- L`L`t

F- cccc-rcdLCcccccc-Ccccccc-Tccc}+Lr}c I cc cc cc -CT cc }+Lr cc cc cc cc -CT cc t+Lcc cccc Cccccc cccccccc0000ccccccccccccccccccccOOOGO,-+-,r-,r-+-- -, -- -- -,r-+CICICT C-ICT C-TCT C-ICIC-fcc -cc cc cc cc cc cc L 1^L^L^,LLL^L^,L^, L7LLLL^,LLL-L7L^L(cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c cc cc cc cc cc cc

` C-f C-I C-I CV CI c +c +c Cn if cc L^, is -Ic cc c-c c- L- Lr Lr Lr Lr` L7 L^, II 1^ c--- c--- c--- c--- I-- IT--- cc cc c0 V cc cc cc c0c cc c ccc c0c cc c0 cc L I- I- I-- I- I- I:- I- I-- IT- c c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c^ CC c cc c0 c c c0 c cc cc c0 cc cc cc c c cc cc cc CO CJ CC CU c cc CO CO (D Cp CO r-I r-I r-I r-1 r-I r-i r-I r-I i-i r-i r-i r-I r-i H r-I r-i ri r-! r-I r-I r-1 rl H H r-i r-i n r-i n i--I rl i--I r--I ri r-i r-I r-i i-i r-1 rl r-I P--I r-1 r-I rl r-I r-ti i--I r--I P-I r-I i--I

C-IGJ '- cc-- cc -C-ICICVCICVCICICVc)MCcMCJMCCcc - 00c0-C-Ic- 'cci-- c0-C-ICndL^ccc-ccccc -C-IcL7CJI-cCcLLr cc -CIcC}+,c cc-cccc-C-cCLcc-- LLCDL(LL^,L7L7Lc'ccL7LL^ Lr 1CLC L7Lr LL(cL LLcL(cL(c'c L^,LCDLr LLcL(c'(cLLcL7L^,L(L^,L^,LL^,L^,L^,L;LrcccccccccccI--II-iI LLLLCJLL7L^, L7LL^,L^,L^,Lr11(}lLCD1f

cc CT CT cc L^,cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c dcc L^c-ccCI-L^,cc -cc dcc ; r cccCccC cc c--c-- ccccccccc CI T CV CT CV Lr;L7c-- LC;Lr;L7LcLccc-cc LccLcL7LCDLr;LccLccL7LC;Lr,LccL71cc c-;L^,LccLr;LCcc-cc- L^,L^,L^,c-cc L^L7L^1^L^,L^,Lr L^, L^,c-cc LC)LccL^,c-cc LccLcc1f;L7L^Lr; cc cc cc cc cc uc ti ccCT ccCDC

cc CC CCCc ccC ti cccCCic- Lic-- cc Cicc Cc dcLCCicc Cc Cc Cc CT c/c i- cCCcCr+CTCi- i-- (i- cv C CCi-- CT CC cc CT WLLc(t'- - CT CC Cc O C C CCCC: C iccccr r-+CVGVTTGVCVCd icLc L^,i'- i-- ii'- Ci C d i- i-c/c C'cCTi'- CC CT') CTC CcCTCV(C cCCT- d Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc d } d ii-i-i-C''c G'cCCCcC---- -,-- CT CT ii-C-CT CT CT C C C CC 1 I 1 1 1 I h 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I CTCf ccCchcchc Lr)Lr L7LLr11fL^LLL^,uL1nL1L000CCCCOc:1.CUCCCDCCCCCOCODCCcDCCCODcDJCOCJCOcDCOtDI 1 w I 1 I I I 1 I I I t+dit1 I I 1 I I 1 II I I I I I I 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I (F)

ccOOOO cic CC CcCC Ccccccccc chc -c i dcdiL^,LCLC-(C (C(CCCC(C(C(CCCi-- i- iii- i- ic- i-- ic- ii-i-Ci000OCC GOcc cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccCT CT CT CT CT CTCTCCTCCCCCCCVCVCCCTCTCCCCVCCTCCCVCCCCCCTCC CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT

L^. CC1 O^fcdLCCiCOfC}+LCOI000OCiC#+c CCtGQCOCVCrddLCioOCCCICd+L^,Ci000`iOr-C1CC-, --CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT i'- i'- i- i-i-- i-- ic- i-i-i-ccccccccccCCCCC-CCCC000CCOCCCcC,- S ------C C C f G G--,e C C 1 C G Ca C\ C 1 1 C ! M 1-; -; I-- r-- G G G G CS I C C t SI I V i CJ t i 4 i Cd r, r-, V V V i i V i V I I , I I I I I I I I 1 1 -- I I I I I I I I I I i I I -- r 1 --1 1 --1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I I W I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I -I -1 I I 1 I 1 i

cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc .1CTCCVCCVTTTTTT000CCcc cc cc cc cc L- i- i- i- L- C- Le i-- i- i- i- i- i- cc o c cc cc cc cc cc cc c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c c cc c cc cc cc c c cc cc 0 0 cc cc cc cc cc cc cc i i- i i 1 i c CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CTCT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT --CVTTTC

CC Cc -CT CC d+1C;Ci-- cc Cc CT CC diif Cic--cCC I"iCCcd L7Ci-- cCCc CCNLC i- cC`+ C-ICCducc C i--cCc Cc -CT LcL^,L^L-LC;iccdLcCi-ccCc r -- -. fir- -- --'- CT -CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CTCCCCCCCCCCW'- LcLr Lnicc C(CCC(C000C(

I 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I r11, I I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I 1

CT CT CT CT CT CT CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC }{rNrNd1NdLciccLcic- L^,ucc LcLccu';CCCCCCCCCCCCCi'- ic- i-- ic- i-- i-- i- i-- i-i-- i- i- c ic- i'- i-i-' i-S i-S i-S isi'- i"- C-- i-S ic- Ci'- iii'- i'- i'- i'- iii'- ii"- i-i'- i"- ii"-' i"- i"- i-i'- i- ii"- tai" iii- iii'- C-- Ci- iii- C- i- iii- i- iii- i- i- iii- i- CTCTTCT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CiCT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CiCT CT CT CT CT CT CT

C CVCd LCCCCcC- CC t} LcC.^.Ccc Cc Cc -CT CC LcCCcc Cc C-CC L'cC cCC TC -cL-(CcCCc-CiCL^,(Cc0+ CCOCCCCCCC---

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

I LE LE -6380 174 -853 -6381 175 -854 -6382 175 -855 -6383A 175 -856 -6383B 175 -865 -6472 178 -867 -6520 174 -868 -6544 182 -873 -6545 182 -879 -6565 180 -880 -6566 180 -881 -6567 180 -882 -6568 180 -885 -6616 184 -886 -6641 179 -887 A -6642 178 -888 -6695 173 -891 -6696 173 -892 -6697 173 -899 -6698 173 -900 -6702 178 -901 -6703 179 -902 -6715 173 -903 -6716 173 -913 -6717 173 -914 -6727 178 -915 -6728 178 -916 -6730 179 -921 -6732 181 -922 -6735 181 -923 -6734 181 -924 -6739 180 -936 -6740 181 -939 -6744 179 -940 -6745 179 -941 -6751 181 -948 -6752 181 -950 -6753 181 -951 -6788 174 -960 -6789 174 -961 -6790 176 -962 -6791 176 -965 -6794 177 -966 -6795 177 -967 -6846 184 -968 -6939 184 -969 -6944 173 -970 -6945 177 -975 -6946 177 -976 -6986 175 -977 -7088 176 -978 -7187 182 -980 -7188 182 -982 -7472 177 -989 -7473 177 -990 -8022 172 -992 -993 196 -963 LE -994 196 -848 193 -1004 194 -967:2 295 -1064 316 .C..It- c-- r}+-Icc cc cc icc uLch+G-fcc -OO0000QcC17- cc Cc cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc cc cc cc cc'c ccccccc c--- 17- C 17- c-C (C C 1 L- c c cc c c c 0 cc c-- c 1 CO Cc 0; CD cc 1- C cc cc c-. c.. OC cc C: : C: C: l- (C CJ CJ C O C C O C c c i c 1 1 i c c i GICf VI CVtCV I

N tili-i CVIGVcimccr}+'cc cc c-- cc C--iCVc l'diiccu d+Lcccc Lcc Cc Cc -diLcccc 1cc Cc Cc cicc dLccc i-- OCCcCcic'cccc-- cCcCL^,(CL-00O diL(... ,ccL'cLcL^,L^,Lccccccccc111-1-i-11L1cccccc000GccCCCCCCG^cc cc cc cc cc cc cc L C^^"-^^'-" - C ccC)c Jccccvccv v C)v^+0^CCc-cccccccccrv Cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc Ccc - c-c

Ncc Cc Cc Cc cc cc cc cc Cc L--Cc Cc Cc cCicc cDCVCVcCCCVLcc c-i 'ccccc-i c0c0Cccc00 00 00 00 c-- cc cc c-i CJCdicc;cc-ic-i 1-- Cp C; t--. c c c. cc OG 00 00 c-- i-- 1 c- 1 L c- i c L- c- i 1 1 cc cc c0 c9 cc 1 1- i-. 1 CJ CJ 00 0J CJ CJ C.^, - 1 1- i 1-- 1 CJ --cJ c cD i i 1 i 1 cc ^ f-

-cc Cc Cc -+cc dLccc icc Cc --c-i L^cpcc Cc Cc -cvcc }+Lcccc Cc Cc -c-i'cccc cc Cc Cc -cicc -icc c9co Cc Cc -G-fcc diL^,cc c-- cCCc ^t I- nL^,c; cccc c: ccI11L1OG00ccccccc000C;CC;000:CCCOOCCCOOCr-cc r.^ICVc-f- cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc Cc cc cc ccccccv c Ccccccc

-+,- c-- 00cL7L7c cc cc cc c- Lcc i-cc L'11ccLcc1cLcLcc1cLc'ccic1C)1c'cL^,LcLccc--' 'cL^,L^,L^, L^, Lc- cc cc [i NCO cc c-- cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c-cc cc tiy cc Cc cc L7 C: c-cCdCNL^,cc`-OCCCc-cicWL''cccc-- cc Cc Cc NLccGVcc dCc Cc 0 ` LccLcccc c- c- cccCCc -c-icLcc c-icd C + a r--IGOGGrJCnIKJG'.L'--rCrJC111LL1CCOOOOCOUCVGnG7COCC)CJCn'i- - cN"C'JC: CflC.^.CiLCCi C7, G`+ v--'f -ICVCIGVCVccci- Lcc- Lc'cicc1cc LcLc i-- cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc CC CJ C: C c--c-cL1licr c C Cc 'cc c ccccccccccccC:

1-- daCc I-- Cc c7 c^coWccic-ic Cc L L^, LcciLIIGOcc cc cc cc ---c-iCVLcccc cc d-fc0cc cc Cc Cc Cc c- Cc C O C !J 0 ---CCOOOCCcc------CC Cc ------Cc Cc '-+-r-+-OCCc Cc Cc ----- Cc Cc Cc O C O O - C- - b cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ci c-i ciGVcc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c-i cIVIcc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c-f-I',f0\fcc cc cc cc cc G-1C1c^, c^ cc c^ c^ c c c c^ cc

Lccc1cCC-cvcvcdiiccccCC-cuocC^CcdL^,cJ-C-fcL^,c-t c--cCCccicc1000`O-C-IcJ1cc - c-i CO c-icO-+ cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc Cc Cc cc Cc cc Cc - - cc cc-L--L1cccc cC;cc cCCC+CCTCCT,0ccCc ----+'-+'-----ci':I-ICVccc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc cc Cc cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc cc Cc -^^ cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc icic-ici cc cc tic- i- iccccLc- I- cI- r- I- Iccc00c icc ccccccc cccccc t-cc1c- V' V'i-- cc cc cc cc 1i-- O cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc --cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc

ti C cv cc d cc ccci \. - q cc - \CNL^,cic- cc cc cc cicc cc V 0 \ \\Q c.n n n Lci-- GOcc cicccLn,ciGO cicL cci00ccNWc-cc0Ji-uc \dicccccccccc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc d L; L.L,L- L ^ i-- iclc- r \ '-+ c^ c cicfcicidd -ciccL^,cccccccft-.--1 li- ccOOO ci }+ L ct cI cI GV cI cI cc cc cc cc cc I- 1--I GPI 1 1 1 I I I 1 i I I I I I I t I 1 I I I 1 1 I I I - cf cI c1 cf Ci I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 I I I i I 1 I I I -- I I I I 1 I C ------I -I -I - - --1 I

ii-000G00-Ln,OCC cicc cc Chcc cc Ic- cc cc cc -cvcvcrccrc}+d cc cc GVci ccncnccc c: cc carcdci cc- rN cicc cc cc cc cc ccic- cc dacid- d cc cucvci ci cicc ciciGetcicfcc cc cc cc cc cc cc cicc cc cc t `d ddc%GPIcIGPIcf CSIWddih did --c-i GPI ic-+M cc cc cc c cc cc c^ c c^ c c cc c i cc c cc c c cc cc c cc +c cc +c c 1c c c c c c /c c c cc c c c c c c c c c c cc c cc c c c i

U U c c d V ci d c c c c l J cc .L c c c c c c c c - cicfc-c i-cc cc -cvcicc L^cc f-I-cc cc cc -cicc cc cc -cvcc tcccc cc iccc cc cvcccc cc I- Ii- cc0- c1 Loci-cccO-ci-iiGOOc^cOCOCQC------"------CVCfC(c}"L^,L^,LLrLif.dicicccccc I-ic- i- cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ccccccccccccccccccccccCOCOCOOCCCCOCCCcccccccccccOCOOCCCCO cc cc I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I i I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I ------r-,------,------I 1 -1------I 1 1 I I I I -----I 1 1 I I

fic- cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cpcccc --- Lcciciicc r'cLc cc cc cc cicc cc cicc cc cc dcc cfdicc cc cc dcc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc d+c- I` ®OOcOoOCCOCCOO cicc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ciGPICSIcc cc dGPIcc GPIcicicc cc CSIcc cc GPIcc clcicICSId"cc cc cc cc cc cc cc diGPIcf cJcvcfcicicicf ciGPIcicIciGPIci cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc

Cc di ti c Q p c c c c d c c d o c c c c c c c c c c ci c c N n)Lc-c^GOc OcccclOGcc-cc C Ln,L-^Idir}'-d"C G7OdL CcOCJI"L^,OOdiCC C^iGGv Od C: iO-CIc^-did C OO c O C------c-iCVCI / cicccTcc /cccc /dpi di dTi 1'1 V' CTVi 11 cMLL^/(W / U j V J U J V i V` /CVGTI/Cf - 1 1 W W VJ W W W W W V 1 V 1 V/ V 1 V/ V 1 1 1 1 I V V - V V V V 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I I 1 I I I I WI I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I I V V/ V V C V --- I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I ------J 1 I

ccccncccccc pp-CcCicdGQOCf--hGVGf--*-cccda cc crc--dGfGfGICGc-QO-LLGIdddad OCCCO cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ci-iic cic-ic-ic!c-i cccccccccccccc ccccccc CSIc0000 c-IGV

H ci O cfi-- vcc-cccccdc-ccfcccccft+ci UO cch C-C iG^-IGOCOiGG-cc L`O-cIC - cc - Gccc--I LioOG'cOfC9ic Lr d'iGOC,OOOOC--cc cad LIcGO C1OOcc

--c-iciCV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I (----c1CVdhdLrI I 1 I 1 1 1 r-+-r-- i I cccOCccccccccccC`---r,,-'-I I I I I 1 --,-I I I I ,----! I I ! I ! ! ! C cc cc Cc dd'++u0001iCSCIzIIr1c00000GVCf';ccCldicdC`cCC;6G,C`CIcc;c: cicc cc c) c) G cc cc cc cc m i c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc-CcC<)Ccccc^cc)cic r., r, ,may r.., ,., ,,--w cc cccc cccc cicccc Cc0) Cc- cico ,. , , , i

'd'i C+ / i ' L^ L' Cc U C, O GPI L -cfCcOCidcccccclccccccccccccDldG1Cfd CCcKc000C,--+l i LcIcccccccc c-I U i-I--ci-- ccccccccccc--ccccccccc000-ccccc--r-r--Icici ci -+ -- c Cc; Cc? cc; Cc; C- cc c co cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ac cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c cc cc -- -- - r+ r- - -- C I cc c c^ , c^ c -

cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc 'cc Lccc- -ci- cccccc'ccccc cccccc G-cccccclnic-Ir--iccccccvciciciccicicic 1cicic cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc Cc Cc ccccccccccccccccc

G G-(ic c cccccccc c- ccccccccc - c-Iic c LCcc- r0Lc cVGii-icccLccc - cccc Ctd E..{LGOCGcVcdLCCiOCGCGGGGGGGGG-i------r--ICICVGf1citic-ic- Vc-ccccv- L-LcLCcccccci- ci c 00ccccccc)cccccccccccc- -1- - ---" - cccccccc

-ccc-f LCOCcCCCflCcCOcpc; 1ii1i1000QOOGGcOCGCOQQ000CCOCOc -- --.cc^-cflccc - -r;cc cccc- LcL-LcLcLcLcLc1ccc1cLc-cc- ^ cc cc o ccccccc- Lc cc Lccc cc cc Lr cc ccccc cc cc ccL-c cc cc 1c cc li L1-Lclcc c cc c cc cc ccccc cc ct7cccc ccc cc cc CCcc CC)CCCC)Cc-CC)CC)Cccc cc Cc cc cc cf;ccc CcCcc cc')cccccccc ccccccc ccc ccc ccc ccc ccccc C

Qc cci-cccc p cicvcvcicc G cc cc -c-icc cc Lccc c-cc cc -c-icc cc cc-cc 1- cc cc ci c-c1- ciccLcccccG c-- cLccci- cccccc-ccc - c`icccccl-c: cccGCc 1- 1-- c- 1- 1- cc -cc ccccc - cvicvCVcc- ccccccccc- C cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c cflcccccc: cc cc 1-1- L-1-

ic -ic-[-IcV ccc c-c- Lcccccccc ccccccic^!CO c-i ci GGGGccc cccccccdicc-icfcccici GccGGGGGGGGGGGGCCOGGccGGccGOGG-- - L^L^cc--- cccc cc c-Lr;LcL^cc-cc-L-- cc-- cc-,Lccc-- cccc- ccL^,L^LccccccL-Lc-cc-c7- cc cc cc cc Cn cc cc cc cc i ..i -- -- -i -y -i -- -ti -i -i ,- -- -ti -1 - c cc cc cc) Cc cc cc cc cc cc cc, c cc cc cc c c cc c c c

--c1c ccc)Lc-cclccccc+cc-cccc--cIcccccccccc-+ciccccc 1CCG-+cidiLcc100iIo06GcL^cLloc--cc)L,-- cc cc cc c- I` L- L- L- L- cccc -i ciciccccccccccccccc-cc ccccccccccccccccccc1- Ccccc r-c-ic-icicv-i-icV-icVL-Lc Cc) Cc C cc Cn r C cc Cc i CV ci ci -c Cc Cc C C^ G Cr C c C^ Cci Cc- C C^ G C C C e Ch CT CT CT CT CT 1-+LO1_^,CJ1-ILL Ti CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CT CT CT d+ CT CT CCTIC CT M,CTI Cr]C CK)K)(CCCf--ct+ Ti- Ti- Ti- Ti- Ti- Ti- Ti- TI-- dd CnCTCTC(CTCnCTCTCTCTCTt- t- t- C)ccccncChC(CTTCTTTTCTC`I( C(C(C( CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT TCT CT CfCT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CfCT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT Ct

O--CTCT L7 CDL-CC LCOCLCC~.iLCINLryCJLOCJI000r diNh+dididddd"di» CCJT--C^CCCI--+C^1iCCTdL^ -Ti-C -CfCfCfdt* Q diTIC- rUCDTi-1---1---t---I---CC000OOCCCCdCIGOGCfGh1N CJ CJ CJ L L UJ L' .^. L L CJ c iM i.^, C^. Ur GG 1-- 1-- 1--a --+ I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 1 C 00 C C C C, .-i .-i r; .- I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1 --I --I 1 --I I 1 ------Cf 1 1 I 1 I 1 I --I I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 - I I 1

1--ICTTTC CT CT CT TIC 1t LC I-C »LCTi-t-L- II- Ti- Ti- t- TI-- Ti- T-CTICL101ICLCLCL( TIC LOLC L- t- Ti- L- I-CCTCT CT CT CT CT fI-- Ti- TI- 1I-- Ti- 1I- Ti- TI-- r- -- --r /-- Ti- Ti- Ti'- Ti- TI-- fI Ti- 11- Ti- Ti- -- - CCCCCT M M M M M M M M C^--r M1 -- -- Ti- TI-- Ti- T- CT CT C- C C-I C 1,`I CT C CT CT C CT CT CV CT CT CTV CT CT CT C C CT C C C CT C CT CT CT CT CT V V CT CT V/-- ^ r C V -C CT /V V CT C / V C C C C

CfC:dL7CJf000d!';LIUCOI-+Cl}+L7C01OOCOCfc^LCCIo0001-+CVditoOCOCI,1--CIcN1cJ1o0COcJioOC> CCCCLCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCOOOOC-r-L(TI ICCCCCdCT..I -CCCTC LLLOLL^ LL^,LCL^,Lr L10u1C TI LCLuL:LLL1LLLCDCJ000OCOCvCOCCCJCOCDCCCDCJCJCpCpCQCOCOCCOC.CD000 I 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I

CCCC ------I---CfCI CTTTCC CC CC C -+--CO-CCCCCTTTTTCd+d++}+t+-TT-.aCCT CT - *-ICT CT CT CT CI-r------CT CT CT CT CT CT -CT CT CT CT --CT CT CT CT -CT - CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT -----'-+'-+1--+--,-+t- Ti- Ti- CT CfT'CIC(C-I CITCfTCIT------r-+--I--+r-+1-+-1--+-1-+r-+--,-11-,------CTTCICITCfClCdTCfC!TTCTC^TCTTi- 1`Ti-

C-TTCC- CT CT CCC-TCCCC-CTCT CJCCC CTCT C CC-CTCT -CTCC;c}+L000- cc CT CT Ti 1000CCCCGGOCpCCC CCCG CC C,G CCOOCCCCCO--1--+'----1---I--I--TCITTTCL^,- LCCJCD d d d d1 LPL^L^,L1f1tLrJ L71fLLLLL7LLL^, TI 1 I I I 1 I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I LLLLL1C1SLLrI I 1iLL111()LLr C I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 C}' I 1 I I I I 1

C1- Ti- CC CC CC1- i-1'-- C CCCCCCCCCCCCTCUCCC- C CT CTCCC1- Ti- CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT - r-I r--i .-a r-i .-r .-a r-+ 1--I CCCCCC(COCCCC(CCCCT CCCC -'-I -rl --I--I -1--I Cf CI CT N CJ CJ CT CT CV CT '-; CT CT CT -i r- r- I *- r-I '- CT T T T T CT T T CI CT CT CI CT r-+ -I r-+ r--1 r--I r--I 1-1 1--, ------f CT CT ------r-i C T - - - - - r - T T T CI T T T CI T T T T T T CT d CJ10^+cCc}+LCDId OCJ1c0 OCITd'LOC^1CC 1--Cf+CC1o0G OdiLCOIcCO-+CfCd'1c01000CfCd C1000 CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT Ti- Ti- Ti- Ti- CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CCCCCCCCC CCD CCCOCO'-+I--+-r-+-1--,1--,...,1-,-CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT

I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 , ! Index 397

Sample Page Sample no. no. no.

UN UN WIS -205 224 -316 -213 236 -317 -214 236 -321 -215 236 -32? -216 223 -333 -217 223 -334 -218 223 -336 -219 236 -337 -220 237 -338 -222 223 -697 -223 224 `'RI -224 224 -328 -225 237 -342 -226 237 -343 -231 237 -346 -232 238 -355 -233 225 -356 -234 225 -357 -239 238 -358 -244 238 -360 -245 238 -361 -246 238 -362 127 -247 238 -363 127 -248 238 -364 -253 230 -373 -254 230 -382 -255 230 -390 130 -260 229 -394 -261 229 -400 -262 229 -401 -267 235 -402 -268 235 -403 132 -269 235 -405 132 -270 237 -406 -271 237 -408 -282 226 -410 -283 230 -411 -284 230 -412 141 -285 230 -413 -287 226 -414 -290 224 -418 -291 226 -419 -292 226 -420 -297 230 -421 -298 230 -424 -300 225 -425 -301 225 -426 -302 230 -427 -303 231 -428 -304 225 -434 -305 225 -442 -306 226 -450 -307 226 -451 143 -308 226 -744 -310 233 WIS -311 233 -73 144 -312 233 -222 -314 233 -618 144 -315 233 -623 144 398 Index

Sample Page Sample Page Sample Page Sample Page no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no.

wsU WSU WSU WSU -1445S1 146 -1451S 145 146 146 146 -1453 146 -1454 146 147 146 147 146 -1457 145 -1464 147

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