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Obsessing About the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Diane Hoeveler Marquette University, [email protected]
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette English Faculty Research and Publications English, Department of 1-1-2012 Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Diane Hoeveler Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. "Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature," in L'obsession à l'œuvre: littérature, cinéma et société en Grande-Bretagne. Eds. Jean- François Baiollon and Paul Veyret. Bourdeaux: CLIMAS, 2012: 15-32. Publisher Link. © 2012 CLIMAS. Used with permission. Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Perhaps it was totally predictable that the past year has seen both the publication of a major book by Lennard Davis entitled Obsession!, as well as a new two player board game called "Obsession" in which one player wins by moving his ten rings along numbered slots. Interest in obsession, it would seem, is everywhere in high and low cultures. For Davis, obsession is both a cultural manifestation of what modernity has wrought, and a psychoanalytical phenomenon: in fact, he defines it as a recurring thought whose content has become disconnected from its original significance causing the dominance of repetitive mental intrusions (Davis 6). Recent studies have revealed that there are five broad categories of obsession: dirt and contamination, aggression, the placing of inanimate objects in order, sex, and finally religion2 Another recent study, however, claims that obsessive thoughts generally center on three main themes: the aggressive, the sexual, or the blasphemous (qtd. Davis 9). It is that last category - the blasphemous - that I think emerges in British gothic literature of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly as seen in the persistent anti-Catholicism that plays such a central role in so many of those works (Radcliffe's The italian, Lewis's The Monk, and Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer being only the most obvious). -
Illuminati Conspiracy Part One: a Precise Exegesis on the Available Evidence
http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/NWO/Illuminati.htm Illuminati Conspiracy Part One: A Precise Exegesis on the Available Evidence - by Terry Melanson, Aug. 5th, 2005 Illuminati Conspiracy Part Two: Sniffing out Jesuits A Metaprogrammer at the Door of Chapel Perilous In the literature that concerns the Illuminati relentless speculation abounds. No other secret society in recent history - with the exception of Freemasonry - has generated as much legend, hysteria, and disinformation. I first became aware of the the Illuminati about 14 years ago. Shortly thereafter I read a book, written by Robert Anton Wilson, called Cosmic Trigger: Final Secret of the Illuminati. Wilson published it in 1977 but his opening remarks on the subject still ring true today: Briefly, the background of the Bavarian Illuminati puzzle is this. On May 1, 1776, in Bavaria, Dr. Adam Weishaupt, a professor of Canon Law at Ingolstadt University and a former Jesuit, formed a secret society called the Order of the Illuminati within the existing Masonic lodges of Germany. Since Masonry is itself a secret society, the Illuminati was a secret society within a secret society, a mystery inside a mystery, so to say. In 1785 the Illuminati were suppressed by the Bavarian government for allegedly plotting to overthrow all the kings in Europe and the Pope to boot. This much is generally agreed upon by all historians. 1 Everything else is a matter of heated, and sometimes fetid, controversy. It has been claimed that Dr. Weishaupt was an atheist, a Cabalistic magician, a rationalist, a mystic; a democrat, a socialist, an anarchist, a fascist; a Machiavellian amoralist, an alchemist, a totalitarian and an "enthusiastic philanthropist." (The last was the verdict of Thomas Jefferson, by the way.) The Illuminati have also been credited with managing the French and American revolutions behind the scenes, taking over the world, being the brains behind Communism, continuing underground up to the 1970s, secretly worshipping the Devil, and mopery with intent to gawk. -
The Political Life of Edmund Burke
INTRODUCTION 1 Empire and Revolution Th is is a book about the vicissitudes of empire and revolution as confronted by one of the leading political intellects of the eighteenth century. Th e confrontation was complicated in a number of distinct ways. In the fi rst place the term “revolution” had a range of meanings. At its simplest it could denominate a change in the system of government. Yet it could also cover resistance to an established political order lead- ing to the creation of a new regime. Finally it could refer to the subversion of govern- ment along with the various liberties it was supposed to protect. Over the course of his life, Edmund Burke defended revolution in the fi rst two senses although he ardently set himself against the third. But while he supported the rights of legitimate rebellion, he also consistently upheld the authority of empire. However, the picture here was again a complex one. Burke cherished the rights of British imperial sover- eignty, yet he vehemently opposed the standing policies of the Empire. Underlying this apparent ambivalence was a commitment to the rights of conquest accompanied by a repudiation of the “spirit of conquest.” Th is referred to the attitude of usur- pation that Burke believed had characterised European governments in the gothic past. Although governments of the kind had their origins in expropriation, they had gradually accommodated the “spirit of liberty.” Nonetheless, modern liberty for Burke was a precarious achievement. It was capable of relapsing into the spirit of domination, not least in its interactions with the extra- European world. -
DENOUNCING the ENLIGHTENMENT by MEANS of a CONSPIRACY THESIS Gochhausens Enthullung Der Weltburgerrepublik
Sisko Haikala DENOUNCING THE ENLIGHTENMENT BY MEANS OF A CONSPIRACY THESIS Gochhausens Enthullung der Weltburgerrepublik I rnst August Anton von Gochhausen's initially anonymous EEnthilllung der Weltburgerrepublik (Exposure of the Cosmopolitan Republic, 1786), with its theses on a "cosmopolitan conspiracy" which threatened the established political and religious order, is a notewor thy illustration of the rise of conspiracy thinking in the political cul ture of the late Enlightenment. Conspiracy theories generally emerge in times of crisis when scapegoats and monocausal explanations for problems and disasters at hand are searched for. They belong to irra tional elements in the history of thought and do not seem to fit into the picture of the 'Age of Reason'. However, signs of a crisis within the Enlightenment and illustrations of a growing awareness of the existence of such a crisis were visible in late eighteenth-century Eu rope well before the outbreak of the French Revolution. This crisis followed from conflicts between traditional and novel norms and 96 DENOUNCING THE ENLIGHTENMENT BY MEANS OF A CONSPIRACY THESIS from disappointment at progress in the Enlightenment which was sometimes seen as excessively slow, sometimes as excessively fast, sometimes as going astray. Divisions among the Enlighteners into various radical and moderate groups emerged, and a considerable rise in Counter-Enlightenment thought occurred. Such developments were reflections of accelerating processes of politicization. Unlike stereotypical interpretations of the German Enlightenment as an es sentially non-political movement suggest, an ideological polariza tion and a connected rivalry for dominance of public opinion was also taking place within German public discourse well before the beginning of the French Revolution. -
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journal of jesuit studies 5 (2018) 54-70 brill.com/jjs Father Włodzimierz Ledóchowski (1866–1942): Driving Force behind Papal Anti-Communism during the Interwar Period Philippe Chenaux Pontifical Lateran University [email protected] Abstract Włodzimierz Ledóchowski, superior general of the Society of Jesus, wielded great in- fluence in the battle against Communism. His belief that there was a link of some degree between Jews and Communism, his work to establish a secretariat in Rome to counter atheistic Communism, and his influence in the development of the papal encyclical, Divini redemptoris, are explored in this article. Convinced that the Russian Revolution was a satanic force out to eradicate Christian society, Ledóchowski made it his life’s work to expose the lies and threats of Bolshevism, culminating in his pen- ultimate Congregation (in 1938) where the superior general discussed techniques that could be used to combat the spread of Communism. Keywords Communism – Bolshevism – anti-Semitism – Jesuit superior general – Włodzimierz Ledóchowski – Divini redemptoris Father Włodzimierz Ledóchowski (1866–1942), elected twenty-sixth supe- rior general of the Jesuits on February 11, 1915, was undoubtedly a key, and controversial, figure in the modern history of the Society of Jesus.1 He was 1 As no true biography exists, please refer to Giacomo Martina’s biographical notes: “Ledóchowski (Wlodimir), général de la Compagnie de Jésus (1866–1942),” in Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. Roger Aubert and Luc Courtois, Fascicule 180: Le Couëdic-Le Hunsec (Paris: Letouzey & Ané, 2010), 54–62, and biographical information by © chenaux, 2018 | doi 10.1163/22141332-00501004 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC license at the time of publication. -
Edinburgh University Library Handlist of Manuscripts
H21 The Dashkov medals Reference Code GB 237 Coll-21 Shelfmark or location Medals No. 119 In 1777 Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova Dashkova arrived in Scotland with her son Paul (Pavel Mikhailovich Dashkov). Her son immediately began studies at Edinburgh University, and in 1779 the Princess, still resident in Edinburgh, gave a collection of Russian commemorative medals to mark the occasion of the graduation of Paul as a Master of Arts. The medals, over 150 in number and all made of copper, were entrusted first to Professor John Robison, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, who was instructed to make a catalogue of them. In the early 1770s, Robison had very briefly held the Chair of Mathematics in the Imperial Naval Cadet Corps at Kronstadt, where he had been given the rank of Colonel. The medals were only handed back to the University after Robison's death in 1805. If a catalogue was ever made by Robison it did not survive, and a proper catalogue of the collection still has to be compiled. Some of the medals show rulers of Russia, military figures, statesmen, events of the reign of Peter the Great. Others mark events such as coronations, accessions, marriages and deaths of Russian rulers. Imperial institutions are commemorated, as are cities and buildings of the Russian empire. Dashkova Medals: interim list Number Short title Description Diameter (mm) Material Notes DM/1 Andrei Alexandrovich Andrei Alexandrovich (1281-1304). 39 mm copper Language: Russian Obverse: bust of Dimitri Ivanovich. Reverse: Russian inscription. -
The Glasgow School in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 219
CHAPTERXIV THE GLASGOWSCHOOLIN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ONE of the most important steps in connection with the clevelopment of the Glasgow Medical School was the foundation of a hospital where clinical teaching could take place. Glasgow, in 1712, was a small burgh with a population of 14,000, CLASGOW ROYAL INFIRMARY IN 1861 The original Adams building (medical house) is to tlie front; the fever-house. (later surgical) to tlie right : and the newly-erected surgical block to tlie rear. Lister's Wards are those on either side of the door in tlie rear building: tlie male ward on the ground floor, to the left, and the female ward on the first floor up. to the right but during the 18th century, in consequence of the development of trade with the ~merican'colonies, the population rose rapidly, and in 1801 had reached 83,000, while thirty years later h still more rapid rise brought the number of inhabitants 218 HISTORY OF SCOTTISH MEDICINE -- -- -- - - - ------ ---.- of the city and its suburbs to about 200,000 in the year 1831. Situated in the Old Green, the Town's Hospital, which corresponded very much to a modern workhouse, subserved the needs of the city in the early part of the 18th century. A movement, begun in 1787, to provide a general hospital, which was an indis- pensable adjunct to a medical school, took shape, so that in December, 1794, the Royal Infirmary was formally opened for the reception of patients. The sitc of this hospital was that of the old Archbishop's Castle, adjoining the Cathedral and close to the University buildings in the High Street, and, as originally built, its capacity was for 150 patients.l The Western Infirmary was not inaugurated until 1874, when another hospital became necessary, partly because of the increase of the population in the city and partly because of the migration of the University to Gilmorehill in the western part of Glasgow. -
The History of Freemasonry and Its Influence on Conspiracy Culture in the United States
Ouachita Baptist University Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita Scholars Day Conference Virtual Scholars Day 2020 May 1st, 12:00 AM Meeters in Secret: The History of Freemasonry and Its Influence on Conspiracy Culture in the United States Emily McGee Ouachita Baptist University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/scholars_day_conference Part of the History Commons McGee, Emily, "Meeters in Secret: The History of Freemasonry and Its Influence on Conspiracy Culture in the United States" (2020). Scholars Day Conference. 28. https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/scholars_day_conference/2020/honors_theses/28 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Carl Goodson Honors Program at Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholars Day Conference by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emily McGee “Meeters in Secret:” The History of Freemasonry and Its Influence on Conspiracy Culture in the United States May 5, 2020 McGee 1 Introduction George Washington. Theodore Roosevelt. John Wayne. Henry Ford. Booker T. Washington. Mark Twain. Lewis and Clark. Harry Houdini. Buzz Aldrin. The names, initially, seem to have no correlation. These men come from different centuries and economic backgrounds. They are presidents, authors, entertainers, inventors, and adventurers. They are important symbols of American culture, but their connection reaches deeper even than that. All of the men listed above, and countless others, were part of the Freemason Society. For some, this might be a shocking revelation, but, for others, this may not be surprising. Freemasons have permeated American politics and popular culture since its creation. -
John Grieve's Correspondence with Joseph Black and Some Contemporaneous Russo-Scottish Medical Intercommunication
Medical History, 1985, 29: 401-413 JOHN GRIEVE'S CORRESPONDENCE WITH JOSEPH BLACK AND SOME CONTEMPORANEOUS RUSSO-SCOTTISH MEDICAL INTERCOMMUNICATION by JOHN H. APPLEBY* On 28 January 1783, Joseph Black, professor of medicine and chemistry at Edinburgh Univeristy, and William Robertson, its principal, were elected honorary foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In May of that year, John Grieve, a Scottish doctor returning to Britain from service with the Russian army, wrote from Riga, as "a scholar to his old master", to inform Black of arrangements for delivering the Academy's diploma, which he conveyed as far as London.' To understand the context of their subsequent correspondence and the development of Russo-Scottish medical intercommunication, a brief outline of relevant contacts between the two countries is necessary. In July 1762, a revolution occurred in Russia: Peter III, the feeble-minded tsar, was murdered at the instigation of his wife Catherine, who succeeded to the throne. Scottish doctors, through introductions and family connexions, had made their presence strongly felt in Russian medical life. One of them, James Mounsey, the late tsar's senior physician and director ofthe country's entire medical services, prudently chose to retire to Scotland at this juncture, on health grounds. Evidently, the situation had soon stabilized, for in September 1766, John Rogerson, whose mother was Mounsey's half-sister, arrived in Russia recommended by Mounsey. Licensed to practise, Rogerson was appointed court physician in 1769. In the next year, John Robison, relinquishing his lectureship in chemistry at Glasgow University, accompanied Admiral Sir Charles Knowles to Russia, to take up a post at the Imperial Sea Cadet Corps of Nobles-possibly escorted by another Scottish doctor, Matthew Guthrie, who was returning to St Petersburg with an MD diploma from St Andrews University. -
Darrin M. Mcmahon. Enemies of the Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001
Darrin M. McMahon. Enemies of the Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xii + 262 pp. $35.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-19-513685-2. Reviewed by Richard A. Lebrun Published on H-Catholic (January, 2002) Self-consciously approaching the subject from As McMahon points out in his Introduction, the context of our contemporary world, which ap‐ the "enemies of the Enlightenment" have received pears to be doing its best to mock "the Enlighten‐ relatively little attention from historians. R.R. ment assumption that the 'darkness of fanaticism' Palmer, in his classic 1939 study Catholics and would naturally give way to the 'light of reason'" Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France which (p. ix), Darrin McMahon's study of the "culture McMahon cites, had observed "that the thought of wars" between the French philosophes and their the Age of Enlightenment, more than that of any enemies before, during, and after the French Rev‐ equally important period in modern history, has olution makes two important contributions to our been studied from writings which express only understanding of the Enlightenment, the French one side of the question" (p. 8). Until recently, Revolution, and our contemporary situation. In Palmer's assertion still held true. It was only in the frst place, McMahon provides an exceptional‐ 1973 that Isaiah Berlin gave the term "Counter-En‐ ly comprehensive and balanced account of the lightenment" common currency.[1] Palmer's ac‐ "anti-philosophes," their concerns, their writings, count, however, was selective and incomplete, and their political activities. Secondly, his way of and focused entirely on the "men of ability," thus, looking at the dynamics of cultural cleavage as a in McMahon's words, "occluding the radical rage profoundly dialectical process helps make intelli‐ and vehemency that moved a great many of the gible the rhetorical violence of the clash between Enlightenment's opponents" (p. -
Secret Societies
by Jaap Kloosterman Attempts to circumscribe our topic are naturally hampered by the fact that secrecy is a many-sided thing. The expression "secret societies" evokes a Wittgensteinian family resemblance of a great variety of organisations with all sorts of similarities, yet not a sin- gle feature common to all. As a result, most existing definitions are accompanied by abundant provisos, qualifications, and excep- tions. For a historical survey, the easiest way to get a grasp of the subject is first to trace the history of the term. Then we shall look in turn at the two sides of the secret society: Its bringing together of men who are hiding something. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Birth of a Concept: Secret Societies During the 18th Century 2. Expansion: Secret Societies Outside Europe 3. The Age of Associations: Secret Societies in the 19th Century 4. Webs of Deceit: Internal Structures and Cooperations 5. Ways of Hiding: Associations and Their Strategies 6. Towards the Margins: Secret Societies After 1900 7. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Indices Citation This contribution will approach its elusive subject by first looking at the emergence of the expression "secret societies" in publica- tions of the 18th century. This will then allow us to discuss the different social phenomena the term referred to at the time, in order to move on to their functions and development up to the 20th century. The expression "secret societies" in its alliterative and often plural form – also found in French (sociétés secrètes) and German (geheime Gesellschaften) – dates back to the final quarter of the European 18th century. -
Latin Scientific Poetry Under the Shadow of the Jesuit Suppression
Yasmin Haskell Latin Scientific Poetry under the Shadow of the Jesuit Suppression During their “long Suppression” (ca. 1755–1814) Jesuits recorded their emo- tional responses to the unfolding crisis and its aftermath: anxiety, bewilder- ment, indignation and dejection as priests and seminarians were expelled from Portugal, France, Spain and their overseas missions; shattering psychic shock as the papal brief “Dominus ac Redemptor” brought the curtain down on the Old Society in 1773; and, ultimately, dogged hope for the resurrection of their order. It is significant that many Jesuits continued to navigate this turbulent his- tory in the Latin language, which seems to have served not just as a professional but also an emotional life-raft for them. The Latin literature of the Suppression, still largely unexplored, includes letters, diaries and histories in prose, devo- tional poems and allegorical elegies and epics celebrating the Society’sheroic past and, in at least one case, prophesying its rebirth. Nikodemus Musnicki’s De Christi ab inferis reditu [On Christ’s return from hell] (1805) is an allegory for the “death” of the Society which looks forward to its “resurrection”.1 The sufferings and survival of the Society are also celebrated in the Heroum libri iv by sup- pressed Portuguese Jesuit, Emanuel de Azevedo, a Virgilian poem about the ex- pulsion of the Jesuits from Ibero-America (the collective heroes of the title) and their journey to Italy. The classical subtext transforms the dishonour of the Suppression (which parallels the Fall of Troy) into a divinely-dictated ordeal; “destination Italy” naturally carries the implicit promise of a new and more glori- ous empire to come.