LTE, LTE-Advanced and Road Towards IMT 2020 (5G)
Syed Ismail Shah, PhD Chairman, PTA and Contact: [email protected]
Create a fair regulatory regime to promote investment, encourage competition, protect consumer interest and ensure high quality ICT services. Introduction (1) • Policies and regulations have a long term implication on the economy and the technological roadmap of a country
• Cell systems are the most common way for people to communicate and access the internet, therefore, information about them Introduction (2) • In the area of cellular wireless communication, policy makers have made mistakes due to lack of understanding of the latest technologies and its evolution
• Examples include: – Allocating spectrum according to a particular technology – Non-futuristic allocation of spectrum – Regulations/Policies that restricts technology – Allocating the same band of spectrum for different technologies Introduction (3)
• There is a paradigm shift from voice centric to data centric applications and technologies
• Some key technologies that are at center of this shift are the Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced and 5G technologies
• LTE is based on packet switched technology and will support all forms of electronic communication, i.e., voice, data and video (unicast, multicast as well as broadcast) First Generation Systems
Cellular concept emerges in early 1970s. Cellular technology allows frequency-reuse. With this we need to have Handoff (handover) In 1G we had analog voice but Control Link was digital
5 Examples of First Generation Cellular Systems (FDMA based) 1) Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 2) Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) 3) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NAMPS) 4) European Total Access System (ETACS) 5) Japanese TACS (JTACS) 6) Nippon Telephone and Telegram (NTT) 7) Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
6 First Generation – AMPS and European Total Access Cellular System (ETACS)
Parameter AMPS ETACS Multiple Access FDMA FDMA Duplexing FDD FDD Channel Bandwidth 30kHz 25kHz Traffic Channel per RF Channel 1 1
Reverse Channel Frequency 824 – 849 MHz 890 – 915 MHz Forward Channel Frequency 869 – 894 MHz 935 – 960 MHz Voice Modulation FM FM Peak Deviation: Voice Channels ± 12 kHz ± 10 kHz Control/Wideband Data ± 8 kHz ± 6.4 kHz Channel Coding for Data BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on BCH(40,28) on FC/BCH(48,36) on Transmission RC RC Data Rate on Control channel 10kbps 8kbps Spectral Efficiency 0.33 bps/Hz 0.33 bps/Hz Number of Channels 832 1000 7 Digital Communication: Transmitter
From Other Channels
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Analog to Source Encrypt Multiplex Digital Encode Analog Converter Bits Encoded Bits Encrypted input Data 0 1 1 0 1 Multiplexed 0 1 0 1 0 Data 1 0 1 0 1 Pulse Channel Scrambled Digital Bandpass modulated Encoded data waveform waveform Data Bandpass Bit to Sym. & Channel modulate Pulse Encode Scrambler Modulate
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
8 Reference: Digital Communication: Fundamentals and Applications by B. Sklar Digital Communication: Receiver
Digital Bandpass Digital Channel waveform Baseband Bits Decoded waveform Equalizer, Data De-modulate Channel Timing and De-scramble Decode Sym. to Bits 0 1 1 0 1
Descrambled Bits 1 0 0 0 1
Source Decrypted De- Decoded Bits multiplexed Bits Source Bits D/A De- Multiplex Analog Decode Decrypt 1 0 1 1 0 output 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 To other Channels 9 Reference: Digital Communication: Fundamentals and Applications by B. Sklar Second Generation Cellular Systems (TDMA and CDMA based) 1) GSM (Global System for Mobile) 2) PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) 3) PHS (Personal Handy System) 4) DAMPS (Digital AMPS) 5) CDMAone (IS-95) 6) Personal Communication System (PCS)-1900 (IS- 136)
10 Second Generation – IS136/CDMA/GSM
Parameter IS-136 IS-95 GSM Multiple Access TDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD TDMA/FDD Modulation π/4 DQPSK BPSK GMSK Channel Bandwidth 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 kHz Reverse Channel 824 – 849 MHz 824 – 849 MHz 890 – 915 MHz Frequency Band 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Forward Channel 869 – 894 MHz 869 – 894 MHz 935 – 960 MHz Frequency Band 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz 1.85 – 1.99 GHz Channel Data Rate 48.6 kbps 1.2288 Mcps 270.83 kbps Carrier Spacing 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 200 KHz Speech Coding VSELP(Vector Sum CELP RPE-LTP excited linear prediction) Users per carrier 3 variable 8
11 Evolution to 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks (data-centric)
1. High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) for GSM
2. GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
3. EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
4. IS95B and CDMA2000 1x
12 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
13 Enhanced Data for Global Evolution (EDGE) • EDGE uses 8PSK as opposed to GMSK as a modulation scheme. Essentially squeezing in more data in the available bandwidth. • Data rates closer to 3G. Intended to be used by operators who don’t have a 3G license but wish to deliver higher data rates. • Requires all the radio cards in the existing GSM/GPRS network to be replaced. • Expensive solution to obtain similar data rates to the lowest expected 3G performance. • Raw data rate using one GSM carrier can go up to 547.2 kbps (practical 384 kbps)
14 IS 95 B and CDMA2000 1x • The 2.5 G Evolution of IS95 A. • Uses extra codes for increased data rates • Data Rates upto 115.2 kbps • Easy upgrade to CDMA2000 • Intermediate steps to 3G: – CDMA2000 1x, Release 0: Data rates of up to 153.6kbps – CDMA2000 1x, Release A: Data rates of up to 307.2 kbps
15 IMT-2000 (3G)
• The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the key requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) services. • These requirements were that the system should support data rates of: • 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments • 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments •144 kbps in wide area mobile environments • IMT-2000 is more commonly known as… 3G.
16 https://www.4ghs.com/4ghs-network-information Evolution of Cell Phones
Reference: http://i.imgur.com/AEVBk.png Evolution of Cellular Networks
Reference: http:// http://electronicdesign.com/content/evolution-lte https://i0.wp.com/www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1649.gif Evolution 3G and 4G LTE
https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/the-evolution-of-mobile-technologies-1g-to-2g-to-3g-to-4g-lte.pdf 20 Releases 13 and Beyond
http://www.3gpp.org/specifications/67-releases Technical Aspects of LTE Comparison of 1G,2G/3G and LTE Architecture
http://sunilmobiletelecom.blogspot.com/2013/02/network-architecture-evolution-1g-to-4g.html 23 https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Documents/Events/2015/August-MTV/S3A_Scott_Minehane.pdf Multiple Access Schemes
• FDMA • TDMA • CDMA • In LTE we have OFDMA and also MIMO FDM vs. OFDM
http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/eee/performance-analysis-of-ieee-802- 16d-system-using-different-modulation-scheme-under-sui-channel-with-fec.html 26 LTE-Downlink (OFDM)
• Improved spectral efficiency • Reduce ISI effect by multipath • Against frequency selective fading
http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/eee/performance-analysis-of-ieee-802-16d-system-using-different-modulation- 27 scheme-under-sui-channel-with-fec.html OFDM: Motivation
Reference: http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/bitstream/1860/616/8/Chen_Wei.pdf Multicarrier Modulation
Reference: http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/bitstream/1860/616/8/Chen_Wei.pdf Carrier Modulation Multi-Carrier Modulation
https://www.ice.rwth-aachen.de/research/algorithms-projects/ofdm/ofdm-and-the-orthogonality-principle/ Unmodulated Subcarriers Orthogonal Subcarriers
Unmodulated Sub-Carriers 1
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If add the above mentioned signal over the whole duration sum = 0 First Carrier Multiplied by the Fourth Carrier 1
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If add the above mentioned signal over the whole duration sum = 0 Second Carrier Multiplied by the Fourth Carrier 0.8
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-0.8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 If add the above mentioned signal over the whole duration sum = 0 Modulated Subcarriers
Modulated Sub-Carriers 1
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-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
(k 1)( n 1) 1 N j2 x[ n ] X ( k ) eN 1 n N N k1
(1 1)(1 1) (2 1)(1 1) (N 1)(1 1) 1 j2 j 2 j 2 x[1] X (1) eNNN X (2) e ...... X ( N ) e N (1 1)(2 1) (2 1)(2 1) (N 1)(2 1) 1 j2 j 2 j 2 x[2] X (1) eNNN X (2) e ...... X ( N ) e N . .
(1 1)(N 1) (2 1)(NNN 1) ( 1)( 1) 1 j2 j 2j2 x[ N ] X (1) eN X (2) e NN...... X ( N ) e N OFDM System
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/221787426_fig3_Fig-5-A-typical-multi-user-adaptive-OFDM-downlink- Considering-a-multi-user-adaptive The MIMO System and Channel
http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced OFDM and OFDMA
41 http://www.conniq.com/WiMAX/fdm-ofdm-ofdma-sofdma-02.htm Multi-antenna techniques
42 http://www2.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/ltea/projectdescription.html Bandwidth Supported in LTE – Channel bandwidth: DL bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz – Data subcarriers: the number of data subcarriers varies with the bandwidth • 72 for 1.4 MHz to 1200 for 20 MHz
http://www.telecom-cloud.net/lte-nuggets/basics-of-lte-dimensioning/ Air Interface Capabilities E-UTRA Air Interface • Waveform OFDM in Downlink SC-FDM in Uplink • MIMO support Downlink: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO Uplink: Multi-user Collaborative MIMO
• Modulation orders for data channels Downlink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM Uplink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM (optional)
• Data Rates DL: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth) DL: 300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth) http://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_basic_parameters.htm How to avoid Inter Symbol Imterference?
• Insertion of guard time between each OFDM symbol
•This way, after receiving a series of OFDM symbols, as long as the guard time is larger than the delay spread of the channel, each OFDM symbol will interfere only with itself and ISI will be reduced.
• To have correctable problem of self interference (red above) we use CP.
http://www.slideshare.net/allabout4g/3gpp-lte-rel-8-overview Downlink Channelization Hierarchy
https://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2014/03/downlink-channelization-hierarchy.html Downlink - Example
http://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2014/03/lte-dl-reference-signals-tx-antenna.html Uplink Channelization Hierarchy
Common Dedicated Control Control/Traffic CCCH DCCH DTCH Uplink Logical channels
Uplink Transport channels RACH UL-SCH
Physical Control Uplink Reference UCI Signals Uplink Physical channels SRS DM-RS PRACH PUCCH PUSCH
http://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2014_03_01_archive.html 48 How is voice Handled in LTE?
VoLTE • Capacity • Latency Issues – Possible Solutions • IMS Availability – Robustness Issues CSFB Issues • Fall back to 2G/3G – R99 / cdma2000 / CS over HS on HSPA – GSM? • Multiple RF chains – Can one get a voice call while on a data session
49 E-UTRA Air Interface Peak Data Rates
Downlink Uplink • ~300 Mbps in 20 MHz • ~75 Mbps in 20 MHz • Assumptions: • Assumptions: – 4 stream MIMO – 14.29% Pilot overhead – 1 Tx antenna (4 Tx antennas) – 14.3% Pilot overhead – 10% common channel overhead – 0.625% random access . Note: This overhead level is overhead adequate to serve 1 – 6.66% waveform overhead UE/subframe. (CP + window) – 6.66% waveform overhead (CP + window) – 10% guard band – 10% guard band – 64-QAM code rate ~1 – 64-QAM code rate ~1
MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION Regulatory and Policy Consideration of LTE
• LTE can work with the existing technologies and in many different frequency bands.
• As illustrated in the next slide , the UHF band (300 to 3000 MHz) is consider the best for land based mobile communication due to its propagation characteristics (in terms of range/coverage)
• However, lesser bandwidth is available at lower frequencies Carrier Aggregation in LTE
• The latest versions of LTE can aggregate spectrum across different frequency bands
• This poses lots of regulatory challenges in terms of: – Spectrum allocation. – Base price, band class and – Lot/block size selection LTE-Advanced and its evolution
• Carrier Aggregation
• Advanced MIMO
• HetNet Career Aggregation
http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced The MIMO System and Channel
Reference: Modeling of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radio Propagation Channels by Kai Yu of KTH http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced LTE Frequency Bands
Reference: http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/136100_136199/136101/12.05.00_60/ts_136101v120500p.pdf What bandwidth can be used in different bands?
Reference: http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/136100_136199/136101/12.05.00_60/ts_136101v120500p.pdf Different Combinations and bands
Reference: http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/136100_136199/136101/12.05.00_60/ts_136101v120500p.pdf http://gsacom.com/ http://gsacom.com/ APT700 Band for LTE
• 45 countries and territories allocated, committed to, or recommend APT700 FDD (band 28) for LTE system deployments: • LAC region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curaçao, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela • APAC/Oceania: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, South Korea, St. Maarten, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam • Middle East: UAE confirmed adoption of the APT700 lower 2 x 30 MHz duplexer. This is also the preferred frequency arrangement for 700 MHz allocations in Europe and throughout ITU Region 1 • Europe: Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, and UK
http://gsacom.com/ APT 700 Deployments
http://gsacom.com/ http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/arb/ARO/2014/DB/Docs/S2-Peter.pdf http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/arb/ARO/2014/DB/Docs/S2-Peter.pdf LTE-Broadcast :MBMS, SFN in LTE https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Documents/Events/2015/August-MTV/S3A_Scott_Minehane.pdf LTE Broadcast Deployments and Trails
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Documents/Events/2015/August-MTV/S3A_Scott_Minehane.pdf 5G Requirements
User Performance Management Operation Architecture Perspective Perspective Perspective Perspective Perspective
Energy ms Latency Efficient Flat Seamless Infrastructur Structure/Hi work Ultra High e gh Scalability 1-10GB/s Capacity High TCO Analytics New (Peak data Reliability Reduction based NI/BI Contents rate > and Security Flexible Network-as- Low Battery 50Gbps/cell) Automatic Configuratio a-Service Consumption Massive Optimization Connectivity n & Recovery (IoT)
Source: SK Telecom 5G White Paper: SK Telecom view on 5G vision, Architecture, Technology, Service and Spectrum. 20-October-2014 5G Concept and Key Technologies 5G Concept = “A Core KPI + A Group of Key Technologies”
The core Gbps User Experienced Data Rate KPI • Traffic volume density • E2E Latency • Spectral efficiency • Mobility Other KPIs • Connection • Peak data • Energy density rate efficiency
Key Ultra- Novel All- technologies Massive Dense Multiple Spectrum MIMO Network Access Access
D2D: New Network Architecture Device to Device Flexible Polar Full M-ary Network F-OFDM FBMC D2D Duplex codes duplex LDPC coding https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsc/19/Documents/201507/GSC- 19_307_Research_Activities_of_IMT-2020_%20(5G)_Promotion%20Group.pptx LPDC: Low Density Parity Codes 5G Network Technology Features The innovative features of 5G network can be summarized as diversified RAN networking, flexible function deployment, and on-demand slicing. Diversified RAN Flexible function On-demand slicing networking deployment
Plug- in
• One Logical Architecture, maps to • Support diverse networking • Modularized Network function multiple Service Slices. mode: C-RAN, D-RAN, • Orchestrating network resource mesh,D2D, BS plug-in • Network functions can be on-demand for each slice. deployed flexibly based on NFV • To fit different 5G wireless platform • Isolated slices ensure efficiency, elasticity, security and robustness scenarios
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsc/19/Documents/201507/GSC- 19_307_Research_Activities_of_IMT-2020_%20(5G)_Promotion%20Group.pptx Potential Candidate Bands for 5G
Low-frequency bands below 6GHz High-frequency bands within 6-100 are always necessary for IMT 2015 GHz can be introduced in 2019 and 2019 beyond
• Several potential candidate bands within 6~100GHz are • Exploit the bands identified for IMT selected. in the Radio Regulations, including • With different channel properties and coexistence 450-470MHz, 698-806MHz, and situations. Studies on channel measurement, modeling and 3400-3600MHz • coexistence are ongoing work.
450 2G/3G 3.3 3.4 4.4 4.8 MH ~ ~ ~ ~ 6GHz 25- 40- 71- 81- z refarming 3GHz 3.4 3.6 4.5 4.99 30 50 76 86 100GHz
Get new bands below 6GHz https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsc/19/Documents/201507/GSC- 19_307_Research_Activities_of_IMT-2020_%20(5G)_Promotion%20Group.pptx Spectrum requirements
• Existing bands To support a wide range of applications will require access to a range of spectrum bands with differing characteristics in order to address a wide range of requirements for coverage, throughputs and latency in the most cost efficient manner and to make effective use of the spectrum. • Additional Network Spectrum Requirements Additional spectrum allocations to support 5G requirements should be identified within the global framework provided by the ITU Radio Regulations and implemented in regional and national allocation and assignment decisions. • Need for backhaul network spectrum In addition to fixed line backhaul solutions, for some scenarios wireless backhaul solutions using in-band or out-of-band spectrum may be required.
Source1: 3GPP RAN workshop on 5G, 17-18. September 2015 :The road to 5G Orange vision and priorities for Next Generation Radio Technology Source2: Ericsson White paper on 5G radio access: February 2015 Cont.….
• License-exempt use of spectrum may be a useful supplement for certain applications. • Explore flexible utilization of MNO’s licensed bands. • Optimized coexistence with other radio technologies and dynamic use of radio resources • Smart carrier aggregation to benefit from any spare frequencies.
Source1: 3GPP RAN workshop on 5G, 17-18. September 2015 :The road to 5G Orange vision and priorities for Next Generation Radio Technology Challenges • Capacity Increasing cell numbers will be a much efficient way to improve the system capacity However, it is impossible to increase the number of the current small cells by orders of magnitude due to compatibility, cost, interference, cell management and cell sites. • Spectrum Impact A global consensus is forming that 500 MHz to 1 GHz BW of additional mobile spectrum is needed for future generations. Exactly how, all available and new IMT bands will be used to achieve 1 Gb/s for an individual end user is a major challenge to design working 5G systems. • Energy Consumption: Network energy efficiency will remain very important in the future and is a key requirement for 5G. • Reliability and Low-Latency The combination of extreme reliability and ultra-low latency provides a particularly interesting challenge. This will require different trade-offs and design choices than those made for today’s mobile broadband systems.
Source: Ericsson White paper on 5G radio access: February 2015 ITU Recommendations
• ITU established the overall roadmap for the development of 5G mobile and defined the term it will apply to it as “IMT-2020”. • With the finalization of its work on the “Vision” for 5G systems, ITU has now defined the overall goals, process and timeline for the development of 5G mobile systems. This process is now well underway within ITU, in close collaboration with governments and the global mobile industry. • The next step is to establish detailed technical performance requirements for the radio systems to support 5G, taking into account the needs of a wide portfolio of future scenarios and use cases, and then to specify the evaluation criteria for assessment of candidate radio interface technologies to join the IMT-2020 family.
Source: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rsg5/rwp5d/imt- 2020/Pages/default.aspx Internet of things (IoT)
• A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on, existing and evolving, interoperable information and communication technologies. Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060
Source: http://tblocks.com/internet-of-things/ Applications
SMART HOMES Smart Home is the residential extension of building automation and involves the control and automation of lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, appliances, and security Smart Home clearly stands out in the ranking as highest IoT application. The total amount of funding for Smart Home startups currently exceeds $2.5bn.
Source: http://tblocks.com/internet-of-things/ 78 http://nhne-pulse.org/cartoon-sorry-son-theres-no-app-for-that/ Artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines. • An ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at an arbitrary goal. • The term "artificial intelligence" is likely to be applied when a machine uses cutting-edge techniques to competently perform or mimic "cognitive" functions that we intuitively associate with human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
Source: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/ Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Applications
Intelligent Robots An intelligent robot has many different sensors, large processors and a large memory. The robots will learn from their mistakes and be able to adapt to any new situation.
Work 24/7, 365 days/year. Cheaper; not getting paid. More accurate Safer than sending a human into dangerous places.
Artificial Neural Systems (ANS) A neural network is an electronic model of the brain consisting of many interconnected simple processors. This imitates how your actual brain works.
Learning to read postcodes Stock market prediction Debt risk assessment Source: http://eng-cs.syr.edu/research/artificial-intelligence Examples
Games playing Robots Automated Cars
Drone s
Search Engines
Source: http://eng-cs.syr.edu/research/artificial-intelligence Thank You [email protected] [email protected]
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