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Fabaceae), UNE PLANTE UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ------------------------------------------- DOMAINE : SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES ----------------------------------------- ECOLE DOCTORALE : SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT Thèse de Doctorat Spécialité : Biodiversité et Santé (Biochimie) ETUDES CHIMIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE DE Crotalaria bernieri (Fabaceae), UNE PLANTE MEDICINALE NATIVE DE MADAGASCAR Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : ANDRIAMAMPIANINA Herizo Lalaina Titulaire du DEA de Biochimie Appliquée aux Sciences Médicales Le 28 Décembre 2018 Devant le jury composé de : Président : Professeur ANDRIANTSIMAHAVANDY Abel Rapporteur interne : Docteur HDR RASAMIRAVAKA Tsiry Rapporteur externe : Professeur RASOANAIVO Herilala Léa Examinateurs : Professeur RAVAOMANARIVO Lala Harivelo Professeur RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna Directeur de thèse : Professeur RAKOTO Danielle Aurore Doll DEDICACE A ma femme Maholy et à ma fille Kristen, pour leur présence à tout moment, pour toute l’affection et le bonheur qu’elles m’apportent chaque jour, et surtout pour la patience qu’elles ont eue durant ces longues années d’études. Pour leur amour et leur soutien. Je leur dédie cette thèse REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail de thèse a été effectué : - au sein du Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée aux Sciences Médicales (LABASM), de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo ; - au Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et Sciences des Aliments (LCSNSA) de l’Institut Universitaire et Technologique (IUT) de La Réunion ; - à l’unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM) du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) de Paris ; - au laboratoire d’anatomie-cytopathologie (ACP) de l’Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM). Je voudrais remercier tout d’abord le Grand Dieu tout puissant de m’avoir donné la force, le courage et la persistance qui m’ont permis de mener à terme ce mémoire. Que son Nom soit glorifié pour des milliers et des milliers d’années. J’exprime mes plus vifs remerciements au Professeur RAKOTO Doll, mon Directeur de thèse, pour avoir dirigé mon travail. Merci pour son encadrement, sa disponibilité et sa gentillesse. Qu’elle trouve ici l’expression de ma vive reconnaissance pour m’avoir fait bénéficier de son expérience et de sa rigueur scientifique et professionnelle. Sans son encouragement et son soutien, je ne serais pas arrivé à ce stade. Je n’oublie pas son engagement et sa forte implication au cours de cette thèse. En plus de sa précieuse aide scientifique, elle m’a permis de participer à un congrès international très intéressant. Je tiens également à exprimer ma profonde gratitude à Monsieur JEANNODA Victor, Directeur de l’Ecole doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement, de m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire. Je tiens à le remercier chaleureusement de m’avoir fait preuve d’un grand soutien dans toutes les étapes de réalisation de cette thèse. Je lui remercie de m’avoir confié ce sujet de recherche et offert l’opportunité de travailler sur un projet scientifique intéressant et stimulant. Il n’a jamais cessé de me motiver et de m’encourager. Je tiens à exprimer mes sincères remerciements aux membres du jury, à savoir: - Monsieur le Professeur ANDRIANTSIMAHAVANDY Abel qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter de présider le jury de ce mémoire, malgré ses lourdes responsabilités et son emploi du temps très chargé. Je lui témoigne ici ma gratitude et ma profonde reconnaissance. - Madame le Professeur RASOANAIVO Herilala Léa et Monsieur le Docteur- HDR RASAMIRAVAKA Tsiry qui ont accepté d’être les rapporteurs scientifiques de ce travail malgré leurs nombreuses occupations. - Monsieur le Professeur RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna et Madame le Professeur RAVELOSON RAVAOMANARIVO Lala Harivelo, qui ont aimablement voulu siéger en tant qu’examinateurs et accepté de consacrer du temps pour évaluer ce mémoire. Tous mes sincères remerciements ; J’exprime toute ma gratitude au Professeur Bernard BODO de m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire de Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM) du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN). Je lui suis très reconnaissant de ses encouragements et de sa gentillesse, de ses enseignements ludiques sur la détermination structurale par RMN, sur la chimie des alcaloïdes et sur les histoires passionnantes du Muséum. Je remercie vivement le Professeur Thomas PETIT pour son accueil au sein du laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et Sciences des Aliments (LCSNSA) de l’Institut Universitaire et Technologique (IUT) de La Réunion, pour son précieux appui et ses conseils chaleureux. J’ai particulièrement apprécié sa disponibilité et ses compétences scientifiques. Mes chaleureux remerciements vont à toute l’équipe du LABASM. - J’adresse mes remerciements au Professeur RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna qui m’a prodigué des conseils techniques judicieux tout au long de mes années de recherche. - Je remercie vivement le Professeur RAJEMIARIMOELISOA Clara et le Docteur RAHARISOLO Clairette de l’Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM) pour leur grande disponibilité dans la réalisation de l’étude anatomo-pathologique. - Mes remerciements vont également au Docteur RANDRIAMAMPIANINA Lovarintsoa Judicaël, qui m’a souvent aidé durant les diverses étapes de cette thèse. Mes vifs remerciements vont également aux chercheurs du MNHN notamment à: - Soizic Prado, responsable de l’équipe de recherche CBAF pour ses suggestions ; - Alexandre Deville et Alain Blond pour la réalisation des spectres RMN ; - Lionel Dubost et Arul Marie de la plateforme de spectrométrie de masse pour les spectres de masse. - Séverine Amand, sans qui un tel travail n’aurait pu être abattu. Ses compétences, son efficacité et sa disponibilité forcent mon admiration. Son amitié m’est très précieuse et je lui adresse toute mon affection. Je remercie mes parents et mes beaux-parents pour m’avoir soutenu moralement et aussi financièrement de temps en temps. Merci à mes amis et collègues, en particulier au Professeur RAZAFINTSALAMA Vahinalahaja, Docteur RAKOTONIAINA Minozanany Mamihery, Docteur RAZAFINDRAKOTO Anjarasoa Ravo, Docteur RATSIMANOHATRA Holy Christiane, Docteur RAZANATSEHENO Mihajasoa Stella, Docteur RASOLOFONANTENAINA Rojovola et à tous les doctorants et stagiaires du LABASM pour les très bons moments partagés ensemble qui ont rendu ce stage particulièrement agréable. Un grand merci et toute mon amitié à toutes les doctorantes que j’ai côtoyées au Muséum et à qui je souhaite le meilleur pour la suite de leur parcours. Enfin, j’adresse toute ma reconnaissance à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à l’élaboration de cette thèse et qui n’ont pas pu être cités ici. TABLE DES MATIERES Page GLOSSAIRE………………………………………………………………………………….. i LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………. iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX…………………………………………………………………….. vi LISTE DES FIGURES……………………………………………………………………….. viii INTRODUCTION GENERALE…………………………………………………………….. 1 PREMIERE PARTIE : SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE 1.1 LES PLANTES MEDICINALES 4 1.1.1 GENERALITES 4 1.1.2 UTILISATIONS DES PLANTES MEDICINALES 4 1.1.3 LE POTENTIEL ANTIMICROBIEN DES PLANTES MEDICINALES 6 1.2 DONNEES SUR LES ESPECES DU GENRE Crotalaria 7 1.2.1 GENERALITES 7 1.2.2 DESCRIPTION BOTANIQUE 7 1.2.3 REPARTITION GEOGRAPHIQUE 8 1.2.4. LES ESPECES PRESENTES A MADAGASCAR 9 1.2.5 UTILISATIONS DES ESPECES DE Crotalaria DANS LE MONDE 11 1.2.5.1. Utilisations en alimentation humaine et animale 11 1.2.5.2. Utilisations en médecine traditionnelle 12 1.2.5.3. Autres utilisations 12 1.2.6. IMPORTANCE ECONOMIQUE DES ESPECES DE Crotalaria 14 1.3 TRAVAUX PHYTOCHIMIQUES ANTERIEURS SUR LE GENRE Crotalaria 14 1.3.1 GENERALITES SUR LES ALCALOIDES 14 1.3.1.1. Les alcaloïdes dérivés de la Pyrrolizidine (AP) 17 1.3.1.1.1. Définition 17 1.3.1.1.2. Structure 17 1.3.1.1.3. Toxicité 18 1.3.1.1.4. Propriétés pharmacologiques 19 1.3.1.1.5. Exemples d’AP isolés du genre Crotalaria 19 1.3.1.2. Les alcaloïdes dérivés de la Guanidine (AG) 21 1.3.1.2.1. Définition 21 1.3.1.2.2. Structure et classification 21 1.3.1.2.3. Propriétés pharmacologiques 23 1.3.2 GENERALITES SUR LES FLAVONOIDES 23 1.3.2.1. Définition 23 1.3.2.2. Structure et classification 24 1.3.2.2.1. Les flavonoïdes au sens strict 24 1.3.2.2.2. Les isoflavonoïdes 25 1.3.2.3. Propriétés pharmacologiques 25 1.3.2.4. Exemples de flavonoïdes isolés du genre Crotalaria 26 1.4. DONNEES SUR LA TOXICITE DU GENRE Crotalaria 27 1.4.1. TOXICITE CHEZ LES ETRES HUMAINS 27 1.4.2. TOXICITE CHEZ LES ANIMAUX 28 1.5. PROPRIETES PHARMACOLOGIQUES DES Crotalaria 29 1.5.1. PROPRIETES ANTIMICROBIENNES 29 1.5.1.1. Activités antibactériennes 29 1.5.1.2. Activités antifongiques 29 1.5.2. PROPRIETES ANTIOXYDANTES 30 1.5.3. PROPRIETES ANTI-INFLAMMATOIRES 30 1.5.4. PROPRIETES ANTICANCEREUSES 30 1.5.5. PROPRIETES ANALGESIQUES 30 1.5.6. PROPRIETES CYTOTOXIQUES 30 1.5.7. PROPRIETES ANTIPARASITAIRES 31 1.5.7.1. Activité anti-Leishmaniose 31 1.5.7.2. Activité anthelminthique 31 1.5.7.3. Activité nématicide 31 DEUXIEME PARTIE : ETUDES PRELIMINAIRES DES DIFFERENTES ESPECES DE Crotalaria PRESENTES A MADAGASCAR 2.1. INTRODUCTION 32 2.2. MATERIELS ET METHODES 32 2.2.1. ENQUETES ETHNOBOTANIQUES ET COLLECTE DES ECHANTILLONS 32 2.2.2. MATERIELS D’ETUDE 33 2.2.3. IDENTIFICATION BOTANIQUE 33 2.2.4. PREPARATION DES EXTRAITS 33 2.2.4.1. Préparation du matériel végétal 33 2.2.4.2. Préparation des extraits bruts 33 2.2.5. DETERMINATION DES FAMILLES CHIMIQUES 34 2.2.5.1. Détection des alcaloïdes 35 2.2.5.2. Détection des flavonoïdes (Test de WILLSTÄTTER) 35 2.2.5.3. Détection des leucoanthocyanes (Test de BATE-SMITH) 35 2.2.5.4. Détection des saponosides (Test de mousse) 36 2.2.5.5. Détection des tanins et polyphénols 36 2.2.5.6. Détection des désoxyoses (Test de KELLER-KILIANI) 36 2.2.5.7. Détection des iridoïdes 36 2.2.5.8. Détection des anthraquinones (Test de BORNTRAGER) 37 2.2.5.9.
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