The States of a Nation - T he Politics and Surveys of the Australian State Borders

By David Taylor Contents 1. About the A uthor...... 13-14 2. Acknowledgements...... 15-18 3. Introduction...... 19-20 3.1.Australia...... 20-22 4. ...... 23-34 5. Van Diemen’s Land...... 35-40 6. Norfolk Islan...... d 41-46 7. New Zealand...... 47-50 8. ...... 51-66 9. ...... 67-102 10. ...... 103-130 11. ...... 131-168 12. ...... 169-184

13. Australian Capital Territory...... 185-206 14. Papua New G uinea...... 208-228 15. New States within Australia...... 229-302 15.1 Introduction...... 230 15.2 Historical Stirrings! ...... 230-233 15.3 Riverina Agitation (1851-1866)...... 233-241 15.4 New England Agitation ( 1840-1970s)...... 24 1-259 15.5 Agitation in Queensland (1852-1970s)...... 260-270 15.6 The Constitution of Australia...... 270-271 15.7 The Royal Commissions on the “New States” Issue...... 271-275 15.8 “Princeland” Secession Movement in Victoria and South Australia (1861-1865)...... 275-277 15.9 “Albert” - A New State in Queensland and the Northern Territory (1840-1862)...... 278-280 15.10 “Am alia” (1899-1901) ...... 281-284 15.11 Hutt River Province - Western Australia (1969-Present)...... 284-294

16. Names, Awards and Titles...... 303-308 17. Abbreviations Used...... 309-312 18. Glossary of Terms...... 313-322 19. Photographs Used and their Sources...... 323-330 20. Index...... 331-352

The Politics and Surveys of the Australian State Borders Map Index

“General Chart of Terra Australis or Australia showing parts explored between 1788 and 1803 by M. Flinders Comrnr of II.M.S. Investigator” , (1)1. ref. F81/204: dig. Id a082001 source: Dixson Library, State Library of New South W ales...... 2-3 5.1 Tasmania/Victoria Border...... 38 6.1 Norfolk Island...... 44 7.1 New Z ealand...... 49 8.1 Australia 1826-1836...... -r>2 8.2 Surveyor-Generals Corner...... 62 9.1 Australia 1836-1851...... 69 9.2 Glenelg River (Victoria)...... 72 9.3 Plan of Wade’s Connection to Tyers Approximate Boundary...... 73 9.4 Todd Obelisk...... 89 9.5 Plan of Connection: South Australia - Victoria Bordel­ lo Tyers Survey...... 99 9.6 New South Wales - South Australia Border...... 9 1 9.7 Terminal Points of Australian State B orders...... 92 9.8 Border Deviation: New South Wales - Victoria-South \ Australia...... 96 10.1 Australia 1851-1859...... 105 10.2 Murray Darling River system (showing location of Hume River)...... 106 10.3 Black - Allan Line (showing Trigonometric Stations and cairns)...... 1 16 11-1 North Australia 1846 - 1849...... 136 11.2 Australia 1859 - 1861...... 151 11.3 Queensland — Papua New Guinea Boundary...... 161 12.1 Australia 1861 -1906...... 171 12.2 Northern Territory as at 1865...... 172 13.1 Australia since 191 ...... I 186 13.2 Location of ACT within New South Wales...... 187 13.3 Trigonometric Stations connected to the ACT Border ...... survey 188

(i T he Slates of a N ation " 13.4 Proposed Federal Capital City sites source: National Library of Australia, Map RM 2073 from the King O ’Malley Collection, printed at the NSW Department of Lands, 1902...... 190 13.5 Map showing proposed Federal Capital Territory and tenure of land within same - NSW Premier Wade’s alternative offer source: National Library of Australia, Map 8981.G46 1909 Box 19A) - map published by NSW Departm ent of Lands, For the Commonwealth Dept of Home Affairs, 1909...... 195 13.6 Portion of a route marked by Charles Scrivener showing the ‘practical railway route’ between the ACT and Jervis Bay: source: National Library of Australia, Map 8981.SI 1909 - map published by NSW Departm ent of Lands, For the Commonwealth Parliament, 1909...... 196 13.7 Proposed railway route within Jervis Bay Territory...... 198 13.8 Jervis Bay Territory and environs...... 200 13.9 Map showing Jervis Bay and most suitable area for Commonwealth Purposes source: National Archives of Australia, A32Ü2, Map showing Jervis Bay and most suitable area for Commonwealth Purposes...... 201 14.1 Papua New Guinea...... 208 14.2 Border between Papua New Guinea and Irian...... Jaya 224 15.1 Captain Vetch’s Proposal for New States (cl838)...... 232 15.2 Dr Lang’s Proposal of 1852...... 261 15.3 1933 Boundaries proposed for Eastern Australia...... 274 15.4 “Albert” (1846-1862)...... 279 15.5 “Auralia” within Western Australia...... 282 15.6 “Hutt River Province within Western Australia...... 293

I Iic* Politics and Surveys of the Australian State Borders Miscellaneous

NSW-Victorian Border Stations (Black-Allan Line)......

NSW - Queensland Border: survey marks connected to Border survey along the 29th Parallel of Latitude......

NSW - ACT Border: Trigonometric Stations connected to Border Survey....

Papua New Guinea -Astronomic Values for border pillars 1933-1963......

Papua New Guinea - Astronomic Values for border pillars (PNG84 grid) .....