SEPTEMBER 2018 KFW ENTWICKLUNGSBANK
Pre-Feasibility Study for WASH Support in Selected Refugee Settlements and Host Communities in Zambia - Final Report
MANTAPALA SETTLEMENT AND KENANI TRANSIT CENTRE IN NCHELENGE, MAYUKWAYUKWA SETTLEMENT IN KAOMA, MAHEBA SETTLEMENT IN KALUMBILA, URBAN TRANSIT CENTRES IN LUSAKA
ADDRESS COWI Limited Plot 45/5b Reedbuck Road, Off Kabulonga Road P.O.Box 34528 Lusaka Zambia TEL +260 211 26 53 78 +260 977 74 03 47 +260 977 74 03 50 FAX +260 211 26 53 80 EMAIL [email protected] WWW cowi.com DATE 15 February 2019 PAGE 3/82 REF PROJECT NO SEPTEMBER 2018 KFW ENTWICKLUNGSBANK
Pre-Feasibility Study for WASH Support in Selected Refugee Settlements and Host Communities in Zambia - Final Report
MANTAPALA SETTLEMENT AND KENANI TRANSIT CENTRE IN NCHELENGE, MAYUKWAYUKWA SETTLEMENT IN KAOMA, MAHEBA SETTLEMENT IN KALUMBILA, URBAN TRANSIT CENTRES IN LUSAKA
PROJECT NO. DOCUMENT NO.
3049
VERSION DATE OF ISSUE DESCRIPTION PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED
02 26.09.2018 PAKE ZISI PRSS
5
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8
1 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Background 11 1.2 Refugee Settlements in Zambia 11 1.3 Developmental Challenge 12 1.4 Objectives of Assignment 12
2 PROJECT AREAS 14 2.1 Mantapala Refugee Settlement & Kenani Transit Centre, Nchelenge District 14 2.2 Maheba Settlement, Solwezi 28 2.3 Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement, Kaoma 35 2.4 Lusaka Urban Transit Centres, Lusaka District 44
3 PROPOSED TECHNOLOGIES 48 3.1 Mantapala Refugee Settlement 48 3.2 Maheba Refugee Settlement 51 3.3 Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement 53 3.4 Lusaka Urban Refugees 55 3.5 Cost Estimates 57
4 IMPLEMENTATION MODALITY 59 4.1 Institutional Structure 59 4.2 Budget 59 4.3 Financing Plan 60 4.4 Procurement 60 4.5 Supervision 61 4.6 Operations and Maintenance 61
5 CONCLUSIONS 62
6 RECOMMENDATIONS 63
7 APPENDICES 65 7.1 Domestic Standards and Technology 65 7.2 Terms of Reference 73 7.3 List of Agencies Working With UNICEF in Wash (Mantapala Settlement) 80 7.4 Lusaka Refugee Data 81 7.5 Cost Estimates 82
8 REFERENCES 88
5 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The German Government through KfW intends to provide EUR 10mio to support Water Supply, Sanitation and Health (WASH) interventions for refugees and hosting communities in Zambia. The funds target refugee settlements and neighbouring communities in Luapula Province (Mantapala Settlement and Kenani Transit Centre in Nchelenge District), North-Western Province (Maheba Refugee Settlement in Kalumbila District) and Western Province (Mayukawayukwa Refugee Settlement in Kaoma District). The fund could also cover refugee transit centres in urban locations such as Lusaka. KfW is in the process of engaging UNICEF as the implementing agency for this intervention. To assist in the decision making KfW engaged COWI to conduct a rapid Pre- Feasibility Study vis a vis the draft proposed project request from Unicef.
The consultant has hereby prepared a pre-feasibility assessment of the needs for interventions and a budget for proposed interventions. It will be noted that a number of decisions would require further investigation in a more in-depth feasibility study.
The four main areas mentioned above were visited together with Unicef and KfW over a period of 3 weeks. The main resulting conclusion were that the overall intervention is highly relevant from a needs point of view as well as for the purpose of the funding.
The proposed interventions in Luapula are needed as the host communities are significantly underserved with WASH facilities and the newly established refugee camp in Mantapala likewise. The new camp has a number of significant challenges, which require additional feasibility studies. They are also the interventions which in our opinion would require by far the largest proportion of the available funds.
Mantapala has a high water table and experiences significant flooding issues in the rainy season. This poses a problem for the people of what is effectively a township of 25,000 people coming up as the flooding affects the water supply, sanitation and waste management in the camp. The camp area is a natural collection point and water run-off area. However, permanent settlement will require managing the water flows.
Our findings together with a brief study from BGR and draft finding from WRC suggests a clay soil formation which does not easily allow water to drain, but rather stay on the surface and run off. This is combined with a porous underground where water runs fast through just below the surface. All in all it presents a significant challenge to the water supply and establishment of sanitation facilities.
However our conclusions are that the challenges of the high water table could be alleviated by a large grass waterway round the camp to divert water before it enters the camp. It is hoped that this will also be able to assist in lowering the water table underground. We would need further studies to confirm this.
Water supply is currently provided by drilled boreholes. This is in the short-term an adequate solution, however if the ultimate population of the camp area will be 25000, the number of boreholes to serve that population should be 100. We have proposed the drilling of 60 boreholes for the camp, with solar reticulated water systems for institutions. A preferred longer-term sustainable solution should be reticulated water systems either from high-yielding boreholes (potential not yet identified) or from a water storage like a small dam. Such an intervention would require investment of EUR 3-4 Million. This level of investment needs
6 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
further certainty of the continued size of the population and additional technical studies. For the host communities who currently only have hand-dug wells, we propose an additional 60 boreholes with hand-pumps plus 10 manually drilled boreholes. For Kenani host communities we propose an additional 50 boreholes, out of which 10 will be manually drilled.
The sanitation aspect in Mantapala settlement is currently being served by local artisans constructing pit latrines from locally burned bricks. However this is not an adequate technology given the water table is very high causing the substructures to leak and eventually collapse. It also causes significant risk of polluting the water supply which as earlier mentioned is mostly groundwater. Depending on the outcome of our proposed drainage solution, the pit latrines can either continue to be constructed using concrete blocks or if the water table is still high by sealed pits that need to be emptied. For the settlement we propose the construction of 1500 sealed VIP latrines whilst we propose only institutional ablution blocks in the host communities.
Waste management has to be critically considered as currently solid waste in the camps is disposed of using dug rubbish pits, which when coupled with the high water table challenges and poor drainage may also become contamination points once the anticipated numbers are fulfilled. Norwegian Church Aid has committed to identify an area to use as a dump-site but further details on this could not be confirmed. Assuming the location and size will be adequate and a suitable collection system will be in place, there will be no need for German support in this regard.
Health waste has proved to be a major concern as all the sites visited except one had inadequate or non-existent incineration capacity to dispose of health waste. We have included a standard incinerator for all those health facilities under consideration for support.
At the Maheba and Mayukwayukwa refugee camps we found old reticulated water supply systems combined with a large number of water points in need of rehabilitation. The communities are effectively underserved and short-term measures would be to provide additional boreholes to replace especially the old hand dug wells. We have proposed solar water reticulated systems for institutions. For longer-term sustainable solutions, rehabilitation of current water reticulated systems could be considered provided and only if grid electricity is available.
For sanitation, we have proposed institutional ablution blocks and VIP latrines for the host communities.
For solid waste management we have proposed the establishment of satellite landfills to assist the district councils to fulfil their mandate.
For Lusaka Urban Refugee Centres the study found that the Makeni Transit Centre has a dilapidated infrastructure both for water supply and sanitation. The centre itself has a maximum of 250 resident refugees, however the clinic serves up to 450 out-patients per day from host communities as well as the centre. We proposed short-term interventions to upgrade both the water reticulation and the ablution facilities for the clinic.
A major concern is the drainage of the area. The camp was established in an open field which has now turned into an build up area. The result is that a wall has blocked drainage from the camp and this has to be resolved by the Lusaka City Council. Our view is that unless this is resolved no investment is meaningful in the longer run.
7 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
In the long run it seem best to relocate the facility and possibly keep the clinic for the host community
It is concluded that hosting areas for refugees in Lusaka cannot be separated from the larger Lusaka utility services provision. It is not meaningful to use limited refugee funds for interventions here as Germany through other channels support in this regard.
10 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
1 INTRODUCTION
Zambia has hosted refugees and other persons of concern from countries in the region since the mid-sixties largely due to civil wars that have ravaged mainly Angola, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The Government of Republic of Zambia committed to providing protection and assistance to refugees and asylum-seekers through the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1969 Organisation of African Unity Convention.
The United Nations (UN) supports the Zambian government’s efforts to provide protection and assistance to refugees and asylum-seekers. This includes safe and fair access to territory, asylum procedures and rights, inclusion in national services, self-reliance and opportunities to earn a living, and long-term measures such as integration into the host country and possible resettlement in third countries.
There has been a significant increase in the influx of refugees from the DRC due to civil unrest in that country since 2017. Between January 2017 and April 2018 alone, the country has recorded a cumulative 20,464 new arrivals from the DRC. Currently the refugee population in Zambia stands at 73,674 (UNHCR Fact Sheet)
On 28 July 2010, through Resolution 64/292, the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation and acknowledged that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realisation of all human rights.
1.1 Background
The German Government through a special fund for refugees intends to provide EUR 10mio through KfW aimed at supporting Water Supply, Sanitation and Health (WASH) interventions for refugees and hosting communities in Zambia. This fund targets refugee settlements and neighbouring communities in Luapula Province (Mantapala Settlement and Kenani Transit Centre in Nchelenge District), North-Western Province (Maheba Refugee Settlement in Kalumbila District) and Western Province (Mayukawayukwa Refugee Settlement in Kaoma District). The fund could also cover refugee transit centres in urban locations such as Lusaka.
KfW, the client for this assignment, is in the process of engaging UNICEF as the implementing agency. As UNICEF does not have comprehensive data and information available in time for KfW’s project appraisal, UNICEF requested KfW to commission expert survives on its behalf to assist with a Pre-Feasibility Study. KfW engaged COWI to conduct the Pre-Feasibility Study.
COWI visited the four target areas as part of an appraisal mission, which also comprised KFW, BGR and UNICEF between 16th June, 2018 and 7th July, 2018. The consultant has prepared a rapid assessment to fulfil the objectives of the Terms of Reference to assist KFW's decision process. It will be noted that a number of decisions would require further investigation in a feasibility study.
1.2 Refugee Settlements in Zambia
Zambia had its first experience of a refugee inflow in 1965 when some 5,000 refugees from Mozambique crossed into Eastern Province. The newly independent state responded promptly to incursions of refugees fleeing the Angolan liberation war by establishing two temporal refugee settlements called Lwatembo in Zambezi District and Mayukwayukwa in Kaoma
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District in 1966. The Zambian government formed these as an emergency measure and as such, there were no surveys done prior to their establishment.
Other refugee settlements later established in Zambia include Maheba in North Western Province (1971), Nangweshi in Western Province, Kala and Kenani Transit Centre in Luapula Province, Mwange in Northern Province, Nyimba and Ukwimi in Eastern Province and some Urban Transit Centres in Lusaka. Among these, only Maheba, Mayukwayukwa and the newly established Mantapala Settlement were still operational at the time of this study. Operations at Kenani Transit Centre were slowing down as all refugees were to be relocated to Mantapala by the end of June, 2018.
1.3 Developmental Challenge
The UNHCR estimates the total number of refugees fleeing persistent violence from the Democratic Republic of Congo to reach 76,000 by the end of 2018. This means that the current capacities of the refugee settlements will be stressed with regards the provision of adequate clean and safe water and sanitation, core relief items, food and nutrition support, health services and shelter, among others things.
Some water and sanitation facilities in the old settlements have existed for more than four decades, systems have broken down and some equipment may be obsolete. The anticipated population increase in the refugee camps will enhance scarcity of water supply, sanitation and hygiene, which will resultantly lead to a higher risk of waterborne disease outbreaks.
1.4 Objectives of Assignment
The main objectives of the pre-feasibility study for provision of water supply, hygiene and sanitation (WASH) services in the wards (administrative unit below the district) hosting selected refugee camps and host communities included:
a) Assessment of WASH needs for the wards (for both refugee and host communities)
b) Assessment of what can be financed, unit costs and recommendation of the most appropriate and practical technologies for ward-wide WASH facilities
c) Validation of available data in water supply and sanitation in the wards hosting refugees (settlement patterns, population, facilities, livelihoods, etc)
Specific objectives of the assignment included:
a) Assessment of the ground water potential and the vulnerability of water supply in view of water table and onsite sanitation
b) Assessment of the viability of surface water supply as an alternative to drilling of borehole and installation of pumps / assessment of suitable technologies (e.g. hand pumps, small piped network schemes)
c) Assessment of the surface water catchment and modelling how the runoff will be drained
d) Assessment of the viability of solid waste management (medical waste, landfill)
e) Environmental and social assessment in respect of the supported interventions
*For the full scope of works, refer to the Terms of Reference in the Appendices
12 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
13 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
2 PROJECT AREAS
2.1 Mantapala Refugee Settlement & Kenani Transit Centre, Nchelenge District
2.1.1 Location Located Southeast of Nchelenge District, Mantapala Refugee Settlement lies on Longitude 26.86o East and Latitude 9.52o South. It is situated in Shabo Ward and shares boundaries with Mulwe Ward in the north and Mofwe Ward in the south.
Kenani Transit Centre (KTC) is located about 7 km north of Nchelenge central business centre on Longitude 28.766o East and Latitude 927285o South. The centre sits on two wards, Kashikishi and Nchelenge.
Figure 1: Mantapala Location
The plan and establishment of Mantapala and the decision to relocate the refugees was done in consultation with the chiefs in the affected areas and other stakeholders like the Forestry Department, Provincial Planning Unit and Nchelenge Town Council. The settling implementation plan was that of direct integration of refugees into the host community. Kenani Transit Centre, which was winding up operations at the time of this visit, was established in 2017 to provide first emergency support to refugees fleeing DRC due to political instability, to seek shelter in Zambia. The Centre had capacity to host 15,000 refugees but the Zambian Government decided to relocate the over 9,500 refugees registered to the new site at Mantapala in order to provide a place that would accommodate higher numbers. At the time of this report, more than 8,000 refugees had been relocated from Kenani Transit Centre to Mantapala. Though earmarked for closure and decommissioning by the end of the June, 2018, minimum service would be maintained in anticipation of receiving more refugees and the fact that the host communities still depended on the camp for health care and water.
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Meetings were held with community members and headmen of selected villages hosting both Kenani and Mantapala Refugee Centres to find out more about the water supply and healthcare situation in the communities. Visits were conducted on schools and Rural Health Centres (RHCs) in these areas to ascertain what was obtaining in terms of WASH against the populations that the facilities were servicing.
2.1.2 Socioeconomic Status
Demographic Data District population according to the Zambia Census 2010 report stood at 152,807. Mulwe and Shabo Wards which host Mantapala has a total population of approximately 16,986 whilst Kashikishi Ward which hosts Kenani Transit Centre had 24,989 people. (CSO Zambia Census Report, 2010)
Population Projection A 2-year planning horizon was picked for the short-term measures with an emergency approach. During this period, it is anticipated that 25,000 refuges will be resettled.
Economic Profile The economic mainstay of people in the host communities include mostly subsistence farming but also charcoal burning, trading and some fishing. Most of these are farmers relocated from Lake Mweru to curb the depletion of fish in the lake resulting from over-fishing. They were allocated farmlands of different sizes and were involved in cultivation of vegetables and cassava. Others had land already that they would use seasonally for farming purposes.
During the appraisal mission visit to host communities around Mantapala and Kenani Transit Centre, it was noted in one of the meetings that community benefited from the trading activities that were done around the refugee transit centre and facilities set up for them such as water points and clinics.
The same sentiments were echoed in the meeting with Mantapala host community. However, the consultant noted during discussions in meetings with the host communities, that there was growing discontent with the plans for settlement of refugees in their area primarily due to concerns about land use plans. The consultant's perception was that this was due to inadequate sensitisation about specifics of the plans and mainly, the benefits the host communities would derive from the improved facilities.
The establishment of refugee camps and settlement schemes had recorded an upward swing in local level economic activities and improvement social service delivery such schools, clinic and police posts as was noted from the headman at Chinkobwe Village near KTC, who bemoaned the suffering the host community anticipated after the impending decommissioning of the transit centre.
2.1.3 Existing Infrastructure
Water Facilities Out of 313 existing water points recorded in the district, 106 were boreholes fitted with Afridev hand pumps while 205 where borehole with Indian MKII hand pumps. Only one borehole was
15 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
equipped with submersible pump and one had a play pump though decommissioned. (Source: Nchelenge Town Council)
The map below shows the distribution of the water points in Nchelenge District:
› Figure 2: Distribution of Water Points in Nchelenge
Water Supply in Host Communities The host communities are severely underserved. Further interrogation of the data shows that Kashikishi ward hosting Kenani Transit Centre, has 39 water points which translates into 641 people per water point when the ward population of 24,989 is considered.
Mulwe and Shabo Ward communities host Mantapala Refugee Settlement. Mulwe ward has a population of 12,937 persons with 19 water points giving the service level of 681 persons per water points. Shabo Ward on the other hand has 30 water points catering for a population of 4,049. This translates into 135 people per water point.
According to the guidelines of the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (2007- 2015); which prescribes 250 people per water point within a radius of 500m, the water point requirements will be estimated at 60 for Kashikishi ward and 33 for Mulwe ward.
It is however, a noteworthy observation that most of these water points are clustered along the main road and the supply coverage calculations have not taken into account the distances most communities would have to move in order to access the water points. For instance, Nsemiwe Village, one of the host communities in Mulwe Ward is located more than 12 kilometres from the main road. It has 129 households, 804 people and access water from a shallow well. Even along the road it is evident that communities are underserved and experience long queues at the water points, e.g. Shilundika Village, which is in the host community of KTC and located along the road, has an evidently over-stressed borehole.
Below is a table of villages in the host community around Mantapala Settlement with population and number of households:
16 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
Table 1: Host Community Villages in Nchelenge
No Village Name No. of Households Total Population
1 Nsemiwe 129 804
2 Piyala 140 1016
3 Nshoka 150 918
4 Champo 100 713
5 Sekesa 110 914
6 Kaposa 68 450
7 Sikazwe 65 533
8 Longwa 43 380
9 Chibamba (Mutumwa) 16 133
10 Shi Mwangilwa 25 295
11 Pule 30 285
Total Population 6,441
All the villages listed above depend on shallow wells and streams for their domestic water supply.
In Mantapala, World Vision installed the reticulated water supply system from a surface source (Kabushi River). It is installed with an online chlorinator and a diesel pump which pumps water to a 10,000 litre capacity tank which supplies the reception area of the camp.
World Vision Zambia (WVZ) was engaged to drill 60 boreholes in the settlement area. At the time of visit, WVZ had drilled 15 boreholes in Mantapala Settlement; 13 equipped with hand- pumps while 2 were mechanised by solar power pumps with a reticulated network.
Water quality reports were not availed to the consultant, but during the second visit to Mantapala, the consultant was in the company of the BGR team, which did a few quick and random sample of water quality. Two water quality parameters pH and EC, were tested on site. The results showed low pH and EC. The water is acidic in some areas and the low pH supports the finding the JICA Ground Water Monitoring Report (2015) in Luapula, which concluded that pH in the area was low and recommended to change GI riser pipes to uPVC to avoid corrosion.
There is a plan to transfer the water reticulation system with online dosing unit from Kenani Transit Centre to Mantapala Settlement. At the time of the field appraisal mission, it was not decided where it would be installed.
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Sanitation Facilities Construction of household pit latrines in Mantapala Settlement was underway with several partners taking up different roles to facilitate it. Oxfam and World Vision Zambia were constructing pits and lining them with locally burnt clay bricks. UNHCR provided the refugees with tents and expected them to build their own super-structures on the toilet to provide privacy. UNHCR was also providing temporal latrines for the refugees to use before they were allocated plots to build their housing structures. The on-going plans were for dry latrines in both institutions and households. It was observed that build quality on some of the latrines was inadequate and that the high water table is causing standing water in the pits for extended periods. It was also observed that the quality of the bricks was not suitable for the construction, as consistent quality could not be guaranteed from the locally made kilns.
Whilst the team visited the site, a recommendation was made to change the bricks to concrete blocks, which would better withstand the water. However, the cost of such block is ZMW 5.00 per block as opposed to ZMW 2.50 for a burnt brick. It was noted that prices outside the camp was considerably lower.
Nchelenge Town Council through its DWASHE Committee was implementing Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) as the tool for household sanitation in the hosting communities. Open Defecation Free status for the district stood at 72% and most of the villages in the host communities were triggered.
Hygiene Promotion
Though the consultant interviewed some Hygiene Promoters trained by Red Cross, there were still poor hygiene practices observed in the camp. The environment around the water points were kept in unsanitary manner and the handling and storage of the water that the people was drawing were indicative of inadequate hygiene education. The bath shelters were also inadequate compared to the number of housing structures. Hygiene Promotion training of trainers was done by the Zambia Red Cross but there were not enough hygiene promotion or advocacy programs done at the time of the field appraisal mission.
UNICEF is supporting various WASH activities through
partners such as the Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), OXFAM, World Vision Zambia (WVZ), Plan International, CARE, Zambia Red Cross and others. (Details of partners in Annex)
18 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
Health Facilities Visits to clinics and health centres in the host communities revealed serious deficiencies in water supply
Table 2: Health Facilities in host Communities
No. Name of Health Type & Condition of Type & Condition of Medical Waste Facility Water Facility Sanitation Facilities Disposal Facilities Bed space Catchment Population
01 Mulwe RHC 01 11,812 One functional borehole VIP latrines No incinerator, all with hand-pump with medical waste turbid water Ablution block available and burned in a pit water closet in maternity ward No water reticulation but no running water System 02 Kafutuma RHC 08 12,620 One functional borehole VIP latrines No incinerator, with hand-pump medical waste Ablution block available and burned in a pit No water reticulation water closet in maternity ward System but no running water
03 Kambwali RHC 14 9,398 One functional borehole VIP latrines No incinerator, with hand-pump medical waste Ablution block available and burned in a pit Defunct water reticulation water closet in maternity ward system but no running water
04 St. Paul's Hospital 145 152,807 ( district Functional water Water-borne toilets and back-up Functional waste (referral hospital) population) reticulation system VIP latrines disposal system 22 baby cots
The host communities visited (Sekela Village, Mantapala Village and Nsemiwe Village) had to travel long distances to get to Mulwe Health Centre which was the nearest. With the establishment of a temporary health facility in the new settlement, they can also access health care although it is also far and access roads in some times of the year cut off.
Plan International is constructing a hospital in the settlement. The hospital plan includes a maternity wing, outpatient department, admission wing and mortuary.
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Schools
Plan International is collaborating with UNHCR to construct schools and clinics in the settlement. Currently the school in Mantapala Refugee Settlement has 9 volunteer teachers running the school with a pupil population of approximately 1138 all children of refugees, ranging from reception to Grade 7. More than half of these, however, are children in grades between reception and Grade 3.
In the host community the Appraisal Mission visited Mantapala Primary School and Kafutuma Basic School.
› Table 3: Schools in Host Communities
No. Name of School Type & Condition of Water Facility Type & Condition of Sanitation Hygiene Education Facilities
01 Kafutuma Basic One functional borehole with hand-pump VIP Latrines SHN Program not active
Defunct play-pump
02 Mantapala Primary One functional borehole with hand-pump Integrated latrines (VIP with Inadequate hygiene education evident from the urinals) in a state of disrepair disused, overgrown urinals and dirty toilets
20 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA Housing UNHCR had partnered with Care International to assist in erecting houses, particularly for the vulnerable such as disabled persons. The contract however had ended and there was no partner to assist UNHCR in this area.
Upon arrival, the refugees are put in temporary tents and shelters, segregated according to their marital status and size of their families. After the registration process they are then offered plots of land and tents by UNHCR whilst they are expected to build their housing shelters using the logs from the abundantly available trees in the former forest reserve as poles to form the supporting beams.
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Waste Management The removal and disposal of waste in the district is the responsibility of Nchelenge Town Council. The council has setup collection points in public premises. Wastes generated from these premises are dumped in refuse bays. The local authority use trucks to collect solid waste, which is dumped at a poorly managed landfill.
The collection system for solid wastes does not work well. The trucks assigned for work were usually out of service, with the result that collection schedules were seldom maintained.
In Mantapala Settlement, temporary pits were available for disposal of solid waste. Norwegian Church Aid planned to assist in the identification of a landfill and construction of refuse bays though they had not yet commenced.
Access Roads A Government military wing, Zambia National Service (ZNS) is working on access roads within the settlement. The main road from Nchelenge through Mantapala to Kawambwa is a gazetted district road already earmarked for development by the government (D76). The road is in serious disrepair and impassable in some places during the rainy season. Government released ZMW 2.5 million for the grading and patching of some parts but it is insufficient for the works. Some of the roads within the local vicinity of the camp are also impassable during the rains but these are not planned for ZNS or GRZ at the moment.
Drainage The upper part of Mantapala is relatively flat and gently sloping towards Kabushi stream. It is the lowest point in relation to the escarpment, which is just two kilometres away, and further beyond the boundary. Rainy water runoff from the catchment flow into the settlement causing major problem of flooding in the rainy season. Pockets of ponded area in the settlement were observed during the site visit. This could be attributed by the fact that an impermeable sub-surface formation underlays the settlement resulting in the high sub-surface water table. The ponding was evident around the soak pit and water collecting in the excavated latrine chamber under construction.
Draining the surface run off and subsurface water will tend to lower the water table averting the ponding in the settlements
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Figure 3: left to right; Soakaway Pit and Latrine Chamber filled with water
1 2
Natural drainage system were mapped by the use of digital elevation models and imagery. Potential drainages were marked.
Figure 4: Drainage in Mantapala
Environmental Conditions
Hydrology The settlement area is drained by three rivers within the catchment areas from the escarpment and into Lake Mweru. Kabushi River flows through the upper part of the settlement and currently supplies water to the Reception Centre in the camp. Manse River runs through the middle and has much bigger catchment area and reservoir potential for impoundment of water. Lunde River lies in the lower boundary and flows outside settlement.
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› Figure 5: Mantapala Topography
Hydrogeology The larger extent of Nchelenge District sits on locally productive aquifers, which are generally good wells with the capability of producing between 100 – 400 m³ per day. (JICA; National Water Resource Master Plan – 1995)
According to drilling reports from the World Vision, the ground formation in Mantapala is predominately granite with pockets of schist and quartzite. 100% success rate was recorded on the all 15 drilling attempts by World Vision. This could confirm a saturated sub-surface formation. 15 borehole were drilled at an average depth of 55m. The first water strikes were recorded and averaged at 13 and the second strikes at 20m. The water typically rises and stabilises at 10m with an average yield of 1.2 l/s.
The interactions the Consultant had with WRC (consultants for Mantapala underground water study) revealed that the rocks are sedimentary in nature and tend to have high porosity and permeability. Owing to very wet and extended rainy season experience in the area, the sub-surface formation tend to absorb a lot of water in the wet period and holding it longer into the dry seasons. Water table remains high with very minor seasonal fluctuations causing ponding in the settlement.
High permeability is another property that could be attributed to the formation. (BGR report, dated 2018.06.28). The report suggests a quick water movement in the sub- surface formation. The report further highlights that the horizontal movement of water, coupled with on-site disposal of waste would be a recipe for ground water pollution.
Climate The area lies within Agro-ecological region III receiving annual rainfall above 1000mm. It experiences rainy and dry season. Rainfall is high, ranging from 1100 to 1500 mm with between 80 – 120 rainy days per year (November to late March). Annual mean temperatures range between 22.5 to 25ºC. The dry season is between April to October and temperatures range between 18ºC - 27ºC. In winter, May – July, temperatures range between 6ºC - 25ºC.
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The data obtained from SASSCAL weathernet on the Samfya station which was installed in October 2013 showed precipitation, temperature, and solar radiance for a 5year weather period. This report considers precipitation data due to its direct effect on the environmental condition of the settlement. The chart below show a six month annual rainy season with the highest rainfall recorded in February – March period. It has an effective dry window of 4 months.
Figure 6: Precipitation data for Samfya Gauge Station
2.1.4 Challenges
Coordination As highlighted in the previous chapter, Mantapala Settlement has agencies and organisations working together with UNICEF and UNHCR to provide WASH solutions for the refugees that are being resettled there. The focus of support is to provide emergency response to refugee crisis with immediate interventions to provide basic needs (shelter, water and food). Sustainability risks being overlooked. As evidenced from the appraisal mission visit, there is good progress on response to the refuge crisis. However, the team observed that some partners carrying out works in the settlement were not supervised or monitored, a situation that has led to the compromise on quality. Particularly, partners working on latrine sub-structure used burnt bricks which were not properly cured. Drilling works went on without supervision and visits to some water points showed high turbidity of water. It was suspected that drillers had not put enough gravel pack for filtration. It was also suspected that borehole development was not done long enough to make the water clear. The challenge therefore is not only on resources but on the types of technology options and implementation method that will be successful and sustainable.
Drainage The settlement is a collection point for storm water due to extended rainy seasons coupled with low altitude. Furthermore, the settlement sits on an impervious clay formation making the water table to raise and cause ponding. Ponding has a twofold hazardous effect on the refuges; they are a breeding ground for the mosquito and on
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the other hand, may cause pollution of water table if the sanitation disposal method is on-site.
Communication The growing discontent in Sekela Village during a community meeting with the consultant showed that there is an information gap in the host communities. The community expressed fear of displacement from the resettlement of refugees. In spite of the foregoing, the community also highlighted the benefits the resettlement has brought such as schools, health centre etc.
The Consultant observed that the after the provincial physical planning and the local authority undertook the land audit, there was no formal engagement with the host community to present the findings and recommendations.
The land audit was a requirement before resettlement to take inventory of the total hectarage and value.
2.1.5 Need for Project UNHCR focus is direct integration of refugees with the host and providing to all 15,000 refugees settled in Mantapala to have access to basic water supply and sanitation services. These services are already inadequate for the current population. Yet the refugee’s population is projected to reach 25,000 by the year 2020.
The long term water supply needs of Mantapala Settlement are a new source of water to meet its expanding demand and the extension of the network so that the refugees are supplied with water, either from house connections or from stand taps within a reasonable distance to their homes.
The immediate sanitation needs of the refugees are to provide support for construction of the sub-structure of VIP latrine to the refugees to avoid open defecation which poses as a health hazard. Construction of septic tanks in institution will be considered under Immediate Improvement Project as a method for disposing of faecal waste.
The long term need is the replacement or improve the operations of faecal waste disposal method which may pollute the ground water resource and improve handling of the sludge.
Solid waste disposal in the refugee camp is planned to be served by identification of a landfill site. This seems to be adequate but details need to be investigated further. Health waste disposal needs to be established.
2.1.6 Other Observations
Environmental concerns It was noted with concern that the entire Mantapala settlement area had been allocated and settlement had commenced without any investigations into wider environmental impact. The area is in the midst of a forest area and land is cleared for various purposes including farming, housing and charcoal burning. This consultancy is
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focussed on the WASH investments, but it is necessary to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment to understand the impacts on the natural environment including on water resources.
Nutrition Issues In Luapula Province, more than 20% of children below the age of five are undernourished. In addressing nutrition issues for children in both hosting communities and refugee settlements, the following facts may be considered:
› Children that are undernourished are more susceptible to diarrheal diseases, malaria and respiratory infections owing to the fact that they have a lowered resistance to infection.
› The first 1,000 days of a child’s life are critical in fatal and child development because children are especially vulnerable to the adverse and chronic effects of intestinal diseases brought on in part by poor water and sanitation
› A reduced growth rate, known as stunting, is a primary manifestation of malnutrition in early childhood, particularly malnutrition during fatal development due to malnourished mothers
› WASH, undernutrition and stunting are all related as poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water cause diarrheal disease and environmental enteropathy and these inhibit nutrient absorption
› Handwashing, water quality treatment, sanitation, and hygiene are core interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival
› Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions can prevent child deaths from undernutrition
A full assessment of the facts and figures concerning nutrition in the areas under discussion would be required as a separate assignment
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2.2 Maheba Settlement, Solwezi
Maheba Resettlement scheme is located in Kalumbila District which is 90 km away from the capital of North-Western Province, Solwezi District. The scheme covers approximately 72,000 hectares which includes Refugee Settlement and Local Integration Area. Some of the languages spoken around this area include Kaonde, Bunda, Swahili, Luvale and Rwandese, etc.
2.2.1 Location The Settlement lies on Longitude 29.92o East and Latitude 12.38o South. It sits in three ward and these are Mumena, Shilenda and Matebo Wards.
Figure 7: Maheba Location Map
2.2.2 Socio-economic Status
Demographic Data Data for Kalumbila is not very conclusive as it was only established as a district in 2016. However, data from records used by the Electoral Commission of Zambia estimates the district population to be 85,505.
Maheba refugee settlement has a total population about 20,600 people with 10,600 in the refugee camp and another 10,000 in the integration area.
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The host community bordering Maheba Refugee Settlement include Mwajimambwe, Matebo, Mumena and Shilenda.
Table 4: Maheba Host Community Population (source: CSO, 2010)
Ward Population
Mwajimambwe 12,654
Matebo 2,391
Mumena 11,810
Shilenda 16,493
Total 43,348
Economic Profile The main economic activity in the area is mining, which provides employment for the district's citizens through Lumwana and Kalumbila Mining Companies. Income levels however indicate that the larger part of the population is predominantly poor. The section of the population that was displaced with the establishment of the mines were compensated through construction of houses for them in other locations, small farms and minimal financial aid. Subsistence farming activity is also recorded with sales from the excess production. A small percentage of the people are involved in small scale fishing, animal rearing and trading. During the visit, it was discovered that some refugees are involved in trading and have shops at Manyama Trading Area.
2.2.3 Existing Infrastructure
Water Facilities The data obtained from Solwezi Municipal Council shows that about 320 water points are recorded under Kalumbila Districts. The data further revealed that the technology of the water point are boreholes and hand dug wells fitted with hand pumps.
Water Supply in Maheba Settlement The water point distribution for the refugee camp and the integration area are shown in the table below.
Table 5: Water Point Distribution in Maheba Settlement
No Settlement No of Boreholes No of Wells
1 Refugee Camp 15 170
2 Integration Area 196 15
The refugee camp is also supplied with the reticulated water system in institutions (School and Administration) and in in the refugee community.
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Figure 8: Distribution of Water Points
Sanitation Facilities There is no information on sanitation for Kalumbila District owing to it being a new district.
Engagement with the coordinator at the camp revealed that sanitation technologies were categorised as institutional and community. Institutions include health centres, schools and administration centres with staff housing. The two types of technologies are water-borne toilets connected to a septic tank and VIP toilets, which have sub-surface containment for wastewater treatment.
Community include those within the refugee camp and non-refugees integration area. The common technology for the community involved the un-lined pits with ordinary superstructure as latrine with sanitation platform (San-plat).
The Sanitation Team at Maheba Refugee Settlement had employed Community Lead Total Sanitation strategy to improve household sanitation in the camp. The strategy promoted total community responsibility over sanitation and encouraged them to build their own latrines. The Camp management trains masons to build latrines and provide sanplats.
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31
Health Facilities Below are the health facilities visited during the Appraisal Mission. The type and conditions of sanitation facilities are provided in the table below.
Table 6: Heath Facilities around Maheba
No. Name of Health Type & Condition of Type & Condition of Medical Waste Disposal Facility Water Facility Sanitation Facilities Facilities
Bed space Catchment Population
01 Lumwana Hospital 105 Unconfirmed Piped Supply System but Ablution block available and Adequate Facilities inadequate due to small water closet in maternity capacity pump installed ward 02 Maheba A Clinic 31 Beds 10,140 Solar powered submersible VIP latrines Unconventional incinerator, installed on the well. medical waste burned in a pit 10 Baby Cots Ablution block available and Well dried up and no water water closet in maternity supply ward but no running water
03 Maheba B 16 Beds 5, 521 Solar powered submersible VIP latrines Unconventional incinerator, installed on the well. medical waste burned in a pit Ablution block available and Well dried up and no water water closet in maternity supply ward but no running water 04 Block G Clinic Defunct borehole with VIP latrines No incinerator, medical hand-pump (01) waste burned in a pit (Resettlement Area) No water supply
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School Facilities
Table 7: School Facilities around Maheba
No. Name of School Type & Condition of Water Type & Condition of Sanitation Hygiene Education Facility Facilities
01 Masulwila Primary School No water facility. Scoop hole 1km VIP Latrines SHN Program needs to away from school be revamped
02 Misanga Community School Hand dug wells Ordinary Latrines SHN Program needs to be revamped
03 Shilenda Basic School Borehole 1km away from school VIP Latrines SHN Program needs to be revamped
04 Maheba Basic School Hand dug well VIP SHN Program needs to be revamped
05 Maheba Secondary School Piped water supply only when the Ablution block but most of the SHN Program needs to generator is running time no water be revamped
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Waste Management The institution manages its solid waste through supervising the digging and burying of pits, as there is no system in place for garbage collection and proper disposal to a designated area.
2.2.4 Challenges
Water supply The well technology was implemented over 20 years ago in Zambia by the Department of Water Affairs. Currently it is not a preferred technology due to the seasonal water table variability making most wells drying up in the dry seasons. Water tends to be turbid in the rain season and clears out in the dry season. This variation of water turbidity is an indicator of the source of water susceptibility to contamination and the technology is discouraged on that account.
Boreholes are currently preferred and proved to be more reliable in consistence of quality and quantity of water supplied to the community than wells. The technology is not immune to challenges as it was reported that groundwater in the area was abrasive owing to low pH, which tends to corrode GI riser pipes on the installed hand pumps. The reaction with the pipes gives colour to the water making the water point to be abandoned. With the support from Cooperating partners (UNICEF), the mitigation to the challenge is the replacement of the riser pipes of the hand pumps were with uPVC pipes. The other challenge is that the technology is suitable only in the refugee camp as they are clustered together in smaller plots possible to attain high population density per water point lowering the per capita investment cost. The case is opposite in the integration area as the non-refugees are being settled in bigger farming blocks and the water point can only service few.
The challenge to the piped water system supplying water to the secondary school, administration and staff houses as well as blocks A and B is twofold. The first one is that the system is very old and most of the components have outlived the economic life rendering it expensive to maintain. The other challenge is that the system runs on generator and consume too much diesel to run for few hours making operating cost high.
2.2.5 Need of Project From the data given on the existing water facilities, it would be concluded that the water service coverage in the Refuge Camp and Integration area was adequate based on the coverage standard for population density prescribed in the NRWSSP.
However, the water coverage in the refugee camp will be discounted on the basis of type of water technology provided. The camp which was established 40 years ago, was only served by few boreholes and a mostly by hand dug wells. Hand dug wells are not reliable water sources as they are subjected to season variability in both water quantity and quality. Refugee camps were still
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considered under-served on the account of wells being unreliable and thus in need of investment in boreholes which are more reliable water sources.
Former refugees are settled in 5 -10 hectare farm plots, grouping them together to meet the threshold for water point allocation requirement is unachievable. On this basis, the water coverage in the integration area is considered inadequate and in need of more investment.
The immediate improvement measure identified which require urgent attention are;
› Replacement of wells with a more sustainable borehole technology in the refugee camp.
› Reducing walking distance to water points by drilling more borehole in integration area in conformity with the national rural water guidelines.
The host communities are in need of WASH investment as the water coverage are low and are at risk of disease outbreak. It was notated that the WASH support was only focused in Refugee camp and Integration areas leaving out the host communities.
Longer term solutions for water supply services in the Settlement will be analyzed as part of the comprehensive feasibility study. The following project were identified and will need further investigation:
› Rehabilitation of piped water supply system: The system is old and in need of rehabilitation. Pumps are run on diesel powered generators which is not sustainable.
› Construction of a new surface water supply system for the camp: It will involve construction of the compact treatment unit and new underground pipe system.
Implementation of Community Lead Total Sanitation should be supported as a short-term sanitation measure with the focus on latrine promotion. Construction of ablution blocks connected to septic tanks was recommended for institutions.
2.2.6 Other observations There are potential conflicts in the organisation and operations of WASH inside the camp. The Water Coordinator from the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) in Maheba Refugee Camp showed some resistance towards the idea of working with officers from the district council. He was of the opinion that water supply issues in the camp were the mandate of DWA who have ran the WASH aspect of the camp from its inception in the 70s. The situation is the same in terms of operations in Mayukwayukwa but there the DWASHE the DWRD in the camp work together.
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2.3 Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement, Kaoma
Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement, as described by the Refugee (Control) Act of the Republic of Zambia, is that piece of land, about 40 kilometres west of Mangango Mission Station, situated at the confluence of the Luena and Luampa Rivers, in Kaoma District of Western Province of Zambia. It was established in 1966 as a prompt response to incursions of refugees fleeing the Angolan liberation war by the then newly independent state of Zambia. The settlement is managed by UNHCR in collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and other partners and is one of the oldest refugee centres in Africa.
2.3.1 Location Mayukwayukwa Settlement is about 85 Km from the Central business of Kaoma to the North-West of the district. It is situated at Longitude 24.19o East and Latitude 14.53o South.
Figure 9: Mayukwayukwa Location Map
The settlement sits on Mushwala and Kapili Wards. The area where Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement is situated was originally under Chief Mutondo of the Nkoya Royal Establishment (NRE) but later was gazetted state land. It spans across 163 square kilometres.
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2.3.2 Socio-economic Status
Demographic Data The District has a total population of 110,403 persons out of which 53,456 are male and 56,947 are female representing 48% and 52% respectively. The District has a growth rate of 1.5%. (CSO, 2010 Zambia Census Report).
Population of the Wards hosting Mayukwayukwa is tabulated below:
Table 8: Wards hosting Mayukwayukwa Population
S/N Ward Population Male Female Households
1 Mushuala 16,903 8,156 8,747 3,301
2 Kapili 2,261 1,112 1,149 442
Totals 19,164 9,268 9,896 3,743
Source: CSO 2010 Zambia Census Report
According to UNHCR, estimated population in the settlement was 33,000 before repatriation in 2013 but now stands at approximately 12,300. The original camp was demarcated into the main camp hosting refugees and a resettlement area to host former refugees who opted to stay whilst others were repatriated to their country of origin. Mayukwayukwa hosts Congolese, Rwandese, Burundese and Somalians. All Angolans and some Rwandese are former refugees.
The resettlement area covers Kakontokonto, Kapili and Kachekela in the Nabowa area and Lyamule on the other side. The former refugees are about 7,000 in number and though they have been allocated 5 and 10-acre plots of farmland, they have many challenges regarding their livelihoods. All privileges that they were entitled to as refugees fall off once the refugee status ends as the mandate of UNHCR is only for refugees. They have limited access to social amenities like schools and health care, which they have to pay for once they attain non- refugee status. As refugees they are part of livelihood programs, they have access to a monthly Cash Based Intervention (CBI) provided by UNHCR (similar to what the Zambian government offers the Zambians in host communities through a Social Cash Transfer implemented by the Ministry of Community Development and Social Welfare). As non-refugees, they do not have any social support. Water supply provision is not feasible in the Resettlement Area as the guidelines given under the NRWSSP stipulate that a borehole should service 250 people within a radius of 500m. The farms are too far apart.
Economic Profile The District economic mainstay comprise Agriculture, timber production, trading, parastatal firms such as ZESCO & ZAMTEL and other line Ministries. These economic activities have led to the steady growth of the population in Kaoma. Majority of the population though, remain persistently poor.
In the refugee settlement, economic activities include cassava, maize and tobacco farming, honey production and processing, animal rearing and trading.
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Poverty remains a major stressor, most especially in the resettlement area where former refugees reside.
2.3.3 Existing Infrastructure
Water Facilities Kaoma District Council reported that the total number of water points in the District before creation of other districts from it was estimated to be above 350. The inventory of the remaining water points in Kaoma had not been conducted after the creation Luampa and Nkeyema off it.
It was further reported that Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement had about 126 water points out of which 77 are boreholes, 49 are hand dug wells and 2 springs. Over 70% of the water points were operational with management systems in place. However, 12 hand dug wells were reported not reliable as they tend to dry up in the dry season. 11 boreholes were not functioning. It was further reported, though the figures were not available, that there are a number of water points abandoned due to ironized water caused by corrosion of GI riser pipes in abrasive water.
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Health Facilities
Table 9: Health Facilities in and around Mayukwayukwa
No. Name of Health Facility Type & Condition of Type & Condition of Medical Waste Disposal Water Facility Sanitation Facilities Facilities
01 Mushyala Clinic Borehole with hand pump VIP No incinerator 02 Mayukwayukwa Clinic 1 Borehole with hand pump VIP latrines No incinerator. medical waste burned in a pit Ablution block available and water closet in maternity ward but no running water
03 Mayukwayukwa Clinic 2 Borehole with submersible VIP Incinerator working. pump driven by generator Ablution block available and water closet in maternity ward
04 Jacob Mpepo Health Post Borehole with solar system Tradition latrines No incinerator.
05 Shibanga Clinic Borehole with solar system VIP latrines Incinerator working perfectly Ablution block available and water closet in maternity ward
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School Facilities The under-listed schools were visited during the data collection and the WASH condition were recorded.
Table 10: School Facilities in and around Mayukwayukwa
No. Name of School Type & Condition of Water Type & Condition of Sanitation Hygiene Education Facility Facilities
01 Mayukwayukwa Secondary Borehole drilled 1km away from Water borne ablution block with SHN Program needs to be School school is equipped with septic tank. revamped submersible pump driven by generator. An incinerator for menstrual hygiene management No enough water.
02 Dominic Minyoi Primary Defunct water point VIP Latrines SHN Program needs to be School revamped
03 Mushyala Basic School Borehole with hand pump VIP Latrines SHN Program needs to be revamped
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Sanitation Facilities Though the numbers, types and distribution of facilities were not available at the time of visit, it was mentioned in the meeting with the district staff that Community Lead Total Sanitation approach was used for sanitation intervention in the host communities and the camp.
It was further revealed that the district attained Open Defecation Free (ODF) status.
Waste Management Waste management is the mandate of the Council. Kaoma Town Council is investing its limited resources to carry out their obligation. The landfill site w identified though not registered with ZEMA. Collection of garbage is focussed on public places such as bus stop and markets where refuse bay had been placed as collection points.
2.3.4 Challenges The challenges for Mayukwayukwa are similar in terms of water supply technologies as those for Maheba Refugee Settlement.
Hand dug wells were done in earlier years. As also seen under Maheba, many of the wells are drying up in the dry season leaving the communities to go for alternative sources in the period.
The borehole technologies are more reliable water sources, supplying water through-out the year. As for Maheba the main challenge is low pH of the ground water, causing corroding of the GI riser pipe installed on the hand pump.
The settlement pattern for non-refugees in the integration was another challenge observed. The non-refugees were settled in 5 hectares farm plot per household and distance from one another. Qualifying the community illegibility as prescribed in the National Rural Water Programme for the water point is unattainable. 250 people per water point will mean a lot of people walking a long distance.
2.3.5 Need for Project The needs for Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement is the same as Maheba Refugee Settlement. Mayukwayukwa needs for immediate improvement are:
› Reliable all-year round sources of water in the Refugee camp by replacing the hand dug wells with borehole.
› Reducing the walking distance to the water points in the integration area by drilling more boreholes in conformity with the NRWSSP.
› Change riser pipes from GI to UPVC pipes on boreholes with abrasive water
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› Longer-term solutions for water supply services in the Settlement will be analyzed as part of the comprehensive feasibility study. The following project were identified and will need further investigation:
› New surface water supply system for the camp. It will involve construction of the compact treatment unit.
› Design and construction of irrigation canals to supply water to the integration area.
Implementation of Community Led Total Sanitation should be supported as short- term measure with the focus of latrine promotion for the camp and integration areas. Construction of ablution block connected to septic tank was recommended for institutions.
2.3.6 Other Observations Resettlement of refugees that have attained non-refugee status seems to pose a challenge as most are not willing to move into the resettlement scheme areas. This is especially true in Maheba and Mayukwayukwa where the consultant interviewed some of the resettled refugees and government social workers. A
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drive around the resettlement area in Mayukwayukwa found abandoned parcels of land where Habitat for Humanity has provided roofing sheets and supporting poles for the construction of new homes. Chief among the reasons given for the resistance to move and be integrated into the Zambian host community are the following:
› There are not enough social amenities in the resettlement areas and they have to move long distances to access them. Clinics in the resettlement areas are not adequately staffed. Additionally, once refugee status is dropped, these social amenities are not free of charge. Resultantly, some of the refugees children are unable to continue with their education
› UNHCR gives the refugees Cash Based Intervention (CBI) of K100 per person in each household per month for their sustenance. Resettled former refugees lose this entitlement
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2.4 Lusaka Urban Transit Centres, Lusaka District
The Lusaka urban refugee comprises of the Makeni refugee transit centre (MRTC), 40 host communities and 5 outreach centres run by Caritas Zambia in Chawama, Kanyama, George, Mandevu and Chaisa to provide service and resources to the refugees in the surrounding host communities.
The Makeni Refugee Transit Centre (MRTC) was established in 1968 to provide asylum to Zimbabwean freedom fighters. It is currently run by Action Africa Help International (AAH-I) since 2012. The centre was designed to host 60 refugees but due to the influx of refugees, it hosts about 160 to 200 refugees at any moment with 218 the maximum number hosted at an instant.
2.4.1 Location Makeni Refugee Transit Centre (MRTC) is located -15.451760° latitude and 28.242954° longitude in a residential area south-western part of Lusaka city (the capital city of Zambia) in Makeni Township. Around the centre are Peri- urban areas which most of which serve as host communities for the centre. In reality, the refugee hosting community cannot be distinguished from Lusaka City itself.
2.4.2 Socioeconomic Conditions Lusaka District population according to the Zambia Census of Population and Housing Population and Demographic Projections 2011-2035 stands at 2,526,102 (1,244,045 male and 1,282,057 female) in 2018. The Lusaka refugee inventory obtained from Caritas Zambia indicates that there are 12,561 refugees integrated in host communities (refer Annex: Lusaka Refugee Data)
Economic Profile Lusaka city has a diverse economic profile due to its location and the fact that it is the capital city. Lusaka provides a ready market for agricultural and other goods. The overwhelming majority of the economic establishments in the city fall within the wholesale and retail trade categories, which together represent the largest formal employer in Lusaka after the government.
2.4.3 Existing Infrastructure
Water Facilities The Makeni Refugee Transit Centre relies on underground water. The centre has two Boreholes drilled since the establishment of the camp in 1968. One borehole (BH1) has a submersible pump which supplies water to the 5000 litres overhead tank. The other tank (10,000 litres) is not in use. The second borehole (BH2) has a hand pump fixed and does not supply water to any of the tanks. To meet the centre's water demand, the pump is run five times daily.
Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) is mandated to supply water in the city of Lusaka and provides the service in most host communities and is
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sometimes assisted by water trusts in Peri-urban areas. The state of infrastructure in most host communities are not in a good condition and this leads to low water availability time.
Sanitation Facilities The centre is using onsite sanitation systems comprising septic tanks and pit latrines. The sanitation facilities at the centre are not in a good condition, as most latrines are full and not in use. The existing main ablution block has two toilets for male and five toilets for female. It is in a deplorable state and is connected to a septic tank which does not have a soakaway. The facility also lacks dishwashing basins and only has 2 laundry basins which are functional.
The sanitation situations in host communities is different for each area. The areas with poor sanitation conditions are the Peri-urban areas where most households rely mainly on pit latrines.
Health Facilities The centre has one clinic which serves both the centre and the nearby community. The clinic only has two latrines serving both the patients and the staff. The clinic receives up to 450 patients a day.
The health facilities in host communities are in a good condition and well- staffed. Lusaka city has health facilities distributed in all the host communities.
Solid Waste Facilities A private company collects and manages solid waste at the centre. Garbage is collected every Tuesday and the centre pays a monthly fee of K1,800. The solid waste is disposed at the Lusaka City Council Chunga Land Fill.
Drainage Most parts of the city lack man-made drainage systems. Where drains have been constructed in the past, they have not been well maintained and have deteriorated over several decades. In addition, most parts of the drainage system are inadequate.
Most host communities, especially the Peri-urban areas, suffer localised short duration flooding due to poor drainage and related facilities in those areas (Source: Lusaka water supply sanitation and drainage (LWSSD) project).
The MRTC has a flat topography with a 70w x 80h cm trapezoidal open channel stormwater drainage inside the centre. The exit point of the drain from the centre's premises is blocked by the neighbour's recently built wall fence making the centre prone to flooding during rainy season.
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Figure 10: Existing Infrastructure at MRTC
2.4.4 Challenges
Water Supply The centre has a functional but old and dilapidated water supply system, the system main Challenges are; The system was designed to cater 60 people but currently covering more than 200 people. The system is stressed. The water GI pipes are old and have developed rust. Low water pressure, water does not reach the clinic. The centre has only one communal water point where water is drawn and a 10,000 Litre tank not in use
Waste Management The refugees' and non-refugees' activities within the centre has resulted in increased generation of solid waste. Currently, there are only four refuse bins, two at the health centre and the other two serving the rest of the centre. The manager of the centre stated that the bins were not adequate to cater for all the solid waste generated at the centre. The health centre lack an incinerator for medical waste management.
Solid waste management in host communities is a mandate of Lusaka city council through the solid waste management unit. The unit has partnered with private operators and community based organisations to collect and dispose solid waste.
Drainage The drainage discharge point from the centre is blocked by a wall fence of the neighbouring property. This results into rain water ponding at the centre.
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Sanitation Sanitation infrastructure at the centre is old and dilapidated. The system is stressed as it was built to cater for only 60 people.
2.4.5 Need for Project The need for the project in the host community cannot be separated from the service needs for the greater Lusaka compounds. Whilst the needs are indisputable, they form part of Lusaka City and Lusaka Water overall service plans.
For the Makeni Refugee Transit Centre itself, immediate WASH improvements for consideration would include:
› Replacing the old and dilapidated water network and rehabilitation of the elevated water tank stands/tanks so that both are in use.
› Rehabilitating the existing ablution block, construction of two new ablution blocks and an incinerator at the clinic to improve sanitation at the centre.
› Finding a solution to the drainage problem at the centre to improve on storm water runoff and reducing ponding at the centre.
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3 PROPOSED TECHNOLOGIES
The purpose of the pre-feasibility study is to define all actions needed to improve the water and sanitation services in refugee camps. Particular attention is concentrated on the short-term measures needing immediate interventions. Long- term measures will be subjected to full feasibility studies and will involve major water and sanitation projects.
Please refer to Annex 1 for descriptions of the proposed standard technologies.
3.1 Mantapala Refugee Settlement
3.1.1 Mantapala Short Term Measures These are immediate interventions and a two-year projection from the existing status of water supply in the settlement area and host communities. The aim is to provide the refugees with basic water needs in conformity with the national standard practice.
A summary of the proposed technologies and quantities needed for Mantapala WASH short term interventions, taking into account population growth and current water supply status, is give in the table below:
Table 11: Mantapala Proposed Short Term Interventions
No Intervention Technology Mantapala Host Total Category (No) (No) (No) 1 Water Supply Ground 60 60 120 Community water supply – Borehole with hand pump Ground - 10 10 Community water supply – Manual borehole Ground 5 15 20 Institution water supply – piped water supply 2 Sanitation VIP 2 10 10 Institution Ablution 10 10 Institution 3 Waste Solid Waste 1 1 Institution Management Medical 10 10 Institution Waste 4 Drainage Construction 1 1 Institution of drainage 5 Institution Orientation 1 - 1 Institution Support of WDC, EHT
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and School managers Orientation 1 - 1 Institution of Council D- WASHE in supply chain management Procurement 1 - 1 Institution of seed stock for Afridev pumps Project 1 - 1 Institution management capacity building
3.1.2 Kenani short term measures The Kenani Transit Centre was earmarked for decommissioning by end of June 2018. Immediate measures should therefore only consider increasing water coverage for the underserved host communities around it.
The table below summarises the short-term intervention.
Table 12: Kenani short term cost
No Intervention Technology Host Total Category (No) (No)
1 Water Supply Ground water 40 40 Community supply – Borehole with hand pump
Ground water 10 10 Community supply – Manual borehole
Ground water 5 5 Institution supply – piped water supply
2 Sanitation Ablution 5 5 Institution
3 Waste Medical Waste 2 2 Institution Management
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3.1.3 Long term Measures It is a major project involving construction of new surface water and wastewater treatment units. The implementation of the project depends so much on the feasibility of constructing a surface dewatering drain in the settlement. If proven feasible
Table 13: Mantapala Proposed Long Term Interventions
No Intervention Technology No Category 1 Water Supply Surface water supply 1 Institution with compact 2 Sanitation Decentralised Waste 1 Institutional Water Treatment Unit with ABR Centralised Waste Water treatment Unit
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3.2 Maheba Refugee Settlement
The immediate improvement measure identified which require urgent attention include replacement of wells with the more sustainable borehole technology in the refugee camp and reducing walking distance to water points in the integration area by drilling some boreholes even though this intervention will not fully adhere to the national program standards.
Longer term solutions for water supply services in the Settlement will be analyzed as part of the comprehensive feasibility study to qualify the projects identified and proposed will need further investigation:
› Rehabilitation of the existing piped water supply system
› Construction of a new surface water supply system for the camp: It will involve construction of the compact treatment unit and new underground pipe system.
3.2.1 Short Term Measures The short-term measure consists of the immediate actions identified to remedy the weakness in the existing water supply and sanitation service coverage. One year implementation period is envisaged starting the month of March 2019. The table summarised the technologies technically and socially accepted for the activities.
Table 14: Maheba Proposed Short Term Interventions
No Intervention Technology Maheba Host Total Category (No) (No) (No) 1 Water Supply Ground water 10 20 30 Community supply – Borehole with hand pump Ground water 10 10 Community supply – Manual borehole Ground water 5 5 10 Institution supply – piped water supply 2 Sanitation VIP 5 5 Institution Ablution 5 5 Institution 3 Water Solid Waste 1 1 Institution Management Medical Waste 10 10 Institution 5 Institution Orientation of 1 - 1 Institution Support WDC, EHT and School managers Orientation of 1 - 1 Institution Council D-WASHE in supply chain
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No Intervention Technology Maheba Host Total Category (No) (No) (No) management
Procurement of 1 - 1 Institution seed stock for Afridev pumps Construction of - - - Institution spare shop Project 1 - 1 Institution management capacity building
3.2.2 Long term Measures
Water Supply A conventional water treatment system has being identified to replace the diesel run isolated water system as a long term measure. A full feasibility is being proposed in of the on-coming rural electrification project by the government of Zambia.
To sustain the proposed solutions, there is need to enhance agricultural production for no-refugees in the integration area by supplying them with agriculture water. This can be achieved by gravitating water from the nearby river to the integration area via canals. Further investigations should be done to look into the flow possibility and the ground conditions.
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3.3 Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlement
The situation in Mayukwayukwa is similar to that in Maheba and therefore demands similar interventions. The identified needs for immediate improvement include reliable all-year sources of water in the Refugee camp by replacing the hand-dug wells with borehole, reducing the walking distance to the water points in the integration area by drilling more boreholes and changing riser pipes from GI to UPVC pipes on boreholes with abrasive water.
Longer term solutions for water supply services in the Settlement will be analysed as part of the comprehensive feasibility study to qualify the projects identified and proposed will need further investigation:
› New surface water supply system for the camp, which would include construction of a compact treatment unit.
› Design and construction of irrigation canals to supply water to the integration area.
3.3.1 Short Term Measures The short term need for Mayukwayukwa are the same as Maheba Settlement. These are actions identified to remedy the weakness in the existing water and sanitation service coverage.
Table 15: Mayukwayukwa Proposed Short Term Interventions
No Intervention Technology Mayukwayukwa Host Total Category (No) (No) (No) Ground water Community
supply – 10 25 25 Borehole with hand pump
Ground water Community Water 1 supply – Supply - 10 10 Manual borehole Ground water Institution supply – piped 5 5 10 water supply VIP 10 10 Institution 2 Sanitation Ablution 10 10 Institution Water Solid Waste 1 1 Institution 3 Management Medical Waste 10 10 Institution Construction of Institution 4 Drainage 1 - 1 drainage Orientation of Institution Institution 5 WDC, EHT and 1 - 1 Support School
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managers
Orientation of Institution
Council D- WASHE in 1 - 1 supply chain management Procurement of Institution seed stock for 1 - 1 Afridev pumps Project Institution management 1 - 1 capacity building
3.3.2 Long term Measures
Water Supply A conventional water treatment system has being identified to replace the diesel run isolated water system as a long term measure. A full feasibility is being proposed in of the on-coming rural electrification project by the government of Zambia.
To sustain the proposed solutions, there is need to enhance agricultural production for no-refugees in the integration area by supplying them with agriculture water. This can be achieved by gravitating water from the nearby river to the integration area via canals. Further investigations should be done to look into the flow possibility and the ground conditions.
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3.4 Lusaka Urban Refugee Centres
For immediate WASH improvements, the Makeni Refugee Transit Centre needs are listed below:
› Replacing the old and dilapidated water network with PVC pipes and rehabilitation the elevated water tank stands/tanks so that both are in use.
› Rehabilitating the existing ablution block, construction of two new ablution blocks and an incinerator at the clinic so as to improve sanitation at the centre.
› Working on the drainage system at the centre so as to improve on storm water runoff and reducing ponding at the centre. However this requires intervention from Lusaka City Council with respect to drainage in the entire area. This would potentially render the entire interventions for the MRTC unjustified.
In the long-term, the centre should be relocating to a new site where new infrastructure can be put-up after proper planning and studies are done. This will ensure a sustained Transit centre with facilities having capacities to safely accommodate the refugees.
3.4.1 Short Term Measures The immediate needs are actions that have been identified to address the outlined short term interventions.
Table 16: MRTC Proposed Short Term Interventions
No Intervention Technology Makeni Host Total Category (No) (No) (No)
1 Water Supply Ground water - - - Institution supply – Borehole with hand pump Ground water - - - Community supply – Manual borehole Ground water 2 - 2 Institution supply – piped water supply 2 Sanitation VIP - - - Institution Ablution 2 - 2 Institution 3 Water Solid Waste 1 - 1 Institution Management Medical 1 - 1 Institution
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Waste 4 Drainage Construction 1 - 1 Institution of drainage 5 Institution O&M 1 - 1 Institution Support orientation Project 1 - 1 Institution management capacity building
3.4.2 Long Term Measures Since the centre lies in the heart of the city, there is need to look into moving or relocating the centre to a bigger area, outside town most preferably, for long interventions so that proper planning can be allowed.
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3.5 Cost Estimates
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3.5.1 Summary of Estimated Costs
Table 17: Short Term Interventions Cost
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4 IMPLEMENTATION MODALITY
4.1 Institutional Structure
Provision of water supply is one of function delegated to the Council under Local Government Act of 1991.serviceThe Councils has the principal mandate for water supply and sanitation services in the respective towns.
Nchelenge Town Council is responsible for implementing the water supply and sanitation projects for Kenani Transit Centre and Mantapala Settlement.
Kaoma and Kalumbila Towns are mandated to manage the water supply and sanitation projects for Mayukwayukwa and Maheba Refugee Settlements respectively.
All the Town Councils visited have formed D-WASHE committee to provide oversight on all water and sanitation activities. The committees are chaired by the Council secretaries. the WATSAN coordinators offer secretariat.
Though the committees are multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral composed of members with different skills, participation is on voluntary basis and is usually constrained on the account of having time and no resources for the projects.
4.2 Budget
Management of the budget is key in order to attain the maximum benefits from improved water and sanitation service coverage. The most important factors to be considered in attaining the value for money are economical procurement and effective implementation.
The project budget is structured in two categories.
Preliminary Cost Category: these elements in the Bill of Quantities include standard Contractor's elements necessary to do business, such as company registration, insurance, securities, project mobilisation, site running expenses etc. The price remains essentially the same regardless of the quantity of works.
Measurable Works Category: These elements in the Bill of Quantity refer to the main unit to be constructed, thus the water points and latrine units for the refugee settlements. The standard technologies will involve drilling of borehole and installation of either hand pump of solar driven submersible pumps for water points. VIP with a pit and ablution block with septic tank will be constructed as sanitation facilities for the refugees.
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4.3 Financing Plan
Two funding scenarios were considered.
Scenario 1: Funding of immediate improvement of water and sanitation services. The funding strategy adopted should be in line with NRWSSP promoting cost sharing by community as outlined below:
› 100% cost of O&M
› 5% capital cost
› 5% rehabilitation cost
The project intends to waiver contribution on capital cost by host communities, non- refugees and refugees and implement 100% funding on capital cost.
Contributions on O&M and rehabilitations will be effected in the post implementation stage.
Scenario 2: Funding of new major water supply and sanitation project
The project proposes 100% funding on capital cost. However, the strategy on how to generate revenue to meet the recurring cost is uncertain. It need further investigation during full feasibility, otherwise the failure risk is high for the project.
4.4 Procurement
Two methods are considered for procurements of both works and services for the water supply and sanitation projects and these are;
› Direct Bidding
› Open bidding
Direct Bidding: Depending on the condition of funding, fund managers (UNICEF) may be allowed to directly invite partners with demonstrated capacities to bid for works.
Open Bidding: All public procurement in Zambia are regulated by Public Procurement Act No. 12 of 2008, enacted by the Parliament of Zambia and became operational on 8 December, 2008.
Act No. 15 of 2011: An Act to amend the Public Procurement Act, 2008
(15th April 2011) the Public Procurement Regulations, 2011 (Statutory Instrument No. 63 of 2011)
Circulars issued by the Zambia Public Procurement Authority (ZPPA)
All Town Councils are classified in the restricted category and are required to process all procurement that exceed K500,000 for goods, works services through the Provincial Administration Unit.
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4.5 Supervision
Best practices for site supervision will safeguard and ensure the best result of the investment in water supply and sanitation. The focus for supervision is adherence to project control principles and these are time, quality and cost.
Supervising consultants should be engaged for the purpose
4.6 Operations and Maintenance
The project will adopt the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education (WASHE) concept that is community based, to manage the water and sanitation services. The communities/refugees through training and capacity building programs will be given the powers to decide on how to best manage their facilities.
The repair work mechanism begins with the community through the V-WASHE formed at every water point. Reporting the fault on the hand pump to the Area Pump Minders who will then work on the fault with the borehole.
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5 CONCLUSIONS
› The pre-feasibility overall conclusions are that a programme of the proposed nature is very relevant. There is obvious need for improved coverage of water supply as well as sanitation facilities in the refugee camps as well as the host communities.
› The study has found that in particular the needs of the new settlement in Mantapala are huge, but also that the solutions to the problems there are complex.
› The climate and the water flows in Mantapala should be investigated further before clear conclusions of options are reached. It is expected that the ongoing Ground water mapping will conclude the understanding of the water flows and enhance selection of interventions in Mantapala.
› The drainage problems in Mantapala and Makeni may lead to outbreak of water borne diseases and malaria if left unattended.
› Whilst the need for water and sanitation increase coverage is the aim of UNHCR/UNICEF in collaboration with Government, the management of facilities is community based and sustainability is based on both technical aspects as well as the socio-economic status of the refugee especially willingness and ability to pay. It generally considered that the resettled refugees are relatively poor. There is an urgent need to uplift the livelihood of refugee in the integration.
› The primary focus of UNHCR /UNICEF on emergency support in Mantapala means focus on the refugees' basic and low cost services such as water, shelter and sanitation leaves less emphasis on sustainability. Drilling of boreholes and construction of latrines was being done with inadequate design considerations and without supervision.
› Mayukwayukwa and Maheba settlement pattern makes it difficult to structure a suitable water supply for the resettlement farm plots which are far part and with populations way below normal service intervention levels
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6 RECOMMENDATIONS
› We have recommended a set of short-term measures for all the sites. In particular, the confirmation of the water situation in Mantapala will further inform if these choices are indeed the most relevant. We have proposed a master drain solution, which will hopefully not only divert storm water from the settlement but also assist in lowering the water table. This should be confirmed from a more detailed feasibility study.
› We have also looked in to longer-term interventions, which could be considered if the refugee communities will remain close to the current population projection.
› The partners identified to initiate hygiene promotion should harmonize planned activities, share ideas and programs. Advocacy in this area highly recommended as there was no evidence of such at the time of the mission's visit to Mantapala. Resuscitation of School WASH and Nutrition Programme to foster Hygiene Education in Schools is required
› We suggest that the larger reticulated water supplies found in the older camps are not rehabilitated unless electricity is brought to the camps. Solar is relevant for smaller systems, but large pumping requirements are hardly economically attractive using solar. Diesel is too costly
› We have proposed a number of Boreholes to be drilled in both the camps and the host communities. The very strong recommendation is that longer-term sustainability is enhanced by engaging a drilling supervision consultant to ensure both proper design and construction of the boreholes.
› Development of an Operations & Maintenance System for the Camp including training of VWASHE Committees should be emphasised. Using the case of Mayukwayukwa and Maheba Refugee Settlements as learning points, Mantapala, which is integrating the refugees directly into the community, must consider introducing an O&M System in line with National Policy from inception. The District must assume overall responsibility and all inhabitants accessing water in the camp are charged a minimum user fee for the purposes of repairing facilities in the event of breakdown. There is need to conduct capacity building programs for DWASHE committee in project management and O&M.
› We recommend that intervention in Lusaka host communities are not further considered under this funding. Only longer-term WASH solutions are relevant which are already planned and supported by GDC (Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company and DTF) including KfW under water projects.
› Medical waste management is a major concern at the Health centres and the proposed standard incinerators should be constructed under the short-term interventions.
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› To encourage resettlement into the new farm plots in Maheba and Mayukwayukwa, UNHCR should dialogue with Ministry of Community Development and Ministry of Agriculture
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7 APPENDICES
7.1 Domestic Standards and Technology
7.1.1 Domestic Standards The strategic elements in projecting the Refuge Settlement water and sanitation needs was the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (NRWSSP, 2007) domestic services. The key elements of NRWSSP are summarised as:
› Implementation of RWSS through decentralization to local authorities as per the provision of the national water policy, decentralization policy and the revised institutional framework for RWSS.
› Demand-driven with effective participation of communities led by the Local Authorities (i.e. District Council).
› Promote integrated development and management of water supply sanitation and hygiene education based on the WASHE (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education) Strategy.
› Community contributions that promote sustainability of services but also take into account social equity.
› Promote sector-wide financing of water supply, sanitation and hygiene education
› The overall principle is that rural households finance their own toilets. GRZ and its partners will, however, provide indirect subsidies through training and promotional activities at community level. Furthermore, it is one of the criteria for prioritisation of allocation of support for improved water supply that a community has high sanitation coverage and/ or has put much effort into improving the use of latrines.
› Sanitation and hygiene in schools is given high priority, as this is essential for the health and learning environment of pupils and schools constitute good entry points for sanitation and hygiene promotion at community level.
› Other public institutions are also required to have appropriate, clean and sufficient toilets and hand washing facilities with soap/ other hand washing medium for both the public and their staff, thus setting good examples for others.
› Environmental considerations are mainstreamed into activities, e.g. by providing training and support in relation to the location of toilets and through further research and development of appropriate toilet options.
Water Coverage Water supply service standards are defined below as extracted from the NRWSSP;
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Adequate Water: Is the quantity of water required to meet the minimum demand per capita per day. The standard being 25l/capita/day.
Accessibility: Is having a functional and reliable water supply facility without any barriers within a radius of 500 metres.
Coverage; Is the percentage of people with access to safe, adequate and reliable water supply within 500m, taking into account the population density of 250 people per water point.
Reliable water supply: Is the supply of water on a continuous basis meeting the minimum demand per capita per day.
Safe water: Is water that is free from harmful quantities of physical, chemical and pathogenic matter and that meets the minimum Zambian standards (usually WHO Guidelines)
Figure 11: Zambian and WHO water standards
Zambian Standards Parameter (ZS 190) WHO Guideline pH 6.5 - 8.0 6.5 - 8.0 Turbidity (NTU) 5 5 Conductivity (mMhos/cm 1500 1500 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 1000 1000 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) - - Total Hardness (as mg CaCO3/l) 500 500 Alkalinity (as mg CaCO3/l) 500 500 Sulphates (mg/l) 400 250 Total Phosphates (mg/l) - 6 Ammonia (as NH4-Nmg/l - 15 Chlorides (mg/l) 250 250 Fluorides (mg/l) 1.5 1.5 Iron (mg/l) 0.3 0.3 Nitrite (as No2-Nmg/l) 1 1 Nitrates (as NO3-Nmg/l) 10 10 Manganese (mg/l) - 0.5 Copper (mg/l) 1 1 Zinc (mg/l) 3 3 Lead (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 Chromium (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 Nickel (mg/l) - 0.02 Arsenic (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 Calcium (mg/l) 200 200 Magnesium (mg/l) - - BOD5 (mg/l) - - COD (mg/l) - -
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Zambian Standards Parameter (ZS 190) WHO Guideline Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) - - Bacteriological Results Residual chlorine (mg/l) 0.2 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.5 Total coliforms (no/100) 0 0 Faecal coliforms (no/100 0 0
Sanitation Coverage The sanitation coverage targets are projected from the NRWSSP Sanitation and Hygiene Component as listed below;
› 60% of the rural population have access to adequate toilets as defined in the NRWSSP document.
› 60% of rural households have sufficient, adequate hand washing facilities within or next to toilets, with water and soap/ other hand washing medium available at the facilities.
› 80% of rural household dispose of household rubbish in an adequate way.
› 80% of rural households have adequate bath shelters.
› 80% of rural schools have the number of adequate and functioning toilets stipulated in the Public Health Regulations of Zambia.
› 80% of rural schools have sufficient, adequate hand washing facilities within or next to toilets, with water and soap/ other hand washing medium available at the facilities.
7.1.2 Selection Criteria The following are the criteria that had been employed for the selection of water and sanitation standards:
Water and sanitation standards must be deliberated together to emphasise the need for disposing of faecal matter and waste water due to the increase of water supply.
Technologies selected must be technologies acceptable in Mantapala, Maheba, Mayukwayukwa Refugee Settlements and Makeni Transit Centre.
Services and technologies must be acceptable to their intended users
Technologies selected must represented economic least cost solutions for the service standards selective.
Service standards and technologies must be affordable by the users.
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7.1.3 Water Supply Standards The water supply service standards may either be borehole installed with hand pump and or stand tap institutional service connection. The study revealed that the service pattern in the refugee settlements are mostly serviced by boreholes with hand pumps. Piped water supply with institutional connection and stand taps are also service points captured.
With the current population estimated at 15,000 people against 15 water points drilled so far, Mantapala Settlement water supply service coverage by population density stands at about 1,000 people per water point. On the other hand, the population density for both Maheba and Mayukwayukwa Settlement Areas is about 90 people per water point. The service coverage for Maheba and Mayukwayukwa fell of meeting the standards as this means huge walking distances to access water. This scenario affected mainly the non- refugees who were resettled in farm plots in the integration areas.
The evidence of the existing situation is that Refugees settlement were in need of water supply services.
Two planning horizons were considered in projecting the project needs of the Refugee settlements;
› Short terms needs: These were projected based on the current population and taken as immediate project requirements.
› The long term measures: Were based on the project population with the 15 year deign horizon.
7.1.4 Description of Technology The alternative technologies for water and sanitation system being proposed for both short and long term measures are defined, assessed technically and compared in economic least cost terms. Drainage and solid waste management were also considered.
7.1.5 Water Supply Technology
Technology 1: Ground Water System: Borehole with Hand Pump This involves drilling of boreholes and equipping with hand pumps. The boreholes can be drilled with a mechanised drilling machine or manually. Hand pumps are typically Afridev or India Mark 2
Technology 2: Ground Water System - Piped Water Supply This involve borehole drilling, equipping with the solar pump, construction of elevated tanks and water network for proposed institution Water Supply Scheme in Resettlement Scheme and rural health centres in host communities.
Technology 3: Surface Water System (Compact Treatment Unit) A compact package treatment plant is constructed to treat water abstracted from earth- fill dam reservoir or reliable water surface source. The treated water would be pumped
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to the service reservoirs after which it flows by gravity to the households via the distribution and lateral mains.
7.1.6 Sanitation Technology Five options were considered as technologies for development as wastewater disposal methods. Two options have on-site wastewater treatment methods and the other three treatment methods will be off-site sanitation.
On-site Sanitation
Option 1: VIP Latrines This treatment method involves construction of the honeycomb sub-surface for human waste disposal and a superstructure for privacy.
A non-standard variation is a water tight Pit latrines for emptying. This technology is appropriate where the water table is high. The lined pit technology with training of local pit emptiers and the construction of faecal sludge treatment facilities (FSM) is considered to be of economic value to the community as it triggers the creation of employment in the sludge desludging business.
Option 2 - Ablution block with septic tank.
Includes the construction of water-borne toilets connected to septic tanks for on-site treatment of wastewater.
Option 3 – Ecological Sanitation (Eco-San) VIP Latrine
Involves construction of the sub-surface containment chamber for faecal waste with an option for urine diversion and a superstructure for privacy. Eco-San toilets are constructed with the concept that human waste contain nutrients that should be used in agriculture crop production.
Off-site Sanitation
Option 4 - Decentralised Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS)
It involves a variety of approaches for collection, treatment, disposal or reuse of the effluent. The evaluation is conducted for site-specific condition. The determinant factors for this technology are terrain and settlement pattern of a settlement.
Option 5 - Centralised Waste Water Treatment System
Offsite treatment option involving a sewered networks for collection and conveyance of waste water to stabilisation ponds for treatment. Stabilization ponds can be designed such that the final effluent can be reused to provide irrigation to promote vegetation growth without posing health risk to the user.
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7.1.7 Drainage Technology Two options were considered for development.
Option 1: Grassed waterways
This involves grading the natural drainage to carry a large run-off and subsurface water from the catchment area. The vegetation reduce the flow of water to protect the surface from excessive erosion.
Option 2: Lined channels.
Drains are lined with concrete, masonry or geo-texture material to prevent the surface from erosion.
7.1.8 Solid Waste Refugees have resorted to using pits for solid waste disposal. Two options were considered for establishment of waste management system.
Option 1: Using the District landfill
Using the district landfill was the logical option but it was not feasible because the District Council had not registered the landfills with ZEMA and the distance from the settlements to the landfill sites proved prohibitive.
Option 2: Establishment of satellite landfill
It involves the Council staff identifying the suitable site for the landfill in the proximity of the refugee settlement and manage it. It proved feasible on two accounts: It will have short distance to collect and dispose the waste and the population boom (about 20,000) of the refugee settlement centres will generate enough solid waste to make the solid waste business attractive.
7.1.9 Medical Waste Most of the health centres are using open burning for medical waste disposal. Medical waste is best disposed of using an incinerator. A single chamber standard incinerator is being proposed for Health post while a double chamber for Rural Health Centres.
7.1.10 Evaluation of Technologies The technical evaluation of technologies was based on the assessment scale elaborated below whilst the cost evaluation was based on completed similar projects.
Table 18: Technology Assessment Scale
Qualitative Values Description Very high Almost certain to initiate the event High Highly likely to initiate the event Moderate Somewhat likely to initiate the event Low Unlikely to initiate the event Very Low Highly unlikely to initiate the event
70 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
7.1.11 Evaluation of Water Supply Options Considered Table 19: Water Supply Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Option 1: Ground Water with Hand Option 2: Ground Water with Solar Option 3: Surface Water with Compact Pump Treatment Unit
TECHNICAL
› Ease of operation High High High
› Acceptance of proposed High Very High Very High technology.
› Source reliability for water Moderate Moderate Very High production WHOLE LIFE COST
› Investment Cost Low investment cost High investment cost High investment cost
› Operation Cost Low operation cost Low operation cost Moderate operation cost
› Maintenance Cost Moderate maintenance cost Low maintenance cost Moderate maintenance cost
THIRD PARTY ISSUES
Legal requirements Pollution is controlled by including the Pollution is controlled by including the Quality meets the prescribed standard sanitary seal and filter media in the borehole sanitary seal and filter media in the › Environmental impact borehole
Management of Infrastructure
Planning requirement National Rural Water Supply Programme National Rural Water Supply Programme Outsourcing to Water Utility
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7.1.12 Summary of Sanitation Options Considered Table 20: Sanitation Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Option 1: VIP Option 2:Ablution Option 3:Sewer network Option 4: DEWATS Option5: SEALED LATRINE Latrines block with septic Tank with stabilisation ponds TECHNICAL › Ease to operate Very High Very High Very High Very High Very High
› Acceptance of proposed High High High High High technology.
› Quality of effluent Low Moderate High High High discharge WHOLE LIFE COST Investment Cost Low Moderate High Moderate Low Low Low Low Moderate Low Operation Cost
Maintenance Cost Low Low Low Low Low THIRD PARTY ISSUES
Legal requirement
› Environmental impact Negative impact. Negative impact. Does Positive impact. Meets Positive impact. Positive impact. Meets ZEMA Does not meet ZEMA not meet ZEMA ZEMA requirement Meets ZEMA requirement requirement requirement requirement
MANAGEMENT OF National Sanitation National Sanitation Policy Outsourced to Water Utility Outsourced to Water Outsourced to CBE INFRASTRUCTURE Programme Utility › Planning Requirement
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7.2 Terms of Reference
(Terms of Reference)
For the services as Consultant between
KfW Entwicklungsbank Frankfurt am Main (”KfW“)
and
COWI Consultant for WASH Support for Selected Refugee Camps: Pre-Feasibility Study
Financial Cooperation with Zambia
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1. INTRODUCTION The Government of Republic of Zambia committed to providing protection and assistance to refugees and asylum-seekers through the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1969 Organisation of African Unity Convention. Refugees are people forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disasters in their countries of origin. Zambia has hosted refugees from countries in the region since the mid-sixties as a direct consequence of wars that have ravaged mainly Angola, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
The UN supports the government’s efforts to provide protection and assistance to refugees and asylum-seekers. These include safe and fair access to territory, asylum procedures and rights, inclusion in national services, self-reliance and opportunities to earn a living, and long-term measures such as integration into the host country and possible resettlement in third countries.
There has been a significant increase in the influx of refugees from the DRC due to civil unrest in that country since 2017. Between January 2017 and April 2018 alone, the country has recorded a cumulative 20,464 new arrivals from the DRC. Currently the refugee population in Zambia stands at 73,674 (UNHCR Fact Sheet)
1.1 Background Information The German Government through a special fund for refugees intends to provide EUR 10mio through KfW aimed at supporting Water Supply, Sanitation and Health (WASH) interventions for refugees and hosting communities in Zambia. This fund targets refugee settlements and neighbouring communities in Luapula Province (Kenani Transit Centre and Mantapala Settlement in Nchelenge District), North-Western Province (Maheba Refugee Settlement in Kalumbila District) and Western Province (Mayukawayukwa Refugee Settlement in Kaoma District). The fund could also cover refugee transit centres in urban locations such as Lusaka.
KfW, the client for this assignment, is in the process of engaging UNICEF as the implementing agency. As UNICEF does not have comprehensive data and information available in time for KfW’s project appraisal, UNICEF requested KfW to commission expert survives on behalf of UNICEF to assist with a Pre- Feasibility Study. The cost of the expert services will be borne by a special fund provided for such purposes by your Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
UNICEF is the global lead agency for the WASH sector under The Inter- Agency Standing Committee cluster approach. UNICEF supports the Governments in WASH emergency preparedness and response interventions the world over, including in refugee situations. UNICEF works closely with other UN agencies such as UNHCR. KfW has a long-standing experience in cooperating with UNICEF
COWI is an international group of consultants offering independent multidisciplinary consulting services to public and private customers throughout the world. COWI (Zambia) Ltd has its focus areas in environmental assessments, water supply and sanitation, water policy, climate change and
74 PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT FOR WASH SUPPORT IN SELECTED REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN ZAMBIA
the environmental sector in general. Within these sectors COWI (Zambia) Ltd projects include feasibility studies, design and planning, construction supervision, project management and rural and social development.
The map below show the distribution of the project areas:
The intended beneficiaries are estimated at 73,674 people as tabulated as below:
No Location District Province Population 1 Maheba Settlement Kalumbila North Western 20,249 2 Mayukwayukwa Kaoma Western 12.314 Settlement 3 Kenani Transit Nchelenge Luapula 11,396 Centre 4 Mantapala Nchelenge Luapula 3,914 Settlement 5 Self-Settled 28 districts Five provinces 12,404 in five provinces 6 Urban Mainly Lusaka 13,397 Lusaka Total 73,674
In addition, host communities and institutions (health centres, schools, early childhood development centres) will also be supported.
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1.2 Developmental Challenge The UNHCR estimates the total number of refugees fleeing persistent violence from the Democratic Republic of Congo to reach 76,000. This means that the current capacities of the refugee settlements will be stressed with regards the provision of adequate clean and safe water and sanitation, core relief items, food and nutrition support, health services and shelter, among others things. The population increase in the refugee camps will give rise to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene, which will resultantly lead to a higher risk of waterborne disease outbreaks.
2 OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the pre-feasibility study for provision of water supply, hygiene and sanitation (WASH) services in the wards (administrative unit below the district) hosting selected refugee camps and host communities will include:
i. Assessment of WASH needs for the wards (for both refugee and host communities) ii. Assessment of what can be financed, unit costs and recommendation of the most appropriate and practical technologies for ward-wide WASH facilities iii. Validation of available data in water supply and sanitation in the wards hosting refugees (settlement patterns, population, facilities, livelihoods, etc)
Specific objectives of the assignment will include: i. Assessment of the ground water potential and the vulnerability of water supply in view of water table and onsite sanitation ii. Assessment of the viability of surface water supply as an alternative to drilling of borehole and installation of pumps / assessment of suitable technologies (e.g. hand pumps, small piped network schemes) iii. Assessment of the surface water catchment and modelling how the runoff will be drained iv. Assessment of the viability of solid waste management (medical waste, landfill) v. Environmental and social assessment in respect of the supported interventions
3. SCOPE OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCE In detail, the feasibility study will capture the following information: 3.1 Water Supply The consultant will carry out rapid assessment of existing water supply technology; determine potential water sources, water use and demand. The consultant will then estimate the cost of the proposed engineering options. The consultant will also assess existing O&M capacities and depending on the findings recommend training for both the refugee settlements and the host community. Possible interventions include rehabilitation of water facilities, drilling and installation of new boreholes, development of water reticulation systems (solar pumps) and training of Area Pump Minders and Village WASH Committees. 3.2 Sanitation
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The consultant shall carry out rapid assessment of the adequacy of sanitation facilities, appropriate and practical sanitation technology options, O&M capacities and identification of waste disposal sites for the refugee camps. The consultant shall also carry out assessment of sanitation facilities for vulnerable groups amongst the host communities. Possible interventions include latrines for refugees and vulnerable groups to be provided, construction of institutional latrines in schools and health centres, solid waste management and a drainage system specifically for Mantapala. Hygiene Promotion The consultant will assess existing hygiene awareness raising programs and recommend what advocacy and behavioral change programs could be introduced in the refugee camps and host communities 3.3 Drainage Specifically for Mantapala settlement, the consultant will undertake a rapid assessment of the flooding pattern using the visual and basic software modelling of the water catchment run-off flow. For the other settlements, the assessment will be limited to ponding of water points. The consultant will assess if the water points are safe from wastewater and flooding in the rainy season. 3.4 Solid Waste Management The consultant will assess the generation of solid waste including medical waste and the means of disposing of it effectively and efficiently. The consultant, in liaison with stakeholders, will identify and recommend the possible location of the landfill, its design and costing. Possible interventions support for options for solid waste management in the wards (refugee settlements and host communities) and construction or rehabilitation of incinerators at health centers 3.5 Capacity Building The consultant will assess capacity needs in the wards hosting refugee settlements and host communities with regards O&M of water supply and sanitation facilities. The consultant will also assess the capacity gaps at local authority level regarding integrated development plans and propose measures for enhancing the sustainability of the supported interventions. 3.6 Data Validation The consultant will assess and validate existing data on demographic information, project location, number of facilities, population; land tenure, economic activities and livelihoods, social vulnerability, legal and policy framework (WASH in Zambia) 3.7 Recommendations
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Based on the findings, the consultant will make recommendations for appropriate, practical and sustainable technologies and interventions for water supply, sanitation and health facilities, which could be supported through KfW.
4. ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY
4.1 Deliverables The findings of the feasibility study should be summarized by the Consultant in a report which should include an executive summary.
The Consultant shall prepare a draft report to be submitted to KfW for commenting. Before submitting any report, the home office is obliged to carefully screen the respective document to assure the required quality.
4.2 Organisation of Services
The Consultant will provide the necessary staff, which is required for the execution of his services. Patrick Kanchense will provide the Engineering and technical input whilst Zindiwe Sikazwe will be tasked with the social, hygiene and sanitation aspects of the studies The Project Director will be Peter Sievers who will backstop the team as needed and provide inputs for the development economics and political context Project Manager is Zindiwe Sikazwe who will be daily liaison with KfW and UNICEF and other partners as well as ensure timely project delivery. This will include overall facilitation of the site visits and engagement with KfW and UNICEF and other partners, with support and input from the Project Director.
4.3 Task of KfW
KfW will contract the consultant and provide the consultant with information about the programme planned as well as German Financial Cooperation on- going programmes in Zambia. KfW in close cooperation with UNICEF will comment of the consultant's report within 2 weeks of submitting the draft report. For questions, the consultant may contact Hendrik Hoffmann at the KfW Office in Lusaka. KfW will request UNICEF to facilitate logistics, introduction and admission for the team on all sites.
5. DURATION
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The study will commence on xx June 2018 and will last 5 weeks. The draft findings will be presented to UNICEF and KfW one week after the fieldwork is completed. A draft report is submitted after 3 weeks and the final report will be submitted to KfW one week after final comments are received and upon prior approval by UNICEF. The Consultant will engage UNICEF and KfW to discuss the structure of the study before starting the work. Before writing the report, the Consultant will discuss the findings with UNICEF / KfW.
5. HONORARIUM The consulting services described above consist of preparation, data collection, visits at UNICEF / KfW Office Lusaka to prepare the study and to discuss the findings, as well as the provision of a final report. For these services, the following honorarium has been agreed upon: The Consultant contract will be lump sum and will cover all costs (e.g. local air travel costs, accommodation, etc.). The honorarium will be paid in two tranches: the first half after signing the contract, and the remaining 50% after submission and acceptance of the final report. Whenever possible, and with prior arrangements, KfW will request UNICEF to facilitate the transport within the project areas.
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7.3 List of Agencies Working With UNICEF in Wash (Mantapala Settlement)
No Agencies Area of Co-operation
1 Zambia Red Cross Hygiene promotion training
Construction of institutional latrines
2 Oxfam Hygiene promotion, decommissioning of latrines at KTC and temporal ones in Mantapala
Construction of pits for household latrines & provision of temporary latrines
3 World Vision Water Supply – Siting, drilling & installation of boreholes & hand pumps. Mechanisation of the boreholes
Construction of pits for household latrines
4 Norwegian Church Aid Water supply- surface water supply for the reception centre in the settlement area.
Construction of household latrines, hygiene promotion and solid waste management (identification of a dump-site, construction of refuse bays though they haven't started)
5 Action Africa Help Working with OXFAM on Hygiene Promotion Activities and construction of latrines
6 Care International School WASH programmes tailored towards Hygiene Education and behaviour change
7 Plan International Training masons or latrine builders and construction of schools and a hospital for service provision
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7.4 Lusaka Refugee Data
No. Area Population 1 Kanyama 2,482 2 John Laing 1,745 3 Garden-Chilulu 939 4 Chawama 833 5 Chibolya 793 6 Matero 708 7 Emmasdale 627 8 Chaisa 593 9 Kamwala/Kamwala South 455 10 Mtendere 375 11 Chilenje 333 12 Kabwata 311 13 Chazanga 236 14 Chipata Compound 234 15 Lilanda 228 16 Kalingalinga 201 17 Libala 157 18 Zani Muone 151 19 Chelston 143 20 Kaunda Square 130 21 Zingalume 120 22 Chainda 92 23 Chilanga 84 24 George 79 25 Bauleni 67 26 Lilayi 62 27 Misisi 52 28 Avondale 40 29 Northmead 36 30 Jack Compound 34 31 Roma 32 33 Chibombo 31 32 Woodlands 31 34 Marapodi 25 35 Chamba Valley 23 36 Kabulonga 20 38 Kuku 19 37 Nyumba Yanga 19 39 Kalikiliki 18 40 PHI 3 Total Population 12,561
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7.5 Cost Estimates
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Maheba Short Term Intervention Cost
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Mayukwayukwa
86
Makeni Refugee transit Centre
87
8 REFERENCES
1) National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, MLGH (2007-2015)
2) Zambia Census Report (2010)
3) Mantapala Socio-economic report, Luapula Provincial Planning Unit, (2018)
4) Kaoma Town Council Final Draft Strategic Plan (2018-2022)
5) List of Health Facilities in Zambia, Ministry of Health (2012)
6) BGR Mantapala Field Visit Report (June 2018)
7) SASSCAL
8) Meetings with UNICEF, KfW, BGR, UNHCR, UNHCR/UNICEF Partners (AAH, Oxfam, Red Cross, Plan International, World Vision, Care International)
9) Nchelenge District Commissioner, Nchelenge Town Council, (Acting Council Secretary, Department Heads, Water Coordinator and other staff), Chiefs and community members
10) Kaoma Town Council, (Acting Council Secretary, Water Coordinator, DPO, Procurement Officer and Senior Health Inspector)
11) Kalumbila Acting District Commissioner, Kalumbila Town Council (Mayor, Council Secretary, Departmental Heads, Water Coordinator and other staff)
12) Lusaka Sanitation Master Plan
88