Acron, King, 6, 170 Actium, Naval Battle At, 106, 110, 116, 119, 123

Cambridge University Press 052181068X - The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire John W. Stamper Index More information

INDEX

Acron, King, 6, 170 Ara Pacis, 105, 128, 186, 195, 202 130, 132, 141, 147, 158, 161, 168–169, Actium, naval battle at, 106, 110, 116, 119, Arachne, 165–166. See also Forum 172, 176, 182, 185, 194, 221–222 123, 147 Transitorium of architectural precedents, 1–2, 19, 107, aedes, 10 Arch of Augustus, 57, 111, 146, 243 221 Aeneas, 8, 35, 92, 118, 128, 138 Arch of Septimius Severus, 146, 161 See also Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus aerarium (public treasury). See Temple of Arch of Tiberius, 148 augures, (augurs), 39–40, 127, 129 Saturn Arch of Constantine, 209 augurium. See Rome, religious practices in Africa, northern, 34, 49, 54, 84, 90, 105, Arch of Titus, 4, 151, 158, 167, 168–172, Augustus (emperor 27 b.c.-a.d. 14), 1–2, 106, 185 206, 220, 252. See also Temple of 38, 56–57, 68, 93–94, 107, 110, Agrippa, Marcus, 105, 126–129, 150, 174, Jupiter Capitolinus 116–127, 128–129, 147, 151, 160, 172, 186–187, 200, 202–203 Archaic style, 47, 118 185–186, 221 Agrippina (wife of Tiberius Claudius), 149 Archaicus, L. Mummius, 69–70 architecture of, 89, 92, 105–106, Akragas Arcus Pietatis. See Pantheon 109–110, 115, 120, 123, 130–147, 161, Temple of Zeus, 24 Argiletum, 100 186, 195, 202, 218, 220 Alba Longa, 8, 138 Arvales, 202 change of name to, 106–107, 193 Alban Hills, 12, 168 Arx (Rocca), 17–18. See also Capitoline family of (Julian family), 128, 132, Temple of Jupiter Latiaris, 12 Hill 138–139, 140, 144, 194, 200–205, 212 Albinus, Aulus Postumius, 37 Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), 68, house of, 116–119, 128, 194 Alexander the Great, 54, 90, 103, 131, 140 83–84, 185 memory of, 128 Alexandria, Egypt inﬂuence of, 49–53, 59, 75, 132, 218 naumachia of, 140 Lighthouse, 180 styles and building techniques of, 4, 72, as Pater Patriae, 138 Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani, 115. See also 126, 220 priesthood of, 131–132 Temple of Saturn Aswan, Egypt, quarries in, 189 Res Gestae by, 4, 105–106, 121 Anio Vetus, 44 Athena, 41, 47 reign or time of, 14, 34, 37, 50, 54, 72, Annales Maximi, 35 Athens, 3–4, 6, 14, 18, 49–50, 124, 154, 77–78, 100, 103–104, 202, 210, 212, Antiochus III, 46, 72 171, 184–185, 202, 206, 212, 219–220 219 Antium, 58, 110. See also Rostra Bouleterion, 72 rise to power of, 4, 106–108, 242 Antony, Marcus (consul 44 and 34 b.c.; building practices and techniques of, statues and images of, 186 triumvir 43–38; 37–33 b.c.), 68, 105, 72–79 triumphal ceremonies of, 120, 127 106, 116, 119 Erechtheum, 49, 56–57, 65, 72, 134, worshipped with Roma, 131, 139 Antoninus Pius (emperor a.d. 136–61), 137, 143 Aurelian (emperor a.d. 270–275), 19 4–5, 61, 209, 212–218, 221 Hadrian’s Library, 158, 250 auspicia. See Rome, religious practices in Apollo, 116–118 inﬂuence of, 3, 56–57, 105–106, 139, Aventine Hill, 6, 8–10, 13 statues and images of, 70, 117–118, 140, 220–221 200 Odeion of Agrippa, 106, 139 Basilica Aemilia, 103, 146, 163, 241 See also individual temples by name Parthenon, 6, 18, 24–25, 32, 190 Basilica Argentaria, 100. See also Forum Apollo Callispex, 70 Temple of Athena Nike, 49, 51, 65 Julium Apollodorus of Damascus, 173–176, 179, Temple of Olympian Zeus, 3, 5, 68, 72, Basilica Julia, 103, 146, 180 181–182, 209. See also Forum Traiani 82–83, 154–155, 185, 206–218, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, 156 Appian, 92 220–221, 237–238 Basilica of Neptune, 126, 186 Aqua Appia, 44 Attus Navius, 11 Basilica Sempronia. See Basilica Julia Aqua Virgo, 127 auctoritas (authority), political and religious, Basilica Ulpia. See Forum Traiani Aracoeli, Church of the, 17–18. See also 1–2, 5, 8–10, 13, 46, 58–59, 84, Baths of Agrippa, 44, 126, 186 Capitoline Hill 89–90, 102, 106–107, 110, 126, 129, Baths of Nero, 187

281

282 INDEX

Baths of Titus, 159 chalcidicum, 93 Dioscuri. See Temple of Castor and Baths of Trajan, 174–175, 183 Cicero, 56, 58, 82, 89, 92 Pollux Beneventum, 70 Circus Flaminius, 14, 44, 49, 53–54, 119, Diribitorium, 127 Arch of Trajan, 70 120–122, 123, 140, 219, 232 Domitian (emperor a.d. 81–96), 13, 45, 78, Brundisium, 81 Circus Maximus, 8, 12, 61, 70, 85, 91, 126, 93, 95, 100, 122, 151–152, 154, 157, Brutus, Marcus, 104, 106, 130 168, 170, 174 159–172, 173, 174–176, 187 Classical style, 47, 107–108, 118 Domna, Julia (wife of Septimius Severus), Caecus, Appius Claudius, 56 Claudius, Tiberius (emperor 41–54 a.d.), 78 Caelian Hill, 13, 29, 69–70, 149 147–149 Doric Order, 47, 50–53, 70, 107 Caesar, Julius, 3–4, 56, 68, 83–84, 89, Cleopatra, 100–102, 103, 106, 116 Drusus, Nero (consul 9 b.c.), 141–145 90–104, 109–114, 119, 127, 151, 160, Clivus Argentarius, 113 duoviri, 39 167, 187, 200, 202, 212, 220 Clivus Capitolinus, 36, 113–114, 159 architecture of, 54 Cloaca Maxima, 8, 12, 34, 164 Egypt, 90, 100–103, 106, 114, 131, 150, assassination of, 123, 130, 140 colleges of priests, 12, 39–40, 168 183 deiﬁcation of, 131–132 Colosseum, 59, 85, 149–151, 159, 168, Egyptians, 222 reign or time of, 34, 77, 105–108, 185 173–174, 206, 209, 211–212 Empire, Roman, 44, 50, 82, 123, 139, 219, statues and images of, 91, 128, 138–139, Comitia. See Popular Assembly 221–222 186 Comitium, 34, 36, 58 architecture of, 2–3, 4–6, 18, 24, 29, 35, Calatinus, A. Atilius, 61 Commodus, Aurelius (emperor 51, 59, 81, 105, 108, 114–115, 141, Calvinus, Domitius, 111 a.d. 180–192), 158 145, 156, 161, 197, 202 Camillus, M. Furius, 38, 42–44 Conspicio. See Rome, religious practices in founding of, 202–203 Campania, 46, 49 Constantine (emperor a.d. 307–337), political context of, 4, 8, 11, 13, 19, 84, Campus Martius, 44, 53, 80, 128, 150, 154, 209 90, 106–108, 141, 144, 147–150, 202 Cori, 65 151–154, 159–160, 173, 176, 182–185, buildings and structures of, 45–46, 85, Temple of Hercules, 65 194, 221 159, 174, 186, 212 Corinth, 49, 69 processions and ceremonies of, 1–2, 32, streets and sightlines in, 6, 92, 186 Corinthian Order, 3, 50–53, 66, 68–83, 84, 38, 44, 55, 132, 153–154, 168–169, triumphal processions in, 14, 170 105–106, 108, 119–120, 124–125, 132, 170–172, 173, 182 urban development of, 4, 105, 126, 136, 139, 141, 145, 154, 186, 220–221, Epidaurus, 49 183 247 Theater of, 49 Canina, Luigi, 18, 19, 22–24 Cosa, 3, 48 Tholos of, 49, 70, 72 Capitoline Hill, 8–9, 15–18, 34–35, 40, Temple of Jupiter (Capitolium), 48, Esquiline Hill, 100, 150, 161, 174, 180 44, 49, 53, 56, 59, 92, 100, 120, 123, 231 Etruria, 7, 11, 48 125, 140, 146, 152, 159, 161, 168–172, Crassus, Marcus Licinius (consul 70 and Etruscans, 2–4, 33–35, 38, 42–43, 56, 129 174 55 b.c.), 90, 111 as builders, architects, and craftsmen, 11, as site of Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, Curia Hostilia, 34–36, 38, 56, 58, 92–93 25, 34 1–2, 6, 10–13, 27, 219 Curia Julia, 35, 92–93, 103, 104, 115, 146, general population of, 13, 66 ceremonies and processions on, 14, 81–83 163, 201 inﬂuence of, 6–10, 13 Capitoline Museum, 15–18, 21, 214 Curia Salorium, 8 political context of, 10, 13, 46–48 Capitoline Triad, 1, 13, 47, 154, 167–168, Cythera, Greece, 93 temple architecture of, 8, 10, 18, 19–25, 184, 202, 221 30–31, 33–35, 48, 51, 82, 219–220 See also Jupiter, Juno and Minerva by Dacia, 103, 173–174 traditions of, 30, 34, 61–62, 66–67, 81, name wars in, 175–176, 180–181, 184 108, 132, 147, 222 Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius (emperor Danaus and the Danaids. See Temple of Etrusco-Roman architecture, 2–3, 4, 6, a.d. 211–217), 122, 161 Apollo Palatinus 34–35, 36–38, 44, 46–48, 50, 55, 57, carcere (prison), 113 Danube River, 103, 173, 175, 182 61–67, 68, 80–81, 84, 107, 111, 171, Carrara Decebulus (Dacian ruler), 173 219–220 marble quarries of, 105 decemviri, 39 Euphrates River, 182 Carthage, 49 Delmaticus, Caecilius Metellus, 56, 94 Carthagenians, 49, 59 Delphi, 49, 70 Faustina (wife of Antoninus Pius), 214. Cassius Dio, 85, 126–127, 128, 139, 168, Temple of Apollo, 49 See also Temple of Antoninus and 183, 200, 201–202 Demeter, 37 Faustina Castor and Pollux (Castores). See Temple of Dentatus, Manius Curius, 44 fetiales (fetials), 39, 125 Castor and Pollux Diana, statues and images of, 200 Flaminius, C., 53 Cataline, 58 Diocletian, Aurelius Valerius (emperor Flavians, 2, 4, 150–156, 167–168, 171, 173, Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, 14, 45, 82–83, a.d. 284–305), 93, 100 183, 186, 212, 220 91, 146 Dione, 93 architecture of, 72, 141, 161, 176, 182, Centumviral Court. See Basilica Julia Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 7–8, 21–24, 29, 222 Cethegus, C. Cornelius, 61 31, 82, 170 See also individual emperors by name

INDEX 283

Forma Urbis Romae (Marble Plan of Rome), Galba, Servius (emperor 68–69 a.d.), 150 imperial fora, 88, 102, 173, 176, 179, 183 54, 88–89, 121–122, 149, 158–159, Gauls, 38, 46, 84 imperialism. See Rome, military conquests 250 territory of, 90–92, 114, 150, 185, Ino, 43, 230 Fortuna, 138, 168–169, 172, 230 239 Ionic Order, 3, 50–53, 63–67, 68, 70, 108, See also temples by individual names Gallic wars, 103 220 Forum Augustum, 52, 98, 106, 125, gens Claudius, 120 Isis, 102 130–132, 156–159, 161–164, 173–174, Genseric, 15, 156 Italy, 49, 81, 83, 98–100, 106, 113, 183, 175–183, 187–188 Germanicus, Gaius (Caligula, emperor 200 functions of, 139–141 37–41 a.d.), 147–149 central, 222 Hall of Colossus, 136 Gjerstad, Einar, 3, 19, 23–27, 30–32 southern (Magna Graecia), 34, 46–47, main forum space and colonnades, Gracchus, Gaius, 56 49, 68, 222 136–141, 186, 247 Gracchus, Tiberius, 56 See also Temple of Mars Ultor Greece, 49–54, 60, 66, 81–82, 84, 93, 105, Janiculum Hill, 60, 170 Forum Boarium, 3, 32, 40–44, 49, 56, 59, 114, 184 Janus Quadrifons, 163 62–67, 69–79, 170, 174, 219–220 builders, architects, and craftsmen of, 49, Jerusalem, 84, 92, 158–159, 169, 171 See also Temples of Fortuna, Mater 66, 82, 100, 190, 212 sack of, 206 Matuta, Portunus, and Round Temple deities of, 13, 48, 93, 116, 118, 202–205, Judea, 119 by the Tiber 207 Julia (daughter of Augustus), 141 Forum Holitorium, 3, 16, 32, 49, 52, 55, Greeks, 158 Juno, 1, 5–6, 8, 12–13, 22, 33, 47, 154, 170, 59–62, 64, 118 influence of, 47–48, 49–53, 59, 66, 70, 221 See also Temples of Juno Sospita, Janus, 72, 110, 124, 131–136, 139, 169, 175, statues and images of, 83, 168, 186, 200 and Spes 211–212, 218, 222 See also individual temples by name Forum Julium, 4, 52, 89, 92–103, 115, 130, settlements of, 46 Jupiter, 1, 4–6, 8, 10–11, 12–14, 19, 22, 33, 132, 136, 139–140, 157–158, 162, 174, statuary and art of, 89, 102, 117–118, 47, 60, 82, 116, 125–126, 130, 140, 220, 240–241 137, 150, 158 149, 153, 170, 185, 202–205, 206, 221 See also Temple of Venus Genetrix stoas of, 88 statues and images of, 13–14, 83, 168, Forum of Nerva. See Forum Transitorium temples of, 46–48, 49–53, 66, 105, 206 186, 200–205 Forum Romanum, xv, 3–4, 32, 40, 58, 83, See also individual temples by name 92–93, 105, 108, 109–115, 149, 151, Hadrian (emperor a.d. 117–138), 4–5, 114, 201 127–129, 141, 150, 158, 172, 174–175, Lagina, Asia Minor, 72 buildings and structures of, 2, 8, 49, 181–183, 185, 186–205, 206–218, 221 Hekateion, 72 56–59, 64, 68, 78, 103–104, 106, 135, death of in Baia, 212 Lake Regillus, 37, 38 139, 141, 147–150, 159, 180, 214, 219 Historiae Augustae by, 181, 202 Lanciani, Rodolfo, 18, 21–24, 32, 123 games in, 140 political and religious life of, 184–186 Largo Argentina, L’Area Sacra, 3, 40, processions and ceremonies in, 14, 18 worship of as Zeus Olympios, 185–186 44–46, 61, 68, 75, 79–81, 88, 118, streets and sightlines in, 6, 156, 161–172, worship of as Hadrian-Jupiter, 185 126, 186, 219, 220 211, 221 See also Pantheon and Temple of Venus See also Temples A, B, C, and D urban context of, 34–38, 44, 82, and Rome Latins, 7, 12, 35, 38, 43, 46–48 145–147, 149, 173–174, 180, 183, 206, Hellenistic architecture, 3–4, 14, 34–35, builders and craftsmen, 34 209, 212 49–53, 54, 56–57, 61–62, 63–67, influences of, 6, 30, 34 See also individual temples, basilicas, and 68–81, 82, 84, 94, 99, 102, 106, population of, 66 arches of 107–108, 111, 124, 131, 132–136, traditions of, 30, 34, 62, 108, 132, 147, Forum Transitorium (Forum of Nerva), 93, 169–170 184, 220, 221–222 98, 100, 157, 159–168, 173–176, 220, influence of, 139, 141, 145, 147, 211, Latium, 7, 60, 118, 139 251 220–221 Leda, 37 See also Temple of Minerva Hera, 47 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (consul 46 and Forum Traiani, 4, 114, 138, 158, 173–183 Hercules (Herakles), 41, 70, 118, 143, 42 b.c., triumvir 43–36 b.c.), 46, 54, Basilica Ulpia, 174–176, 179–180, 182 212 58, 103, 105, 106 main forum space and colonnades, Hermodorus of Salamis, 50, 54, 107–108, Libraries, Greek and Latin, 117, 121 176–179, 182, 188, 198, 253 232 See also Forum Traiani, libraries libraries, 181 Hermogenes of Priene, 50, 52, 66, 74–75, Livia (wife of Augustus), 120, 141 purposes of, 175–176 107–108, 135, 211, 231 Livy, 6, 11–12, 70 Trajan’s Column, 174–177, 180–181, 182, Herrenus, M. Octavius, 69–70 Longinus, Gaius Cassius, 104, 106, 130 254–255 Horace, 130 Lucan, 114 triumphal arch, 176–179 Horatius, 12, 152 ludi Megalenses, 118 See also Temple of Divus Traianus Horologium Solare, 128, 186, 202. See also ludi Taurii, 54 Campus Martius ludi victoriae Caesaris, 93 Gabii, temple and theater complex of, 87, ludi victoriae Sullae, 82 239 Illyrium, 106, 119, 121 Luni, quarries of, 105, 241

284 INDEX

Lupercal, 8, 116, 128 Numa Pompilius, 8, 35 Pergamon, 3, 139, 218, 220 Lysippus, 54 Numidius, Caecilius Metellus, 118 Trajaneum, 212 Perseus (King of Macedon), 49–50 Macedonia, 49–50, 84, 90, 106 Octavia (Augustus’ sister), 54, 121–126, Pharsalus, battle of, 90, 92–93 Macedonicus, Caecilius Metellus, 54, 58, 141. See also Porticus Octaviae Philippi, battle of, 106 70, 121, 145 Octavian. See Augustus Philippus, L. Marcius (Augustus’ Macellum, 157–159, 162 Octavius, Gnaeus, 121 stepfather), 121 Macrobius, 69–70 Odeum of Trajan, 175 Phrygia, 118 Maenius, Gaius, 58 Olympia, 49, 70 Plancus, Lucius Munatius, 113–114, 129 Magna Graecia. See Italy, southern Olympios, 185–186 Pliny, 14, 42, 56, 82, 110, 121, 126, 128, Magnesia, 53, 65, 74, 80 opera Pompeiana, 85–90. See also Temple of 156 Temple of Artemis Leukophryene, 53, Venus Victrix, theater, and porticus of Plotina (wife of Trajan), 181 66, 74, 211, 235 Opimius, L., 56, 58, 144 Plutarch, 49–50, 84–85, 92, 154 Marcellus, Claudius, 121 Orvieto, 30 Pometia, 12 Marcius, Ancus, 8 Belvedere Temple, 30 Pompeii, architecture of, 75, 118 Marius, Caius, 68 Otho, Marcus (emperor a.d. 69), 150 forum of, 99, 101, 115, 240 Marius, Caius, the Younger, 68, 82 Ovid, 8, 121, 138 Temple of Jupiter, 118 Mars, 8, 38, 92, 127–128, 138–139, 140, Pompey, Sextus, 106, 116 170, 200, 203 Paestum, 3, 30, 46–48, 98, 99, 115 Pompey the Great (consul 70,55, and statues and images of, 136, 154, 186 Temple of Peace, 30, 47–48, 231 52 b.c.), 3–4, 68, 84–93, 100, 104, See also individual temples by name Palace of Domitian (Flavian Palace), 116, 119, 158, 212, 220 Matralia, 43 159–161 time of, 77, 105–106 Mausoleum of Augustus, 128–129, 186, Palace of Tiberius, 159 Pons Aemilius, 40, 62 192–193, 202, 221 Palaemon, 63 Pons Sublicius, 7, 40 Mausoleum of Hadrian, 212 Palatine Hill, 7–8, 34–35, 115, 126, pontifix (pontifices), 14, 35, 39–40, 103, 106, Maxentius (emperor a.d. 306–312), 211 128–129, 135, 148–150, 151, 159, 168 131, 182 Mediterranean region, 49, 84, 87, 90, 108, Palestine, 131, 150–151, 156, 169, 183 Popular Assembly (comitia centuriata), 38–39, 131, 191, 220 Palestrina, 56, 59, 75, 87, 238–239 46, 229 Megillus, L. Postumius, 118 Temple of Fortuna Primigenia, 56, 87, Porticus Aemilia, 174 Mercury, 143, 200 89, 198 Porticus Argonautarum, 127 Mesopotamia, 131 Palazzo Caffarelli, 15 Porticus Deorem Consentium, 152, 159 Miletus, 72, 99 Palazzo dei Conservatori, 18, 21, 24, 27 Porticus Liviae, 141 Minerva, 1, 5–6, 8, 12, 13, 22, 33, 47, 154, Palladio, 72–73, 166, 195, 197–198, 205 Porticus Metelli. See Porticus Octaviae 165–168, 221 Pallas Athena. See also Temple of Vesta in Porticus Minucia Frumentaria, 44 statues and images of, 83, 168, 186, the Forum Romanum Porticus Octavia, 54, 121 200 Pantheon, 62, 127, 138, 182–184, 186, 187, Porticus Octaviae (Porticus Metelli), 3, Mithradates VI, 68, 84, 235 190, 204, 206, 211, 212–213, 216–218, 53–55, 70, 88, 102, 105, 121–122, 123, Mons Claudianus, Egypt, quarries of, 114, 255–256 124–125, 139, 141, 159, 210, 245 189 Agrippan version of, 4, 126–129, 159, See also Temples of Juno Regina and Moon, in relation to Pantheon, 200 186–187, 189, 193, 200, 202 Jupitor Stator Museo Nuovo, 21 Arcus Pietatis, 187 Porticus Philippi, 54, 121 compared to Temple of Jupiter Porticus Pompei, 85–90, 93, 96, 100, 102, Naples, 46 Capitolinus, 2, 4, 19, 22, 29, 33, 184, 104, 122, 158–159. See also Theater Neptune, statues and images of, 200 205, 219, 221 of Pompey and Temple of Venus Nero, Lucius Domitius (emperor full-sized templates for, 192–193 Victrix a.d. 54–68), 78, 147–150, 151–152, functions of, 4, 205, 258–259 Porticus Vipsania, 127 209, 249 iconography and symbolism of, 4, 184, Portunalia, 63 Domus Aurea of, 149–150, 158, 188, 194, 200–205 Pozzuoli, 212 206, 209 pronaos and intermediate block of, 4, Priene, 3, 99, 220 Domus Transitorium of, 149 127, 184, 188–196, 256–257 Ptolomy XIII, 100 fireofina.d. 64, 3–4, 149–150, 151, rotunda and dome of, 4, 73, 127, 184, Pulcher, Appius Claudius, 120 157, 174 188, 196–197, 199, 201, 205, 257–258 Punic Wars, 3, 34, 46, 49–50, 54, 56, Neronian Colossus. See Sol (Helios, urban setting of, 184, 186–187, 221 59–61, 103, 114 sun-god) Paribeni, Roberto, 23, 32 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius (emperor Parilia, 207 Quirinal Hill, 19, 34–35, 92, 174 a.d. 96–98), 161, 173. See also Forum Parthenon. See Athens Transitorium Parthians, 111, 140, 183 Rabirius, 95, 153, 159–161, 165, 172, 186 Nobilior, Marcus Fulvius (consul 189 b.c.), Paullus, Aemilius, 49–50 Regia, 34–35, 38, 95, 109, 111, 115, 134, 55–56, 58, 103, 119 Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 103 140

INDEX 285

Regillus, Lucius Aemilius, 46 temple architecture of, 2–5, 6, 8, 10, Suessa, 12 Remus, 8, 12, 128 18, 19, 25, 30–34, 47–48, 49–53, 54, Suetonius, 109–110, 129, 132, 136, 152, Renaissance, studies and guidebooks of, 61, 62–64, 65–67, 68, 70, 81–84, 154 15 102, 105–106, 107–108, 110–115, 119, Sulla, Faustus, 92, 152, 220 Republic, 39, 45, 59, 66, 84, 92, 139, 157, 124, 132, 139, 145–147, 151, 156, 171, Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (dictator 82– 219 173, 186, 188, 195, 206, 212, 218, 79 b.c.), 2–3, 14, 38, 68, 81–84, 89, founding of, 1, 5–6, 10, 82, 221 219–222 146, 154, 171 political context of, 8, 10–12, 14, 19, urban design and development of, 38–39, Syria, 49, 119 33–34, 38–39, 90, 102, 104, 106, 44, 46, 81, 84, 89, 102–103, 105–106, 130–132, 151, 160 167, 175, 221–222 Tabularium, 59, 82, 143, 146 processions and ceremonies of, 1–2, 4, Romulus, 6–10, 12–13, 17, 19, 91, 125, Tacitus, 150, 152, 153–154 14, 18, 33, 35, 38, 44, 46, 49–50, 55, 128–129, 138–139, 170, 172, 202 Tarpeian Rock, 16–18 81–82, 84–85, 87, 89–90, 91, 102, house of, 116, 129 Tarquinii, 8 132, 168, 220 rostra, 58, 102, 110, 115, 146 Tarquinius Priscus (Roman king Rome’s development during, 34–35, 40, Round Temple by the Tiber, 3, 62, 68–79, 616–579 b.c.), 8, 10–11, 18 49, 62 133, 135–136, 188, 220, 235–236. See Tarquinius Superbus (Roman king 534– temple architecture of, 2–4, 5–6, 24, also Forum Boarium 510 b.c.), 8, 10–12, 13–14, 18, 34–35, 29–30, 34, 38–39, 44, 48, 50–51, 81, 41 108, 128, 220, 221, 222 Sabina (wife of Hadrian), 184 Tatius, 6, 11 Roma, religious cult of, 90, 131, 138, Sabines, 6–7, 10, 16, 35, 38, 44–45, 61, Temple A ( Juturna), 44, 45–46, 80–81, 168–169, 212 222 237. See also Largo Argentina statues and images of, 211, 212 Saepta Julia, 126, 187 Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, 214, Romae Aeternae, 206, 207 Samnites, 46, 49, 118 216–217 Roma Quadrata, 7–8, 116, 129, 223 Sant’ Omobono, L’Area Sacra, 40–44, 69. present-day Church of San Lorenzo in Rome, 49, 53, 56, 59, 65–67, 81–82, 84, See also Temples of Fortuna and Mater Miranda, 215 85–88, 90, 118, 140, 173–174, 175, Matuta Temple of Apollo Medicus. See Apollo 176, 184, 219, 221 Satricum, 30 Sosianus builders, architects, and craftsmen of, 2, Temple of Mater Matuta I, 30 Temple of Apollo Palatinus, 105, 116–119, 4, 11, 24, 34, 42, 47–48, 49–53, 62, Saturn, 60 123–125, 127, 139, 159, 202, 215, 220, 63–68, 72, 81, 87, 94, 108, 132, 136, statues and images of, 200 243 139, 212–213, 219–222 See also Temple of Saturn Temple of Apollo Sosianus (in Circo), building practices in, 65–66, 74–75, 79, Selinus, Temple G, 24 55–56, 105, 119–120, 121–122, 81, 94, 100, 105, 107–108, 124, 139, Senate, 46, 56, 84, 87, 90–93, 102, 103–104, 123–125, 127, 133, 139, 141, 145, 198, 220, 222 106–107, 130, 141, 147–149, 161, 168, 202, 213, 215, 220, 244. See also buildings of, 1–2, 8, 12, 63, 151, 152, 180–181, 183, 185, 194, 201–202, Temple of Apollo Medicus 221 212 Temple B (Fortuna Huiusce Diei), 3, civic functions and buildings in, 92–93, meetings of, 14, 38–39, 117, 122 44–46, 75–81, 88, 220, 237. See also 102, 109, 151 reform measures of, 56–59 Largo Argentina Etruscan kings of. See individual kings by votes and decrees of, 129, 140, 153, 159, Temple of Bellona, 55–56, 120–121, 202 name 170, 175 Temple C (Feronia), 30, 44–46, 80–81, 118. founding of, 1, 4–5, 6–8, 10–13, 19, 33, Servius, 69 See also Largo Argentina 46, 82, 91, 128–129, 130, 132, Servius Tullius (Roman king 578–535 b.c.), Temple of Claudius, 29, 149. See also 152–153, 205, 212, 219, 221 8, 41–44 Caelian Hill general population of, 14, 35–36, 38, 46, Severus, Septimius (emperor a.d. 193–211), Temple of Castor and Pollux, 2, 109–110, 58–59, 82, 89, 102, 105, 116, 130–131, 54, 122, 158, 161 128 147, 150, 152, 158, 161, 168–169, 172, Shrine of Juventus, 11. See also Capitoline ﬁrst temple, 36–38, 229 180–181, 182–183, 206, 222 Hill Metellan temple, 56–59, 94, 102–103, military conquests by, 12, 14, 34, 37, Shrine of Terminus, 11. See also Capitoline 233 38–39, 42, 46–48, 49–50, 56, 59–61, Hill Tiberian temple, 132–136, 140–141, 144, 68–70, 84–85, 88, 89, 90–92, 98, 104, Sibylline Books, 14, 82, 118 145–149, 159, 191, 202, 213, 248 121, 138, 147, 175, 220, 222 Sicily, 49, 106 Temple of Concordia, 56–57, 105, 141–144, political context of, 1–2, 3–4, 6–15, 33, Sol (Helios, sun-god), 116, 150, 170, 200 145–147, 159–161, 182, 202, 233 34, 46–47, 56, 57–59, 66–67, 82, statue of (formerly Neronian Colossus), Temple D (Lares Permarini), 44, 46, 81. See 89–90, 91–92, 101–102, 103, 106–108, 209, 212 also Largo Argentina 140–141, 161, 221–222 See also Temple of Venus and Rome Temple of Diana, 8–9 religious practices in, 3, 7–8, 9–11, Sosius, C., 119 Temple of Divus Augustus, 147–148, 159 12–14, 29, 32, 35–37, 39–40, 47, 60, Spain, 90, 120, 125–126, 185 Temple of Divus Julius, 29, 57, 103, 66, 81, 89–92, 116, 118, 129, 130–132, Statio aquarum, 45 109–111, 112, 115, 119, 123–125, 202–203, 212, 224–225 Subura, 130, 136, 156, 161–167 127–128, 134, 145–146, 220, 242

286 INDEX

Temple of Divus Hadrianus, 133, 212, Temple of Jupiter Conservator ( Jupiter Theater of Marcellus, 54–56, 85, 105, 119, 213–218, 260 Custos), 156. See also Capitoline Hill 170, 244 Temple of Divus Traianus, 4, 173–176, 177, Temple of Jupiter Stator, 53–56, 70, Theater of Pompey, 44, 54, 85–90, 92, 96, 181–182, 191, 205, 219, 221, 255–256 121–122, 202, 232, 245. See also 104, 119, 139, 148, 238, 239 Temple of Fortuna, 40–44, 62. See also Porticus Octaviae Tiber River, 6–7, 38, 40, 49, 55, 62–63, 69, Forum Boarium Temple of Magna Mater, 116, 118–119. See 70, 72, 140, 212 Temple of Fortuna Virilis. See Temple of also Forum Boarium Tiberius (emperor a.d. 14–37), 37, 56–57, Portunus Temple of Mars Ultor, 4, 52, 72–74, 106, 61, 72, 103, 105, 141–145, 147–149, Temple of Hercules Musarum, 121. See also 125, 130–141, 204 151 Porticus Philippi architectural character of, 131, 132–136, Tigris River, 182 Temple of Hercules Olivarius. See Round 141, 143, 145–147, 171, 181–182, 247 Titus (emperor a.d. 79–81), 14, 151, 154, Temple by the Tiber compared to Temple of Jupiter 156, 158, 159–161, 168, 251 Temple of Hercules Victor. See Round Capitolinus, 2, 4, 19, 22, 29, 30, 33, fire of, 187 Temple by the Tiber 130, 132, 154, 173, 184, 188–196, 205, Tivoli, 3, 29, 56, 64, 75, 87, 185 Temple of Janus, 59–62, 118. See also Forum 219, 220 Temple of Hercules Victor, 29, 56, 87 Holitorium dedication of, 130, 132, 139, 140 Temple of Sybil, 64–65 Temple of Juno Regina, 53–56, 121–124. See also Forum Augustum Temple of Vesta, 3, 74–76, 220, 237 See also Porticus Octaviae Temple of Mater Matuta, 40–44, 62, 68. See Tomb of the Haterii, 169 Temple of Jupiter Feretrius, 6, 11, 125, 140, also Forum Boarium Trajan (emperor a.d. 97–117), 4, 35, 78, 93, 245. See also Capitoline Hill Temple of Matidia, 212, 259–260 95, 100, 114, 141, 158, 172, 173–183, Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Temple of Minerva, 151, 159, 161–168, 184–185, 187, 221 Capitolinus, 7, 125, 127, 140, 146, 172. See also Forum Transitorium death of in Cilicia, 183 151, 153–155, 173 Temple of Portunus, 52, 56, 62–67, 220, naumachia of, 173, 252–253 architectural character of, 6, 21–33, 34, 234. See also Forum Boarium statues and equestrian monuments of, 42, 52, 94, 154, 204 Temple of Saturn, 36–37, 52, 56, 103, 109, 175–176, 180, 181, 182–183 authority of, 2, 4–6, 10, 19, 32–33, 46, 111–116, 123–125, 127, 146, 152, See also Forum Traiani 82, 83, 108, 132, 151. See also auctoritas 159–161, 215, 220, 229, 243 Trajan’s Markets, 174, 183 compared to other temples, 26, 116, 130, Temple of Sol, 19 tribal assemblies (comitia tributa, concilium 132, 156–157, 173, 182, 184, 186, Temple of Spes, 52, 59–62. See also Forum plebis), 38–39, 46, 56 188–189, 205, 219–221, 227 Holitorium triumvirate, first, 90–92 confusion over site of, 3, 15–18, 22, 225, Temple of Venus and Rome, 4, 183, second, 105, 106, 220 226 206–218, 221, 258–259 See also individual generals and dictators construction of, 2–3, 6, 8, 10–12, 34, 43, present-day church of San Francesco by name 224 Romana, 206, 211 Tuscan-Doric Order, 3, 14, 20–21, 50–53, dedication of, 12, 91, 225 Temple of Venus Victrix, 85–90, 92, 104, 181 destruction of, 14–15, 68, 81–82, 152, 212, 220. See also Theater of Pompeii Tusculum, 37 156 Temple of Venus Genetrix, 4, 29–30, 52, functions of, 10, 12, 13–15, 39, 118, 225 92–102, 110, 128, 132, 136, 140–141, umbilicus Romae, 129 influence of, 1–3, 4–5, 6, 18–19, 33–34, 162, 212, 239–240. See also Forum Umbrians, 46 36–37, 47–48, 57, 68, 95, 156, 173, Julium 205, 219–221 Temple of Vespasian, 115, 133, 146, 151, Valerius, 12 previous reconstructions of, 3, 16–17, 159–161, 162–163, 182, 191, 195, 202, Var ro, 42, 62 19–27, 30–32, 219, 226–227, 228 220, 251 Veii, 38, 42, 229 proposed new reconstructions of, 3, 5, Temple of Vesta, 3, 34–35, 37–38, 68, Portonaccio Temple, 42 27–33, 37–38, 219, 221, 227–228 78–79, 80, 111, 158, 228, 237. See also Velia, 34, 156, 161, 168, 206, 209 rebuilding of after fire, 3–4, 14, 18, Forum Romanum Velleius Paterculus, 54, 121 81–83, 151–154, 156, 159, 202, Temple of Victoria, 118–119. See also Venus, 88, 92–93, 95, 102, 127, 128, 219–220, 237, 238, 249 Palatine Hill 138–139, 167, 203, 212 rediscovery of, 3, 15, 18, 22–23 templum, 6, 8–10, 29, 39, 127, 201 statues and images of, 154, 186, 200, 211 questions about its size, 18–19, 22–33, Templum Pacis, 151, 156–159, 161, Venus Genetrix. See Forum Julium and 43, 48 169–171, 173–176, 220, 250 Temple of Venus Genetrix urban context of, 4, 6, 32, 113, 125–126, compared to Temple of Jupiter Vernalia, 200 129, 151, 168–172, 202, 212, 219, 221 Capitolinus, 29, 205, 219 Vespasian (emperor a.d. 69–79), 14, Temple of Jupiter Stator, 53–54, 56, Templum Sacrae Urbis. See Forma Urbis 149–150, 151–162, 171, 249. See also 121–124. See also Porticus Octaviae Romae Templum Pacis Temple of Jupiter Sospita, 52, 59–62, 234. Teos, 52, 66, 80 Vestal Virgins, 16, 153 See also Forum Holitorium Temple of Dionysius, 52–53, 65, 211 house of, 158, 159 Temple of Jupiter Tonans, 125–126, 245. Terracina, 29 Vestinus, L. Julius, 153 See also Capitoline Hill Temple of Jupiter Anxur, 29 Via Appia, 170

INDEX 287

Via Argelitum, 156–157, 159, 161–167 Vicus Jugarius, 36 Ten Books of Architecture by, 1, 3, 19–21, Via Argentarius, 92, 100 Virgil, 118 50–54, 220 Via Flaminia, 214 Vitellius, Aulus (emperor a.d. 69), 14, 150, Vulca of Veii, 13 Via Fori Imperiali, 136, 174 151–152, 156, 171 Via Sacra, 4, 14, 32, 35, 37, 113, 158, Vitruvius, 1, 3, 20, 24, 30, 56, 62, 63–66, Zeus, 4, 13, 37, 93, 184, 202–205, 206, 221 168–172, 206–209, 212, 220 71–81, 82, 88–89, 94, 97–100, Zosimus, 154 Via Triumphalis, 14, 212 107–108, 125, 130, 136, 158, 220