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Y Nesidiocoris Tenuis Con El UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos Compatibilidad de Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) y Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), depredadores importantes en cultivos hortícolas protegidos, con nuevas barreras físicas selectivas y modernos plaguicidas TESIS DOCTORAL Fermín Amor Parrilla Ingeniero Agrónomo 2013 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos Compatibilidad de Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) y Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), depredadores importantes en cultivos hortícolas protegidos, con nuevas barreras físicas selectivas y modernos plaguicidas TESIS DOCTORAL Fermín Amor Parrilla Ingeniero Agrónomo Directores: Elisa Viñuela Sandoval Catedrática y Dra. Ingeniera Agrónoma (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid) Guy Smagghe Professor Dr. ir. (Ghent University), Belgium Madrid, 2013 Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. Y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 2013. Presidente D./Da Vocal D./D.a Vocal D./D.a Vocal D./D.a Secretario D./D.a Suplente D./D.a Suplente D./D.a Realizada la lectura y defensa de la tesis el día de de 2013 en Madrid, en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos. Calificación: El Presidente Los Vocales El Secretario “Sine agricultura nihil” A mis padres, y a Sara AGRADECIMIENTOS. Esta Tesis Doctoral se ha llevado acabo en la Unidades de Protección de Cultivos de la E.T.S.I. Agrónomos de Madrid (España) y de la Facultad de Bioingeniería de Gante (Bélgica), como parte de los proyectos del Plan Nacional de I+D+I AGL2007-66399- C03-01 y AGL2010-22196-C02-02, y gracias a una beca FPI (BES-2009-014631) otorgada por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (antiguo Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación). Es bonito poder dar las gracias a todas las personas que de un modo u otro, me han ayudado a que esta tesis sea posible, incluso cuando yo ni siquiera sabía que la iba a escribir allá por 2006. A todos ellos, a los que nombro y a los que no, mi más sincera gratitud. A mis padres Miguel y Remedios, porque todo lo que he conseguido ha sido gracias a ellos, por su apoyo e inculcarme su capacidad de sacrificio, trabajo y valores. A Sara, por estar siempre a mi lado, y hacer que cada día cuando llego a casa me sienta el hombre más feliz del mundo. A Elisa, mi tutora, por darme la oportunidad de trabajar en investigación, transmitirme toda su experiencia, confiar en mi trabajo, y su apoyo personal. To Guy, my promoter in Belgium, because he invited me to be part of his work team two times, and also for his personal motivation and patience. A Flor, porque fue la primera persona que confió en mi trabajo, y me contagió el interés por la entomología, por su vitalidad y alegría. A Pilar, porque siempre ha estado ahí cuando la he necesitado, y sus consejos me han ayudado a no perder el rumbo. A Ángeles, por su apoyo e interés ante los problemas diarios, y las continuas “discusiones” de metodología. A Pedro, por contagiar su entrega al trabajo, no hay día en el que no te enseñe algo, su constancia y humor. A Yara, Nacho y Luis, que siempre me habéis ayudado en mi trabajo diario, Torre de Potter, semillado de plantas, construcción de jaulas, muestreos en “La Poveda”, “diseño” de bichos para las presentaciones, limpieza de material… pero me quedo con vuestra amistad. A Antonio López, por confiar en mi trabajo y su apoyo personal. A Ignacio Colomer, por enseñarme los entresijos de la horticultura Almeriense. A mis compañeros de laboratorio, Gladis, Gloria, Javi, Cherre, Edu, Pedro, Rabeh, Dani, Sotero, Geraldo, Jader, Sara, Guille, Edu, Juan, Raquel, Valentín, Essen, Gabriela, Rosa Mari, Antonio, Celeste… y en especial a los que más me han sufrido… Paloma, mi inseparable compañera y sobretodo mi amiga, sin ella el día a día hubiese sido más complicado, y seguro más aburrido. A Agustín, el amigo con el que me reencontré en el laboratorio, gracias por esas risas sin control, “trazos”, y estar ahí en todo momento. A Rosa, por estar siempre dispuesta a ayudarme y su amistad. A Mar, por compartir esas grandes anécdotas en viajes y apoyo. A Andrea “la ninfa”, porque a pesar de que me da mucha guerra… lo que nos reímos… y aprendo de ella. A Luis Hiernaux, por poner la nota forestal en este grupo, eres uno más amigo. Al “equipo Gante”, Paloma, Marta y Olivier, por ser mi familia en Bélgica, todo fue posible gracias a vosotros. (To the “Ghent team”, Paloma, Marta and Olivier, because they were my family in Belgium, everything was possible because of you guys). To Olivier, thanks for all the trips, Belgian beers and your friendship. To mates in Agrozoology lab in Ghent, Patrick, Luc, Rik, Didier, Leen, Bjorn, Ivan, Hanneke, Ruben, Jisheng, Moises, Maarten, Sara, Jochem, Astrid, Silvia, Thijs, Na, Dorien, Peter… Dankjewel!!!. Al “club del café”, aquí seguro que me dejo a alguien, Paloma, Agustín, Rosa, Pilar, Yara, Nacho, Luis, ocasionalmente Flor, Mar, Celeste… porque todos los días es bueno empezar la mañana riéndose, haciendo quinielas y llegando al laboratorio un poco más tarde de lo previsto… qué tertulianos se ha perdido el mundo. A todo el personal de la universidad, escuela y del departamento que siempre me ha ayudado cuando lo he necesitado, Carolina Palomo, Silvia Muñoz, Carmen González, Carmen Dieguez, Román Zurita, Anabel Torres, Esther Plaza, Julio Sebastián, Pedro Aguado, Juan Pablo del Monte, Mª Dolores Curt… y especialmente al servicio de envío de bibliografía de la biblioteca de la E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, que sin su ayuda no hubiese podido escribir un solo párrafo de esta tesis. Al personal de la finca experimental “La Poveda” (Pedro, Tasio, Paulino…) y del CSIC (Alberto Fereres, Arantxa Moreno, Beatriz Dader…) por su ayuda en los ensayos de campo. A Carmen Calleja por resolver mis dudas moleculares. A Beatriz Díaz por sus enseñanzas de Sadie y Surfer. A todos mis amigos por los buenos momentos que me dan… a los birratoureros (Edu, Fer, Mario, Fede, Carlos, José David, Javi, David, Miguel), a los getafenses (David, Alfredo, Esther…) a la manada, (Tere, Álvaro, Noe, Paty, Luis, Carlos, Willy…), a los sin fronteras (José Luis, Sergio…). Índice ÍNDICE. i ABREVIATURAS Y ACRÓNIMOS. vii RESUMEN. ix SUMMARY. xii 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL. 1 1.1. La agricultura sostenible y el control de plagas. 1 1.2. Gestión Integrada de plagas (GIP) en cultivos hortícolas protegidos. 3 1.3. Enemigos naturales. 8 1.3.1. Orius laevigatus. 8 1.3.1.1. Sistemática. 8 1.3.1.2. Distribución geográfica y hábitat. 9 1.3.1.3. Descripción y biología del insecto. 10 1.3.1.4. Importancia en la GIP de cultivos hortícolas protegidos. 14 1.3.2. Nesidiocoris tenuis. 16 1.3.2.1. Sistemática. 16 1.3.2.2. Distribución geográfica y hábitat. 16 1.3.2.3. Descripción y biología del insecto. 17 1.3.2.4. Importancia en la GIP de cultivos hortícolas protegidos. 21 2. OBJETIVOS. 24 i Índice 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS GENERALES. 25 3.1. Lugar de estudio y condiciones ambientales. 25 3.1.1. Laboratorio. 25 3.1.2. Invernadero. 26 3.1.3. Campo (túneles semi-comerciales). 27 3.2. Material biológico y su manejo. 28 3.2.1. Cría de Orius laevigatus. 28 3.2.2. Cría de Nesidiocoris tenuis. 28 3.2.3. Material vegetal. 31 3.3. Análisis estadístico. 33 4. COMPATIBILIDAD DE LOS ENEMIGOS NATURALES ORIUS LAEVIGATUS Y NESIDIOCORIS TENUIS CON EL USO DE MALLAS TRATADAS CON BIFENTRIN COMO MÉTODO FÍSICO DE CONTROL. 35 4.1. Introducción. 35 4.2. Materiales y métodos. 37 4.2.1. Características y manejo de la malla tratada con bifentrin y malla control. 37 4.2.2. Laboratorio. 39 4.2.2.1. Evaluación de la preferencia entre malla control y tratada con bifentrin. 39 ii Índice 4.2.2.2. Evaluación de la toxicidad de la malla tratada con bifentrin por contacto. 42 4.2.3. Evaluación de la toxicidad de la malla tratada con bifentrin en invernadero. 43 4.2.4. Evaluación de la toxicidad de la malla tratada con bifentrin en campo (túneles semi-comerciales). 45 4.3. Resultados y discusión. 56 4.3.1. Laboratorio. 56 4.3.1.1. Evaluación de la preferencia entre malla control y tratada con bifentrin. 56 4.3.1.2. Evaluación de la toxicidad de la malla tratada con bifentrin por contacto. 58 4.3.2. Evaluación de la toxicidad de la malla tratada con bifentrin en invernadero. 59 4.3.3. Evaluación de la toxicidad de la malla tratada con bifentrin en campo (túneles semi-comerciales). 63 4.3.3.1. Otoño 2011. 63 4.3.3.2. Primavera-verano 2012. 69 4.3.3.3. Otoño 2012. 75 iii Índice 5. TOXICIDAD DE MODERNOS INSECTICIDAS SOBRE LOS ENEMIGOS NATURALES ORIUS LAEVIGATUS Y NESIDIOCORIS TENUIS. 81 5.1. Introducción. 81 5.1.1. Insecticidas evaluados. 84 5.1.1.1. Abamectina. 84 5.1.1.2. Deltametrina. 85 5.1.1.3. Emamectina. 86 5.1.1.4. Flubendiamida. 87 5.1.1.5. Spinosad. 88 5.1.1.6. Spiromesifen. 89 5.2. Materiales y métodos. 90 5.2.1. Insecticidas evaluados. 90 5.2.2. Clasificación de los insecticidas. 91 5.2.3. Resumen de los ensayos realizados con insecticidas. 92 5.2.4. Contacto residual sobre placas de cristal en laboratorio. 92 5.2.5. Persistencia. 98 5.3. Resultados. 100 5.3.1. Contacto residual sobre placas de cristal en laboratorio. 100 5.3.1.1. Orius laevigatus. 100 5.3.1.2.
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