An Expanding Universe

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Expanding Universe An Expanding Universe Redshift, Blueshift and the Doppler Effect EMS Review • The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency • The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency • Red wavelengths of light are longer than blue wavelengths of light • Star composition can be determined by the spectrum of the gases present Doppler Waves • As an object moves away from you, the waves spread out. Wavelength gets longer and frequency decreases. • As an object moves towards you, the waves bunch up. Wavelength gets shorter and frequency increases Doppler Waves • As an object moves away from you, the waves spread out. Wavelength gets longer and frequency decreases. • When dealing with light waves, we say that the object has red-shifted because the waves move towards the red end of the spectrum Red shift, moving away. Doppler Waves • As an object moves towards you, the waves bunch up. Wavelength gets shorter and frequency increases • We say that the object has blue-shifted because the waves move towards the blue end of the spectrum. Blue shift, moving towards. How can we tell that the universe is expanding? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhfnqboacV0H ow can we tell that the universe is expanding? As an object moves away from you, the object’s spectrum of gases shifts to the red side of the spectrum Shifting Spectrums Red shift/Blue shift Practice Blue Red • Nearby Star VENUS Which galaxy or Andromeda Galaxy planet is moving at Bernard’s Galaxy the same speed as the Bear Galaxy nearby star? Venus SR - 5 Red shift/Blue shift Practice What Blue Red Nearby Star galaxies or planets are moving Andromeda Galaxy toward the nearby Bernard’s Galaxy star? Bear Galaxy • Andromeda Venus SR - 5 Red shift/Blue shift Practice Blue Red Nearby Star What galaxies or planets are Andromeda Galaxy moving away the nearby Bernard’s Galaxy star? Bernard’s, Bear Galaxy Bear, SR-5. Venus SR - 5 Red shift/Blue shift Practice Blue Red Nearby Star Is the Andromeda Andromeda Galaxy galaxy red or blue shifted? Bernard’s Galaxy Blue Shifted Bear Galaxy Venus SR - 5 Red shift/Blue shift Practice Blue Red Nearby Star Which galaxy or planet is Andromeda Galaxy moving fastest away Bernard’s Galaxy from the nearby star? Bear Galaxy Benard’s it is the Venus most red shifted SR - 5 Red shift/Blue shift Practice Blue Red Which galaxy Nearby Star or planet is moving the slowest away Andromeda Galaxy from the nearby star? Bernard’s Galaxy SR- 5 Bear Galaxy Venus SR - 5 .
Recommended publications
  • 3 the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Metric
    3 The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric 3.1 Three dimensions The most general isotropic and homogeneous metric in three dimensions is similar to the two dimensional result of eq. (43): dr2 ds2 = a2 + r2dΩ2 ; dΩ2 = dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2 ; k = 0; 1 : (46) 1 kr2 − The angles φ and θ are the usual azimuthal and polar angles of spherical coordinates, with θ [0; π], φ [0; 2π). As before, the parameter k can take on three different values: for k = 0, 2 2 the above line element describes ordinary flat space in spherical coordinates; k = 1 yields the metric for S , with constant positive curvature, while k = 1 is AdS and has constant 3 − 3 negative curvature. As in the two dimensional case, the change of variables r = sin χ (k = 1) or r = sinh χ (k = 1) makes the global nature of these manifolds more apparent. For example, − for the k = 1 case, after defining r = sin χ, the line element becomes ds2 = a2 dχ2 + sin2 χdθ2 + sin2 χ sin2 θdφ2 : (47) This is equivalent to writing ds2 = dX2 + dY 2 + dZ2 + dW 2 ; (48) where X = a sin χ sin θ cos φ ; Y = a sin χ sin θ sin φ ; Z = a sin χ cos θ ; W = a cos χ ; (49) which satisfy X2 + Y 2 + Z2 + W 2 = a2. So we see that the k = 1 metric corresponds to a 3-sphere of radius a embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. One also sees a problem with the r = sin χ coordinate: it does not cover the whole sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Dark Matter and the Early Universe: a Review Arxiv:2104.11488V1 [Hep-Ph
    Dark matter and the early Universe: a review A. Arbey and F. Mahmoudi Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France Abstract Dark matter represents currently an outstanding problem in both cosmology and particle physics. In this review we discuss the possible explanations for dark matter and the experimental observables which can eventually lead to the discovery of dark matter and its nature, and demonstrate the close interplay between the cosmological properties of the early Universe and the observables used to constrain dark matter models in the context of new physics beyond the Standard Model. arXiv:2104.11488v1 [hep-ph] 23 Apr 2021 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Standard Cosmological Model 3 2.1 Friedmann-Lema^ıtre-Robertson-Walker model . 4 2.2 A quick story of the Universe . 5 2.3 Big-Bang nucleosynthesis . 8 3 Dark matter(s) 9 3.1 Observational evidences . 9 3.1.1 Galaxies . 9 3.1.2 Galaxy clusters . 10 3.1.3 Large and cosmological scales . 12 3.2 Generic types of dark matter . 14 4 Beyond the standard cosmological model 16 4.1 Dark energy . 17 4.2 Inflation and reheating . 19 4.3 Other models . 20 4.4 Phase transitions . 21 5 Dark matter in particle physics 21 5.1 Dark matter and new physics . 22 5.1.1 Thermal relics . 22 5.1.2 Non-thermal relics .
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Gravitational Redshift from Rotating Body
    An analysis of gravitational redshift from rotating body Anuj Kumar Dubey∗ and A K Sen† Department of Physics, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India. (Dated: July 29, 2021) Gravitational redshift is generally calculated without considering the rotation of a body. Neglect- ing the rotation, the geometry of space time can be described by using the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild geometry. Rotation has great effect on general relativity, which gives new challenges on gravitational redshift. When rotation is taken into consideration spherical symmetry is lost and off diagonal terms appear in the metric. The geometry of space time can be then described by using the solutions of Kerr family. In the present paper we discuss the gravitational redshift for rotating body by using Kerr metric. The numerical calculations has been done under Newtonian approximation of angular momentum. It has been found that the value of gravitational redshift is influenced by the direction of spin of central body and also on the position (latitude) on the central body at which the photon is emitted. The variation of gravitational redshift from equatorial to non - equatorial region has been calculated and its implications are discussed in detail. I. INTRODUCTION from principle of equivalence. Snider in 1972 has mea- sured the redshift of the solar potassium absorption line General relativity is not only relativistic theory of grav- at 7699 A˚ by using an atomic - beam resonance - scat- itation proposed by Einstein, but it is the simplest theory tering technique [5]. Krisher et al. in 1993 had measured that is consistent with experimental data. Predictions of the gravitational redshift of Sun [6].
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Spatially Homogeneous and Isotropic Cosmology
    Faculty of Technology and Science Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering Mikael Isaksson Aspects of Spatially Homogeneous and Isotropic Cosmology Degree Project of 15 credit points Physics Program Date/Term: 02-04-11 Supervisor: Prof. Claes Uggla Examiner: Prof. Jürgen Fuchs Karlstads universitet 651 88 Karlstad Tfn 054-700 10 00 Fax 054-700 14 60 [email protected] www.kau.se Abstract In this thesis, after a general introduction, we first review some differential geom- etry to provide the mathematical background needed to derive the key equations in cosmology. Then we consider the Robertson-Walker geometry and its relation- ship to cosmography, i.e., how one makes measurements in cosmology. We finally connect the Robertson-Walker geometry to Einstein's field equation to obtain so- called cosmological Friedmann-Lema^ıtre models. These models are subsequently studied by means of potential diagrams. 1 CONTENTS CONTENTS Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Differential geometry prerequisites 8 3 Cosmography 13 3.1 Robertson-Walker geometry . 13 3.2 Concepts and measurements in cosmography . 18 4 Friedmann-Lema^ıtre dynamics 30 5 Bibliography 42 2 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Cosmology comes from the Greek word kosmos, `universe' and logia, `study', and is the study of the large-scale structure, origin, and evolution of the universe, that is, of the universe taken as a whole [1]. Even though the word cosmology is relatively recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, eso- tericism, and religion. Cosmologies in their earliest form were concerned with, what is now known as celestial mechanics (the study of the heavens).
    [Show full text]
  • The Universe As a Laboratory: Fundamental Physics
    The Universe as a Laboratory: Fundamental Physics The universe serves as an unparalleled laboratory for frontier physics, providing extreme conditions and unique opportunities to test theoretical models. Astronomical observations can yield invaluable information for physicists across the entire spectrum of the science, studying everything from the smallest constituents of mat- ter to the largest known structures. Astronomy is the principal player in the quest to uncover the full story about the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the universe. The earliest “baby picture” of the universe is the map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, predicted in 1948 and discovered in 1964. For years, physicists insisted that this radiation, seen coming from all directions in space, had to have irregularities in order for the universe as we know it to exist. These irregularities were not discovered until the COBE satellite mapped the radiation in 1992. Later, the WMAP satellite refined the measurement, allowing cosmologists to pinpoint the age of the universe at 13.7 billion years. Continued studies, including ground-based observations, seek to glean clues from the CMB about the basic nature of the universe and of its fundamental constituents. New telescopes and new technology promise to give astronomers better information about extremely distant objects—objects seen as they were in the early history of the universe. This, in turn, will provide valuable clues about how the first stars and galaxies developed and evolved into the objects we see in the universe today. The biggest mysteries in physics—and the biggest challenges for cosmologists—are the nature of dark matter and dark energy, which together constitute 95 percent of the universe.
    [Show full text]
  • NGSS Physics in the Universe
    Standards-Based Education Priority Standards NGSS Physics in the Universe 11th Grade HS-PS2-1: Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes PS 1 the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration. HS-PS2-2: Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of PS 2 a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system. HS-PS2-3: Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that PS 3 minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision. HS-PS2-4: Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s PS 4 Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects. HS-PS2-5: Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can PS 5 produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current. HS-PS3-1: Create a computational model to calculate the change in energy of one PS 6 component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known/ HS-PS3-2: Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be PS 7 accounted for as either motions of particles or energy stored in fields. HS-PS3-3: Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert PS 8 one form of energy into another form of energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Cosmology Physics 6010, Fall 2017 Lam Hui
    Physical Cosmology Physics 6010, Fall 2017 Lam Hui My coordinates. Pupin 902. Phone: 854-7241. Email: [email protected]. URL: http://www.astro.columbia.edu/∼lhui. Teaching assistant. Xinyu Li. Email: [email protected] Office hours. Wednesday 2:30 { 3:30 pm, or by appointment. Class Meeting Time/Place. Wednesday, Friday 1 - 2:30 pm (Rabi Room), Mon- day 1 - 2 pm for the first 4 weeks (TBC). Prerequisites. No permission is required if you are an Astronomy or Physics graduate student { however, it will be assumed you have a background in sta- tistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and electromagnetism at the undergrad- uate level. Knowledge of general relativity is not required. If you are an undergraduate student, you must obtain explicit permission from me. Requirements. Problem sets. The last problem set will serve as a take-home final. Topics covered. Basics of hot big bang standard model. Newtonian cosmology. Geometry and general relativity. Thermal history of the universe. Primordial nucleosynthesis. Recombination. Microwave background. Dark matter and dark energy. Spatial statistics. Inflation and structure formation. Perturba- tion theory. Large scale structure. Non-linear clustering. Galaxy formation. Intergalactic medium. Gravitational lensing. Texts. The main text is Modern Cosmology, by Scott Dodelson, Academic Press, available at Book Culture on W. 112th Street. The website is http://www.bookculture.com. Other recommended references include: • Cosmology, S. Weinberg, Oxford University Press. • http://pancake.uchicago.edu/∼carroll/notes/grtiny.ps or http://pancake.uchicago.edu/∼carroll/notes/grtinypdf.pdf is a nice quick introduction to general relativity by Sean Carroll. • A First Course in General Relativity, B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Bang Theory & Expansion of the Universe
    The Big Bang Theory & Expansion of the Universe © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley What is our physical place in the universe? • Our “Cosmic Address” © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Example: the Sun’s Spectrum Example: the Sun’s Spectrum Distinct energy levels lead to distinct emission or absorption lines. Hydrogen Energy Levels Emission: atom loses energy Absorption: atom gains energy Doppler Shift Definition : Redshift • The measure of the amount a spectral line is shifted in wavelength • Galaxies are all moving away from each other, so every galaxy sees the same Hubble expansion, i.e there is no center. • The cosmic expansion is the unfolding of all space since the big bang, i.e. there is no edge. • We are limited in our view by the time it takes distant light to reach us, i.e. the universe has an edge in time not space. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Expansion is Accelerating! • The plots on the right were the data from supernovae that showed that the expansion of the universe is not constant but has changed value over time. • More distant supernovae are dimmer than expected • Something (“Dark Brightness Apparent Energy”) is causing the expansion to accelerate. We don’t know what Dark Energy is – only that it appears to © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., counteract gravity publishing as Addison-Wesley Redshift ~ Distance Cosmology: What We Know 1. Redshift – it’s cosmic expansion, not Doppler If the Universe is expanding, then reversing that expansion (going backwards in time) indicates that the Universe must have been smaller in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Curvature-Quantized Energy and Forcefield in Geometrochemical Physics
    Title: Surface curvature-quantized energy and forcefield in geometrochemical physics Author: Z. R. Tian, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA, (Email) [email protected]. Text: Most recently, simple-shape particles’ surface area-to-volume ratio has been quantized into a geometro-wavenumber (Geo), or geometro-energy (EGeo) hcGeo, to quantitatively predict and compare nanoparticles (NPs), ions, and atoms geometry- quantized properties1,2. These properties range widely, from atoms’ electronegativity (EN) and ionization potentials to NPs’ bonding energy, atomistic nature, chemical potential of formation, redox potential, surface adsorbates’ stability, and surface defects’ reactivity. For countless irregular- or complex-shaped molecules, clusters, and NPs whose Geo values are uneasy to calculate, however, the EGeo application seems limited. This work has introduced smaller surfaces’ higher curvature-quantized energy and forcefield for linking quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetics, and Newton’s mechanics with Einstein’s general relativity. This helps quantize the gravity, gravity-counterbalancing levity, and Einstein’s spacetime, geometrize Heisenberg’s Uncertainty, and support many known theories consistently for unifying naturally the energies and forcefields in physics, chemistry, and biology. Firstly, let’s quantize shaper corners’ 1.24 (keVnm). Indeed, smaller atoms’ higher and edges’ greater surface curvature (1/r) into EN and smaller 0-dimensional (0D) NPs’ a spacetime wavenumber (ST), i.e. Spacetime lower melting point (Tm) and higher (i.e. Energy (EST) = hc(ST) = hc(1/r) (see the Fig. more blue-shifted) optical bandgap (EBG) (see 3 below), where the r = particle radius, h = the Supplementary Table S1)3-9 are linearly Planck constant, c = speed of light, and hc governed by their greater (1/r) i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Physics (Pdf)
    A Short History of Physics Bernd A. Berg Florida State University PHY 1090 FSU August 28, 2012. References: Most of the following is copied from Wikepedia. Bernd Berg () History Physics FSU August 28, 2012. 1 / 25 Introduction Philosophy and Religion aim at Fundamental Truths. It is my believe that the secured part of this is in Physics. This happend by Trial and Error over more than 2,500 years and became systematic Theory and Observation only in the last 500 years. This talk collects important events of this time period and attaches them to the names of some people. I can only give an inadequate presentation of the complex process of scientific progress. The hope is that the flavor get over. Bernd Berg () History Physics FSU August 28, 2012. 2 / 25 Physics From Acient Greek: \Nature". Broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. The universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists or is known to exist. In many ways, physics stems from acient greek philosophy and was known as \natural philosophy" until the late 18th century. Bernd Berg () History Physics FSU August 28, 2012. 3 / 25 Ancient Physics: Remarkable people and ideas. Pythagoras (ca. 570{490 BC): a2 + b2 = c2 for rectangular triangle: Leucippus (early 5th century BC) opposed the idea of direct devine intervention in the universe. He and his student Democritus were the first to develop a theory of atomism. Plato (424/424{348/347) is said that to have disliked Democritus so much, that he wished his books burned.
    [Show full text]
  • Gravitational Redshift/Blueshift of Light Emitted by Geodesic
    Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:147 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08911-5 Regular Article - Theoretical Physics Gravitational redshift/blueshift of light emitted by geodesic test particles, frame-dragging and pericentre-shift effects, in the Kerr–Newman–de Sitter and Kerr–Newman black hole geometries G. V. Kraniotisa Section of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece Received: 22 January 2020 / Accepted: 22 January 2021 / Published online: 11 February 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract We investigate the redshift and blueshift of light 1 Introduction emitted by timelike geodesic particles in orbits around a Kerr–Newman–(anti) de Sitter (KN(a)dS) black hole. Specif- General relativity (GR) [1] has triumphed all experimental ically we compute the redshift and blueshift of photons that tests so far which cover a wide range of field strengths and are emitted by geodesic massive particles and travel along physical scales that include: those in large scale cosmology null geodesics towards a distant observer-located at a finite [2–4], the prediction of solar system effects like the perihe- distance from the KN(a)dS black hole. For this purpose lion precession of Mercury with a very high precision [1,5], we use the killing-vector formalism and the associated first the recent discovery of gravitational waves in Nature [6–10], integrals-constants of motion. We consider in detail stable as well as the observation of the shadow of the M87 black timelike equatorial circular orbits of stars and express their hole [11], see also [12]. corresponding redshift/blueshift in terms of the metric physi- The orbits of short period stars in the central arcsecond cal black hole parameters (angular momentum per unit mass, (S-stars) of the Milky Way Galaxy provide the best current mass, electric charge and the cosmological constant) and the evidence for the existence of supermassive black holes, in orbital radii of both the emitter star and the distant observer.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
    Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B.
    [Show full text]