ART. J. -A Few JJ-laleri'als for a Clzapler in /lie Early Hist&ry of Bactri'a, collected from some /r(ll•i.111 Sources.
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SHAMS-UL-UUIA DR. JIVANJI JAMSHEDJI MODI, B.A., Ph. D. (Read, 23nl ftfarc/1 19q.) I. INTR.ODUCTION.
Prof. H. G. Rawlinson of the Deccan College hm.1 puhlishc
the history of a country which lies between Iran, the ancient motherlan..J of the Parsecs, anil Hin..Justan, the motlwrlan..J of till· Hin..Jus. " Bactria scr\'eJ as a connecting link between the West and the East. It is still well-nigh an open question, wlwthcr InJia gan· much to the \\'est or the \Vest gm·e much to India. In any case, Bactria was the land that sen·ed as an intermediate scat for transferring the traits of the civilization of one country to the other. • . . . . . \Ve think, that both Greece and Iran had their influence upon Hindustan and that Hindustan had its innucnce in turn upon both." In the case of the influence from the West, "it was Iran that had greatly, strongly and permanently impressed Imlia. The great Hindu king Asoka in an early pl•rioJ, and the great l\lahomedan king Al (A) ~EFERENCES TO BACTRIA IN THE AVESTA AND PAHLAVI BOOKS OF THE PARSEES. Bactria is the Bakhdhi JeP--::;J of the Avesta, 1 Blkhtri • of the · cuneiform inscriptions, Dlkhar or Blkhal of the B:ictria, the Bakh- Pahlavi writers, and Balkh of the early and later dlu of the J\\'esta. . l\lahomedan : \\"ntcrs. As Pror. D<1rmcsteter ' points out, the later name Balkh comes fr<.>m the :\\·csta D!khdhi. BlkhJhi would he Dlkhli in later l'l·rsian ( "dh" would be "I " ; cf. A\·csta 11111.llw/,;/111 (1<.>cust): Pasian 11111/11/:/1). 1hc Pahlad translah•r 1 \·cnJiJ.1J I. 7. I Thi? ln~ripti .. m of lh·hi ... :1111 l."'t..ll. I, 6. T ,,!man's cu:d~ to Old Persi:m lr".:ripti.,ns, p. 55. • Lr ZenJ .hcst:i II. p. 8. EARLY HISTORY OF BACTRIA, 3 of the Vendidad renders B!khdhi into B!khal or B&khar t )~ ) 1 Then fl kh " and " 1 " change places and B!khli or Blkhal becomes Balkh. The earliest reference to Bactria in the Parsee books is that in the VendidaJ, where (Chap. I. 7) it is spoken of as the fourth city created by Ahura Mazda, the preceding three being Airyana-vaeja (Irln), Sugdh (Sogdiana), and Mt.uru (Merv). It is there spoken of as fl BaklidMm srirdm eredlivo drafslit1m, i.e., fl B&khdhi, the beautiful, with the up-lifted banner." As pointed out by Dr. Haug, the list of the 16 cities named in this second chapter of the Vendidad does not contain the name of the old Iranian city of Ecbatana (Hagamat!na of the Behistun Inscriptions II, 13, Achmetha of the Scriptures, Ezra VI 2, modern Hamadan), founded, according to Herodotus• by Deioces of Media (B. C. 7o8). This fact shows that the Vendidad, or at least this chapter of the Vendidad, was written before 7o8 B. C. So, this is a reference to Bactria as old as the 8th century before Christ. Again, the fact of the city being mentioned as one with up-lifteJ banners shows, that it was the capital city carrying the royal banners. Now, as Bactria fell into the hands of the Assyrians and thus ceased to be the capital city with royal banners at about B. C. 1200, it appears, that this reference to Bactria is as old as the 12th or 13th century B. C. In the above-mentioned reference in the Vendidad, Bactria or Balkh is spoken of (1) as being beautiful and (2) as a city with up-lifted banners. 1. As to the first epithet of Bactria referred to in the Vendidad, via., that it was beautiful (srirdm), we find, that it _B1khdhi, the beau- continued to be spoken thus for a long time after- hful, the renowned, ' • wards, even upto the Mahomedan times. (a) The Pahlavi commentator has spoken of the city as "nyok pavan dfdan ( 11~~ ll!l .9~1 ),• i.e., good to look at, This is the way in which the commentator has rendered the Avesta word (sriram) for beautiful. (b) The grand Bundehesh • also, while translating this chapter, speaks of the city as (nyok pavan dtdan) fl good to look at." • Vendiclad by Dastur Hoshang Jamasp, p. 7, Chap. I. 7. 1 Bk. I, (c) In the Pahlavi Shatroihl-i-Airln, we read the following for this city:- Dayan Bakhar-i-nlmik shatrostan Novlzako Spemladld-i-Vishtdspan benman kard. Avash varzlvand Atash-i-Vlhartn tamman etib£1nast. Avash nizeh-i nefshman tamman baril. makhit£1nt. Avash val Guhil.hkln va Suj-i-Pikthkln va Churdhkan vd Rabftkln va Guhram va TOrchlv va Arjasp-iKhyontn-shth paettm shetunit ligh nizeh-i le barl negirid. Kolt-m£1n pavan nizashne-i denman nizeh negired meman dayan val 1 airan shatro doblret • Translation :- " Spendadld, the son of Vishtlsp, founded the city of Novtzako in the renowned country of Bil.khar. He established there the glorious Atash Vil.hrtn (Atash Behrtm). He struck his lance there. He sent a message to Gublhkln and Suj-e-Piklhkan and Churhlkln and Rabt kan and Guhram and Turchlv and Arjfisp, the king of the Khyaonas, that 'Look to my lance. Those who may look to the interpretation of this lance may run to the country of Iran (to render submission)'.'" The country of Blkhar, referred :to here, is the Blikhdhi of the Vendi dad, whose Pahlavi translators also have called it Blkhar. !n this passage, the Shatroiha-i-Airiln calls it " namik" i.e., renowned. Among the later Mahomedan authors, Ma<;oudi • has spoken of it as L1...zl J e, Balkh al hasana, i.e., Balich the beautiful. Here, the word "kasana," corresponds to the word "sriram" of the Avesta. Other Mahomedan authors have spoken of it as Balkh-i-bami, i.P., the exalted or the great Balkh. Firdousi speaks of it as Balkh-i-gusin, i.e., Balkh, the select or the elect. 2. Coming to the second statement of the Vendidad, viz., that it . . f was the city with an uplifted banner, it was so B khd ana upliftedh1, the banner. city o ca II e d , b ecause, b emg· t h e capita· 1 o f some o f t h e known Kaiyanian kings, especially of king Gushtlsp, in whose reign Zoroaster, the prophet, flourished, the royal banner flew over it. Prof. Spiegel takes this view, when he says, that the "tall plumes (i.e., the tall banners) indicate the imperial banner (mentioned also by Firdousi) and refer consequently to the time when Bactria was the seat of the empire. " 4 M. Harlez also takes the same view. He says : "Ces drapeaux eleves etaient peut-etre la marque de la residence du chef du pays."' 1 Pahlavi texts, e•lited by Dastur Jama~pji Minocherji Jamaspasana, p. ICJ- • Vide my "AiyAdgar-i-ZarirAn, Shatr6ihA-i-AirAn va Afdiya va Sahigiya·i.SistAn," pp. s~·· :1 )lac;uod,i traduit par Barbier de Meynard, Vol. II, p. u '• • Spiegel, translated by Bleeck, Vol. I, p. 10, note 3. -..'\n_·s~:i, Li,·re sacrC du Zuroa~ tri:-.llll', p. 8, note 7. EARLY HISTORY OF BACTRIA. 5 It appears, that during the Sassanian times, when the Pahlavi trans lators and commentators wrote, some doubts had Reasons, why it arisen, as to why it was called in the VendidAd the was so called. city of up-lifted banners. (a) The commentators at first gave their own explanation, which is the usual above explanation, viz., that "the banner 11 (i.e., the royal banner) was uplifted over it (aigh darafsh dayan afrlsht yekhsund). (b) Then, the commentators added,that there were some who said that there were many banners flying over it (ait mt'.ln ailt'.ln yemellund l.i kabdih dayan afrl.send). 1 As to this second reason, viz., that it was called the city of uplifted banners because many banners flew over it, we find a reference to it in the Grand Bundehesh,• where it is said, "martt'.lmi tamnan drafsh pavan tt'.lkhshl.kih yakhsunend, 11 i.e., men there hold the banners with energy. Now, as to why, later on, there were many banners over the city, instead of one, some thing may be learnt from the Pahlavi commentary which adds the words "aig dt'.lshman madam dayan kushend 11 which mean that " these men kill their enemies. 11 Prof. Harlez: • says, that by this remark, the commentators meant to say, that there were fre quent battles in Bactria. But Harlez himself thinks, that they were the banners over the tents of the people and the towers of the city. A statement ofYakout seemed to point to another reason for its latterly being called a city of many banners. He said that {c) The Great the city had a great temple called Nao-bahl.r Fire-Temple of Balkh or Bactria. ~ _,.i and that the worshippers at the temple perhaps the distinguished visitors like princes and generals-raised banners on its l(Unbad (cupola) as their marks of respect. Barbier De Meynard thus refers to Yakout's statement:- "Ce temple Mait en grande veneration chez Jes Persans, qui s'y rendaient de fort loin en pelerinage, le revetaient d' etoffes precieuses et plantaient des drapeaux au sommet de la coupole (Dictionnaire Geographique, Historique et Litteraire de la Perse, par Barbier de Meynard, p. 569). The Pahlavi Shatroiha-i-Air&n also refers to a Fire-temple in the city. A part of the name of the place NovAzako or Naozako, where the 1 Vide Vendidad by Dastur Hoshang Jamasp, Vol. I, Texts, PP• 7.S. 2 Vide.. the edition of Ervad Tahmuras, (above referred to, p. ao6, (, 4.) '""~~ ,,,.-£io w 61~f ..il;'j""'J 4.1""'\JU _,,,,,.. ''"' 3 " La ~econde glose pehlvie, ii est \'rai, voit dans ces tennes une indication des guerres frequentes qu"entrepronaient les Bactriens" (Le Zend Avesta, p. 8, n. 7), 2 • 6 EARLY HISTORY OF EACTRIA. Ere-temple was founded, seems to be !>imilar to a part ot the name I\'aobahar. Firdousi 1 also thus refers to the fin~-temp:e named Naobahar J Is' JJ; l!! T ~ r. l!! u: ... ~ i ~ - ; :r,,j l!! Tfl .i.:. i:.r. i ~ i.!'. In th~ famous Balkh, Naobahlr was put up, because, there were fire-worshippers there at the time. Dr. Hyde• translates the word Naobahar in Latin, as Novum ver (i.e., new spring). The Navllzako of the Pahlavi Shatroiha-i-Airln seems to be the same with the Naobahar of Firdousi, Yakout and others ; or it may be the same as Naoshar which was a fortress or palace in Balkh. • Of the several gates of Balkh, one was known as the Dar-i-Naobahar, i.e., the gate of Naobahil.r. • Perhaps the Novazak referred to here may be the Nuwazi Fire-temple of the coins.• The name of Aspandylr, the sonofGusht<'i.sp, is connected with Balkh in the above-quoted passage of the Shatroih<'i.-i ni!~:~'!;(1B~~~rla. Airln. Therein, this prince is spoken of as using his nicek or lance which seems to have been his special weapon in religious war. This explains the blessing, prayed for over the marrying couple, even now, by the Parsecs, in their Ashirwld prayer, wherein it is said "Nizehvar baid chun Aspandylr" i.e., May you be a good user of the lance like Aspandy<'i.r. Among the Pahlavi books, the Bundehesh, speaking of the rivers of lrln, speaks of the river of Balkh, as one of the The River of twenty principal rivers of Iran, • and as flowing Bactria. from the Blmiya.n (Bamikan) mountains ' into the river Veh, supposed to be the Indus. Bactria or Balkh was in the Sassanian times supposed to be a part of Hindustan.• Some manuscripts ot the Bundehesh, • speak of Balkh as the birth place of Zoroaster. This reminds us of one of the Bactria, spoken of old classical statements 10 about one Zoroaster as the birth-place of Zoroaster. being the Magian king of Bactria in the time of Ninus and Semiramis. 1 " Le Livre des Rois" par M. Mohl, IV, p. 358, 1. 15. 9 Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Med.arum Religionis H1storia, PP• 1oa, .105. 3 Dictionnaire Geographique, Historique et Litteraire de la Perse, par Barbier de Meynard, p. 57•· • Ous!ry's Oriental Geography, p. H3. • Numasmatk and other Antiquarian illustrations of the rule ol the Sassanians by E. Thomas, p. 17. 8 Chap. XX, 7. 7 Ibid,••· • S. B. E., Vol. V, p. 59, n. 4, P· 77, n. 7• 8 Chap XXIV, 15. S. B. E., Vol. V, p. &}. n. 6. 10 "Zoroastre, rege Bactrianorum (Justin I, 1, 9, Diodorus JI 6.) Vide "L' Expedition do Nino~ et de-:; A~ syr=t'n~. c0ntre un Roi de la Bactrie'' par Dr. Engf.ne Wilhelm, p. r. n.1. EARLY HISTORY OF BACTRIA. 7 According to the Vendidad and the Grand Bundehesh, as opposed to Ahura Mazda's blessings over the city, there was The Curse over a curse from the Ahriman on it. It is very difficult Bactria. to settle the meaning of the words (bravaremcha usadhascha nurtu) which describe the curse. Spiegel translates the words as "buzzing insects and poisonous plants." 1 Darmesteter is doubt ful about the meaning, but, following the Gujarati translation of Aspandyarjee Rabadi, takes the curse to be that ot " the corn-carrying ants." • Mr. Framjee Aspandyarjee Rabadi translates this thus: •11"1 ii UM.lti 'iit~ct Pl~at ~ 1 Spiegel, translated by Ble«k I, p. 10. • S. B. E., Vol. IV, 188o, p. 6, n. 6. 3 The text and the translation published by Aspandyarji"s grandson En'ad Jamshedji Framji Rabadi in 1900, Translation, p. 4- • The Bundahishn edited by the late Ervad Tahmuras Dinshajee Anklesa.Jia, p. ao6, IJ, 4·5. • Ousley'• Travels II, p. 37•. ° Kinnier's Persian Empire, p. 187. ' Tabari, traduit par Zotenberg I. pp. •77· 407, ~·· 8 EARLY HISTORY OF BACTRIA. Lohrl.sp made it his capital and gave it the appellation of " Housna"1 i.e., the beautiful (cf. the word sriram, i.e.,the beautiful, in the Avesta). This word "housna" of Tabari is the same as "al hasana" (the beautiful) of Ma'Youdi. According to other writers, king Klus founded it.• Mirkhond, in his Rauzat-us-Safa, attributes it foundation to Kayomars•, but adds, that according to some historians it was founded by Lohrlsp•. According to the same author, Lohril.sp was called " Balakhi"," because he had made it I:iis capital. Ahmed Razi• also attributes its toundation to king Kaiomars. According to Firdousi, King Lohrasp and King Gushtasp had their courts at Balkh and it was here that Zoroaster explained his religion to the king. According to Mac;oudi, 7 king Kai Klus first made Balkh, the capital of the kings of Iran, and all the rulers upto queen Homai continued to hold their court there. Ardeshir Babegln, the founder of the Sassanian Empire, is said to have called in this city his great assembly of the nobles and the learned for the lrll.nian Renaissance.• Mirkhond gives the following story which gives a strange etymology of the name 'Balkh' :-" Kaiomars had a brother Mirkhond's strange in the regions of the west, who occasionally came etymology of the •ame Balkh. to visit him : who at this time having undertaken the journey to converse with his revered brother, found on his arrival at Damavend, that Kaiomars was absent. On inquiring into his affairs, and learning thal he was then engaged in founding a city in the east, this affection ate brother immediately directed his course thither, and completed the long journey. At the moment of his arrival, Kaiomars, who was seated on an eminence, having beheld his brother, exclaimed, 'Ho'! Who is this who directs his course towards us ? ' One of his sons answered, 'Perhaps a spy, sent by the enemy to find out our situation. On which, Kaiomars armed himself, and, accompanied by the same son, went out to meet him: but when they drew near each other, Kaio mars recognised his brother and said to his son, Bal-Akh I (Arabic Jo! assuredly, and t I brother) (i.e., this is surely my brother) from which circumstance the city was called Balkh." 1 Ibid, p. 491. ~ Dicbonnaire Georgraphique, &c., de la Perse, par B. de Meynard, p. 112, n. r. • Mirkhond, tranolated by Shea, p. 58. • Ibid, p. 59, (Mirkhond's text, lithographed in Bombay, p. 150.) • Ibid, p. 272. 0 Dictionnaire Geographique de de la Perse, par B. de Meynard, p. 112, n. 1. 7 Ma~oudi traduit par Barbier de Meynard, II, pp. 119-HO, 8 Kinnitt's•Persian Empire, p. 187. EARLY HISTORY OF BACTRIA. 9 IV. THE LEGENDARY HISTORY AS GIVEN BY MAHOMEDAN AUTHORS. We will close this paper with the legendary history of the city as given by Firdousi, Tabari, Mirkhond, &c. Firstly, according to Firdousi, the first mention of Balkh in the Shah nameh is that in the reign of king Kai Kl.us, who Firdousi. sends his army into the provinces of Merv, Nishapur, Balkh and Herat, and establishes order and justice there. 1 Some time after this, Afrl.sillb, the king of Turkes tan, brought an invasion upon Iranian territories. He occupied Balkh. Kai Kllus declared war against him and sent his son Sil.vakhsh to the \var. Si:lvakhsh passed through the provinces·ofThalikl.n and Herat, al!ld went towards Balkh. • He laid siege and took the city. He rested there long and sent a message of victory to his father. In the mean time Afrasilb sent his brother Karsevaz to him to sue for peace.• Siavakhsh accepted peace and communicated the fact from Balkh to his father, Kai KAus, who directed him not to accept peace, but to invade Turkestan. As SiAvakhsh hesitated to march against TurkestAn, hav ing promised peace to AfrAsil.b, Kai KA us sent his general Tus to com mand the army. Silvakhsh returned to the country of Afrasil.b who offered him shelter. Balkh continued in the hands of the Iranians under Kaikhushru, and in the war, known as the war of the twelve champions tJ "6.) j I, .) some of the battles were fought in the territories adjoining Balkh. • In the peace, proposed by Piran, the Turlnian Nestor and general, to Godrez, the Iranian Nestor and general, he proposed to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Iranian king over all the country, including Bost, Fariah, Thalakan, the country of Balkh upto Anderab, the five villages of Bamian, the country of Gorukan and in short all the country from Balkh to Badakhshan. • Later on, on his return from Touran to Iran, king Kaikhushru passed through Balkh and stayed there for one month.• Lohrasp, the successor of Kaikhushru, when he abdicated the throne of Iran and gave it to his son Gushtasp, returned to the Fire-temple of 1 Le Livre des Rois II, p. 41. • Ibid, p. '-53"57• " Ibid, p • .&). • Ibid, Ill, 4'9"1' · • Ibid, Ill, p. 507. ~ Ibid, IV, P• 1~ JO EARLY HIS'fORY OF BACTRIA. Naobahar situated in the province ot Balkh. 1 Lohrasp's son Gushtasp also founded a fire-temple at Balkh. • This fire-temple was known as the Fire-temple of Azer Barzin. It is one of the four Fire-temples, the names of which are still recited by the Parsees in their Atash Nylish. King Gushtasp, the son of Lohrasp, was ruling at Balkh when Zoroaster promulgated his religion and taught it to the king. The Turanian king Arjasp, who declared war against Zoroaster's new religion, sent his messenger to the Iranian king at Balkh. • Firdousi here speaks of Balkh as Balkh-i-nami, • i.e., the famous or known Balkh. A little before, he speaks of it as Balkh-i-guzin, i. e., Balkh the select or the chosen. King Gushtasp declared war from this city and left it for the frontiers with his minister Jamasp.' When Arjasp commenced the second war against Gushtasp, before doing so, he sent a spy to look into the state of affairs at Balkh. The spy found that king Gushtasp was not in the capital, and so, it was a splendid opportunity to invade the country. Arjasp marched against Balkh and killed Lohrasp, who had retired in a fire-temple there. He also extinguished the sacred fire, and Zoroaster, who was there, was also killed. Gushtasp, on hearing this, came to Balkh but was defeat ed and was obliged to run away. Coming to the Sassanian times, we see that a little of legend is mixed up with historical facts. We find a reference to· Balkh in the time of Behram Gour to whom the noblemen of the city paid their homage. Noshirwan the Just (Chosroes I) had conquered Balkh from the Haitalians. 0 Balkh continued in ·the hands of the Iranians in the reign of Hormazd.' In the account of the reign of Khosru Purviz, we find, that the proverb " truthful word& are always bitter" • is attributed to a wise man of Balkh. On the death of Yazdagard, Mahrui, the traitor, entrusted the governorship of Balkh and Herat to his eldest brother." According to Tabari 1o in the time of the Peshdadiyan king Mino cheher, whom he makes a contemporary of Moses, Tabari. Balkh together with Merv was in the hands ot the Turanian king Afrlsi!b. Then, it (Balkh) passed into the hands of the Iranians, because we find Kaikobad 1 Ibid, P• 15""63. •Ibid, •79"•81. • Ibid, also vide p. 387, • Ibid, p. 375• • Ibid, VJ, p. 355• • Ibid, p. 'j&,. 7 Ibid, p.~. 8 Mohl VII, p. 44• ~ ~J ~ ~1 ~ u Jfj ~ ~ IJ .:J;/ ~- J..t4 ,I' • Ibid VIII, p. 493. 1 "' Tahari p:ir Zotenberg, I, P• •77· E,\RL\' lliSTCRY CF B.h.:TI;I.\. II h:lvla;;- his residence there. 1 Kai Klus, who was represented as being a contemporary ol Soloman, had also his residence in Balkh. • Kaikhushro, the successor of Kai Klus, when he prepared to wage a war against the Turanian Afri\si!b, to revenge his father's death, collected his large army at Balkh. Lohrasp, the successor of Kai Khusru had his residence at Balkh, which he .:.ailed Rosana, • i.e., the beautiful. This Lohrasp had Bakhtnasar (Nebuchednezzar) who expelled the Hebrews from Jerusalem, as his general. He re mained at Balkh to watch the Turks and asked Nebuchenezzar to invade Syria, lrak, Yemen and other western countries. Lohrasp died in Balkh. Gushtasp, the son and successor of Lohrasp, on coming to the throne, heard that Nebuchednezzar, the general of his father, had devastated ;:iyria and Palestine, and was much afflicted. Nebuchednezzar then lived at Babylon. Gushtasp sent his general Kouresh (Cyrus) to Irak and recalled Nebuchednezzar to Balkh. He also directed that Jerusalem may be restored to the Jews. Kouresh (Cyrus) went to Babylon, sent back Nebuchednezzar to Balkh, restored Jerusalem to the Jews and :ippointed, one of themselves, Daniel, the prophet to rule over them.• With the conquest of Iran by Alexander, Balkh had passed into the hands of the Greeks. We do not learn any thing from Tabari, as to how it passed into Greek hands and what became of it till we come to the reign of Yazdagard, the son of Behram, the great grandfather of Noshirwan the Just. At this time, it was in the hands of Khoushnaw&z, the king of the Hayatalites (Euttalites). On the death of Yazdagard, his son Hormuz seized the throne of Persia. Firouz, the eldest son, who was then in Seistan, asked the assistance of Khoushnawaz and with his help, gained the throne of Iran. After some time, the people of Balkh and the adjoining countries appealed against the tyranny of Khoushnawaz to Firouz who invaded Balkh and the adjoining terri tories of Khoushnawaz. An old general of the Hayatalian king performed a ruse. He got his limbs mutilated, as if at the hands of his king, and appealing to the sense of justice of Firouz got into his confidence, and then, under the garb of being his guide, led him 1 Ibid, p. 407. ' Ibid, p. 46•. •Ibid, p. 491. • Ibid, page 4¢. According to the Pahlavi Dinkard (Bk. V chap. I, 5~. Dastur Peshotan"s Vol. IX, p. 611, S. B. E. Vol. XLVII, pp. uo-1u), and other later Mahomedan write .., Nebuchednezzar or Bakbtnasar, whose Persian name is said to Ix. Reham, (Mirkhond translated by Shea, p. u4) and Kouresh or Cyrus were the Generals of Gushtasp. At times, a question is raised as to why Firdousi and othrr eastern writers have not referred to Cyrus and his Acha:minian successors. These writer9 throw a side-light on the question and say that these Acbzminian rulers were the contemporaries and vassals of the Iranian kin& Gushtaqp and his successors who ruled at Balkh. They latterly became independent. The Pahlavi Minokherad also refers to the takinir of Jerusalem by Lohras11. (Chap. XXVll, 114-6-;).