LU Carbon footprint report 2008

mayor of LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

Foreword

The Tube provides one of the making LU the largest consumer of most carbon efficient forms of electricity in the capital.3 transport. London’s Underground system is intensively used, enabling The starting point is to fully 3-4 million fast, efficient journeys understand our carbon footprint. around the capital every day. This report has been prepared using the best practice GHG Protocol If all these journeys were made by methodology. This is the most car, the additional 2.5 million more comprehensive estimate of the LU cars on the roads everyday would carbon footprint yet prepared. It increase congestion and add 1.3 includes the emissions resulting million tonnes to London’s annual from LU’s use of electricity and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. other fuels, and supporting activities such as waste management, staff The Mayor of London has set travel and, where possible, the ambitious reduction targets to emissions of LU’s contractors. reduce carbon emissions by 60 per cent by 2025 from 1990 levels. LU’s total carbon footprint in Increased use of public transport is 2007/2008 was 754,437 tonnes a large part of the solution, and the CO2e. Carbon emissions from LU’s upgrade programme increases electricity use accounts for 82 per peak capacity into central London cent of total emissions, two thirds by almost a third. of which arise from train services. Litter and other waste makes up five While the average car journey per cent of the total, however the within London is responsible for benefit of recycling saved around 1 the release of 138g CO2e , the 150,000 tonnes CO2e, emissions average Tube journey results in which would have been released the generation of just 48g CO2e, had this waste gone to landfill. making the Tube one of the most carbon efficient forms of new This report sets out the detail transport capacity.2 behind these headline numbers, and some of the proposals we LU can also contribute by improving have to improve the Tube’s our own carbon efficiency. carbon efficiency. LU’s electricity consumption in 2007/2008 was 0.4 per cent of all the electricity used in the UK and Richard Parry 2.8 per cent of London’s total usage, Director of Strategy and Service Development

1 Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, 2 London Residents Travel Survey (2001). Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons 3 Department of Energy and Climate Change (2008). and Sulphur Hexafluoride. Energy Trends.   Contents LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

1 | Introduction 6 7 | Scope 3 Carbon emissions 38 1.1 Climate change – the business imperative 6 7.1 Infraco activities 38 1.2 Climate change – risks and opportunities for 8 7.2 Waste and recycling 40 1.3 A low carbon solution for London 10 7.3 Transport related emissions 42 1.4 Adaptation to climate change 12 7.4 Infraco road vehicles 43 7.5 Rail replacement bus services 44 2 | Carbon footprint 14 7.6 Business travel 46 2.1 Green tariff electricity 15 7.7 Employee commuting 48 7.8 Purchased materials and end use products 50 3 | Carbon footprint results 2007/2008 16 7.9 Water and wastewater 52 3.1 Comparison with other metros 18 8 | Conclusions 54 4 | Measured carbon footprint 20 8.1 A comprehensive carbon footprint 54 4.1 Scope 1 carbon emissions 20 4.2 Scope 2 carbon emissions 21 Appendix | GHG protocol Methodology 56 4.3 Scope 3 carbon emissions 22 The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative 56 Designing the GHG Inventory 58 5 | Scope 1 Carbon emissions 24 Greenhouse gas emission categories 60 5.1 Purchased gas 24 Emission causing activities 62 5.2 Greenwich Power station 26 Emission factors 64 5.3 Company leased vehicles 28

6 | Scope 2 Carbon emissions 30 6.1 Traction electricity 30 6.2 Non-traction electricity 32 6.3 Stations 33 6.4 Depots 35 6.5 Head offices 36 6.6 Reducing Scope 2 Carbon Emissions 38

  1 | Introduction LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 1.1 Climate change – the business imperative

The cost of not acting to mitigate and adapt to climate change will be five to 20 times the cost of dealing with the problem... There is still time to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, if we take strong action now.4

This report sets out, as Global emissions of the 6 Kyoto comprehensively as possible, greenhouse gases5 increased by London Underground’s total carbon 70 per cent between 1970 and footprint, as a vital first step in 2004 with the transport sector taking forward proposals to improve contributing a 125 per cent growth the Tube’s carbon efficiency. LU will in emissions, second only to the publish further reports on its carbon energy supply sector. footprint as part of the process of Over the past 140 years the earth’s tracking improvements. surface temperature (over land and sea) has increased on average by Climate change is emerging as one 0.6 ± 0.2oC with the greatest of the great challenges for modern increases occurring in the second society. The basic mechanics of half of the last century. The 1990s climate change are well understood; were the warmest years in the world is warming, much of the recorded history. warming is due to human emissions of greenhouse gases, and the Although this rise in temperature changes are set to accelerate in the may appear small, it is scientifically future, bringing many and varied significant and does have dramatic impacts around the world. impacts on climate, for example Northern Europe is predicted to become wetter and the Mediterranean drier.

4 Sir Nicholas Stern, The Stern Review, 2006. 5 Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride.   1.2 Climate change – risks and opportunities for LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 London Underground

At the company level, implementing climate policies can draw attention to money-saving opportunities.6

In today’s commercial environment In addition to the environmental organisations are susceptible to a benefits associated with reducing number of risks of which climate LU’s carbon emissions, there are change is only one. In the coming significant economic benefits for years, the impact of climate organisations that implement change upon businesses will grow effective carbon management and significantly as governments adopt mitigation measures. Currently, more progressive strategies to more than £1bn of the annual encourage efforts to reduce and energy bill for the UK’s businesses manage carbon emissions. is wasted.7

Addressing, monitoring, managing Managing resources, protecting an and reducing carbon emissions, organisation’s corporate reputation particularly where reductions and controlling the cost of in energy use are achieved, not compliance with new regulations only delivers great environmental all make good business sense. benefits, but also immediate cost savings. Effective climate change mitigation is also important for the longer term finances of any organisation, taking into account factors such as reputation, risk management, carbon management and environmental responsibility.

6 Sir Nicholas Stern, The Stern Review, 2006. 7 The Carbon Trust. (2004) Growing businesses throwing away £1billion in wasted energy. Press release.   1.3 A low carbon solution for London LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

LU can play a key role in providing a low carbon transport system for London. Travelling by Tube is almost three times better in terms of carbon emissions than travelling by car in the capital.

LU is keen to maintain its position as possible with the energy that we use a low carbon transport provider for and how renewable technology can London and to continue to implement be applied to power our operations measures that will increase our wherever possible. efficiency and reduce our overall carbon impact. LU is making major We have already been working to investments to meet London’s reduce our carbon footprint: growing demand for transport which will help encourage modal shift • Improved energy efficiency from and move people away from higher 750V electricity supply plus the carbon transport options, such as application of regenerative braking cars, to public transport. on the Sub-Surface Lines Upgrade will reduce the forecasted energy The line upgrades programme will impact by 35 per cent, saving up to give London and our customers a 10,000 tonnes CO2 each year world class service. This means an advance in reliability, capacity and • Regenerative braking capability on quality of service. the new Victoria line rolling stock will reduce the potential energy However, the line upgrades increase by 24 per cent saving and increased train frequencies nearly 7,000 tonnes CO2 necessary to deliver the increase every year in passenger capacity will result in increased energy demand and Other work includes a strategy to associated carbon emissions. source a higher proportion of LU’s LU has established, is currently energy from low carbon sources, implementing and also continuing provision of automatic meter to explore innovative methods and reading, and the trialling of low techniques that can be applied to carbon technologies at our stations ensure that we are as efficient as and depots.

10 11 1.4 Adaptation to climate change LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

No business can expect to take decisions knowing everything for certain, and climate change embodies the same dilemmas on a global and long-term scale.

One approach is to focus chiefly Policymaking nearly always requires upon adapting to climate change, judgement in the face of uncertainty reducing or abandoning efforts to and climate change is no different. limit emissions as being just too Taking no action is itself a decision, difficult. There are however several adaptation is certainly required, but limitations to relying on adaptation it is not credible as a standalone as the prime strategy. It can be alternative to tackling the root extremely hard to predict exactly problem of rising global emissions. what one is trying to adapt to. In 2006 we developed an outline Perhaps the biggest problem with an Adaptation to climate change ‘adapt-only’ strategy is the extent to strategy and during 2007/2008 which it may simply store up more we identified activities which may trouble for the future. The great be vulnerable to changes in the majority of scientists believe that climate and are working to minimise the most dramatic potential impacts that risk. We will continue to work of climate change can still be closely with the London Climate avoided. After a few more decades Change Partnership Transport of unchecked emissions growth (by Working Group to ensure that the wholly relying upon an adaptation transport system in London is strategy), that might simply no prepared for climate change. longer be possible.

12 13 2 | Carbon footprint LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

2.1 Green tariff electricity LU currently procures green tariff electricity for supply A carbon footprint is the total emissions of carbon to its offices, stations and depots. dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO e) for a defined 2 Despite the benefits of purchasing from renewable tariffs using the system or activity. renewable electricity, there is average electricity emissions factor significant uncertainty regarding the for the UK. In addition, for the additional environmental benefit purposes of carbon footprinting of the green electricity tariffs on of products, services, companies This report measures the total Secondly in June 2008, the offer. In essence, there is a question or their supply chains, the Carbon contribution of LU to climate change Department of Environment, Food whether these tariffs achieve any Trust does not consider renewable and identifies where the biggest and Rural Affairs (Defra) amended new renewable capacity or carbon tariffs as “zero carbon” at present carbon impacts and the potential its guidance for voluntary reporting saving beyond that created by and therefore when calculating costs and savings occur. purposes to include all carbon regulation. In addition, there are emissions from renewable tariffs the emissions from renewable energy concerns about potential double standard electricity emissions factor There are two key differences procured via green tariffs. Under counting of the carbon benefit from should be used. between the previous carbon the previous guidance LU counted renewable generation. footprint and this report which the emissions from these sources Following the guidance detailed explain the increased level of as zero. The change in carbon In light of these concerns, for above, the 2007/2008 LU carbon emissions. Firstly this report accounting has meant LU calculating voluntary reporting purposes, footprint report includes all carbon has applied a best practice the carbon emissions from the the Defra recommends that emissions from the electricity used methodology, which has introduced renewable tariffs it purchases at the organisations calculate emissions at offices, stations and depots. of a wider scope of emission standard electricity emissions factor sources. The inclusion of more which has increased LU’s footprint

emission causing activities has led by 100,242 tonnes CO2e. to a rise of in the region of 80,000

tonnes CO2e.

14 15 Figure 2 3 | Carbon footprint results 2008 LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

754,437 tonnes CO2e

In 2007/2008 London Underground’s London Underground carbon footprint 2007/2008 carbon footprint was equivalent footprint component CO2 emitted per to a total of 754,437 tonnes CO2e annum (tCO2) which equates to 93 grams CO2e per 16% passenger kilometre. Scope 1 Emissions 14,156

The majority of LU’s carbon Purchased gas 8,798 2% emissions result from purchased Power Station gas 4,263 electricity consumption. LU is the Power Station oil 634 largest consumer of electricity in Company leased vehicles 461 London and one of the top ten electricity users in the UK. The total Scope 2 Emissions 619,000 annual electricity consumption is just over one terawatt hour (TWh) Purchased electricity 619,000 each year which is enough electricity 82% to power over 250,000 households Scope 3 Emissions 121,281 per year. Water consumption 16 The Infraco activities carbon Wastewater discharge 8 emissons shown in the table Waste produced 34,872 Scope 1 Emissions opposite do not fully include all Employee commuting 497 2% of Metronet’s activities. Data Business travel 718 was unavailable for 2007/2008. Rail replacement buses 1,521 Scope 2 Emissions Metronet will be included in future Infraco vehicles 2,567 82% reports and past results may be Purchased materials 1,775 revised accordingly. Infraco activities 76,670 Scope 3 Emissions End use products 2,407 16%

Total 754,437

16 17 3.1 Comparison with other metros LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

A recent report published by emitted due to a higher provision of Imperial College8 compared the nuclear power generation within the carbon footprintsFigur ofe the 3 worldwide two countries. In São Paulo, the CO2 Community of Metros (CoMET). The impact of the metro is negligible as assessment compared the CoMET almost all of the area’s electricity is members by calculating the carbon provided by hydroelectric power. If emissions arising from traction the UK national electricity emission power and the electricity used in factor was the same as in France, their stations and depots. This total LU would be the third most carbon was then converted to grams CO2 efficient metro in the CoMET group. per passenger kilometre, the results are shown next. Global community of Metro's The carbon footprints were found to carbon footprint vary for three main reasons: 150

1 Different system characteristics (Metros with 120 heavily-graded networks)

2 Train loading patterns (Metros that 90 exhibit high passenger numbers)

3 National electricity emission factors and electricity grid mix 60 per passenger kilometre per passenger

All of the metros that have a lower 2 operational carbon footprint than 30 LU are located in countries/areas g CO that also have much lower electricity emission factors. 0

The relatively high levels of coal and gas that are used in the UK to generate electricity drive the nation’s electricity emission factor For confidentiality reasons, the names of the other up, whereas in Paris and Toronto, metro systems have not been displayed in the comparatively low levels of CO2 are graph above.

8 Imperial College. (2008) Keeping Metros Competitive – Cost and Carbon Footprint. Case study – Interim Report.

18 19 4 | Measured carbon footprint LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 4.1 Scope 1 carbon emissions 4.2 Scope 2 carbon emissions

14,156 tonnes CO2e 619,100 tonnes CO2e Figure 4 Scope 1 carbon emissions are Greenwich power station, the Scope 2 carbon emissions arise the direct emissions that result burning of gas to provide heating for fromFigur LU’s operationale 5 electricity from activities which LU control. LU’s stations, offices and depots consumption. The carbon Scope 2 carbon emissions The emissions arise from the and the use of fuels in company emissions associated with the 0% combustion of fossil fuels at owned vehicles. electricity consumed to power the 5% LU trains forms the largest part 2% of the organisation’s operational 2% 82% carbon footprint. As part of LU’s broader climate change strategy, 9% Scope 1 carbon emissions the organisation aims to reduce the carbon emissions associated with the electricity it uses. Carbon 4% 3% emissions from Scope 2 emissions currently account for 82 per cent of LU’s total footprint. 63% Drivers for LU to mitigate the impact of purchased electricity consumption are rising energy Purchased gas prices, funding pressures, power 63% infrastructure costs, energy market volatility, security of supply and Power station gas good environmental performance. 30%

Power station oil Traction Depots 30% 4% 82% 2%

Company owned vehicles Stations Greenwich Power 3% 9% station Less than 0% Head Offices Others 2% 5%

20 21 4.3 Scope 3 carbon emissions LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

121,281 tonnes CO2e

Scope 3 carbon emissions are from overall corporate GHG inventory. activities that are relevant to LU but However, relevant sources of are not within the organisation’s emissions have been included as direct control. The GHG Protocol part of the LU carbon footprint methodology considers the as they represent a significant quantification of Scope 3 emissions impact and present a considerable as optional when preparing an opportunity to reduce them.

Figure 6 Scope 3 carbon emissions 0% 2% Water consumption Less than 1% 29% Wastewater discharge Less than 1%

Waste produced 29%

Employee commuting Less than 1%

Business travel 1% 0% 1% Rail replacement buses 1% 1% 2% Infraco vehicles 2% 1% 64% Purchased materials 1%

Outsourced activities 64%

End use products 2%

22 23 Figure 8 5 | Scope 1 Carbon emissions LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 5.1 Purchased gas

8,798 tonnes CO2e

The carbon emissions from LU network giving the capacity to Carbon emissions from natural gas purchased gas were enough to fill stable trains, clean rolling stock and Options that may be considered consumption at depots nearly 50,000 double-decker buses. carry out maintenance activities. to reduce the amount of natural 1,500 Operating 24 hours per day, the gas consumed at LU are: Gas-fired heating systems in depots, depots require heating to enable offices and stations are the most this work to be performed. • Highlight efficiency areas for 1,200 significant source of direct carbon natural gas consumption and emissions at LU. LU recognises The majority of LU stations that formulate a staff engagement e that there is a large opportunity require a gas supply for heating awareness programme 2 900 to reduce this impact in terms of purposes are surface stations; both resource consumption and many of LU’s sub-surface stations • Investigate new technologies associated carbon emissions. do not have a gas supply for for power supply and heating 600

health and safety reasons. Gas CO Tonnes The site breakdown highlights the consumption at a total of 98 • Work to improve data accuracy different level of gas consumption stations has been included within and submission frequency 300 across the organisation. There the carbon footprint; the top-ten Figure 9 are sixteen main depots on the stations are shown below. Figure 7 0 Ruislip Hainault Upmister Northfields

Carbon emissions purchased gas Bridge Lillie Acton Works Acton

Carbon emissions from natural gas Hammersmith consumption at stations Common Ealing 22% 56% Depots (4,941 tonnes)

56% Northumberland Park 150 Offices (1,955 tonnes) 22% 120 Stations (1,892 tonnes)

22% e Hammersmith (District and Piccadilly)

2 90 Acton Town White City 60 Wembley Central

Tonnes CO Tonnes Leytonstone Fairlop 30 Morden 22% Pinner Arnos Grove 0 Harrow-on-the-Hill

24 25 5.2 Greenwich Power station LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

4,896 tonnes CO2e

Greenwich power station emitted fulfil its legal obligation to ensure enough carbon dioxide to fill more that there are two different sources than 1,000 hot air balloons. of electricity for the system. The power generated at Greenwich is Originally a coal-fired power station, predominantly used to provide Greenwich was built between power in the event of a failure of 1902 and 1910 in order to supply supply from the National Grid to electricity to the London Tram the LU bulk supply points (BSP). Network. Today electricity is generated by eight Rolls Royce Avon The power station does not gas turbine engines which were generate enough electricity to installed between 1967 and 1972. sustain a normal operating service These engines are fuelled by natural but is adequate for essential gas and are also capable of running lighting and services for the on fuel oil which is stored as an evacuation of passengers. It also emergency reserve at the site. provides support when a BSP is undergoing maintenance. Greenwich power station serves as a backup power supply for LU to

Greenwich power station carbon emissions

Emission source Tonnes CO2e

Natural gas 4,263 Fuel oil 634

Total 4,897

26 27 5.3 Company leased vehicles LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

461 tonnes CO2e

The majority of the road support All new and replaced LU vehicles fleet used for LU activity is leased are Euro IV compliant, meeting the from the PPP suppliers and is requirements of London’s new accounted for in the Scope 3 Low Emissions Zone. emissions section. LU is currently developing plans However, LU does lease a small for improving the carbon emissions fleet of 147 vehicles which emitted from its road fleet including targets, a total of 461 tonnes CO2e. In driver and maintenance guidance, 2007/2008 emissions from the and route planning which will help LU-controlled road fleet were deliver strict carbon emission 30 per cent lower than the previous reduction targets. year, mainly due to a reduction in the number of vehicles in our fleet.

Company leased vehicles carbon emissions

Emission source Tonnes CO2e

Petrol 226 Diesel 235

Total 461

28 29 6 | Scope 2 Carbon emissions LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 6.1 Traction electricity

518,857 tonnes CO2e

Traction electricity demand The implementation of the energy traction energy. Our traction energy represents the most significant efficiency measures described efficiency target for 2008/2009 source of carbon emissions for earlier are projected to mitigate the is 870 MWh/million passenger our activities as an organisation. increase by approximately 17,000 journeys and LU is currently on The power required to operate the tonnes CO2e. target to deliver this. rolling stock across the network accounts for 68 per cent of the total We improved traction energy emissions associated with the LU efficiency reducing the traction carbon footprint. energy used per passenger journey Bulk supply point electricity distribution from 938 Mega Watt hours (MWh)

All of the traction electricity is per million passenger journeys in Emission source Tonnes CO2e procured from the National Grid 2006/2007 to 901 MWh/million and is supplied to the railway via a passenger journeys in 2007/2008. Traction 473,491 number of BSPs across the network. This improvement was achieved by Groundwater pumps 6,339 carrying 6 per cent more passengers Ventilation fans 9,027 Although the total carbon emissions while only using 2 per cent more in this section are termed as traction Total 518,857 electricity, a proportion of this power is also supplied to 1,030 groundwater pumps that operate Carbon/energy efficiency continuously, removing 30 million opportunities of the litres of water per day. In addition, Line upgrades Traction energy efficiency a share of this electricity is also used to power the 126 mid-tunnel ventilation fans across the network As part of The Carbon and Energy year MWh/Million % Reduction and the signalling system. Management project at LU, this policy passenger journeys paper has highlighted the energy and The line upgrade investments carbon saving opportunities in the 005-06 1,000 - described earlier in this report will line upgrade programme. The paper 006-07 938 6% deliver more train services and detailed a number of engineering 007-08 901 4% improved customer environments processes that could be applied to – but will result in an increase in the line upgrades to reduce carbon energy demand. emissions including; regenerative braking, automatic train regulation, We have been working to reduce the energy-efficient signalling and ‘Each average passenger journey on the Tube releases future impact of the line upgrades redesign of the last delivered upgrade 48g of CO2e from traction electricity. The average car in terms of carbon emissions by to ensure no net increase in energy or journey within London is responsible for the release of 138g CO2e making the Tube one of the most carbon ensuring the application of energy CO2 emissions. efficiency measures on both the efficient forms of new transport capacity’. Victoria and Sub-Surface Lines.

30 31 6.2 Non-traction electricity 6.3 Stations LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

Total emissions: 100,242 tonnes CO2e 53,286 tonnes CO2e

The second highest source of sources. However, following the There are 270 stations on the There are 412 escalators across carbon emissions at LU is the recent change in government LU network and their electricity the LU network. The amount of electricity consumed for guidance on calculation of carbon consumption accounts for half of electricity used by an escalator non-traction purposes. This is dioxide emissions, the CO2 impact of the carbon emissions arising from varies depending on how long it is electricity utilised at stations, the non-traction electricity has been non-traction usage. The stations and how far it rises but as a guide head offices, depots and other calculated using the National Grid consume electricity for lighting car will cost in the region of between operating facilities. rolling average emissions factor.9 parks, ticket halls, passageways and £7,000 and £12,000 each year. platforms and also to power ticket The electricity that LU purchases Actions in our Carbon Emissions gates, escalators, lifts, information for non-traction requirements is Reduction Plan10 will mitigate the and advertising screens. procured as green tariff where the impact of our activities on our energy is generated from renewable carbon footprint. Carbon emissions from electricity Figure 15 consumption at stations 1,500 Metering strategy Non-traction electricity carbon emissions (tonnes CO e) 1,200 Figure 14 2 During 2008, LU developed a 50% Stations metering strategy that highlighted 900

e opportunities to improve the 50% 2 28% quality of metered data that LU Offices manages. LU will also investigate the potential for installing the 12% 600

Tonnes CO Tonnes capability for automatic meter Depots reading (AMR) at key stations across the network. 9% 300 Greenwich Power station 1% 1% 0 Others Some LU stations, particularly those 9% 28% on the extension have Victoria not been included due to lack of Green Park Green 12% Street Baker available data. Warren Street Warren Charing Cross Charing Oxford Circus Oxford Piccadilly Circus Piccadilly Bank/Monument South Kensington ottenham Court Road T

9 The Carbon Trust. (2008). Carbon Trust publishes 10 Transport for London. (June 2008). How we are views on Green Tariffs. Press release. reducing our carbon emissions.

32 33 6.4 Depots LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 Low carbon station project Neasden depot redevelopment 9,378 tonnes CO2e

21 technologies that could reduce Neasden depot, the largest depot The 16 LU depots are operational carbon emissions on LU stations on the London Underground for 24 hours each day and utilise and save costs have been identified. network, is due to undergo a major electricity for lighting, heating, redevelopment as part of the Sub mechanical equipment and assets A feasibility study commenced in Surface Line upgrade. such as roller-shutter doors. late 2008 to conduct studies into each of these technologies. This The depot handles the inspection, will result in LU having accurate maintenance, cleaning and stabling Figure 16 information on the costs and of trains as well as a number of Carbon emissions from electricity benefits of each technology. The administrative functions and a consumption at depots study will also provide information training centre. on the costs and programme for 2,000 future works. LU is implementing low carbon measures within the redevelopment This study is funded by TfL’s Climate of Neasden depot. The project will Change Fund. not only avoid direct and indirect 1,500 carbon emissions resulting from activities at Neasden it will also raise the carbon efficiency of e future depot redevelopments 2 by promoting and developing 1,000 Low carbon energy sustainable technologies. sourcing strategy Four other LU depots are due CO Tonnes for refurbishment over the next 500 five years and the aim is to make The recently approved Energy Neasden depot an exemplar carbon Sourcing Strategy sets out an efficient depot and LU will look to approach on energy supply including implement low carbon initiatives 0 considerations for renewable in future depot redevelopments to Park Park

energy and how onsite renewable bring significant carbon reductions. Ruislip Market Hainault Highgate Stratford generation could be implemented Neasden Lillie Bridge Stonebridge Cockfosters

at the organisation to provide Acton Works

green electricity for the business. Northumberland There is a particular focus on both combined heat and power (CHP) and wind energy, both of which are recommended for further and more detailed investigation.

34 35 6.5 Head offices LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

7,547 tonnes CO2e

Apart from stations and depots, TfL’s Group Property and Facilities LU employees occupy 25 other team continue to develop initiatives Energy Pledge Energy station challenge premises across London and these that will reduce carbon emissions consume electricity for typical that are associated with electricity office functions such as lighting, consumption at its head offices over Launched on World Environment Re-launched in 2008, the Energy information technology and the long-term. These include investing Day 2007, the Energy Pledge aimed Station Challenge (ESC) is a kitchen equipment. in energy efficient equipment, to raise awareness of energy station-based initiative that aims monitoring out-of-hours electricity efficiency amongst staff and to to encourage LU station staff consumption and promoting staff deliver electricity savings across the to reduce their total energy awareness campaigns. company. consumption via a competition. Stations are awarded points based Employees across Transport for on their total energy savings when London (TfL) were invited to ‘pledge’ compared to the same period Figure 17 Carbon emissions from electricity to carry out an energy saving in the previous year. In 2008, a consumption at head offices behaviour every day for six months. network of Line Energy Champions 2,000 were installed to promote energy Hundreds of London Underground saving at a line level and the year employees signed up to the pledge also saw the re-launch of the ESC during the six-month campaign. At newsletter, which is emailed to all 1,500 head offices, electricity use fell by station staff at the end of 9% compared to the previous year. each period.

e In total, this resulted in a saving of 2 over 990 tonnes CO2. 1,000 Tonnes CO Tonnes

500

0 Blackfriars Allsop Place Allsop 55 Broadway 55 Pelham Street Pelham Albany House Albany Griffith House Ashfield House Ashfield Cranbourn Street Cranbourn Townsend House Townsend Wing-Over-Station

36 37 7 | Scope 3 Carbon emissions LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 7.1 Infraco activities

76,670 tonnes CO2e

The majority of LU’s infrastructure materials use, waste generation Metronet undertook to identify Metronet activities so that future services were outsourced under and the transport of materials and their carbon footprint as part of a reports are comprehensive. the Government’s Public Private people to and from site count as Carbon Management Programme, Partnership (PPP) in 2003. Scope 3 emissions. in partnership with the Carbon The PPP and the circumstances Trust. For 2006/2007 they identified surrounding Metronet’s transfer LU remains the network operator Both Tube Lines and Metronet have and measured the Scope 1, 2 to TfL are described in LU’s and therefore responsible for calculated independent carbon emissions as well as key Scope PPP Report. the day-to-day running of the footprints from which this data has 3 emissions, such as water use, service. Under the PPP contracts been sourced. Due to differences waste removal and disposal. Certain the infrastructure companies, or in the scope of the two carbon business processes for example Infracos, are responsible for the footprints, they cannot be track replacement, have also maintenance and renewal of the directly compared. been assessed. majority of LU’s assets – the rolling stock, stations, track, tunnels Tube Lines have made a full Metronet became a subsidiary and signals. assessment of its carbon footprint company of TfL in May 2008. and included 34 processes across We are now working to extend The carbon emissions of the its business that contribute to LU’s the same carbon footprint processes performed by the indirect carbon emissions. methodology across all the infracos, such as track replacement,

38 39 7.2 Waste and recycling LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

34,872 tonnes CO2e

The Carbon Emissions Reduction management activities in 2007/2008 Recycling waste in 2007/2008 saved TfL’s Group Property and Facilities Plan set out actions for managing was 34,872 tonnes CO2e. The the equivalent of 150,000 tonnes division. This team has agreed a carbon associated with our carbon footprinting exercise took CO2e which would have been new 3-year waste management activities, one of which was to into account the emissions saved produced if this material had been contract (to commence October examine the carbon emissions through our recycling efforts. sent to landfill. Working with our 008) which will set targets for associated with how LU PPP suppliers (who manage waste office waste management manages waste. In 2007/2008, with the support of at our stations and depots and the PPP contractors, 40 per cent of waste from project and maintenance • Trial customer recycling bins A wide variety of wastes are waste from our stations, depots and works) we have increased the on stations produced as a consequence offices was recycled (mainly paper). amount of material that is recycled. of operating, maintaining and This is a significant increase in the • Introduce new monitoring systems investing in the LU service. These proportion of material recycled (up In 2008/2009 the following projects for collecting construction and wastes include customer waste, from 31 per cent in 2006-07) and will be implemented to further raise demolition waste data for station and depot waste, office in the absolute tonnage of material the amount of recycling at LU: non-PPP projects Figure 20 waste, maintenance waste and recycled (up from 3,680 tonnes in waste associated with station, 2006-07 to 6,027 tonnes in • Waste generated at our head track and infrastructure projects. 2007-08). In addition, 71 per cent office buildings is managed by The amount of greenhouse gases of all construction and demolition which resulted from LU’s waste waste was recycled.

Figure 19 Carbon emissions from 2007/2008 Waste destination Landfill waste 60,000 Landfill 2%

50,000 29% Commercial and Industrial Recycled 69% (24,234 tonnes) 69% 40,000 Construction and Demolition Tonnes Tonnes (9,970 tonnes) 29% 30,000 1 Construction and Demolition waste Offices (669 tonnes) 20,000 2% 3 2 Commercial and 5 3

8,51 Industrial waste

10,000 5,7 2 0,616 9

2 51,050 490 2 3 Office waste 0 1 2 3

40 41 7.3 Transport related emissions 7.4 Infraco road vehicles LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

Total emissions: 5,303 tonnes CO2e 2,567 tonnes CO2e

Emission sources of indirect carbon The majority of the road support emissions that arise from transport fleet used for LU activity is run by related activities at LU include; the Infracos and carbon emissions employee commuting and business associated with fuel consumption travel, rail replacement bus services accounted for as indirect emissions. and infraco road vehicles. The waste management fleet, supplied by Tube Lines, and vehicles used by the LU – British Transport Police (BTP) all contribute to the total carbon impact.

Carbon emissions associated with transportation Figure 21 10% 49% Infraco vehicles 12% (2,567 tonnes) 49% Infraco vehicles carbon emissions

Rail replacement bus Emission source Tonnes CO2e services (1,521 tonnes) 29% Petrol 401 Business travel Diesel 2,160 (642 tonnes) 12% LPG 6

Employee commuting Total 2,561 (467 tonnes) 10%

29%

42 43 7.5 Rail replacement bus services LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

1,521 tonnes CO2e

Rail replacement bus services LU should consider the travelled a total distance of environmental impact when 1,200,000km in 2007/2008. planning alternative transport measures. Having carried out Rail replacement bus services succesful trials, TfL have announced provide alternative transport during that all new buses entering service planned closures to upgrade the after 2012 will be hybrid powered. Tube network. They produced These vehicles reduce emissions of additional carbon emissions on local pollutants and carbon dioxide behalf of LU operations and are by at least 30 per cent compared to included within the carbon footprint. conventional diesel buses.

The buses are owned and From January 2004-2007, London fuelled by third party took part in a project to reduce air organisations and therefore the pollution and noise by testing the carbon is classed as indirect – LU first generation of zero-emission is not directly responsible for fuel cell buses. Ten new buses the fuel consumption and powered by hydrogen fuel will be associated emissions. launched in London between now and 2010, in a bid to reduce CO2 Whilst the Tube is being emissions from transport and tackle transformed, the rail replacement climate change. bus services provide a vital role ensuring that passengers can keep moving. However, this must be balanced against the additional impact it is having upon the environment and air quality within London.

44 45 7.6 Business travel LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

718 tonnes CO2e

Staff travelling for a business stipulates that air travel should be The LU Travel at Work policy The taxi company who provide the requirement covered over avoided within the UK and mainland requires special taxi usage to service for LU, use UK sourced 1,300,000km in 2007/2008. Europe wherever appropriate. Not be fully justified and it is widely biodiesel and operate a programme all business trips have feasible expected that the carbon emissions to measure and reduce their CO2 The LU organisation is spread across alternatives to air travel when time associated with this mode of emissions to zero with various global the capital. Travel between different factors are taken into consideration. transport will fall in the coming projects to offset their emissions. operational areas and head office years. Early indications show that locations is frequently required and The environmental impact of there has already been a dramatic often essential to an individual’s job. business travel could be reduced by: decrease in special taxi usage since Generally staff members use public the policy’s introduction. transport. Shared taxis are used by • Finding alternatives to travel for operational staff who start or finish meetings such as phone and work when no public transport video conferencing is available. • Use alternatives to air travel for all It is not possible to assess the short haul distances in line with carbon impact of public transport GLA policy journeys undertaken by members of staff during the working day. As in Taxi usage at LU has two categories; the case of employee commuting, scheduled and special. Business travel carbon emissions Tube journeys are not considered as the total carbon emissions of Scheduled taxis are employed by LU method of transport Tonnes CO2e the LU services have already been to run a timetabled route collecting accounted for within this study. members of staff who work on Air – Long Haul 299 the operational railway. This is an Air – Short Haul 269 In 2007/2008 it was not possible essential service to enable them to Scheduled Taxis 76 to calculate the carbon emissions get to and from work when other Air – Domestic 54 of journeys to locations outside of modes of public transport are not Black Taxis 20 London and data was only available available. The second category, for air travel. The LU Travel at Work special taxis are those booked for Total 718 policy implemented in January 2008 individual journeys.

46 47 7.7 Employee commuting LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

497 tonnes CO2e Figure 24

The choices that staff make in and suburban rail services. Using the Carbon emissions from employee commuting how they travel to and from work rail network does impact upon the indirectly releases carbon emissions environment but nonetheless it is that has been accounted for by LU. one of the least polluting modes of 200 transport available. Head office To measure this impact, data was recorded by the LU Travel Plan The environmental impact of Operational staff Survey, commissioned for the Staff business travel could be reduced by: Travel Plan in 2007. The survey was 150 implemented to determine travel • Encouraging staff to cycle to work. e

choice rather than carbon emissions, This will improve health levels as 2 but it has been possible to calculate well as reduce the carbon impact the CO2 impact of the main modes of commuting practices. Members of transportation used. of staff would not need to cycle 100

the entire distance to work but it CO Tonnes Separate questionnaires were issued would still be beneficial for short to operational staff and those based distances as part of the in head offices and the results overall journey highlighted a significant difference in 50 travel habits. Although the Tube was • Sharing car journeys. This will the most popular mode of transport dramatically reduce the carbon for all employees, some operational emissions associated with staff drive cars to their place of commuting whilst commuters work, generally in remote locations. still continue to benefit from the 0 Due to the higher emission factors convenience of travelling by car. Bus DLR Train associated with car usage, this Tube Other increased the carbon output. LU runs a private car share scheme Staff taxi for staff and can match colleagues Taxi/minicab The highest carbon emissions for living near to each other and who (asCar driver) head office staff came from national share similar shift patterns. Car (asCar passenger) Motorbike/moped

48 49 7.8 Purchased materials and end use products11 LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

4,182 tonnes CO2e

LU recognises the importance • Identify the most important LU’s overall carbon footprint. In • When sourcing 80% recycled of moving beyond assessing the products with regards to their comparison, the electricity used paper, it is important to ensure climate impact of core operations share of the total embedded to power LU’s headquarters at that the remaining 20% virgin pulp and towards a more comprehensive carbon in purchases 55 Broadway over one year is comes from Forest Sustainable assessment of the GHG impact responsible for 1,628 tonnes CO2e. Council-certified forests along the supply chain, in particular • Identify the products for which the materials purchased. As part of less carbon-intensive alternatives Below, are some options for • Investigate products with the broader climate change strategy, exist; and assess the carbon reducing the carbon impact of independent eco-labels (such as the organisation aims to reduce the savings LU could potentially the products used in LU’s offices, the European eco-label, which carbon emissions associated with achieve by switching to and estimations of the potential uses a flower logo) as they provide the life cycle of the products these alternatives carbon savings LU could achieve useful information to assess it purchases. by implementing them: claims made by suppliers • Provide suggestions for how and distributors The scope of the current to improve the accuracy of the • Using 100% recycled paper – 300 assessment encompassed only the assessment and how to ensure tonnes CO2e per year saving • Suppliers should be asked to materials sourced by LU for its head ‘green’ procurement substantiate “carbon neutrality” offices. It does not include materials • Hot air dryers instead of recycled claims within formation on the sourced by infracos to maintain or Total embedded carbon emissions in paper towels – 30 tonnes CO2e scope of the emissions offset and upgrade LU’s infrastructural assets. purchased products for 2007/2008 per year saving the type of carbon credits LU is currently working on a parallel are roughly 4,200 tonnes CO2e. purchased (and whether it meets initiative to incentivise infracos Most of these emissions result standards such as the Voluntary to use materials with less from the use of paper (about Carbon Standard, the Gold embedded carbon. 70 per cent, 60 per cent of which Standard or is a UN certified is from ‘Distributed paper’ – in the LU materials carbon emissions Carbon Emission Reduction credit) The objectives of the assessment form of posters, leaflets, maps were to: etc that are provided for Tube material Tonnes CO2e passengers) and to a lesser extent • Broadly quantify the emissions from computer consumables. Distributed paper 2,407 associated with the production Computer consumables 849 of the materials procured by LU: These results suggest that the Office paper 437 this will enable a comparison of emissions associated with products Office supplies 304 the relative importance of these purchased for LU offices (about Food and drink 106 emissions compared to direct 2,000 tonnes CO2e, excluding Carpet 74 emissions from fuel use and the emissions associated with Office furniture 4 indirect emissions from electricity Distributed paper) are small, but Plastic cups 2 consumption in LU’s offices not negligible, with regards to Total 4,182

11 The Carbon Trust. (2008). Embedded Carbon in LU Purchases.

50 51 7.9 Water and wastewater LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

256 tonnes CO2e

LU emits a total of 218 tonnes The carbon emissions associated of water than any of the other CO2e through its water LU water and wastewater with wastewater were calculated depots and accounted for 22 per consumption. A total of 624 using the trade effluent and cent of all water used by the depots megalitres were consumed in Emission source Tonnes CO2e wastewater discharge quantities for across the network. Following 2007/2008 which is enough water the 2007/2008 period. investigations, a water leak was to fill nearly 250 Olympic sized Stations 140 discovered and this is now in the swimming pools. Depots 63 In total, 162 megalitres of process of being remedied. Head Offices 15 wastewater was discharged and LU Stations consumed the most Wastewater 38 70,794 kWh of electricity was In collaboration with Thames Water, water with a totalFigur sharee of 27 consumed inFigur the treatmente 28 process. LU will undertake water audits 64 per cent of carbon emissions. Total 256 at areas of high consumption to Water is consumed in staff The carbon footprint report identify potential efficiencies that accommodation facilities, identified that Neasden depot could be made. for cleaning purposes and consumed a far higher amount public conveniences.

Depots also require a large amount of water for train washing facilities and the implementation Water consumption - top ten stations Water consumption – top ten depots of greywater recycling is being considered as part of the Depot 30,000 50,000 Upgrade programme. 25,000 40,000 ) 3 ) 3 Earl’s Court 20,000 Canning Town 30,000 Wembley Park 15,000 Westminster Golders Green 20,000 Baker Street 10,000 Water consumed (m consumed Water

North Greenwich (m consumed Water Rickmansworth 10,000 Leicester Square 5,000 Harrow & Wealdstone 0 0 Ruislip Hainault Neasden Upmister Acton Lane Acton Cockfosters Hammersmith Ealing Common Ealing Stonebridge Park Stonebridge Northumberland

52 53 8 | Conclusions LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009 8.1 A comprehensive carbon footprint The 2007/2008 carbon footprint will assist the organisation to identify opportunities for improved environmental performance and energy efficiency, ensure compliance with tightening regulations and highlight cost savings by introducing a wider scope to the carbon emissions inventory.

LU’s carbon footprint is sizeable, 1 It has assisted LU to prepare a 4 The project has provided further 7 A wider range of emission causing largely due to the amount of GHG inventory that represents information that can be used to activities has been incorporated to electricity required to run the a true and fair account of the build further strategies to manage establish their carbon impact and operational railway. However, organisation’s emissions. and reduce GHG emissions. set future reduction targets. as identified in this report, the organisation is well prepared for 2 The results from the 2007/2008 5 The data management system 8 The carbon footprint will now future carbon reduction work and carbon footprint will be used as a and results from the footprint allow carbon to be included as a a number of projects that have the ‘baseline year’ for the business so will provide accurate information key performance indicator as part potential to dramatically reduce that emission reductions resulting that will facilitate participation in of the strategic scorecard for the carbon emissions have/are being from future carbon management voluntary and mandatory GHG business. This report will identify implemented across projects can be calculated programmes (for example: the key drivers and calculate theoretical the organisation. and verified. The results within Carbon Reduction Commitment). maximum performance. this report may be revised when Application of the well regarded the Metronet carbon footprint for 6 LU is keen to investigate 9 With a baseline year established, GHG Protocol methodology (see 2007/2008 has been fully calculated. the potential for applying for the organisation can now set targets section 3) and inclusion of a wider accreditation to national climate for carbon emission reductions range of emission causing activities, 3 The data management tools change action schemes such as in accordance with the actions thereby defining an increased scope established have simplified the the Carbon Trust Standard and highlighted in LU’s Carbon Emissions for the footprint has provided the production of a GHG inventory the carbon footprint has enabled Reduction Plan. following benefits: in the future and enabled LU to the organisation to collate the monitor and track carbon emissions data required. throughout any given year and the organisation will ensure that the exercise is repeated annually.

54 55 Appendix | GHG Protocol Methodology LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative

The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol Initiative is a multi-stakeholder partnership of businesses, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), governments, and others convened by the World Resources Institute (WRI), a US-based environmental Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO), and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), a Geneva-based coalition of 170 international companies.

The methodology proposed for The GHG Protocol Corporate use within LU GHG accounting Standard provides standards and procedures is the commonly guidance for companies and other adopted GHG Protocol Corporate types of organisations preparing Accounting Standard. The first a GHG emissions inventory, edition was published in September more commonly known as a 2001 and enjoyed broad adoption Carbon Footprint. and acceptance around the globe by businesses, NGOs and governments.

56 57 Designing the GHG Inventory LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

Inventory boundary The first methodological requirement is to set the ‘organisational boundary’ for the inventory. This means determining which of LU’s business units will be part of the inventory.

LU’s organisational boundary financial control over both can be established using one organisations. However, in of three approaches. The three completing their obligations under organisational boundary approaches the PPP Contract, both Infracos are “equity share”, and two control must follow procedures defined approaches, “financial control” by London Underground. It is this and “operational control”. London ability to implement policies to Underground’s organisational ensure that the operation follows structure is reasonably complex, and the organisation’s management joint operations such as the Private procedures that leads to the Public Partnership (PPP) contracts, Operational Control approach being affect the organisational selected for this process. boundary depending upon the approach chosen. Ownership of Metronet passed to TfL in May 2008. For the 2008/2009 The operational control approach footprint the same approach is is the methodology that is now being applied to the Metronet most applicable to the business business and will be fully reported in relationship between LU and 2008/2009. the PPP suppliers Tube Lines and Metronet. To track performance, the ‘control’ approaches generally are more During 2007/2008, there was appropriate, since managers can no shared equity between the be held accountable for only organisations as both Tube Lines those activities that are under and Metronet were private their control. companies. LU also had little

58 59 Greenhouse gas emission categories LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

Defining LU’s operational boundary means categorising the organisation’s emission-causing activities.

The GHG Protocol describes two categories of greenhouse gas emissions, direct and indirect emissions, as well as the concept of ‘scope’

Direct emissions – scope 1 These are emissions within LU’s organisational boundary from sources that the business owns or controls.

For reporting purposes under the GHG Protocol methodology, direct emissions are termed “scope 1” emissions.

Indirect emissions – scope 2 and 3 Indirect emissions arise from LU’s activities but are from sources owned or controlled by another organisation.

The most common example by another company. In GHG is electricity. For reporting Protocol terminology this is called purposes under the GHG Protocol ‘purchased electricity’. methodology, indirect emissions are divided into the following Scope 3: All other indirect two categories: emissions including water, waste and staff travel. Scope 2: Emissions from electricity that is used by LU but is generated

60 61 Emission causing activities LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

The emission causing activities that have been considered as part of LU’s carbon footprint are listed below.

The impact of these activities Indirect (Scope 3) has been measured in carbon terms to produce this report. • Water consumption Wherever possible, emissions of all greenhouse gases have been considered and the total carbon • Wastewater production footprint is reported in CO2 equivalents (CO2e). • Waste production

Direct (Scope 1) • Employee business travel

• Greenwich Power station gas • Employee commuting and oil consumption • Rail replacement buses • Company leased vehicles (LU vehicle fleet) • Joint partnership vehicles

• Gas consumption at stations, • Third party production or depots, offices manufacture of materials and resources used by LU (eg: paper, Indirect (Scope 2) furniture, and equipment)

• Consumption of purchased • Infraco activities electricity (traction and non-traction) • End use products distributed by LU (eg: leaflets and marketing)

62 63 Emission factors LU Carbon footprint report | March 2009

Emission factors are published by various entities such as local, state or national government agencies and intergovernmental organisations such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Emission factors are frequently produced by the London Climate updated and it is important to use Change Partnership and Thames the most up-to-date and relevant Water available national average emission factors available. data for the energy required to treat and produce one cubic metre The emission factors used in the of clean water 2007/2008 London Underground Carbon Footprint study are • Waste water emission factors are as follows: based on available national average data for kWh of energy used in the • Electricity emission factors and treatment of waste water figures for all other fuel types, unless otherwise stated, are • Methane emissions associated based on those published by the with the landfilling of waste are UK Government’s Department of calculated using the IPCC Tier 1 Environment, Food and Rural methodology for the calculation of Affairs (Defra) Annexes to methane emissions from solid Guidelines for Company Reporting waste disposal sites on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Updated June 2008 • Carbon emission data for materials purchased by LU is provided by • Emission factors for water use are the Carbon Trust and consultancy from associated guidance ICF International

64 65