BUSINESS LAW (As per the Revised Syllabus of Mumbai University for F.Y. BMS, Semester I)

Topics

 Law of Contract  Law of Sale of Goods  Law of Negotiable Instruments  Law of Consumer Protection  Company Law Intellectual Property Rights

K.R. BULCHANDANI Solicitor, Advocate Supreme Court, Notary Public, Ex-Sr. Counsel, Government of India, Certified Mediator, Ex-Professor, Government Law College, Mumbai, Author of Business Law for Management.

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First Edition : 2005 Reprint : 2013 Second Edition : 2007 Fifth Revised Edition : 2014 Third Edition : 2008 Reprint : 2015 Reprint : 2009 Reprint : 2016 Fourth Edition : 2011 Reprint : 2017 Reprint : 2012 Sixth Revised Edition : 2018

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MR. JUSTICE BAKHTAVAR LENTIN, Retired Judge, Bombay High Court.

FOREWORD TO 15TH REVISED EDITION ON BUSINESS LAW

Writing a foreword is a chore with rarely an exception. The exception is Business Law by Mr. K. R. Bulchandani, when writing a foreword becomes a pleasure. What is easy to read is difficult to write. For both, the gratitude of the reader must go to the author. Business Law is divided into two sections with an indepth analysis of four Acts in each. It is a mine of information with updated case law for S.Y.B.Com. students for whom it is essentially intended, as it is also for the layman. The language is simple, the material well cohesed and the presentation lucid. I need not wish the book a success because a success it will be.

12th August 1994. BAKHTAVAR LENTIN Chateau Marine Marine Drive Bombay - 400 020 FOREWORD TO 5TH EDITION OF BUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT FOREWORD TO THE FIFTH EDITION ON BUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT C. K. THAKKER Chief Justice, Bombay High Court.

FOREWORD TO 2ND EDITION ON “BUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT”

I have glanced through “Business Law for Management” by Mr. K.R. Bulchandani.

Dividing into two parts and again in several sections, the author has discussed all subjects in simple and lucid manner. Fundamental principles of law have been explained and highlighted with reference to leading English and Indian cases. The author has rightly stated: “Lucidity and simplicity have been adopted without sacrificing the essentialities”.

Over and above the Law of Contract, the author has dealt with other subjects connected with Mercantile law. Basic principles of Company Law, law relating to Securities, Foreign Exchange, Restrictive Trade Practices, Consumer Protection, Essential Commodities, Environ- mental Pollution and Protection have also been discussed.

I wish the publication success.

1st May, 2002. C.K. THAKKER Y.K. Sabharwal Chief Justice House, J. Mehta Road, Malabar Hill, Mumbai 400 006. Tel.: Off: 262 3665 Res. 363 1650

FOREWORD TO 1ST EDITION OF “BUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT”

It is my pleasure to contribute a Foreword to this extremely useful Book, which comprehensively provides to students and professionals the in-depth study of relevant provisions of various Acts in one text. In two parts, the learned author has ably dealt with various topics, such as Law of Contract, Bailment and Pledge, Agency, Sale of Goods, Negotiable Instruments,

Foreign Exchange and Securities and Stock Exchange.

I congratulate Mr. K.R. Bulchandani for painstaking efforts in bringing out this publication and wish him all success.

5th August, 1999. (Y.K. SABHARWAL) PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

It is my pleasure to present to my readers sixth revised edition of Business Law (for BMS). While revision was due long back, however, with the pressing revision of other texts of Business Law for other faculties, I regret the delay in presenting the sixth edition of this book. Law continues to develop and evolve. But with the present governance, it is rapidly developing and evolving. After the last edition of this text, the legislations covered by this text have also being substantially changed. Even while this book was in the press, new provisions were inserted in Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 by amendment of 2018. Rapid revision and keeping the pace with the amendments is always challenging to ensure that the book touches the shelves at the earliest. Law need not be static but it also should not be subject to rapid and regular amendments. There may be a valid reason for the enactors to support such rapid amendments, but it also leads to chaos and complex to follow besides making enforceable thereof difficult. Deletions, substitutions, additions with provisos and explanations makes the reading of law a nightmare, particularly with the provisions scattered in the statute, rules, regulations followed by notifications, circulars and orders. For able and stable governance, it is also imperative to avoid complex, several and huge dose of legislations. If only, we as the citizens could be spared of repeated changed law, for good governance comes with stability and certainty. To illustrate, Companies Act, 2013, promising to be a compact legislation with less complex provisions than the Companies Act, 1956 (since repealed), falls miserably short of such expectations. With 41 voluminous Rules enacted between the period from 2014 to 2016, besides regulations, circulars, clarifications and orders issued, makes the reading and compliance thereof a nightmare. Interestingly, both the substantive provisions in the Act and the procedural provisions in the Rules, overlap each other to add to the confusion, complexities and repetitions. It is becoming difficult to distinguish between what is substantive law and what is procedural law. Mercifully, the British enactments like the Contract Act, 1872, Sale of Goods Act, 1930 and such like legislations, continue to maintain consistency in law. If, British Parliament could enact such laws, why our governance, much more in expertise, is not able to achieve likewise? The task of grouping the substantive and procedural law and provide my readers a simplified and lucid reading and understanding of the subject, has been always a challenge for me. The fact that my readers have acclaimed my writings, it prompts me to continue the same flow in the revised texts. The present text aims at updating the law in view of vast changes in law between 2014 and 2018. As usual, the syllabus are much wanting. Many a basic and important topics in each law set out in the modules, which ought to have been a subject of study, are unfortunately not prescribed. Nevertheless, I have incorporated some of such important topics to strengthen the basics of the study of law. I am sure that this text with updated law, coupled with the provisions of the Act and the applicable Rules grouped together, will ease the study and also enjoyable. I wish all the best to my readers and all success. Before I part with wishes, I owe gratitudes to all those who have supported in the revision of the text, not forgetting the readers who have continued to inspire me to keep on revising and updating my writings. Particularly, my thanks are extended to Mr. George A.L. and Mr. Prakash Nadar who have undergone the tribulations of putting the entire text in order and ensuring it is flawless. I am also grateful to my wife, Mrs. Kavita, my daughter, Ms. Loshika, Advocate, Solicitor, England and South Wales, for their behind the stage performance. My publishers cannot be left out, but for whom I would have never penned even the first edition of my writings. With warm regards and wishes. August, 2018 K.R. Bulchandani PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

When I first penned my work on Business Law in 1978 for under-graduates, I did hope of positive response but that my work would multiply for post-graduates and professional courses was not anticipated. Multiple readership of my work which began on modest scale is peaking to unsurmountable heights both with popularity and acclaim. As a stage artist needs a loud applause to boost his performance, so also writers need this boosting by recognition. I am humbled by the popularity of the book and therefore when my publishers requested me to pen my similar work on Business Law for Management, I unhesitatingly ventured on the expansion of the subject. The release of my book on Business Law for Management in 1999 has since then got the peak acclaim. Management students of different faculties have now sought my work to meet their respective requirements. Therefore one more treaty for management students. Business Law is both simple and complex. Simple, if placed before the reader as a reading material in a codified form weeding out the intricacies created by legal framers. Complex, if law is read as enacted with sections, provisos, exceptions, explanations and regular amendments and so on. Probably, what has appealed my readers is the yardstick of simplicity observed in presenting the subject, which if read by any class of readers should be easy to apply in every walk of life. I have therefore concentrated on elements of each branch of law discussed in this text, for if elements grasped, your roots and foundation are stronger. It is for you now to blossom and build on the roots and foundation. The text takes you through diverse legislations, commencing from basics of law of contract, indemnity, guarantee, bailment, pledge, agency, sale of goods, partnership, company law and negotiable instruments, legislations like, law of customs, excise, insurance and mortgages are also incorporated. This adventurous journey through different branches of law will be enjoyable and amusing, as, I am sure, readers will pleasantly grasp the basics. Suggestions and critical acclaim have always motivated me to improve upon every work as perfection is unsurmountable. It is time for me to wish you all the best while travelling through the text, but not before I offer my gratitudes and acknowledgements to: (i) My publishers for their continued and unstinted support and guidance : (ii) Mrs.K.K. Bulchandani and Ms.L.K. Bulchandani, Advocate for proof reading and editing. (iii) My staff for compiling the data ; and (iv) My well wishers and critics. With warm regards and wishes. K.R. BULCHANDANI SYLLABUS

Sr. No. Modules No. of Lectures 1 Contract Act, 1872 & Sale of Goods Act, 1930 15 2 Negotiable Instrument Act, 1981 & Consumer Protection Act, 1986 15 3 Company Law 15 4 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 15 Total 60

Sr. No. Modules/Units 1 Contract Act, 1872 & Sale of Goods Act, 1930

 Contract Act, 1872: Essential elements of Contract; Agreement and Contract – Capacity to Contract, free consent, consideration, lawful objects/consideration, Breach of contract. Remedies for breach of Contract.

 Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Scope of Act, Sale and Agreement to sell, essential of a valid Sale Contract – Conditions and warranties – Implied Condition and warranties, Rights of an unpaid seller. 2 Negotiable Instrument Act, 1981 & Consumer Protection Act, 1986

 Negotiable Instrument Act, 1981: Introduction of Negotiable Instruments – Characteristics of negotiable instruments, Promissory note, Bills of exchange, Cheque, Dishonour of Cheque.

 Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Objects of Consumer Protection- Introduction of Consumers, who is consumer? Meaning of the words “Goods and services” – Meaning of the words “Defects and Deficiencies of goods and services” Consumer disputes and Complaints. 3CompanyLaw

 Company Law: What is company? – Incorporation of company – MOA, AOA, Prospectus, Meetings, Meaning of transfer and transmission of shares. 4 Intellectual Property Rights(IPR) Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

 IPR definition/objectives

 Patent definition. What is patentable? What is not patentable? Invention

 And its Attributes, Inventors and Applications

 Trademarks, definition, types of trademarks, infringement and passing off. Copy right definition and subject in which copy right exists, Originality, Meaning and Content, Authors and Owners, Rights and Restrictions. Geographical indications (only short notes) PAPER PATTERN

Maximum Marks: 75 Questions to be set: 05 Duration: 2½ Hrs. All Questions are Compulsory Carrying 15 Marks each.

Question Particular Marks No. Q.1 Objective Questions 15 Marks (A) Sub Questions to be asked (10) and to be answered any 08 (B) Sub Questions to be asked (10) and to be answered any 07 *Multiple Choice/True or False/Match the Columns/Fill in the Blanks) Q.2 Full Length Question 15 Marks OR Q.2 Full Length Question 15 Marks Q.3 Full Length Question 15 Marks OR Q.3 Full Length Question 15 Marks Q.4 Full Length Question 15 Marks OR Q.4 Full Length Question 15 Marks Q.5 (A) Theory questions 08 Marks (B) Theory questions 07 Marks OR Q.5 Short Notes 15 Marks To be asked 05 To be answered 03

Note: Theory question of 15 marks may be divided into two sub-questions of 7/8 and 10/5 Marks. CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 – 3 What is Law? Definition of Law – Sources of Indian Law – What is Business Law? MODULE-I LAW OF CONTRACT LAW OF CONTRACT 7 – 93 Introduction – Importance of the law of contract – Essential elements/formation of a valid contract – Agreements and contracts – agreement – contract – Interpretation of a contract – Agreement and contract distinguished – Sale & agreement to sell – Which agreements are contracts and enforceable by law? – Offer or proposal – Counter-offer – Auction sales – Standing or open offer – Offer and an invitation to offer distinguished – Acceptance – promise – Communication – Consideration and legality of the objects – When an agreement without consideration is valid – Kinds of consideration – Lawful consideration and lawful object distinguished – What is unlawful consideration? – Consideration or object unlawful in part – Capacity to contract – free consent – Coercion – Undue influence – Fraud – Misrepresentation – Mistake – Void agreements – Impossibility and frustration of the contract – Restitution – Discharge of contract – By performance – by breach – by frustration – by agreement – by accord and satisfaction – by operation of law – by unauthorized material alteration – by lapse of time – by death – Breach of contract – Consequences and remedies – Types of damages – Measure of damages – Remoteness of damages – Quantum Meruit – Penalty and liquidated damages – Earnest money, advance Money and security deposit. MODULE-II LAWOFSALEOFGOODS SALE OF GOODS ACT 97 – 132 Introduction – Scope of the act – Sale – Essentials of valid sale – Agreement to sell – Hire-purchase agreement – Formation of the contract – Goods – Documents of title to goods – Subject matter of contract – Goods perishing–effect of destruction of goods – Delivery of goods – Delivery of wrong quantity – Acceptance of delivery – Rights and duties of the buyer – Rights and duties of the seller – Delivery to carrier or wharfinger – Carriage by sea – Stipulations in a contract–conditions and warranties – consequences of breach of conditions and warranties – Implied warranties and conditions – Caveat emptor – Effects of the contract–passing of property –Time when property passes – Effect of transfer of ownership or passing of property – Transfer of title – Unpaid seller – Rights – Right of lien – Right of stoppage in transit – Right of re-sale – Right of withholding delivery – Reservation of right of disposal – Other rights – Effect of sub-sale or pledge by buyer – Remedies for breach of the contract of sale – Auction sales. MODULE-III LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 135 – 174 Introduction – What is a negotiable instrument? – Essential characteristics of a negotiable instrument – Promissory note – Bill of exchange – Bills in sets – Payment in due course – Maturity of an instrument – Cheque – Types of cheques – Bankers and customers – Draft – Dishonour of cheques – When is an offence committed under section 138? – When cause of action arises? – What is a valid notice? – Vicarious liability/persons liable – Who can file the complaint? – How is limitation computed? – Cognizance of offences – Territorial jurisdiction – Presumption of dishonour – Burden of proof – Defences available – Defences not available – Double jeopardy – Penal action – Offences by companies – Power of court to try cases summarily – Power to direct interim compensation – Mode of service of summons – Evidence on affidavit – Offences to be compoundable – Power of Appellate court to order payment pending appeal. MODULE-IV LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION 177 – 213 Introduction – Objects and reasons – Extent of consumer protection – Consumer – Goods – Services – Consumer dispute – Complainant – Complaint – Unfair trade practice – Restrictive trade practice – Defects – Deficiency – Excessive price – Hazardous goods – Councils – Central consumer protection council – State consumer protection councils – The district consumer protection council – Consumer protection redressal agencies – District forum – State commission – National commission – Administrative control – Review of the order – Revision petition – Transfer of cases – Circuit benches – Ex-parte orders – Case law on extent of jurisdiction of consumer forums – Limitation period – Finality of orders – Vacancy or defects in appointment not to invalidate orders – Enforcement of orders of the District Forum, the State Commission or the National Commission. MODULE-V COMPANY LAW INTRODUCTION 217 – 220 Birth of a company – Companies Act, 2013. 1. COMPANY — FORMATION AND REGULATION 221 – 248 Definition – Characteristics or essential features and nature of a company – Types of companies – Companies limited by shares – Private company – Public company – Listed company – Holding company and subsidiary company – Small company – Associate company – Body corporate – Company limited by guarantee – One person company – Company with unlimited liability – Producer company – Government company – Foreign company – Company with charitable objects – Dormant company – Active company – Prohibition of association or partnership of persons exceeding certain number/illegal association – Lifting or piercing the corporate veil – Incorporation of a company – Certificate of incorporation – Simplified proforma for incorporating company electronically (SPICe). 2. MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION 249 – 270 Memorandum – Name – Registered office – Objects – Liability – Share capital – Memorandum of one person company – Alteration of memorandum – Articles – Alteration of articles – Act to override memorandum, articles, etc. – Effect of memorandum and articles – Constructive notice of memorandum and articles of association – E-governance – Commencement of business – Doctrine of indoor management – Doctrine of ultra vires. 3. MEMBERSHIP OF A COMPANY 271 – 276 Member – Member and Shareholder – How is membership acquired? – How membership ceases? – Who can be a member? – Rights and liabilities of a member/shareholder – Register of members – E- governance – Annual Return. 4. PROSPECTUS AND PRIVATE PLACEMENT 277 – 290 Offer document – Prospectus – Contents of prospectus – Kinds of prospectus – Abridged prospectus – Shelf prospectus and information memorandum – Red herring prospectus – Deemed prospectus – Letter of offer and contents – Abridged letter of offer – Legal framework for issuance of prospectus – Private placement/ preferential issue/allotment. 5. MEETINGS 291 – 307 Types of meetings – Statutory meeting – Annual general meeting – Extra-ordinary general meeting – Class meetings – Meetings of creditors and debenture holders – Convening and conducting of meetings – Voting rights – Voting through electronic means–e-voting – Postal ballot – Board meetings. 6. SECURITIES, SHARE CAPITAL, SHARES, TRANSFER AND TRANSMISSION OF SHARES 308 – 319 Securities – Public offer of securities – Issue of securities – Allotment of securities by a company – Share capital – Sweat equity shares – Employees stock option – Bonus shares – Issue and redemption of preference shares – Beneficial interest – Debenture – Transfer and transmission of shares/securities – Lien on shares. MODULE-VI INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INTRODUCTION 323 – 324 Concept, nature and background of IPR in India – Definition/objectives – Types of intellectual property rights. VI(A) PATENTS 325 – 354 Introduction – Objects – Inventions and patents – Meaning and salient features of patent – What is patentable – What is not patentable? – Invention – Conditions for an invention to be patented– attributes – Inventors – Procedure for obtaining a patent – Types of patent applications – Specification – Drawings – Model or sample – Patent of addition – Amendment of application and specification before controller – Priority dates of claims – Convention countries/convention applications – Foreign applications – International applications under Patent Co-operation Treaty – Publication of application – Examination of application – Search for anticipation – Mention of inventor in a patent – Opposition to the grant of patent – Grant of patent – Rights of patentees – Grant of patent to true and first inventor when obtained in fraud by another – Term of patent – How does a patent expire? – Provisions for secrecy of certain inventions – Assignment of a patent – What is infringement? VI(B) COPYRIGHTS 355 – 371 Introduction – Definition/meaning of copyright – Author and owner of copyright – Works that are protected – Ownership of copyright – Rights of a copyright owner in originality – Original work and fair use/fair dealing – Term/duration of copyright – Registration of copyright – Work in which copyright subsists – Restriction on remedies in the case of work of architecture – Assignment of copyright – Testamentary disposition of copyright – Relinquishment of copyright – Licence by owners – Compulsory licence – Statutory licence – Termination of licence – Licence to produce and publish translations – Appellate board – Infringement – Importation of infringing copies – Civil remedies – Offences. VI(C) TRADE MARKS 372 – 388 Introduction – Concept, definition and meaning of trade mark – Functions of a trade mark – Types of trade mark – Service marks – Certification trade marks – Collective marks – Associated trade marks – Permitted use – Registration of trade mark–procedure – Registration of parts of trade marks and of trade marks as a series – Protection of trade marks through the international registration under Madrid Protocol – Rights of registered trade mark owner and limitations thereto – Absolute grounds for refusal of registration–trade marks that cannot be registered – Relative grounds for refusal of registration – Registration of trade mark used in good faith or honest concurrent use – Certificate of registration – Duration, renewal, removal & restoration of trade mark – Removal of trade mark for non-use – Effect of registration – Registered users – Passing off – Infringement of registered trade marks – Suit for infringement and reliefs – When a registered trade mark is not infringed? – Effect of acquiescence – When vested right does not exist – Prohibitions on registration of certain marks – Assignment & transmission of trade mark. VI(D) GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS OF GOODS 389 – 398 Introduction – Goods and geographical indication – Registration of geographical indications – Duration, renewal, removal and restoration of registration – Effect of registration – Infringement of geographical indications – Suits – Cancellation or varying the registration – Prohibition of registration of geographical indication as trade mark – Protection to certain trade marks – Regulatory authorities. TABLE OF CASES

A A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar (Dr.) v. Life Insurance Corp. of India – AIR 1963 SC 1185 249, 268, 270 A. Sathyanarayana v. C. Nagaraj – 2000 (4) All MR (Journal) 15 Kar (HC) 160 A.B.C. Luminarit Pvt. Ltd. v. A.P. Agencies – AIR 1989 SC 1239 66 A.C. Ananthaswamy v. Boraiah – (2004) 8 SCC 588 54 A.C. Narayanan v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 2014 SC 630 164 A.K. Singhania v. Gujarat State Fertilizer Co. Ltd. – (2013) 16 SCC 630 161 A.K. Srinivasa Naidu v. Jayarama Reddiar – AIR 1977 Mad. 56 131 A.P. State Electricity Board v. A.P. State Electricity Consumer Association – 1992 CPJ 148 (NC) 204 AT Brij Paul Singh & Bros. v. State of Gujarat – AIR 1984 SC 1703 83 A.V. Murthy v. B.S. Nagabasavanna – AIR 2002 SC 985 167 Afsar MM Tacki v. Dharamsey Tricamdas – AIR 1947 BOM 98 72 Afser Shaikh v. Soleman Bibi – AIR 1976 SC 163 52 Agarwal Dyeing Industries v. Rajasthan Financial Corporation – 1991 (2) CPJ 341 (Raj.) 211 Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. – AIR 1997 SC 2502 117 Air India v. Suganda Ravi Mashelkar – 1993 I CPJ 63 NC 204 Alice v. Clark – 1905 27 ALL. 266 40 Allied Motors v. Sanderson Agencies – AIR 1992 Del. 324 89 Alsop’s Patent – (1907) 24 RPC 733 327 Alva Aluminium Ltd. v. Gabriel India Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 167 49 Amiraju v. Seshama – 1918-41 Mad. 38 49 Anand Behari Lal v. Dinshaw & Co. – AIR 1942 Oudh 417 265 Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation v. Pampa Hotels Ltd. – AIR 2010 SC 1806 10 Angile Insulations v. Davy Ashmore India Ltd. – AIR 1995 SC 1766 66 Aneeta Hada v. Godfather Travels & Tours Pvt. Ltd. – (2012) 5 SCC 661 163 Anil Gupta v. Star India Pvt. Ltd. – (2014) 10 SCC 373 162 Anil Hada v. Indian Acrylic Ltd. – (2000) 1 SCC 1 162 Anil Kumar Goel v. Kishan Chand Kaura – AIR 2008 SC 899 160 Anil Kumar Haritwal v. Alka Gupta – (2004) 4 SCC 366 173 Anil Kumar Sawhney v. Gulshan Rai – (1993) 4 SCC 424 156 Anil Kumar Srivastava v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2004 SC 4299 19 Anita Malhotra v. Apparel Export Promotion Council – (2012) 1 SCC 520 162 Anup Sarmah v. Bhola Nath Sharma – JT 2012 (11) SC 79 101 Aparna A. Shah v. Sheth Developers Pvt. Ltd. – (2013) 8 SCC 71 156, 158 Archana M. Kamat v. – AIR 2003 SC 1694 195 Arvind Mills Ltd. v. Associated Railways – AIR 2004 SC 5147 200 Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. Ltd. v. Riche – 1875 LR 7 HL 653 256, 261, 267 Ashok Tanwar v. State of H.P. – AIR 2005 SC 614 205 Ashok Yeshwant Badave v. Surendra Madhavrao Nighojakar – AIR 2001 SC 1315 156 Association of Leasing & Financial Service Companies v. Union of India – (2011) 2 SCC 352 98 Atamal Ramoomal v. Deepchand Kessarmal – AIR 139 Sind 33 39 Attorney General v. Great Eastern Railway Co. (1880) 5 AC 473 269 Attorney General of Australia v. Adelaide S.S Co. – 1913 A.C. 724 63 Attwood v. Lamont – 1928 3 K.B. 571 64 (xxiv)

Atul Mathur v. Atul Kalra – (1989) 4 SCC 514 164 Atul Products Ltd. v. Dipak Kumar Jayantilal Shah (1997) 88 Comp. Cases 876 Guj. 317 Avery v. Bowden – 1855-51 & B 714 75 Avtar Singh v. State of Punjab – AIR 1965 SC 666 103 B B. Arvind Kumar v. Government of India – (2007) 5 SCC 745 132 B. Bhimayya v. Govt. of A.P. – AIR 1961 SC 1065 103 B.C. Seshadri v. B.N. Suryanarayana Rao – (2004) 11 SCC 510 173 B.G. Kedia v. G. Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 22 B.O.I. Finance Ltd. v. The Custodian – AIR 1997 SC 1952 2 BSI Ltd. v. Gift Holdings (P) Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 926 163 BSNL v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – (2008) 13 SCC 597 78 BSNL v. Reliance Communication Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 394 90 B.T. Trading Co. v. Commr., Sales Tax, M.P. – AIR 1967 SC 1348 111 Bacha F. Guzdar v. Commissioner of Income Tax – AIR 1955 SC 74 273 Badri Prasad v. State of Madhya Pradesh – AIR 1970 SC 706 9, 20 Bai Vijli v. Nansa Nagar – 1885 10 Bom. 152 40 Baku Consolidated Oilfields Ltd. (Re:) – (1944) 1 ALL ER 24 256 Bal Mukund v. Munna Lal Ramji Lal – AIR 1970 Punj. 516 137 Balaraman R. v. Buckingham and Carnatic Company Ltd. – (1969) 1 Comp. L.J. 81 (CLB) 272 Baldry v. Marshal – 1925 2 K.B. 260 115 Balfour v. Balfour – 1919 2 K.B. 571 17 Ballapraguda v. Thummana – 1977-41 Mad. 701 38 Balmer Lawrie & Co. Ltd. v. Partha Sarathi Sen Roy – (2013) 8 SCC 345 44 Bangalore Development Authority v. – (2007) 6 SCC 711 186 v. Mukesh Kumar Shukla (Dr.) – 1993 I CPJ 41 195 Bareilly Development Authority v. Ajay Pal Singh – AIR 1989 SC 1076 21 Bartle v. Home Owners Co-op. 309 N.Y. 103, 106 243 Bell Houses Ltd. v. City Wall Properties Ltd. (1966) 36 Comp. Cases 779 (CA) 269 Bellachi v. Pakeeran – AIR 2009 SC 3293 51 Benabo v. Jay (William) and Partners Ltd. – (1942) 12 Com. Cases 92 253 Berar Trading Co. Ltd. v. Gajanan Gopal Rao Dixit – (1972) 42 Comp. Cases 48 Bom. 301 Berkey v. Third Ave. Ry. Co. 244 N.Y. 84, 95 243 Bhagat Ram Batra v. Union of India – AIR 1976 SC 2128 21 Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v. Girdharlal Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 27 Bhagwati Developers Ltd. v. Peerless General Finance & Investment Co. – (2013) 4 LW 661 308 Bhagwati Prasad Pawan Kumar v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 2331 79 Bharat & Co. v. Trade Tax Officer – (2005) 6 SCC 796 103, 104 Bharat Electronics Ltd. v. American Export Isbrandsen Lines, Inco, Madras – AIR 1979 Mad. 267 58 Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd. v. Great Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 357 23 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 1005 65 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 1383, (2006) 3 SCC 1 97, 103 Bharat Tractors v. Sri Ram Chandra – 1991 CPJ 152 (NC) 204 Bharati Airtel Ltd. v. State of Karnataka [(2007) 7 VST 505 Karn. 103 Bhaurao Dagdu Paralkar v. State of Maharashtra – (2005) 7 SCC 605 54 Bhubaneshwar Development Authority v. Susanta Kumar Mishra – (2009) 4 SCC 684 212 (xxv)

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Ltd. – 1915 A.C. 79 89 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. v. Selfridge & Co. Ltd. – 1915 A.C. 847 30 Durgaprasad v. Baldeo – 1880-3 All 221 29 Dutton v. Poole – 83 ER 523 29 E Eastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1855-5 H.L.C. 331 256 Eastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1865 10 E.R. 928 268 Econ Antri Ltd. v. Rom Industries Ltd. – JT 2013 (11) SC 582 165 Economic Transport Organisation v. Dharwad Dist. Khadi Gramudyog Sangh – (2000) 5 SCC 78 191 Elphick v. Barnes – 1880 5 CPD 321 105 Eraser & Co. v. The Bombay Ice Manufacturing Co. – 1904 29 Bom. 107 63 Escorts JCB Ltd. v. Commr. of Central Excise – (2003) 1 SCC 281 109 Ethiopian Airlines v. Ganesh Narayan Saboo – (2011) 8 SCC 539 179 (xxviii)

Everest Advertising (P) Ltd. v. State, Govt. of NCT of Delhi – (2007) 5 SCC 54 162 Executive Engineer, Denkanal Minor Irrigation Division v. N.C. Budharaj – (2001) 2 SCC 721 131 F Faqir Chand Gulati v. Uppal Agencies Pvt. Ltd. – (2008) 10 SCC 345 183 Farbewerke Hoechst A.G. v. Unichem Laboratories – AIR 1969 Bom. 255 343, 350 Fateh Chand v. Balkishan Dass – AIR 1963 SC 1405 90 Fateh Singh v. Sanwal Singh – 1878-1 All. 751 38 Fazaladdin Mandal vs Panchanan Das – AIR 1957 Cal. 92 27 v. Bion Mishra – 1991 CPJ 16 (NC) 189 Felthouse v. Bindlay – 1863 7 LT 835 22 Finkelstein v. Billig – (1930) 47 RPC 516 352 Floating Services Ltd. v. MV San Fransceco Dipalola – (2004) 52 SCL 762 (Guj.) 222, 223 Folks v. King – 1923 1 K.B. 282 121 Food Corporation of India v. Laxmi Cattle Feed Industries – AIR 2006 SC 1452 83 Food Corporation of India v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. – AIR 1994 SC 1889 43 Food Corporation of India v. Surana Commercial Co. – (2003) 8 SCC 636 28 Forbes Forbes Campbell & Co. Ltd. v. Board of Trustees, Port of Bombay – (2015) 1 SCC 228 104 Ford Motor Co. (Strosberg's) Patent – (1970) RPC 74 339 Foster v. Mackinnon – 1869 L.R. 4. C.P. 704 59 Frost v. Knight – 1872 L.R. 7 Ex. 111 75, 129 G G. (Mr. ) a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court – AIR 1954 SC 557 42 G. Sagar Suri v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2000 SC 754 168 Gallagher v. Germany Brewing Co. – (1893) 53 Minn. 214 243 Galloway v. Galloway – 1914 30 T.L.R. 531 60 Ganga Saran v. Firm Ram Charan Ram Gopal – AIR (39) 1952 SC 9 72 Ganga Singh v. Santosh Kumar – AIR 1963 All 201 72 Gangadeep Pratisthan Pvt. Ltd. v. Mechano – AIR 2005 SC 1958 50 Gangaram v. Devida – 1907 Punj. 61 43 Garrison v. Perrin – 1857 2 C.B.N.S. 681 107 Gaurinath Mookherji v. Madhumani Pashakar – 1872 9 B.L.R. App. 37 40 Gay v. Rooke – 21 AM St. Rep. 434 137 Gen. Manager, Southern Railway, Madras v. N. Prabhakaram – 1992 I CPJ 323 NC 194 General Manager, Telecom v. M. Krishnan – AIR 2010 SC 90; (2009) 8 SCC 481 188, 211 Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Balbir Singh – (2004) 5 SCC 65 187, 194 Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Union of India – AIR 2000 SC 2003; (2000) 6 SCC 113 20, 84 Gherulal v. Mahadeodas – AIR 1959 SC 781 39, 70 Gian Kaur (Smt.) v. State of Punjab – 1996 AIR SCW 1336 50 Gillette Industries Ltd. v. Yeshwant Brothers – AIR 1938 Bom. 347 350 Girja Prasad Sharma v. Sardarlabh Singh – AIR 1977 Pat. 241 131 Glaxo Group Ltd.’s Appln. – (1968) RPC 473 332 Goa Plast (P) Ltd. v. Chico Ursula D’Souza – AIR 2004 SC 408 159, 168 Godrej Soaps v. Hindustan Lever – (1994) IPLR 60 Cal. 353 Gokeda Latcharao v. Vishwanathan Bhimayya – AIR 1956 Andhra 182 45 Gopalakrishna Pillai v. K.M. Mani – AIR 1984 SC 216 97, 112 (xxix)

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Hyde v. Wench – 5 Beav 334 18 Hyderabad Engineering Industries v. State of Andhra Pradesh – (2011) 4 SCC 705 99 Hyderabad (Sind) Electric Supply Co. v. Union of India – AIR 1959 Punj. 199 223 I ICDS Ltd. v. Beena Shabeer – (2002) 6 SCC 426 163 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Appln. – (1969) RPC 574 332 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (Re:) – (1938) 8 Comp. Cases 181 299 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. v. Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademark – AIR 1978 Cal. 77 327 Indersingh v. Parmeshwar Singh – AIR 1957 Pat. 49 47 India Thermal Power Ltd. v. State of M. P. – (2000) 3 SCC 379 14 Indian Airlines v. Rajeshkumar Upadhyay – 1991 I CPJ 206 204 v. Satyam Fibres (India) RA Ltd. – AIR 1996 SC 2592 203 Indian Bank Association v. Union of India – (2014) 5 SCC 590 171 Indian Financial Association of 7th Day Adventists v. M. A. Unneerikutty – (2006) 6 SCC 351 38 Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd. v. Vendra Venkanna – AIR 1963 AP 58 350, 352 Indian Medical Association v. V.P. 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Special Machines Karnal v. Punjab National Bank – 1991 I CPJ 78 (NC) 211 Spencer v. Harding – (1870) 5 C.P. 561 17, 19 Spring Meadows Hospital v. Harjol Ahluwalia – (1998) 4 SCC 39 181 Sr. Louie (Dr.) v. Kannolil Pathumma – 1993 I CPJ 30 NC 189 Sramajibi Stores v. Union of India – AIR 1982 Del. 76 102 Sri Kishan Rathi v. Mondal Brothers and Co. (P) Ltd. AIR 1967 Cal 75 265 Sri Thimmaiah v. Shabira – AIR 2008 SC 1275 15 Sridhar M.A. v. Metalloy N. Steel Corpn. – (2000) 1 SCC 397 160 Standard Chartered Bank Ltd. v. B.N. Raman – AIR 2006 SC 2810 189 Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement – (2005) 4 SCC 530 163, 169 State Authority of India Ltd. v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Ltd. – 2009 AIR SCW 7191 90 State of Andhra Pradesh v. Kone Elevatore (India) Ltd. – (2005) 3 SCC 389 99 State of Andhra Pradesh v. National Thermal Power Corporation – (2002) 5 SCC 203 185 State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax, Ahmedabad) v. 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Union of India v. Priyankan Sharan – AIR 2009 SC (Supp.) 972 91 Union of India v. S.S.H. Syndicate – AIR 1976 SC 879 11 Union of India v. Sarkaria & Jaswant Singh – AIR 1977 SC 1537 99 Union of India v. Satya Bhama Thakur (Dr.) (Mrs.) – 1991 I CPJ 31 NC 194 Uniplas India Ltd. v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) – (2001) 6 SCC 8 157, 159 United Credit Ltd., Calcutta v. Agro Sales India – (2001) 10 SCC 763 160 United Horse-Shoe & Nail Co. Ltd. v. John Stewart & Co. – (1888) 5 RPC 260 (HL) 351 United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Harchand Rai Chandan Lal – AIR 2004 SC 4794 15 United India Ins. Co. Ltd. v. Mohanlal & Sons – 1992 I CPR 364 NC 204 Unity Company P. Ltd. v. Diamond Sugar Mills – (1970) 2 Comp. L.J. 64 Cal. 319 Upton Rural District Council v. Powell – 1942-1 All ER-220 17 Usha Beltron Ltd. v. State of Punjab – (2005) 7 SCC 58 117 V V. Raja Kumari v. P. Subbarama Naidu – (2004) 8 SCC 774 160 V.B. Mohammed Ibrahim v. Alfred Schafranek – AIR 1960 Mys. 173 331 V.M. Aggarwal v. Byford Leasing Ltd. – 1992 CPJ 29 (Del.) 182 V.R. Sudhakara Rao v. T.V. Kameswari – (2007) 6 SCC 650 67 Varkey Souriar v. Keraleeya Banking Co. Ltd. AIR 1957 Ker. 97 263, 265 Vasantha Viswanathan v. V.K. Elayalwar – AIR 2001 SC 3367 89, 117 Veera Exports v. T. Kalavathy – AIR 2002 SC 38 157 Victoria Laundry Ltd. v. Newman Industries Ltd. – 1949 2 K.B. 528 85 Videocon Properties Ltd. v. Bhalchandra Laboratories – AIR 2004 SC 1787 93 Vijay v. Laxman – JT 2013 (2) SC 562; (2013) 3 SCC 86 159 Vijay D. Salvi v. State of Maharashtra – (2007) 5 SCC 741 170 Vijayan v. Sadanandan K. – (2009) 6 SCC 652 170 Villayati Ram Mittal (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2011 SC 301 19 Vimal Chand Grover v. Bank of India – AIR 2000 SC 2181 188 Vimlesh Kumari Kulsherestha v. Sambhajirao – AIR 2009 SC 806 67 Vinay Devanna Nayak v. Ryot Seva Sahakari Bank Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 716 173 Vinita S. Rao v. Essen Corporate Services Pvt. Ltd. – (2015) 1 SCC 527 164 Vinod Tanna v. Zaheer Siddiqui – (2002) 7 SCC 541 168 Vodafone Essar Cellular Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT – (2010) Tax LR 618 (Ker) 103 W Wamanlal v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. – AIR 1944 Bom. 131 256 Ward v. Hobbs – 1878 4 App. Cas 13 115 West Bengal Electricity Board v. Peter Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 682 19 Westosen v. Olathe State Bank – 1925-78 Colo 217 82 White v. South Derbyshire District Council (2013) P.T.S.R. 536 90 269 Wiffen v. Roberts – 1795 1 ESP. 262 144 Windsurfing International Inc. v. Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd. (1985) RPC 59 (CA) 343 Y Yogendra Pratap Singh v. Savitri Pandey – AIR 2012 SC 2508; on reference (2014) 10 SCC 713 165 Yogesh Mehta v. Custodian Appointed under the Special Court – (2007) 2 SCC 624 92 Young Achievers v. IMS Learning Resources (P) Ltd. – (2013) 10 SCC 535 78 TABLE OF CASES

A A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar (Dr.) v. Life Insurance Corp. of India – AIR 1963 SC 1185 249, 268, 270 A. Sathyanarayana v. C. Nagaraj – 2000 (4) All MR (Journal) 15 Kar (HC) 160 A.B.C. Luminarit Pvt. Ltd. v. A.P. Agencies – AIR 1989 SC 1239 66 A.C. Ananthaswamy v. Boraiah – (2004) 8 SCC 588 54 A.C. Narayanan v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 2014 SC 630 164 A.K. Singhania v. Gujarat State Fertilizer Co. Ltd. – (2013) 16 SCC 630 161 A.K. Srinivasa Naidu v. Jayarama Reddiar – AIR 1977 Mad. 56 131 A.P. State Electricity Board v. A.P. State Electricity Consumer Association – 1992 CPJ 148 (NC) 204 AT Brij Paul Singh & Bros. v. State of Gujarat – AIR 1984 SC 1703 83 A.V. Murthy v. B.S. Nagabasavanna – AIR 2002 SC 985 167 Afsar MM Tacki v. Dharamsey Tricamdas – AIR 1947 BOM 98 72 Afser Shaikh v. Soleman Bibi – AIR 1976 SC 163 52 Agarwal Dyeing Industries v. Rajasthan Financial Corporation – 1991 (2) CPJ 341 (Raj.) 211 Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. – AIR 1997 SC 2502 117 Air India v. Suganda Ravi Mashelkar – 1993 I CPJ 63 NC 204 Alice v. Clark – 1905 27 ALL. 266 40 Allied Motors v. Sanderson Agencies – AIR 1992 Del. 324 89 Alsop’s Patent – (1907) 24 RPC 733 327 Alva Aluminium Ltd. v. Gabriel India Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 167 49 Amiraju v. Seshama – 1918-41 Mad. 38 49 Anand Behari Lal v. Dinshaw & Co. – AIR 1942 Oudh 417 265 Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation v. Pampa Hotels Ltd. – AIR 2010 SC 1806 10 Angile Insulations v. Davy Ashmore India Ltd. – AIR 1995 SC 1766 66 Aneeta Hada v. Godfather Travels & Tours Pvt. Ltd. – (2012) 5 SCC 661 163 Anil Gupta v. Star India Pvt. Ltd. – (2014) 10 SCC 373 162 Anil Hada v. Indian Acrylic Ltd. – (2000) 1 SCC 1 162 Anil Kumar Goel v. Kishan Chand Kaura – AIR 2008 SC 899 160 Anil Kumar Haritwal v. Alka Gupta – (2004) 4 SCC 366 173 Anil Kumar Sawhney v. Gulshan Rai – (1993) 4 SCC 424 156 Anil Kumar Srivastava v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2004 SC 4299 19 Anita Malhotra v. Apparel Export Promotion Council – (2012) 1 SCC 520 162 Anup Sarmah v. Bhola Nath Sharma – JT 2012 (11) SC 79 101 Aparna A. Shah v. Sheth Developers Pvt. Ltd. – (2013) 8 SCC 71 156, 158 Archana M. Kamat v. Canara Bank – AIR 2003 SC 1694 195 Arvind Mills Ltd. v. Associated Railways – AIR 2004 SC 5147 200 Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. Ltd. v. Riche – 1875 LR 7 HL 653 256, 261, 267 Ashok Tanwar v. State of H.P. – AIR 2005 SC 614 205 Ashok Yeshwant Badave v. Surendra Madhavrao Nighojakar – AIR 2001 SC 1315 156 Association of Leasing & Financial Service Companies v. Union of India – (2011) 2 SCC 352 98 Atamal Ramoomal v. Deepchand Kessarmal – AIR 139 Sind 33 39 Attorney General v. Great Eastern Railway Co. (1880) 5 AC 473 269 Attorney General of Australia v. Adelaide S.S Co. – 1913 A.C. 724 63 Attwood v. Lamont – 1928 3 K.B. 571 64 (xxiv)

Atul Mathur v. Atul Kalra – (1989) 4 SCC 514 164 Atul Products Ltd. v. Dipak Kumar Jayantilal Shah (1997) 88 Comp. Cases 876 Guj. 317 Avery v. Bowden – 1855-51 & B 714 75 Avtar Singh v. State of Punjab – AIR 1965 SC 666 103 B B. Arvind Kumar v. Government of India – (2007) 5 SCC 745 132 B. Bhimayya v. Govt. of A.P. – AIR 1961 SC 1065 103 B.C. Seshadri v. B.N. Suryanarayana Rao – (2004) 11 SCC 510 173 B.G. Kedia v. G. Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 22 B.O.I. Finance Ltd. v. The Custodian – AIR 1997 SC 1952 2 BSI Ltd. v. Gift Holdings (P) Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 926 163 BSNL v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – (2008) 13 SCC 597 78 BSNL v. Reliance Communication Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 394 90 B.T. Trading Co. v. Commr., Sales Tax, M.P. – AIR 1967 SC 1348 111 Bacha F. Guzdar v. Commissioner of Income Tax – AIR 1955 SC 74 273 Badri Prasad v. State of Madhya Pradesh – AIR 1970 SC 706 9, 20 Bai Vijli v. Nansa Nagar – 1885 10 Bom. 152 40 Baku Consolidated Oilfields Ltd. (Re:) – (1944) 1 ALL ER 24 256 Bal Mukund v. Munna Lal Ramji Lal – AIR 1970 Punj. 516 137 Balaraman R. v. Buckingham and Carnatic Company Ltd. – (1969) 1 Comp. L.J. 81 (CLB) 272 Baldry v. Marshal – 1925 2 K.B. 260 115 Balfour v. Balfour – 1919 2 K.B. 571 17 Ballapraguda v. Thummana – 1977-41 Mad. 701 38 Balmer Lawrie & Co. Ltd. v. Partha Sarathi Sen Roy – (2013) 8 SCC 345 44 Bangalore Development Authority v. Syndicate Bank – (2007) 6 SCC 711 186 Bank of India v. Mukesh Kumar Shukla (Dr.) – 1993 I CPJ 41 195 Bareilly Development Authority v. Ajay Pal Singh – AIR 1989 SC 1076 21 Bartle v. Home Owners Co-op. 309 N.Y. 103, 106 243 Bell Houses Ltd. v. City Wall Properties Ltd. (1966) 36 Comp. Cases 779 (CA) 269 Bellachi v. Pakeeran – AIR 2009 SC 3293 51 Benabo v. Jay (William) and Partners Ltd. – (1942) 12 Com. Cases 92 253 Berar Trading Co. Ltd. v. Gajanan Gopal Rao Dixit – (1972) 42 Comp. Cases 48 Bom. 301 Berkey v. Third Ave. Ry. Co. 244 N.Y. 84, 95 243 Bhagat Ram Batra v. Union of India – AIR 1976 SC 2128 21 Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v. Girdharlal Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 27 Bhagwati Developers Ltd. v. Peerless General Finance & Investment Co. – (2013) 4 LW 661 308 Bhagwati Prasad Pawan Kumar v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 2331 79 Bharat & Co. v. Trade Tax Officer – (2005) 6 SCC 796 103, 104 Bharat Electronics Ltd. v. American Export Isbrandsen Lines, Inco, Madras – AIR 1979 Mad. 267 58 Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd. v. Great Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 357 23 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 1005 65 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 1383, (2006) 3 SCC 1 97, 103 Bharat Tractors v. Sri Ram Chandra – 1991 CPJ 152 (NC) 204 Bharati Airtel Ltd. v. State of Karnataka [(2007) 7 VST 505 Karn. 103 Bhaurao Dagdu Paralkar v. State of Maharashtra – (2005) 7 SCC 605 54 Bhubaneshwar Development Authority v. Susanta Kumar Mishra – (2009) 4 SCC 684 212 (xxv)

Bhutoria Trading Co. Ltd. v. Allahabad Bank Ltd. – AIR 1977 Cal. 363 143 Bihar School Examination Board v. Suresh Prasad Sinha – (2009) 8 SCC 483 188 Bihar State Electricity Board v. UMI Special Steels Ltd. – (2000) 8 SCC 560 73 Bihta Co-op. Development & Cane Marketing Union Ltd. v. Bank of Bihar – AIR 1967 SC 389 154 Bijay Krishna Paramount v. Kali Chavan Mandal – AIR 1978 Cal. 153 81 Bilakchand Gyanchand Co. v. A. Chinnaswami – (1999) 5 SCC 693 160 Birmingham Sound Reproducers Ld. v. Collaro Ld. – (1956) RPC 232 (CA) 350 Bismillah v. Janeshwar Prasad – AIR 1990 SC 540 59 Bishwanath Prasad Radhey Shyam v. Hindustan Metal Industries – AIR 1982 SC 1444 327, 343, 353 Board of Trustees of the Port of Calcutta v. Bengal Corporation Pvt. Ltd. – AIR 1979 Cal. 142 116, 130 Bombay Agarwal Co. v. Ramchand Diwanchand – AIR 1953 Nag. 154 329, 330 Bombay Dyeing and Mfg. Co. Ltd. v. State of Bombay – AIR 1958 SC 328 35 Bombay Housing Board v. Karbhase Nath and Co. – AIR 1975 SC 763 83 Braham Dutt Aggarwal v. San Tubes – (2004) 13 SCC 731 184 Brahmaputra Tea Co. Ltd. v. Scarth – 1885 11 Cal. 545 64 Bratindranath Banerjee, Director, Standard Chartered Bank v. Hiten P. Dalal – 1994 (4) BCR 237 (Bom.) 164 Bridgestone India Pvt. Ltd. v. Inderpal Singh – (2016) 2 SCC 75 166 Brij Pal Sharma v. Ghaziabad Development Authority – (2005) 7 SCC 106 194 Brij Lal v. Jugal Kishore – 1995 (2) Crimes 636 (Bom) 164 Birmingham Sound Reproducers Ld. v. Collaro Ld. (1956) RPC 232 (CA) 344 Bristol-Myers Co. (Johnson’s) Appln. – (1975) RPC 127 349 Bristol Transways Co. v. Fiat Motors Ltd. – 1910 2 K.B. 831 114 Britannia Industries Ltd. v. Punjab National Bank – (2013) 10 SCC 642 140 Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Co. – 1877 2 A.C. 666 22 Brone v. Morris – 1834 2 Cr. Q.M. 579 143 Buddhist Mission Dental College & Hospital v. Bhupesh Khurana – (2009) 4 SCC 484 191 Build India Construction System v. Union of India – AIR 2002 SC 2437 78 Bullion and Grain Exchange Ltd. v. State of Punjab – AIR 1961 SC 268 69 Byford v. S.S. Srivastava – 1993 (II) CPR 83 NC 182 Byrne & Co. v. Ven Fienhoven – 1880 5 C.P.D. 344 26 C C. Seetharamaiah v. Atmuri Dhananjaya Rao & Co. – AIR 2002 AP 381 120 C. Van der Lely N.V. v. Bamfords Ltd. – (1963) RPC 61 (HL) 350 C. Van der Lely N.V. v. Ruston’s Engineering – (1985) RPC 461 333 C. Venkatachalam v. Ajitkumar C. Shah – (2011) 9 SCC 707 180, 189 C.C. Alavi Haji v. Palapetty Muhammed – (2007) 6 SCC 555 160 CCE v. Fiat India (P) Ltd. – (2012) 9 SCC 332 28 CCI Chambers Co-op. Housing Society Ltd. v. D.C. Bank Ltd. – AIR 2004 SC 184 211 CDS Financial Services (Mauritius) Limited v. BPL Communications Ltd. – (2004) 121 Comp. Cas. 374 244 C.K. Kannan v. Sri Srinivasa Cotton Corporation – (2004) 119 Comp. Cas. 661 (AP) 170 C.N. Anantharam v. Fiat India Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 460 115 C.V. Enterprises v. Braithwaite & Co. Ltd. – AIR 1984 Cal. 306 11 C.V. Jasani v. M. Parashram – AIR 1954 SC 236 18 C.Y. Mehta v. Century Spg. and Mfg. Co. Ltd. – AIR 1962 SC 1314 91 Canara Bank v. Standard Chartered Bank – AIR 2002 SC 132 40 Canbank Financial Services Ltd. v. Custodian – (2004) 8 SCC 355 97 (xxvi)

Cannon K.K.’s Appln. – (1980) RPC 133 339 Carew Co. Ltd. v. North Bengal etc. – 6 DLF Cal. 75 62 Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. – 1893 1Q. B. 256 23 Carona Sahu and Co. Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 1966 SC 1153 111 Central Bank of India v. Saxons Farms – (1999) 8 SCC 221 160 Central Bank, Yeotmal Ltd. v. Vyankatesh – AIR 1949 Nag. 286 25 Central National Bank Ltd. v. United Industrial Bank Ltd. – AIR 1954 SC 181 49 Chacko v. Mahadevan – AIR 2007 SC 2967 47 Champlin v. Hicks – 1911 2 KB 786 85 Chandra Shekhar v. Gopi Nath – AIR 1963 All 248 67 Chandra Sreenivasa Rao v. Korrpati Raju Rama Mohan Rao – AIR 1952 Mad. 579 37 Charan Singh v. Healing Touch Hospital – (2000) 7 SCC 668 180 Charanjit Singh Cheda v. Sudhir Mehra – AIR 2001 SC 3721 41 Charlesworth v. MacDonald – 1898-23 Bom. 103 64 Chief Administrator, PUDA v. Shabnam Virk – AIR 2006 SC 1758 21 Chief Engineer, MSEB v. Suresh Raghunath Bhokare – (2005) 10 SCC 465 54 Chinnaya v. Ramaya – 1882 4 Mad. 137 29 Chowringhee Sales Bureau (P) Ltd. v. CIT West Bengal – AIR 1973 SC 376 109, 132 Chunilal Khushaldash Patel v. H.K. Adhyaru AIR 1956 SC 655 317 Cipla Ltd. v. Union of India – (2012) 13 SCC 429 345 CIT v. Gopal Textiles Ltd. – AIR 1961 SC 426 103, 104 CIT v. Mastek Ltd. – (2010) 13 SCC 58 147 CITI Bank N.A. v. Standard Chartered Bank – AIR 2003 SC 4630 78 Claude-Lila Parulekar (Smt.) v. Sakal Papers (P) Ltd. – (2005) 11 SCC 73 101, 261, 294 Clark v. Adie – (1877) 2 AC 315 350 Clay v. Yates – 1856 25 L.J. Ex. 237 88 Cohen v. Wiklie – 16. C.W.N. 534 64 Col. D.I. Macpherson v. M.N. Appanna – AIR 1951(38) SC 184 18 Commissioner of Customs & Excise v. Maruti Udyog Ltd. – (2002) 3 SCC 547 102 Commissioner of Customs, Kolkata v. Grand Prime Ltd. – (2003) 5 SCC 762 116 Commr. of Income Tax, Delhi v. P.M. Rathod & Co. – AIR 1959 SC 1394 127 Commr. of Income Tax, Madras v. Mysore Chromite Ltd. – AIR 1955 SC 98 119 Commr. Officer, Telecom v. Bihar State Warehousing – 1991 CPJ 42 194 Commr. of Sales Tax, Nagpur v. H. Adamji & Co. – AIR 1959 SC 887 119 Consolidated Coffee Ltd. v. MSP Exports (P) Ltd. – AIR 1980 SC 1468 97 Consumer Unity and Trust Society v. State of Rajasthan – 1991 CPR-241 (NC) 184 Contship Container Lines Ltd. v. D.K. Lall – AIR 2010 SC 1704 110 Cousins v. International Brick Co. Ltd. – (1931) 2 Ch. 90 295 Couturier v. Hastie – 1856 6 H.L.C. 673 58, 60 Crane v. Price – 1 Webster PC 393 327 Credential Finance Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – 2000 (3) BOM L.R. 218 150 Credential Finance Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – 1998 (3) Bom. LR 591 164 Cundy v. Lindsay – 1878 3 App. Cas. 459 49, 59 Curric v. Misa – 1875 L.R. 10 Ex. 162 28 (xxvii) D D. Nagaratnemba v. K. Ramayya – AIR 1968 SC 253 40 D. Vinod Shivappa v. Nanda Belliappa – (2006) 6 SCC 456 160 D.C.M. Financial Services Ltd. v. J.N. Sareen – AIR 2008 SC 2255 170 Daimler Co. Ltd. v. Continental Tyre & Rubber Co. Ltd. – (1916) 2 AC. 307 253 Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd. v. Galaxy Traders & Agencies Ltd. – (2001) 6 SCC 463 159 Damodar S. Prabhu v. Sayed Babalal H. – (2010) 5 SCC 663 155, 173 Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod v. State of Maharashtra – (2014) 9 SCC 129 166 Davis v. Cundasami – 1869 19 Mad. 398 79 De Smet (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. B.P. Industrial Corporation Pvt. Ltd. – AIR 1980 All. 253 89, 92 Deddappa v. Branch Manager, National Insurance Co. Ltd. – (2008) 2 SCC 595 147 Delhi Development Authority v. Grihsthapana Cooperative Group Housing Society Ltd. – 1995 Supp. (1) SCC 751 93 Delhi Development Authority v. Joint Action Committee, Allottee of SFS Flats – AIR 2008 SC 1343; (2008) 2 SCC 672 67, 78 Delhi Development Authority v. Ravindra Mohan Aggarwal – (1999) 3 SCC 172 22 Dept. of Posts v. J.K. Diagnostics – 1993 II CPR 591 SC 211 Derry v. Peek – 1889 14 A.C. 337 288 Devi Ditta Mal v. The Standard Bank of India (1927) 101 IC 558 265 Devidayal Sales Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 2006 Bom. 307 105 Dhampur Sugar Mills v. Commissioner of Trade Tax – (2006) 5 SCC 624 97 Dhanrajamal Gobindram v. Shamji Kalidas & Co. – AIR 1961 SC 1285 67, 127 Dharam Chand v. Sunil Ranjan – AIR 1981 Cal. 323 91 Diggle v. Higge – 1877 2 Ex.D. 422 68 Dilip Bapat v. Panchwati Co-op. Hsg. Society – 1991 (1) (PR 27) 182 Dilip S. Dahanukar v. Kotak Mahindra Co. Ltd. – (2007) 6 SCC 528 170 Dist. Manager, Telephones v. Munilal Brij Mohan – 1993 I CPJ 41 NC 212 Dist. Manager, Telephones, Patna v. Lalit Kumar Bajla – 1991 I CPR 45 NC 200 Dist. Manager, Telephones, Patna v. Tarun Bharthuar (Dr.) – 1992 I CPJ 47 NC 204, 211 District Telecom Engineer, Amravati v. Laxmi – (2004) 10 SCC 109 194 Diwan Singh v. Minerva Films Ltd. – 1958 28 Com. Cas. 191 (Punj.) 264, 272 Don Ayengia v. State of Assam – (2016) 3 SCC 1 163 Dresser Rand S.A. v. Bindal Agro Chem Ltd. – (2006) 1 SCC 751 19 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. v. New Garage and Motor Co. Ltd. – 1915 A.C. 79 89 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. v. Selfridge & Co. Ltd. – 1915 A.C. 847 30 Durgaprasad v. Baldeo – 1880-3 All 221 29 Dutton v. Poole – 83 ER 523 29 E Eastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1855-5 H.L.C. 331 256 Eastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1865 10 E.R. 928 268 Econ Antri Ltd. v. Rom Industries Ltd. – JT 2013 (11) SC 582 165 Economic Transport Organisation v. Dharwad Dist. Khadi Gramudyog Sangh – (2000) 5 SCC 78 191 Elphick v. Barnes – 1880 5 CPD 321 105 Eraser & Co. v. The Bombay Ice Manufacturing Co. – 1904 29 Bom. 107 63 Escorts JCB Ltd. v. Commr. of Central Excise – (2003) 1 SCC 281 109 Ethiopian Airlines v. Ganesh Narayan Saboo – (2011) 8 SCC 539 179 (xxviii)

Everest Advertising (P) Ltd. v. State, Govt. of NCT of Delhi – (2007) 5 SCC 54 162 Executive Engineer, Denkanal Minor Irrigation Division v. N.C. Budharaj – (2001) 2 SCC 721 131 F Faqir Chand Gulati v. Uppal Agencies Pvt. Ltd. – (2008) 10 SCC 345 183 Farbewerke Hoechst A.G. v. Unichem Laboratories – AIR 1969 Bom. 255 343, 350 Fateh Chand v. Balkishan Dass – AIR 1963 SC 1405 90 Fateh Singh v. Sanwal Singh – 1878-1 All. 751 38 Fazaladdin Mandal vs Panchanan Das – AIR 1957 Cal. 92 27 Federal Bank v. Bion Mishra – 1991 CPJ 16 (NC) 189 Felthouse v. Bindlay – 1863 7 LT 835 22 Finkelstein v. Billig – (1930) 47 RPC 516 352 Floating Services Ltd. v. MV San Fransceco Dipalola – (2004) 52 SCL 762 (Guj.) 222, 223 Folks v. King – 1923 1 K.B. 282 121 Food Corporation of India v. Laxmi Cattle Feed Industries – AIR 2006 SC 1452 83 Food Corporation of India v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. – AIR 1994 SC 1889 43 Food Corporation of India v. Surana Commercial Co. – (2003) 8 SCC 636 28 Forbes Forbes Campbell & Co. Ltd. v. Board of Trustees, Port of Bombay – (2015) 1 SCC 228 104 Ford Motor Co. (Strosberg's) Patent – (1970) RPC 74 339 Foster v. Mackinnon – 1869 L.R. 4. C.P. 704 59 Frost v. Knight – 1872 L.R. 7 Ex. 111 75, 129 G G. (Mr. ) a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court – AIR 1954 SC 557 42 G. Sagar Suri v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2000 SC 754 168 Gallagher v. Germany Brewing Co. – (1893) 53 Minn. 214 243 Galloway v. Galloway – 1914 30 T.L.R. 531 60 Ganga Saran v. Firm Ram Charan Ram Gopal – AIR (39) 1952 SC 9 72 Ganga Singh v. Santosh Kumar – AIR 1963 All 201 72 Gangadeep Pratisthan Pvt. Ltd. v. Mechano – AIR 2005 SC 1958 50 Gangaram v. Devida – 1907 Punj. 61 43 Garrison v. Perrin – 1857 2 C.B.N.S. 681 107 Gaurinath Mookherji v. Madhumani Pashakar – 1872 9 B.L.R. App. 37 40 Gay v. Rooke – 21 AM St. Rep. 434 137 Gen. Manager, Southern Railway, Madras v. N. Prabhakaram – 1992 I CPJ 323 NC 194 General Manager, Telecom v. M. Krishnan – AIR 2010 SC 90; (2009) 8 SCC 481 188, 211 Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Balbir Singh – (2004) 5 SCC 65 187, 194 Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Union of India – AIR 2000 SC 2003; (2000) 6 SCC 113 20, 84 Gherulal v. Mahadeodas – AIR 1959 SC 781 39, 70 Gian Kaur (Smt.) v. State of Punjab – 1996 AIR SCW 1336 50 Gillette Industries Ltd. v. Yeshwant Brothers – AIR 1938 Bom. 347 350 Girja Prasad Sharma v. Sardarlabh Singh – AIR 1977 Pat. 241 131 Glaxo Group Ltd.’s Appln. – (1968) RPC 473 332 Goa Plast (P) Ltd. v. Chico Ursula D’Souza – AIR 2004 SC 408 159, 168 Godrej Soaps v. Hindustan Lever – (1994) IPLR 60 Cal. 353 Gokeda Latcharao v. Vishwanathan Bhimayya – AIR 1956 Andhra 182 45 Gopalakrishna Pillai v. K.M. Mani – AIR 1984 SC 216 97, 112 (xxix)

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Hyde v. Wench – 5 Beav 334 18 Hyderabad Engineering Industries v. State of Andhra Pradesh – (2011) 4 SCC 705 99 Hyderabad (Sind) Electric Supply Co. v. Union of India – AIR 1959 Punj. 199 223 I ICDS Ltd. v. Beena Shabeer – (2002) 6 SCC 426 163 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Appln. – (1969) RPC 574 332 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (Re:) – (1938) 8 Comp. Cases 181 299 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. v. Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademark – AIR 1978 Cal. 77 327 Indersingh v. Parmeshwar Singh – AIR 1957 Pat. 49 47 India Thermal Power Ltd. v. State of M. P. – (2000) 3 SCC 379 14 Indian Airlines v. Rajeshkumar Upadhyay – 1991 I CPJ 206 204 Indian Bank v. Satyam Fibres (India) RA Ltd. – AIR 1996 SC 2592 203 Indian Bank Association v. Union of India – (2014) 5 SCC 590 171 Indian Financial Association of 7th Day Adventists v. M. A. Unneerikutty – (2006) 6 SCC 351 38 Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd. v. Vendra Venkanna – AIR 1963 AP 58 350, 352 Indian Medical Association v. 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R. Sashanath Chetti v. P. Ramaswami Chetti – 1868-4 MHC-7 28 R. Sugumur v. Ramiel Samuel – 2002 (1) CPR 38 207 R. Vijayan v. Baby – JT 2011 (13) SC 300 169 R.D. Goyal v. Reliance Industries Ltd. – (2003) 1 SCC 81 103 R.L. Kalathia & Co. v. State of Gujarat – AIR 2011 SC 754 79 Rachhpal Singh v. State of Punjab – (2002) 6 SCC 462 169 Radhey Shyam Garg v. Naresh Kumar Gupta – (2009) 13 SCC 201 172 Radhey Shyam Khemka v. State of Bihar – (1993) 77 Comp. Cases 356 310 Raffles v. Wichelhaus – 1864 2 H & C 908 59 Rahul Builders v. Arihant Fertilizers & Chemical – (2008) 2 SCC 321 160, 161 Raj Kumar Khurana v. State of (NCT of Delhi) – (2009) 6 SCC 72 168 Raj Prakash v. Mangat Ram Chowdhary – AIR 1978 Del. 1 349 Rajan Kinnerkar v. Eric Cordeiro – 1994 (1) MLJ 677 (Bom.) 167 Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation v. Diamond and Gem Development Corporation Ltd. – (2013) 5 SCC 470 15 Rajeev Hitendra Pathak v. Achyut Kashinath Karekar – (2011) 9 SCC 541 211 Rajendra Nath Dutta v. Shibendra Nath Mukherjee (1982) 52 Comp. Cases 293 (Cal.) 268 Rajendran v. N. Mohanan – (2009) 14 SCC 399 173 Rajlukhy Debee v. Bhootanath – 1900 4 C.W.N. 488 34 Rajneesh Aggarwal v. Amit J. Bhalla – (2001) 1 SCC 631 160 Rakesh Mangal v. Pioma Industries – 1993 I CPJ 228 SC 211 Rakesh Nemkumar Porwal v. Narayan Dhondu Joglekar – 1993 (1) MLJ 630 159 Rallis India Ltd. v. Poduru Vidya Bhusan – (2011) 13 SCC 88 162 Ralston’s Patent – (1909) 26 RPC 313 348 Ram Narain Kher v. Ambassador Industries New Delhi – AIR 1976 Del. 87 329 Rama Corporation v. Proved Tin & General Investment Co. (1952) 1 All. ER 554 266 Ramagate Victoria Hotel Co. v. Maontefoire – 1886 L.R.I. Ex. 109 24 Ramchandra Shelat v. Pranlal Jayanand Thakar AIR 1974 SC 1728 317 Ramesh B. Desai v. Bipin Vadilal Mehta – AIR 2006 SC 3672 54 Rameshchandra Ambalal Joshi v. State of Gujarat – (2014) 11 SCC 759 148 Ramsingh v. Fertilizer Corporation of India – (1980) 50 Comp. Cas. 553 222 Rana Uma Nath Baksh Singh v. Jang Bahadur – (1939) 41 BOMLR 659 31 Ranganayakamma v. Alwar Chetty – 1889 13 Mad. 214 50 Ranganayakamma v. K.S. Prakash – (2008) 15 SCC 673 28 Rangappa v. Sri Mohan – (2010) 11 SCC 441 158, 167 Rash Behary v. Nrittya Gopal – 1906 33 Cal. 477 75 Rashida Kamaluddin Syed v. Shaikh Saheblal Mardan – (2007) 3 SCC 548 164 Rattan Chand Hira Chand v. Askar Navaz Jung – AIR 1991 SCW 496 40 Ravindra Singh Jamwal v. Premnath Motors Pvt. Ltd. – 1991 (1) CPR 336 194, 204 Read v. Anderson – 1882 10 Q.B.D. 100 70 Reese River Silver Mining Co. v. Smith – 1869 L.R.G.H.L. 64 54 Regional Provident Fund Commissioner v. Bhavani – (2008) 7 SCC 111 183 Regional Provident Fund Commissioner v. Shiv Kumar Joshi – (2000) 1 SCC 98; AIR 2000 SC 331 183, 188 Reliance Airport Developers (P) Ltd. v. Airports Authority of India – (2006) 10 SCC 1 19 Reliance Salt Ltd. v. Cosmos Enterprises – (2006) 13 SCC 599 54 Renusagar Power Co. Ltd. v. General Electric Co. – 1994 Supp. (1) SCC 644; AIR 1994 SC 860 40, 43, 44 (xxxviii)

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Satyanarayana Construction Co. v. Union of India – (2011) 15 SCC 101 82 Saurabh Prakash v. DLF Universal Ltd. – (2007) 1 SCC 228 93 Savani Road Lines v. Sundaram Textiles Ltd. – AIR 2001 SC 2630 181 Savita Garg v. Director, National Heart Institute – (2004) 8 SCC 56 187 Secretary, Consumer Guidance & Research Society of India v. B.P.L. India Ltd. – 1992 (1) CPJ 140 MC 182 Secretary, Thirumurugan Co-operative Agricultural Credit Society v. M. Lalitha – AIR 2004 SC 448 189 Selsdon Fountain Pen Co. Ltd. v. Miles Martin Pen Co. Ltd. – (1948) 65 RPC 365 352 Seth Gokul Dass v. Murli – 1878 3 Cal. 602 60 Sethani v. Bhanav – AIR 1993 SC 956 51 Shailesh Harilal Shah v. Matushree Textiles Ltd. – AIR 1994 Bom. 20 293 Shakun Overseas Ltd. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. – 1992 I CPJ 144 NC 211 Sham Lal Narula v. Commissioner of Income Tax – AIR 1964 SC 1878 88 Shamshad Begum (Smt.) v. B. Mohammed – (2008) 13 SCC 77 165 Shankar Finance & Investments v. State of Andhra Pradesh – AIR 2009 SC 422 163 Shanti Budhiya Vesta Patel v. Nirmala Jayprakash Tiwari – AIR 2010 SC 2132 51 Shanti Prasad Devi v. Shankar Mahto – AIR 2005 SC 2905 67 Shaw Wallace & Co. Ltd. v. Nepal Food Corpn. – (2011) 15 SCC 56 109 Sheffield etc. Society (Re:) – (1989) 22 Q.B.D. 470 222 Shepherd v. Kain – 182 5 All 240 113 Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. v. Jain Studios Ltd. – (2006) 2 SCC 628 44 Shining Industries v. Shri Krishna Industries – AIR 1975 All 231 330, 331 Shree Hanuman Cotton Mills v. Tata Aircraft Ltd. – AIR 1970 SC 1986 92 Shri Ishar Alloy Steels Ltd. v. Jayaswals NECO Ltd. – (2001) 3 SCC 609 147, 156 Shri Krishna v. Kurukshethra University, Kurukshetra – AIR 1976 SC 376 54 Shrimankar Export (P) Ltd. v. Gajendra B. Vakharia – Criminal Petition No.903 of 1993 160 Shrisht Dhavan v. Shaw Bros. – AIR 1992 SC 1555 57 Shuppu Ammal v. Subramanyan – 1910 ILR 33 Mad. 238 31 Siddheshwar Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana v. CIT, Kolhapur – AIR 2004 SC 4716 14, 16 Sikkim Subba Association v. State of Sikkim – AIR 2001 SC 2062 80 Simmons v. Swift – 1826-5B & C 857 118 Sindhu v. Abraham – 1895 20 Bom. 755 32 Sir Mohamed Yusuf v. S. of S. for India – 22 Bom. L.R. 872 20 Sitaram v. Harihar – 1910-35 Bom. 169 38 Sivakumar v. Natarajan – (2009) 13 SCC 623 159 Sivaraman (B) v. Egmore Benefit Society Ltd. – (1992) 75 Comp. Cases 198 (Mad.) 292 Sivashakthi Builders, Hyderabad v. A.P. State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, Hyderabad – AIR 2009 AP 84 212 Skinner & Co. v. Perry – (1894) 11 RPC 406 352 Skoda Auto India P. Ltd. v. Shri Pawankumar Mahabir Prashad Bhagaria – 2011 (4) All MRJ 63 210 Skypak Couriers Ltd. v. Tata Chemicals Ltd. – (2000) 5 SCC 294 180, 190 Smith v. Hughes – 1871 L.R.6 Q.B. 597 59 Solvex Oils and Fertilizers v. Bhandari Cross-fields (P) Ltd. – (1978) 48 Comp. Cases 260 225 Somnath Sarkar v. Utpal Basu Mallick – AIR 2014 SC 771 169 Sonia Bhatia v. State of UP – AIR 1981 SC 1274 28 Sonic Surgical v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. – (2010) 1 SCC 135 207 South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. v. State of Madhya Pradesh – (2003) 8 SCC 648 131 (xl)

Special Machines Karnal v. Punjab National Bank – 1991 I CPJ 78 (NC) 211 Spencer v. Harding – (1870) 5 C.P. 561 17, 19 Spring Meadows Hospital v. Harjol Ahluwalia – (1998) 4 SCC 39 181 Sr. Louie (Dr.) v. Kannolil Pathumma – 1993 I CPJ 30 NC 189 Sramajibi Stores v. Union of India – AIR 1982 Del. 76 102 Sri Kishan Rathi v. Mondal Brothers and Co. (P) Ltd. AIR 1967 Cal 75 265 Sri Thimmaiah v. Shabira – AIR 2008 SC 1275 15 Sridhar M.A. v. Metalloy N. Steel Corpn. – (2000) 1 SCC 397 160 Standard Chartered Bank Ltd. v. B.N. Raman – AIR 2006 SC 2810 189 Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement – (2005) 4 SCC 530 163, 169 State Authority of India Ltd. v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Ltd. – 2009 AIR SCW 7191 90 State of Andhra Pradesh v. Kone Elevatore (India) Ltd. – (2005) 3 SCC 389 99 State of Andhra Pradesh v. National Thermal Power Corporation – (2002) 5 SCC 203 185 State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax, Ahmedabad) v. 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Sidhu (Dr.) – 1992 I CPJ 208 NC 211 Union of India v. C. Damani – AIR 1980 SC 1149 70 Union of India v. Chaman Lal Loona & Co. – AIR 1957 SC 652 13, 36 Union of India v. Jolly Steel Industries P. Ltd. – AIR 1980 SC 1346 83 Union of India v. K. Rao – AIR 1976 SC 626 129 Union of India v. Ladulal – AIR 1963 SC 168 199 (xlii)

Union of India v. Priyankan Sharan – AIR 2009 SC (Supp.) 972 91 Union of India v. S.S.H. Syndicate – AIR 1976 SC 879 11 Union of India v. Sarkaria & Jaswant Singh – AIR 1977 SC 1537 99 Union of India v. Satya Bhama Thakur (Dr.) (Mrs.) – 1991 I CPJ 31 NC 194 Uniplas India Ltd. v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) – (2001) 6 SCC 8 157, 159 United Credit Ltd., Calcutta v. Agro Sales India – (2001) 10 SCC 763 160 United Horse-Shoe & Nail Co. Ltd. v. John Stewart & Co. – (1888) 5 RPC 260 (HL) 351 United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Harchand Rai Chandan Lal – AIR 2004 SC 4794 15 United India Ins. Co. Ltd. v. Mohanlal & Sons – 1992 I CPR 364 NC 204 Unity Company P. Ltd. v. Diamond Sugar Mills – (1970) 2 Comp. L.J. 64 Cal. 319 Upton Rural District Council v. Powell – 1942-1 All ER-220 17 Usha Beltron Ltd. v. State of Punjab – (2005) 7 SCC 58 117 V V. Raja Kumari v. P. Subbarama Naidu – (2004) 8 SCC 774 160 V.B. Mohammed Ibrahim v. Alfred Schafranek – AIR 1960 Mys. 173 331 V.M. Aggarwal v. Byford Leasing Ltd. – 1992 CPJ 29 (Del.) 182 V.R. Sudhakara Rao v. T.V. Kameswari – (2007) 6 SCC 650 67 Varkey Souriar v. Keraleeya Banking Co. Ltd. AIR 1957 Ker. 97 263, 265 Vasantha Viswanathan v. V.K. Elayalwar – AIR 2001 SC 3367 89, 117 Veera Exports v. T. Kalavathy – AIR 2002 SC 38 157 Victoria Laundry Ltd. v. Newman Industries Ltd. – 1949 2 K.B. 528 85 Videocon Properties Ltd. v. Bhalchandra Laboratories – AIR 2004 SC 1787 93 Vijay v. Laxman – JT 2013 (2) SC 562; (2013) 3 SCC 86 159 Vijay D. Salvi v. State of Maharashtra – (2007) 5 SCC 741 170 Vijayan v. Sadanandan K. – (2009) 6 SCC 652 170 Villayati Ram Mittal (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2011 SC 301 19 Vimal Chand Grover v. Bank of India – AIR 2000 SC 2181 188 Vimlesh Kumari Kulsherestha v. Sambhajirao – AIR 2009 SC 806 67 Vinay Devanna Nayak v. Ryot Seva Sahakari Bank Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 716 173 Vinita S. Rao v. Essen Corporate Services Pvt. Ltd. – (2015) 1 SCC 527 164 Vinod Tanna v. Zaheer Siddiqui – (2002) 7 SCC 541 168 Vodafone Essar Cellular Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT – (2010) Tax LR 618 (Ker) 103 W Wamanlal v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. – AIR 1944 Bom. 131 256 Ward v. Hobbs – 1878 4 App. Cas 13 115 West Bengal Electricity Board v. Peter Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 682 19 Westosen v. Olathe State Bank – 1925-78 Colo 217 82 White v. South Derbyshire District Council (2013) P.T.S.R. 536 90 269 Wiffen v. Roberts – 1795 1 ESP. 262 144 Windsurfing International Inc. v. Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd. (1985) RPC 59 (CA) 343 Y Yogendra Pratap Singh v. Savitri Pandey – AIR 2012 SC 2508; on reference (2014) 10 SCC 713 165 Yogesh Mehta v. Custodian Appointed under the Special Court – (2007) 2 SCC 624 92 Young Achievers v. IMS Learning Resources (P) Ltd. – (2013) 10 SCC 535 78 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS LAW? ‘Law’ in simple term means ‘rules’. It is a very wide term and includes different sets of rules regulating external human actions and conduct of individuals in their dealings with other individuals and with the Government. With the growth of society and welfare State, civilisation has demanded a reformed set of rules time and again. Law has, therefore, been often subject to changes to meet the practical needs of society and at the same time, attempting to achieve some sort of security and uniformity in its application. In simple words, the term ‘law’ denotes ‘rules of conduct enforced by the State’. Legally, a set of rules alone is not sufficient unless: (i) it is enforced by the State; (ii) the State to enforce law is a Sovereign State; (iii) it receives due recognition; (iv) it attempts to achieve some sort of security and uniformity in its application. Rules which have above characteristics are called ‘law’. Law includes all the rules and principles which regulate our relations with other individuals and with the State. DEFINITION OF LAW Austin has defined law in the following words: “A law is a rule of conduct imposed and enforced by the Sovereign”. Salmand defined law as “the body of principles recognised and applied by the State in the administration of justice”. Holland defined law as “rule of external human actions enforced by Sovereign Political Authority”. Woodrow Wilson defined law as: “that portion of the established habit and thought of mankind which has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authority and power of the Government”. According to Anson: “The object of law is order, and the result of order is that men are enabled to look ahead with some sort of security as to the future. Although human actions cannot be reduced to the uniformities of nature, men have now endeavoured to reproduce by law something approaching to this uniformity”. Law when enacted has to observe the following principles: (i) it should as far as possible be in conformity with custom and usage of the people, i.e., it should not offend local customs and usages of the society; (ii) it should move with the society, i.e., it should be vulnerable to changes. It should not be a static or rigid piece of legislation. Law, therefore, is not static. It changes with times, customs and needs of the society. The primary object of law is to regulate human relations with other individuals and with the State. As a social being, man comes in contact with people in different capacities; with landlord as a tenant,

1 2 Business Law with a trader as a customer, with Government as a tax payer and so on and so forth. In all these associations he is expected to observe a code of conduct or a set of rules. This set of rules embodied in ‘Law’ and enforced by State, make human associations possible and conducive to the welfare of the State and its people. SOURCES OF INDIAN LAW The following are the sources of Indian Law: 1. English Law: The English Law is the principal source of Indian Law. English law originates from the following sources: (i) Maritime Usages or Law of Merchant: During the 14th and 15th centuries, maritime law based on customs and usages came to be recognised as the primary basis of English Mercantile Law. (ii) English Common Law: English Common Law was based on justice, equity and good conscience which was developed on the customs, usages and traditions prevalent from centuries. Common Law was found to be inadequate as it was unwritten and its principles were applied whenever subsequent disputes of similar nature arose. (iii) Roman Law: Where customs and usages did not exist, Roman Law was applied. (iv) Rules of Equity: Where common law was harsh and oppressive, Judges applied rules of justice in their decisions which became precedents. Rules of Equity were the codification of these rules of justice in the form of precedents. Rules of Equity and Common Law were applied simultaneously. (v) Statutes of British Parliament: British Parliament enacted laws which were enforced by the Courts. British Statutes override the rules of Common Law and rules of equity. (vi) English Judicial Decisions: Judicial decisions or British Common Law or precedents form a very important source of law today. Decisions in future cases with similar facts are based on already decided cases. In [B.O.I. Finance Ltd. v. The Custodian AIR 1997 SC 1952], Supreme Court has observed that the decision of the Courts in England, based on common law principles have been applied and followed by the Courts in India. 2. Indian Statutes: The Central and State Legislatures enact laws in India, which are applied by the Courts in India. Prior to 1872, English Courts used to apply personal law of the parties to the suit. In 1872, the Indian Contract Act was passed which is one of the oldest enactments in India. The Indian Contract Act is based on English Common Law Rules. 3. Judicial Decisions: Interpretation of Statutes by Judges and their application depending on the facts of each case, meting out justice to the aggrieved parties has today formed a very important source of law. Where Indian Statutes, customs or usages are silent, Courts apply law based on English judgements which came to be recognised as an important basis of law in our country. Application of judicial decisions in previous cases to subsequent similar cases forms a very important source of law today. 4. Customs and Usages: Customs and usages in practice for a long time, in the absence of any statutory rules or which are not opposed to any statutory rules, are binding on the parties to the contract. Customs and usages should be ancient, reasonable and constant. Customs when accepted by the Court and incorporated in a judicial decision become a legal custom. Introduction 3

WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW? The terms ‘business’, ‘commercial’ and ‘mercantile’ are synonymous. Day-to-day transactions between individuals, or between individuals on the one hand and Government or local bodies on the other, involving one or the other form of obligation is a ‘business’ transaction. The growth of business made it imperative for the Parliament and State Legislatures to introduce new pieces of legislation and amend the existing legislations to regulate various business transactions. As huge amount of labour and capital are involved, it is obvious that in a socialistic form of State like India, wealth should be adequately distributed to bridge the gap between the haves and have-nots. To achieve this object, law regulates the various transactions of the business community. Although it is not possible for a layman to learn every branch of law yet he must acquaint himself with the general principles of law of the country for, ignorance of law is no excuse. Business Law is a branch of General Law. It relates to industry, trade and commerce. It includes law inter alia relating to contracts, sale of goods, partnerships, negotiable instruments, companies, co- operative societies etc. Consumers are a special constituent of any business. The consumers’ movement has gained significant importance of late. Consumers Protection Act not only recognises the importance of safeguarding the right and interest of the consumers but also puts every business on alert and answerable to the consumer, the ultimate master. Business Law is not altogether distinct and separate from other branches of law. In its application, recourse is often taken to other pieces of legislation. Laws as such are all interrelated. It is only a matter of convenience and application that legislation is classified into Business/Mercantile Law, Labour Law, Company Law, Intellectual Property Law, etc.

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