An Overview of Functional Damage and Restoration Processes of Utility Lifelines in the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan

JSCE Journal of Disaster FactSheets, FS2016-L-0004, 2016

Nobuoto NOJIMA1 and Yoshihisa MARUYAMA2

1Member of JSCE, Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Gifu University (Yanagido1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan) E-mail:[email protected] 2Member of JSCE, Associate professor, Dept. of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University (Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan) E-mail: [email protected]

Key Facts ・ Hazard Type: Earthquake ・ Date of the disaster: April 14th and 16th, 2016 ・ Location of the survey: Kumamoto Prefecture ・ Date of the field survey: April 15th through June 7, when needed. ・ Survey tools: Documents published via press release or related websites, Interviews ・ Key findings: 1) Functional damage and restorations of electric power supply, water supply and city gas supply systems were compiled for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan. 2) The number of customers or households without lifeline services were graphically illustrated. 3) Supplying ratios were graphically and geographically illustrated.

Key Words : The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, utility lifelines, functional damage, initial outage, restoration process

1. INTRODUCTION government offices8)-10) and service providers11)-14) and related association14),15). From April 14 on, a series of earthquakes hit the Figure 1 shows the location of Kumamoto Pre- central Kyushu area in Japan causing major damage fecture, its municipal boundary and the map focusing primarily to Kumamoto Prefecture. Those earth- on the northern part mainly mentioned in this paper quakes were collectively named as “The 2016 Ku- with the names of municipalities. Approximate lo- mamoto Earthquake” by Japan Meteorological cations of faults causing the two major events16) are Agency (JMA)1). Seven earthquakes marked JMA also shown. The number of households and popula- seismic intensity IJMA=6 lower or greater at least one tion (as of April 1, 2016) in selected municipalities in observation station (See Appendix A for IJMA). Kumamoto Prefecture are listed in Table 1. Among them, two earthquake events occurred on Figure 2 shows the distribution of JMA seismic April 14 21:26 (MJMA=6.5) and April 16 1:25 intensity, IJMA. The maximum value of observed (MJMA=7.3) marked IJMA=7, the highest rank in the seismic intensities throughout the seven earthquake JMA scale. Especially, the latter event caused severe events mentioned earlier was adopted as the repre- damage to lifeline facilities due to ground shaking sentative intensity at each station. The maximum and ground failures. value of the representative intensities within in each In this paper, functional damage and restoration municipality is shown in Fig.2. processes of utility lifelines including electric power supply, water supply, city gas supply are compiled2),3) 2. ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM on the basis of documents published via press release or related websites by the central government of- The number of disrupted customers in terms of fice4),5), related supervisory authorities6),7), local contracts of electric power supply compiled by

1 (a) Location of Kumamoto Prefecture

(b) Kumamoto Prefecture (c) Municipalities around the source region Fig.1 Kumamoto Prefecture and municipal boundary and approximate location of source faults of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake.

Table 1 The number of households and population in selected municipalities in Kumamoto Prefecture (April 1, 2016) 10) . Municipalities Households Population Chuo Ward 95,876 186,016 Higashi Ward 78,593 190,298 Nishi Ward 38,996 92,779 Minami Ward 47,762 128,355 Kita Ward 55,239 142,543 Kumamoto City total 316,466 739,991 Kikuchi City 17,015 47,942 Uto City 13,324 36,934 Uki City 21,485 59,489 Aso City 10,048 26,839 Koshi City 20,843 58,867 Misato Town 3,576 10,191 Gyokuto Town 1,818 5,253 Ozu Town 12,857 33,701 Kikuyo Town 16,088 41,197 Ubuyama Village 532 1,495 Takamori Town 2,442 6,243 Nishihara Village 2,358 6,792 Minami-Aso Village 4,693 11,453 Mifune Town 6,307 17,189 Kashima Town 3,198 9,049 Mashiki Town 11,534 33,748 Kosa Town 3,701 10,578 Yamato Town 5,549 14,939 Subtotal 157,368 431,899 Others 231,802 607,864 Prefectural total 705,636 1,779,754 Fig.2 Distribution of JMA seismic intensity, I JMA .

Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc. 11) is employed in latter. this paper. Figure 3 shows the relationship between Figure 4 shows the number of customers without the number of customers and that of households 10) in electric power supply at each time point when data each municipality in Kumamoto Prefecture accord- could be obtained. The data for the entire Kyushu ing to April 2016 statistics. It should be noted that the Prefecture (partially including other surrounding former is approximately 1.54 times as many as the prefectures at the peak of April 16, 2am) and the

2 150 Total customers / Total households = 1.54

125

100

25 Number of customers (in (in thousand) of customers Number

0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Number of households (in thousand) Fig.3 Relationship between the number of households and that of customers of electric power supply in municipalities in Kumamoto Prefecture.

500 Kyushu region 450

400 ）

350

in thousand in 300 （

250

200

150

Numberof customers 100

(a) Kumamoto Prefecture (Including surrounding prefectures only at the peak at April 16, 2 am).

） 25

20 in in thousand （

5 Number customers of

0 April14, 18:00 April15, 00:00 April15, 06:00 April15, 12:00 April15, 18:00 April16, 00:00 April16, 06:00 April16, 12:00 April16, 18:00 April17, 00:00 April17, 06:00 April17, 12:00 April17, 18:00 April18, 00:00 April18, 06:00 April18, 12:00 April18, 18:00 April19, 00:00 April19, 06:00 April19, 12:00 April19, 18:00 April20, 00:00 April20, 06:00 April20, 12:00 April20, 18:00 April21, 00:00 Chuo Ward Higashi Ward Nishi Ward Minami Ward Kita Ward Kikuchi City Uto City Uki City Koshi City Misato Town Ozu Town Kikuyo Town Nishihara Village Mifune Town Kashima Town Mashiki Town Kosa Town Yamato Town Aso City Minamioguni Town Oguni Town Ubuyama Village Takamori Town Minamiaso Village Kamiamakusa City

(b) Selected municipalities in Kumamoto Prefecture (Data not available at several data points including the peak at April 16, 2 am). Fig.4 Number of customers without electric power supply in Kumamoto Prefecture.

3 breakdown for selected municipalities in Kumamoto Detailed data with regard to prefectural and munic- Prefecture are shown. ipal breakdown of initial power outage have not been Figure 5 shows the electric power supplying ratios. reported, although the most part is considered to be in The electric power supplying ratio was calculated as Kumamoto Prefecture. the fraction of the number of customers with electric As of April 16, 8:00 (6.5 hours after the event), the power supply to the total number of customers. Fig- number of customers without power supply was ure 6 shows the spatial distribution of the electric rapidly reduced to 181.3 thousand (Kumamoto Pre- power supplying ratios. fecture: 180.4 thousand, Oita Prefecture: 0.7 thou- The maximum number of disrupted customers by sand, Miyazaki Prefecture: 0.2 thousand) by rerout- the earthquake event on April 14 was 16.7 thousand ing operation. Twenty-four municipalities in Ku- (as of April 14, 22:00). At this point, the affected area mamoto Prefecture account for 99.5% of the total was limited to near-source region. The earthquake outage. The principal municipalities suffering power event on April 16, however, caused power outage of outage were Higashi Ward, Minami Ward and Chuo 476.6 thousand customers (as of April 16, 2:00). Ward of Kumamoto City, followed by Aso City, Ozu

100

（％） 70

30 Electric power supplying ratio 20

10 Kumamoto Prefecture 0 April 14, 18:00 April 15, 00:00 April 15, 06:00 April 15, 12:00 April 15, 18:00 April 16, 00:00 April 16, 06:00 April 16, 12:00 April 16, 18:00 April 17, 00:00 April 17, 06:00 April 17, 12:00 April 17, 18:00 April 18, 00:00 April 18, 06:00 April 18, 12:00 April 18, 18:00 April 19, 00:00 April 19, 06:00 April 19, 12:00 April 19, 18:00 April 20, 00:00 April 20, 06:00 April 20, 12:00 April 20, 18:00 April 21, 00:00

(a) Kumamoto Prefecture (Including surrounding prefectures only at the peak at April 16, 2am).

100 90 80 （％） 70 60 50 40 30 20 Electricpower supplying ratio 10 0 April14, 18:00 April15, 00:00 April15, 06:00 April15, 12:00 April15, 18:00 April16, 00:00 April16, 06:00 April16, 12:00 April16, 18:00 April17, 00:00 April17, 06:00 April17, 12:00 April17, 18:00 April18, 00:00 April18, 06:00 April18, 12:00 April18, 18:00 April19, 00:00 April19, 06:00 April19, 12:00 April19, 18:00 April20, 00:00 April20, 06:00 April20, 12:00 April20, 18:00 April21, 00:00 Chuo Ward Higashi Ward Nishi Ward Minami Ward Kita Ward Kikuchi City Uto City Uki City Koshi City Misato Town Ozu Town Kikuyo Town Nishihara Village Mifune Town Kashima Town Mashiki Town Kosa Town Yamato Town Aso City Minamioguni Town Oguni Town Ubuyama Village Takamori Town Minamiaso Village Kamiamakusa City

(b) Selected municipalities in Kumamoto Prefecture (Data not available at several data points including the peak at April 16, 2 am).

Fig.5 Electric power supplying ratios in Kumamoto Prefecture.

4 (a) Apr.16, 2:00 am (b) Apr. 17 (c) Apr. 18

(d) Apr. 19 (e) Apr. 20 (f) Apr. 21 Fig.6 Distributions of electric power supplying ratios in Kumamoto Prefecture.

Town, Kikuchi City and Mashiki Town. respect to the elapsed time after the earthquake on Functional recovery was relatively rapid at Ku- April 14. The maximum number of disrupted mamoto City and the municipalities far away from households, the expected restoration time, and the the source region. The number of customers without number of emergency water tank trucks complied by power supply as of April 17, 23:00 was 38.4 thou- the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare sand in eight municipalities including Aso City, (MHLW) 6) are also considered in this paper. Similar Minami-Aso Village, Mashiki Town, Takamori to the electric power supply system, the water Town, Kashima Town and Nishihara Village in de- supplying ratio was calculated using the number of scending order of the number of disrupted customers. households with water supply and the total number of In Kumamoto region, it was reported that functional households based on data compiled by Kumamoto recovery was completed at 22:00 of April 18 in Prefecture 10) as of April 2016. Yamato Town and Mashiki Town except for hard- According to the MHLW, the water supply system est-hit area where recovery works cannot be con- was interrupted for approximately 445 thousand ducted due to damage to dwelling houses or surface households in total, and 97% of them were road 11) . concentrated in Kumamoto Prefecture (Kumamoto On the contrary, in some part of Aso region (Aso Prefecture: 432 thousand, Oita Prefecture: 10 City, Takamori Town and Minami-Aso Village), thousand, Miyazaki Prefecture: 2.8 thousand, etc.). functional recovery was further delayed because of The principal municipalities of water supply damage to 66KV transmission line caused by mas- disruption were Kumamoto City (327 thousand), sive landslides and ground failures in Minami-Aso Ozu-Kikuyo Town (31 thousand), Mashiki Town (11 Village. Provisional recovery was completed at thousand), and Aso City (10 thousand). 19:10 of April 20 using high voltage electric power Figures 7 and 8 show the number of households generating vehicles. In total, 162 cars (52 cars owned without water supply, and the water supplying ratios by Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc. and 110 cars with respect to the elapsed time after the earthquake provided by nine other electric power companies) event on April 14, respectively. Figure 9 shows the were prepared and 148 cars were directly connected spatial distribution of the water supplying ratios. The to high voltage distribution line 11) . Construction water supplying ratio increased rapidly in Kumamoto works of temporary transmission lines were con- City and Ozu-Kikuyo Town. It should be noted that ducted in parallel and completed on April 27. As a the households where the water was supplied on a result, electric power supply via transmission lines as trial basis were excluded from the number of usual was finally established at 21:36 of April 28. households without water supply in Kumamoto City. Hence, the water supplying ratio in Kumamoto City 3. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM might show some differences from the actual situations. Night-time water cut was conducted to The number of disrupted households compiled by cope with water leakage and shortage of water Kumamoto Prefectural Government 8) is graphed with thereby in several municipalities.

5 500000 450000 Kumamoto Prefecture 400000 Kumamoto City 350000 300000 250000

supply 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 Number of households without water 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Elapsed time (day)

(a) Kumamoto Prefecture and Kumamoto City

35000 Ozu-Kikuyo Town 30000 Mashiki Town 25000 Nishihara Village 20000 Mifune Town Minami-Aso Village 15000 supply Aso City 10000

5000

0 Number ofhouseholds without water 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Elapsed time (day)

(b) Selected municipalities in Kumamoto Prefecture

Fig.7 Number of households without water supply in Kumamoto Prefecture with respect to the elapsed time after the earthquake on April 14.

100

60 Kumamoto City Ozu-Kikuyo Town Mashiki Town 40 Nishihara Village Mifune Town 20 Minami-Aso Village Water supplying (%) ratio Water Aso City 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Elapsed time (day) Fig.8 Water supplying ratios in selected municipalities in Kumamoto Prefecture with respect to the elapsed time after the earthquake on April 14.

6 Apr. 15 Apr. 16 Apr. 17 Apr. 18

Apr. 19 Apr. 20 Apr. 21 Apr. 25

Apr. 29 May 6 May 16 May 31

Water supplying ratio (%) June 14 0.00 - 1.00 60.01 - 80.00 1.01 - 20.00 80.01 - 99.00 20.01 - 40.00 99.01 - 100.00 40.01 - 60.00

Fig.9 Spatial distribution of water supplying ratios in Kumamoto Prefecture.

Also in Ozu-Kikuyo town, water supply function April 26, and the number of trucks decreased in was instable due to reduced water pressure during the accordance with the recovery of water supply. restoration process. Turbid water of water resources was another 4. CITY GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM problem. Eleven municipalities in Kumamoto region take underground water usually potable without The number of disrupted houses compiled by filtration process. There are cases that people were Saibu Gas Co., Ltd. 12) is employed in this paper. The cautioned that delivered water was not necessarily number of customers of Saibu Gas Co., Ltd. in adequate for potable use. Kumaoto Prefecture is 112,771 (Household: The severely affected municipalities, which are 105,167, Commercial: 5,743, Industrial: 122, Others: Mashiki Town, Nishihara Village, Mifune Town, 1,739) as of 2014. The locations of gas-supply blocks Minami-Aso Village, and Aso City, show lower were also available at the web site of Saibu Gas, Co., supplying ratios with respect to the elapsed time after Ltd. 12) (Fig.12). The gas-supply area in Kumamoto the earthquake. Prefecture is divided into the seven blocks. The The MHLW 6) started reporting the expected gas-supply area covers a small part of Mashiki Town, restoration time on April 23 (Fig.10). They set the where severe ground motion of I JMA =7 was observed. three classifications: short term (approximately a In the heavily affected area in Mashiki Town, the LP week), mid-and-long term (more than two weeks) gas is supplied. and temporary exclusion from restoration plan. The The gas supply was disrupted for 1,123 water supply for 740 households in Mashiki Town, households after the earthquake on April 14. The gas 706 households in Minami-Aso Village, 140 supply was recovered for 645 households at 20:00 on households in Nishihara Village, and 98 households April 15, and the associated recovery rate was 57.4%. in Mifune Town (accounting for 6.5%, 20.3%, 5.3% The gas supply was interrupted for 100,884 and 1.5% of the total disrupted households, households after the earthquake on April 16. There respectively) was planned to be restored in are 16 SI sensors equipped with city gas supply accordance with the reconstruction of the stricken facilities. SI values at fifteen of them exceeded 60 areas because they were built in the heavily affected kine which is a criterion for emergency shutoff of areas by the earthquake (as of May 18). city gas supply 9),13) . Figure 11 shows the number of emergency water Figure 13 shows the number of disrupted tank trucks deployed in the affected areas 6) . 108 households with respect to the elapsed time after the water tank trucks were operated from April 21 to event on April 14. The gas supplying ratios were

7 10000 3000 Short term Short term 2500 8000 Mid-and-long term Mid-and-long term 2000 No. of households in the heavily 6000 No. of households in the affected area heavily affected area 1500 Total 4000 Total 1000

Number households Number of 2000 households Number of 500

0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Elapsed time (day) Elapsed time (day)

(a) Mashiki Town (b) Mifune Town 2000 2000 Short term Short term Mid-and-long term 1500 Mid-and-long term 1500 No. of households in the heavily affected area No. of households in the Total 1000 heavily affected area 1000 Total

500 500 Number Number of households Number of households

0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Elapsed time (day) Elapsed time (day)

(c) Mishihara Village (d) Minami-Aso Village Fig.10 Expected restoration time of water supply and the number of households whose water supply was planned to be restored in accordance with the reconstruction of the stricken areas.

120

100 On standby Travelling to the site 80 In operation 60 Total

No. of emergency water tank trucks tank water emergency of No. 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Elapsed time (day)

Fig.11 Number of emergency water tank trucks deployed in the affected areas. calculated with respect to the elapsed time. responses, and they were restored on April 16 and 17. According to Saibu Gas Co., Ltd. and the Japan Gas After completing restoration work of mid-pressure B Association (JGA) 14) , the gas supply was not pipelines on April 18, prioritized restorations were disrupted for the approximately 1,100 households in conducted for customers supplied via mid-pressure Block 201, and 500 households in Block 207. These line: 24 facilities, 7 facilities and 4 facilities on April are special district where gas shutoff is conducted at 18, 19 and 20, respectively. In total, supply to 43 SI value over 80 kine. It is considered that city gas facilities were completed by April 20. supply can be supplied safely enough because both The number of disrupted households decreased gas pipelines and buildings in these districts are rapidly because the damage to gas pipes was not earthquake-resistant. The gas supply was totally extensive. Saibu Gas Co., Ltd. initially expected to interrupted in other gas-supply blocks after the complete restoration work on May 8. The restoration earthquake on April 16 (Figs.14 and 15). time was shortened, and the gas supply was totally The eight major hospitals where gas is supplied recovered at 13:40 on April 30. According to the through middle pressure pipelines received priority JGA, the number of emergency response workers

8 387

北熊本SA 325

3 飯高山

443 207 三ノ岳 387 57

熊本空港 205 熊本IC 小萩山

金峰山戸島山三淵山 202 206 託麻PA

204 443

益城熊本空港IC 権現山独鈷山城山権現山

201 203 3 266 八城橋朝来山

大六橋船野山

Fig.12 Locations of gas-supply blocks in Kumamoto Prefecture deployed by Saibu Gas Co., Ltd.

120000 100000 80000 60000 40000

without gas supply without gas 20000 Number Number ofhouseholds 0 0 5 10 15 20 Elapsed time (day)

(a) Entire of the area supplied by Saibu Gas Co., Ltd. 25000 201 20000 202

15000 203 204 10000 205 5000 206 without gas supply gas without

Number of households households of Number 207 0 0 5 10 15 20 Elapsed time (day)

(b) Gas-supply blocks

Fig.13 Number of disrupted households with respect to the elapsed time after the event on April 14 increased gradually, and it shows the largest value of 4,641 (Saibu Gas Co., Ltd.: 1,965, Assistance from other gas companies organized by JGA: 2,676) on April 25 (Fig.16).

9 100 201 202 80 203 60 204 205 40 206 20

Gas supplying ratio Gas supplying 207

0 Total 0 5 10 15 20 Elapsed time (day)

Fig.14 Gas supplying ratios with respect to the elapsed time after the earthquake on April 14.

Apr. 16 Apr. 17 Apr. 18 Apr. 19

Apr. 20 Apr. 21 Apr. 23 Apr. 25

Apr. 26 Apr. 27 Apr. 28 Apr. 29

Gas supplying ratio (%) 0.00 - 1.00 60.01 - 80.00 1.01 - 20.00 80.01 - 99.00 20.01 - 40.00 99.01 - 100.00 40.01 - 60.00

Fig.15 Spatial distribution of gas supplying ratios in the area supplied by Saibu Gas Co., Ltd.

5000 Saibu Gas Co., Ltd. 4500 4000 Japan Gas Association 3500 3000 2500

workers 2000 1500 1000 500

Number of emergency response 0

Fig.16 Number of emergency response workers of Saibu Gas Co., Ltd. and those sent off by Japan Gas Association.

10 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS (A2) and (A3) proposed by Wald et al. 19) .

(A1) In this paper, functional damage and restorations Imm 1.81 I JMA 1.95 of three utility lifelines, i.e., electric power supply system, water supply system and city gas supply 2.20 log PGA 1.00 (PGA 66.4) (A2) system in Kumamoto Prefecture were compiled for Imm the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan. Major 3.66 log PGA 1.66 (PGA 66.4) outputs of this study are listed below. 1) The number of customers or households without 2.10 log PGV 3.40 (PGV 5.8) I (A3) lifeline services were graphically illustrated on mm 3.47 log PGV 2.35 (PGV 5.8) prefectural and municipal basis. 2) Supplying ratios defined as the fraction of the REFERENCES number of customers or households to the total 1) Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA): Information on the were graphically and geographically illustrated on 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, 2016, prefectural and municipal basis. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/menu/h28_kumamoto_jishin_m 3) Spatial distributions of supplying ratios on enu.html (in Japanese). 2) Maruyama, Y.: JSCE quick report of reconnaissance of municipal basis were also illustrated by damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, Dam- geographical maps. age to lifeline facilities and inconvenience in daily lives, Committee of Earthquake Engineering, JSCE, April 27, ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Mr. Hiroki Kato, aca- 2016, http://committees.jsce.or.jp/eec2/ (in Japanese). demic research assistant, graduate and undergraduate 3) Nojima, N.: Lifeline Restoration in the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, Japan (Time series), Ver.2, May 20, 2016, students in Earthquake Engineering Laboratory, http://www1.gifu-u.ac.jp/~nojima/take_out_LLEQreport.ht Dept. of Civil Engineering, Gifu University are m, http://committees.jsce.or.jp/eec205/ (in Japanese). gratefully acknowleged for their assistance in col- 4) The Cabinet Office, Headquarters for Emergency Disaster lection and compilation of data. Control: On disaster situations in the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, http://www.bousai.go.jp/ (in Japanese). 5) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), APPENDIX A JMA SEISMIC INTENSITY Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA): List of disaster information, 2016, http://www.fdma.go.jp/bn/2016/ (in Japanese). JMA seismic intensity, I JMA , is calculated based on two horizontal and vertical components of strong 6) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW): On earthquakes with epicenters in Kumamoto region, 2016, motion accelerograms processed with the band-pass http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/00001214 17) filter prescribed by JMA . Discrete ranks of the 31.html (in Japanese). JMA seismic intensity are derived by rounding the 7) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Agency continuous values into the 10-fold intensity scale for Natural Resources and Energy: Annual report on gas ranging from 0 to 7. Figure A1 compares I and utility industries, FY2014 (in Japanese). JMA 8) Kumamoto Prefectural Government, Headquarters for Imm (Modified Mercalli intensity) using the Eq.(A1) Disaster Control: Conference documents at the headquarters 18) proposed by Shabestari and Yamazaki and Eqs. for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, 2016, http://www. pref.kumamoto.jp/kiji_15459.html (in Japanese). 9) Kumamoto Prefectural Government: Local disaster man-

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