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Tidal Marsh and Aquatic Habitats Conceptual Model Suisun Marsh Tidal Marsh and Aquatic Habitats Conceptual Model Chapter 3: Tidal Marsh IN-PROGRESS DRAFT 26 October 2010 Suisun Marsh Habitat Management, Restoration and Preservation Plan Primary Authors: Stuart Siegel, WWR Christina Toms, WWR Dan Gillenwater, WWR Contributing Authors: Chris Enright, DWR IN-PROGRESS DRAFT Chapter 3: Tidal Marsh / Suisun Marsh Plan Tidal Marsh and Aquatic Habitats Conceptual Model Table of Contents 3 TIDAL MARSH .............................................................................................................................. 1 3.1 Tidal Marsh Habitats of Suisun ....................................................................................................................... 3 3.1.1 Vertical Variation in Marsh Habitats ................................................................................................................. 3 3.1.2 Planform Variation in Tidal Marsh ..................................................................................................................... 4 3.1.3 Tidal Channels ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.4 Managed Marsh ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Physical Evolution of Restored Marshes .................................................................................................... 7 3.2.1 General Restoration Site Evolution Conceptual Model ............................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Baseline Site Elevations and Initial Conditions ............................................................................................. 9 3.2.3 Tidal Flooding and Inundation Regime ......................................................................................................... 11 3.2.4 Relative Surface Elevation Dynamics ............................................................................................................. 12 3.2.5 Vegetation as an Ecological Engineer ............................................................................................................ 18 3.2.6 Geomorphic Evolution in Restored Tidal Marshes (SM GE) .................................................................... 18 3.3 Evolution of Ecological Functions at Restored Marshes ................................................................. 21 3.3.1 Habitat Connectivity: Conceptual Model of Restoration Sites at Larger Spatial Scales ................. 21 3.3.2 General Ecological Functions Conceptual Model ........................................................................................ 24 3.3.3 Substrate Characteristics (SM SC) .................................................................................................................. 24 3.3.4 Invertebrates ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.5 Vegetation Communities .................................................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Resulting Ecological Functions at Stages of Restoration Evolution ......................................... 28 3.5 Considerations in Restoration ....................................................................................................................... 31 3.5.1 Landscape-Scale Factors in Restoration ....................................................................................................... 31 3.5.2 Site Selection Factors .......................................................................................................................................... 35 3.5.3 Incorporating Habitat Levees ........................................................................................................................... 36 3.6 Assumptions, Uncertainties, and Research Needs ............................................................................. 37 Ch3_Tidal Marsh_Suisun TMAq CM_In-Progress-Draft_2010-1026sws.docx 3-i IN-PROGRESS DRAFT Chapter 3: Tidal Marsh / Suisun Marsh Plan Tidal Marsh and Aquatic Habitats Conceptual Model List of Figures Figure 3-1. Suisun Marsh Wetland Types ...................................................................................................... 2 Figure 3-2. Vertical Zonation Cross Section in Suisun Tidal Marshes ........................................................... 4 Figure 3-3. Tidal Marsh Vegetation Vertical Growth Range by Salinity Regime ............................................ 4 Figure 3-4. Examples of Interior and Fringing Marsh ..................................................................................... 6 Figure 3-5. General Tidal Marsh Restoration Site Evolution Conceptual Model ............................................ 8 Figure 3-6. Diked Lands Topography .......................................................................................................... 10 Figure 3-7. Histogram of Diked Lands Topography ..................................................................................... 11 Figure 3-8. Conceptual Model of Inundation Regime ................................................................................... 12 Figure 3-9. Relative Surface Elevation Conceptual Model ........................................................................... 13 Figure 3-10. Deposition Conceptual Model .................................................................................................. 15 Figure 3-11. Below-Ground Biomass Production Conceptual Model ........................................................... 17 Figure 3-12. Peat Accumulation Conceptual Model ..................................................................................... 18 Figure 3-13. Geomorphic Evolution in Restored TIdal Marshes Conceptual Model ..................................... 20 Figure 3-14. Conceptual Model of Habitat Connectivity Between Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Habitats . 23 Figure 3-15. General Higher Trophic Level Ecological Functions Conceptual Model .................................. 24 Figure 3-16. Substrate Characteristics Conceptual Model ........................................................................... 25 Figure 3-17. Inundation Regime, Marsh Elevation, and Restoration Evolution Trajectories ........................ 28 Figure 3-18. The Three Elements of Restoring Desired Ecosystem Characteristics ................................... 31 Figure 3-19. Estuarine Habitats of the San Francisco Estuary, Pre-European and Modern ........................ 32 Figure 3-20. Estuarine Transgression and Sea Level Rise .......................................................................... 33 Figure 3-21. Generalized Patterns of Sediment Supply in Suisun Marsh .................................................... 34 Figure 3-22. Comparison of Effects on the Tides from Different Restoration Locations .............................. 35 Figure 3-23. Habitat Levee Cross Section ................................................................................................... 37 Ch3_Tidal Marsh_Suisun TMAq CM_In-Progress-Draft_2010-1026sws.docx 3-ii IN-PROGRESS DRAFT Chapter 3: Tidal Marsh / Suisun Marsh Plan Tidal Marsh and Aquatic Habitats Conceptual Model 3 Tidal Marsh The purpose of this conceptual model is to describe the processes influencing tidal marshlands of Suisun Marsh and their ecosystem functions, how these and other processes control the evolution of marsh restoration sites, and key considerations in planning large-scale tidal restoration in Suisun Marsh. Suisun Marsh historically was a tidal marsh system comprising brackish marshes with higher salinities towards the west and in the fall and lower salinities in the east and in winter and spring. Today, somewhat less than 8,000 acres of tidal marsh remain, comprising a mixture of relict historic marsh (e.g., Rush Ranch), “centennial marsh” formed along bay margins from accretion of Sierra Nevada hydraulic mining sediment (e.g., Lower Joice Island), marsh along sloughs with reduced tidal exchange due to diking (e.g., along many slough banks), and restored marsh (e.g., Ryer Island) (Figure 3-1). Tidal marshlands provide a range of ecosystem functions for many birds, fish, mammals and plants including several special status species. Tidal marshlands provide breeding habitats, forage opportunities, refuge, and many pathways of food web productivity. Expanding these ecosystem functions through large- scale restoration is a key focus of the Suisun Marsh Plan. This Chapter 3 of the Tidal Marsh-Aquatic Habitats Conceptual Model describes lays the foundation for restoration approaches. This Chapter draws extensively upon Chapter 1, Physical Processes, and leads into Chapter 4, Species. The boundary between a tidal marsh and the aquatic environment is a fuzzy line; the large tidal sloughs within the tidal marshlands are aquatic just as are the large tidal sloughs surrounded by levees, albeit with many differences in processes and functions. This Chapter covers the following subjects: A description of tidal marshlands of Suisun including elevational (inundation) characteristics, planform variations, and channel networks (Section 3.1) Processes of marsh evolution (Section 3.2) Overview of ecological functions at
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