Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Magazine
Fall 1956 The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 2 Earl F. Robacker
Henry J. Kauffman
Walter E. Boyer
Alfred L. Shoemaker
Olive G. Zehner
See next page for additional authors
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Recommended Citation Robacker, Earl F.; Kauffman, Henry J.; Boyer, Walter E.; Shoemaker, Alfred L.; Zehner, Olive G.; Yoder, Don; Cresswell, Elsie Gehris; Heller, Edna Eby; and Froehlich, Hugo, "The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 2" (1956). The Dutchman / The Pennsylvania Dutchman Magazine. 10. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/10
This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Earl F. Robacker, Henry J. Kauffman, Walter E. Boyer, Alfred L. Shoemaker, Olive G. Zehner, Don Yoder, Elsie Gehris Cresswell, Edna Eby Heller, and Hugo Froehlich
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Subscribers will please note that this issue of the PENNSYLVANIA DUTCHMAN (volume VIII, number 2) telescopes the fall and winter months. As a consequence, the expiration date of all subscriptions will be extended three months or one issue. The next number of the DUTCHMAN, the spring issue, will appear at its regular time - on or about April 1, 1957. FALL-WINTER 1956-57 VOL. 8, NO.2
EOITOR : Managing : Dr. Alfred 1. Shoemaker Associate : Dr. Don Yoder Contents
DEPARTMF.: ' T EDITORS : P ennsylvania R edware 2 Antiques : Dr. Earl F. Robacker EARL F. ROBAO ER A rt: F rance Lichten Philadelphia Butter 9 Crafts: HENRY J. K<\ UFFi\IAN XVIIl Century: Henry J. Kauffman Contemporary : Olive G. Zehn er Adam und Eva im Paradies ...... 14 Design : LeRoy Gen ler WALTER E. BOYER Folklore : Rev. Thomas R. Brendle The Pretzel before the Civil War ...... _ 19 Food: Edna Eby Heller ALFRED 1. HOEl\IAKER Genealogy : Frederick Wei er History: Dr. Arthur D. Graeff Amish Sculpture ...... 20 Literature : Walter E. Boyer OLIVE G. Z EHNER Music : Dr. J. \,\Tilli am Frey Spidtuals from the Pennsylvania Dutch
B CRIPTIO T RATES: Country...... 22 3.00 a year in th e nited tate and Do:\' YODER Canada. EI ewhere fifty cent addi tional for postage. ingle copies .75. Aunt Sybilla ...... _. 34 ELSIE GEI-IRI CRESSWELL M AND PHOTOGRAPH : The Editor will be glad to co n ider A Dutch Fea t ...... 36 M and photographs ent wi th a EOi\A EHY H ELLER view to publication. When un uit able, and if accompanied by return " T eam." Mennonites ...... 3 8 po tage, every care wi ll be exercised ALFRED 1. HOEl\IAK ER toward their return, although no re spon ibility for th eir afety i as- umed. Pioneer s f1'0111 Staudernheim ...... 4 3 H UGO FROEIlLl 11 THE PEN YLVA JIA DUTCH (Tran ialed by Do ' YODEH ) l\ I A~ . Fall-Winter. ] 956-1957, Vol. R - 0. 2. published quarterly by th e D ialect Folksay ...... 4.7 Penns) II'ania Dutch Folklore Cenler. Inc .. 307-311 \,'e laIn lo , Kulz lOll n_ P a. Execu li ve and edilorial of COVER: Gen sler fi ce Bethel, Pa. Contenl Copyrighted.
Entered as second cia s matter at the Post Off'cc Press of at Kutztown. P ennsylvania. under the Act of CRAFTSMEN, INC. },farch 3, 1879. Kutztown, Pa. A " bes t" in redware. The light and dark brown mottling under the glctze, the ex pertly applied hand les, and the regular ly incised lines are noteworthy; the gold-flecked gla ze is exceptional.
PlEo,"Q, cOlfrfcsJ' 0/ Pall! iVll'alld An 8-inelL sgraffito jar attributed to Georg Hiibner. Made originctlly for Eliz(tbeL/w Sisholz, it wa long in the possession of JII/rs. D(wid Mosser. Mr. Mosser con ducted the Buck Horn Hotel in the northern part of L ehigh County. One of the most important pieces of American sgraffito, it is now at the H. F. Dnpoll! Tr1interthur 111usewn. Pennsylvania Redware •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• By EARL F. ROBACKER Potter) made of local clay wa in common use all along ha s many co mm on characteristic. the Ea tern seaboard in Colonial da) s. There were prob Only a generation ago, this problem was comparatively ably few Aouri hing settlement in whi ch at least one kiln simple; a piece of redware found at a 10 al hop or of· wa not in operati on at some time or oth cr, but a per on fered local! at a uction wa likely to prove indigenou . wh o look ba k from th e pre ent co nclu le that Con NOlI. however. \I ilh ever-increa ing exchange a mong deal necticut, P ennsylvania, Virginia. and orth Carolin a were ers.with frequent changing of hand among collector. among th e lead both in th e total quantit) produced and in and wi th remembered origin growing fewer and fewer, the quality of the product. a pi ece of red ware off ered for ale mi ght have come from In Dutch Penn ylvania, a high proportion of th e output almost anywh ere. was in what i now included in the general term of red Common en e dictates several procedures for th e per ware- individually made piece of local clay which burned on who ha ucculllbed to th e homespun charm of red to a brick red in th e kiln and slod y darkened to variou II are- and. for II hatever rea on, want it to be P enll yl tone of deeper red \I ith u e and the pas ing of time. The va nia redware: collector IdlO \I ishes to maintain th e essential pLll'it) of 1. He h ould tudy, in museum s, specimen kn Oll n a P enn ylvania Dutch collection face a problem he doe beyond doubt to bc P enns) k an ian- stud y their shape, not encounter in many subdivisions of Penn sylvaniana th eir texture, th eir glazing. th ei r olor. and th e decoration. that of knowing the ~q uiv ~ l e nt product of . onnecticut. if de orati on is present. Virginia. th e Carolina. and occasionall y \ -ell' York. Ohio, 2. He houlcl follow the ame procedure in a distantly and still oth er ta te . for. \I·herever it was made. redll'are remol ed locality. appl ) in g th e same tancla rcl s of judg-
2 The inkwell and the two-handled pitcher are expertly /1'wde ctnd glazed, . and show signs of use. Perhaps ironicaLLy, the unglazed penny' bank. shows little indication of wear! The red ware cookie m.old, deer pattern, /.s a rctnty- perhaps unique. Colanders were of varioll sizes, with or without handles and feet. Flower pots, too, existed in great variety; pot a.nd base here are one piece. Chamber pOLS ha.ve not often survived.
Except as noted, illustrations are from the Robacker co llection; photography by CHARLE BA HR .
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ment. noting poinl of imilarity and dis imilarity. Generall y speaking, however. nat piece like plate and 3. He should lh en try hi hand at a co untry a uction deep platters were haped over mold or patterns and the e 1ges in the Dutch Co untry, at a far mh ouse which after long trimmed much as a paslry cook might trim the edge of a year i yielding up the mi cellaneana stored away in cel pie crust. Tall, hollol pie e were usually built up on a lar, summer kitchen. and outhou e. for red ware i likely polter' wheel. In both ca e , th e shaped "green" clay wa to be among the offerings. set a ide to d ry, and later, often during the winter or a 4. Finall). he hould tart his vi its lo the dealer, lack ea on, the ki ln " ould he fired and the product of beginning wilh lho e who operate on a mall cale and IV eks' or months' work would he baked alone li me. who acquire much of their stock at local a uclion . Obj ects inlend ed onl) for dry use would req uire no Even lh en, he wi ll probabl y lIla ke mistakes- but fe\\ er glazing at all. and II"ould come oul of the kiln in porous or and Ie co tly one th an if he had begun hi s purcha e by " hi cuit" form. Pie e which were lo holdliguid . however. jumping lo concluion . had lo be glazed. T he usual process was eilh r to brush lhe R ed l~ are fall s into t\\ O broad calegori e : the once a l lhin glazin g mixlure on lh e inleri or urface or to place a lerrilory embracing roof til s, chimney collar , "plain" quanlity in ide and wir! it aboul. Piece which were to jug. jar, crock. I 011'1 , plale ,and olher ulilila rian forms take on an ornamenlal qu alil) l\ ere omelime glazed in - glazed, unglazed, or parlly glazed; andlhe smaller fi eld side and ou l ide. of .. fanc) ,. glazed and decoral d II are. lipware i the general lerm used for glazed piece jn The delail of pollery making have 0 of len been \\hich an elemenl o r design ha b en added. Thi des ign de cribed lhal it eem unnece ary lo go inlo th em here. may range fro III imple wa \"ed or" quiggl)" li ne lo dra w-
3 A sgrafJito pie plat e in tones of green and brown, . by . Ja cob Medinger, la st of th e old-time pO llers. H e operat ed his es tab lishment Lip to ] 931, perishing ilL the flam es of his own kiln.
Bowls are found in Ct great va riety of sizes, but usucdly less elaborately decontted than the 9-inch specim.en shown here. Nlilk bowls (for nse in coolin/! milk in large quantities) were som etimes as much as 20 inch.es across.
lip ware pie plates range in size from 3-inch " tasters" to 12-inch sizes-and sometimes larger. A p plied designs are lI sually in yel low, but occasionally in green. or black .
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jng of bird or date or names or initials. First names of lead which wa its ba ic ingredien t was someti mes darken women, incidentally, eem more often to be found on New ed wi th manganese. Too grea t a quantity of manga nese England or ou thern potter y than on Penn ylva nia piece. wou ld turn the glaze black. De ign were appli ed I y mea n of a quill cup. a veEsel Mo t elaborate. mo t beautiful. harde t to filld- and by , ith from one to a many a ix or seven openings at the far th e mo t expensive- of all Penns) Ivan ia pottery i the bottom. Hollow quills fitted to the opening led th e thin type knOll n a graffi to. The II' rd " gra ffit o'" a term of "slip" to the surface to be decorated, and th e operation lLalian origin . mean "scratched," and pottery to which called for considerable dexteri ty. th e name i correctl ) applied has a neatl y s ratched or The lip mixture. made with a li ght-colored cIa). wa in cised decoration. Probably most sgraffi to piece - like sometimes all owed to tand in reli ef agai nst the surface much of the be t lip-decorated wa re- were intend ed les adorned, but oftener wa beaten fl at before it had enti rely to be used than to shOll th e ski ll of th e potter. Certainly, dried. In pieces which had not been so beaten. the su dace some of them were used a presentati on piece ; oth ers decoration often wore away in use. " ere put on display at country tores or in the home of To lend va ri ety to Eeverely plain objec t . coloring agents the polter. That ome were actu all y u ed. and u ed hard, were ometime employed before the glazing operati on. In is ev id en t from th e mark of wea r th ey di play. general, no great care was taken. and th e d coration ap . Identifying bona fide pieces of American graffi to i a pear as patches or plotches. Chemical commonl y u ed J b for th e expert rather than for th e amateur. graffito for thi s pu rpo e were co pper oxide and verdigri" While and sli p decoration were common to most Old World th e glaze itself was usuall y clear or a pale yell ow. th e red coun trie . and moti fs and decorali ons showed a conider- The whorled baking dish at the left, thin and fragile, is something of (tn anomaly in Pennsylvania redwarc. ]ltlore common is its much-later suc cessor, the Turk's-head dish, proto type of like vessel in tin (lncZ copper.
Apple butter crocks may hold anywhere from a qucLrt to more thcm two ga llons, and hCLVe been in almost continuous produc tion front early times. Follow ing Ct slump in the first quarter of the century, they are again in popular demand.
graffito plate dated 1769, with no added color in or under the clear glaze. Polter link/tO/ un .
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able degree of overlapping th ere, 0 that po itive differen th e a king price to th e collector of thing Penn ylvania tiation i frequently difficult. Ianr such piece came to Dutch? An investment in good sgraffito is likely t o run America in family em igrati ons. and many more have come in to three fi gures and perhap into four ; 0 it behoove over by recent importation-I\'ith ome of th e ame ele th e wou ld -be coll ector to utilize all th e craps of informa ment of de ign u ed on article of known American ti on available. provenance. It is to be feared th at ome pieces in well Much sgrafTito \ are i dated. The earlie t date known knOll n mu eum collecti on, while purporting to be Ameri per onaH y to th e writer i 1769, through prior recordings can. are actu ally of foreign birth. To con fu se the picture have not infreq uently been noted. The period from 1810 to even further. ome American potters consciou 1)' or un 184.0 i probably rno t frequently represented. graffito con cjously imitated known or remember d European eems to have passed out of favor hortl th ereafter, al protot) pe . and did not bother to affix th eir name to their th ough dated piece of s1ipware are found up to th e 1870' . products. However. the date, lIhile desirable. is not a vitally nece - The total re ult is an interesting collecti on of Ameri sat') allribute of good sgraffito. can and foreign. good and Ie s-good. gen uine an d spuri ou ometi me the hape of th e article providc a clue to potter), IIi th the expert sometimes at a 10 and th e provenance. The mo t com monl y found piece i the con amateur completely bewildered. I a new ly d i cO I'ered ca e pie plate, frequently al out 12 inche in diameter. article a "find" and worth con iderablr more than th e decorated a nd glazed only on th e inside. The edge may be mode t a kinO" price? Is it actu all y outh German- or oggled or plain- but is eldol11 turned or rolled under. Engli h or Au trian or Flem i h- and th erefore not worth Further, American plate eldom had ide and a bottom;
5 A deep plan er in sli pware in the most familiar of design.
Roof tiles, curved over Ihe pO ll er's fore-thigh when they ' VeI'P made, were laid ide by side on the roof, w here th ey h.ooked over heavy luth. Tiers or cour es did not overlap as is the case -with shingles; the separate roU's were a di tinct vertically as they were horizonlnlly. Ea ch. lile was so grooved that rain 1.vater run to Ihe cenler of Ihe tile nexl below it- and tce are told that redwar lile roofs never leaked .
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oftener, th ey were "all of a pi ece" - a sliced-off ection of gralli to, but are not infallible. Piece of alte ted American a hollow globe, 0 to peak. ori gin di play tulips; more or les conventionalized floll er A ide from plate, articles in sgraffito include mug, and leave ; tapering trees often called the " tree of life"; tall vase or jug , fl ower pot , and a very few mi cellaneous bird , including th e pelican ; deer; fi h ; mounted horsemen pieces, mo tl y one of a kind, uch a sugar bowl , fan or hor ewomen; a nd unmounted fi gures. Many of the e shaped fl ower holder , and covered jars. A moot object is pieces are so well kn own hi torically that when one th e puzzle jug, an elaborate contrivance which empti es ch anges hand , th e transaction become new. It i with it content through an opening oth er th an the one ap Ie er-known pecimen, however, that th e average coll ec parenti intended. Puzzle jug, old and new, are not un tor will have to deal. commonly found abroad, but one of documented Penn yl In cription u ed as border, usually in faulty German vania origin i a rarity among rarities . but rarely al oin Engli sh, sometimes furnish part of the Very highly de ired are piece of sgraffito which are decoration in large plates or platters. or in flower pot. also lip decorated, u uaU y in li ght colors. ometimes this The en timen t expre ed range from the humorou ly color wa applied over-all in the liquid glaze, th e design ea rthy to th e moral or philosophical. being cratched through to th e red cia before it dried Extremel desirable, of co urse, i a piece wh ich bears completely. In oth er case. more than one color wa used. th e potter' name. ometimes th e potter alone was the The element of design are often helpful in identif) i ng arti an ; ometim several member of th family were
6 JictroPolita ll .ll uscl!m of Art
Two superior graffito pie plates. The olL e at the lef" is marked "Andrew U."; the one at Ihe right is attributed /;0 amuel Troxel.
Left, a Pennsylvania pitcher of char acterislic shape in chocola le-brown and black. Right, (t pitcher signed "5. B ell," sometimes assumed 10 be Pennsylvanian but almost certainly made in Virginia. B ell pieces are nol,ed for Ihe bold use of green in Ihe glaze .
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in volved. Pieces \I'ere igned by or kn ol\'n to have been about th e infrequent appearance on the market of a hither made by per on with uch surname a Bergey, Haring, to unknown piece of fin e sgraffito ? How do one put a Headman, Hildebrand, Hubner, Medinger, Ta e (or monetary evaluation on anything unique? I a hundred Nee z ), Roud ebuth, Scholl, pinner, tahl, to Wet, dollar too much, or a th ousand doll ar too little? One Troxel, and Weaver- but only a few piece of igned work seller may parry the problem b a simple mark-up polic by any of them have urvived. Occa ionall y it i po sible - a fair profit over cost ; anoth er may charge what the to make a rea onably safe attribution by comparing un- traffi c will bear- and neither can be blamed. The cu tomer, igned piece with strikingly imilar signed ones. too, sometime find himself confronted with a problem: American graffito eem to have I een little made out- How' much shall he offer th e feeble old lady who ha sud ide Penn ylvania- or, if it wa made, not enough peci denl decided to part with an unpublicized a nd long- hidden men have come to li ght to make accurate identifica tion famil y reli c? po ible. Any per on in po e ion of fact having to do There i no general answer ; th ere are onl y individual wi th non-Penn sylvanian sgraffito wo uld be perforl1ling answers- but for would-be owner of graffito there i an ine timable er vice to the cau e of folk art and of his also a stark fact : ou may earch an entire lifetime and tory by making hi information known . find no ingle pi ece worth a quiring. On the other hand. It i comparatively easy to arrive at a "rea onable" price ou may se ure a fin e piece at a wh oppi ng price one cia), \aluation for mo t red wa re, and for lipI\are. But what and an equally de irable one at half th e fi gure, Ih next!
7 pring-holl se on the Conrad W eiser homestead in B erks County, L.J ennsylvania. The un equal sides of the roof, the steps to the second floor, and the outside water trough (tre ty pical of the finest spring-houses in this area. Most of them had tile roofs like the one on this one. This building was built ometime between 1725 and 1760 and is in an excel lent state of preser va tion. Th e fir eplace and chim,ney are not us/wily associated with lat er sprill g-h ouses.
This charming pring-hou 'C is located bel ween Y or k and hiloh, Pennsylvania. Th e roof leas obviously raised a 11 umber of feeL to ma ke it (/ two-floor building. The sizps (wd step-down arrangem ent of the openings fO Tln an i/1- tere ting pa ttern in the lonb It'lllf. The building Ita a lL'af/ed wa ter area ou,tside th e house which made mor(' "pace available if the inside were crowded. The insulating qualities of th. e large lree are obvious It it ca' t a protecting shade on the roof. This arran O'e m ent probably reduced lhe inside temperatllre as milch as fi ve degree.
8 Philadelphia Butter
By HE RY J. KA UFFMA
An in vestigati on of the subj ect of Philadelphia butter makes one cognizant of the fact th at butter.making like many oth er agricultural pur uits ha had a long and va ried evolution. For centurie th e making of butter ha been the probl em of th e general farmer and recently th e specialists have wrestl ed with th e commercial aspects of butter.making. Through such a long evolution it is natural that a number of th eori es and practi ce have existed for th e cha ngin g of cream to butter is a phenomenon that has been perr orm· ed by many people a nd completely under tood by onl y a fe w. The mechanisms used in producing butter have va ri ed a great deal so that many personal preferences have been fo rmed, I ut it is doubtful if any particular one wa s mark edl y better than an other. The casual observer in th e market-place and th e home would have little reason to think that butter-making posed important problems, but a perusal of such matter in the eighteenth century indicates that at th at time th e quality of butter was ver y low. Fletcher points out in hi Pennsyl vania Agriculture and Country Lile 1640-1840 th at "The nondescript cattle of th e coloni st were valued chief! y for thei r meat hide and a sour e of motive power- milk wa a byproduc t"'. He point out that cows " ere ill-fed a nd their producti on of milk, in quantity and quality. wa ver) low ,,-hen com pared to today's tandards. Churning w a~ done i nfrequently and sanitation ,,-as li ghtl y th ought of in handling dairy produ cts. The fact th at some butter. in earlier ti me . was recog nizably better th an a nother leads one to I elieve that ome importa nt variables could be found in butter production. The most important va riable was probably the quality of the CO WI\-hich produced the milk a nd cream ; and it ob \ iou 1)' foll ows th e better th e co w, th e better the butter. T here \,ere oth er factors such a the type of food the cow a te. th e cow' general health, and the shelter provid ed in unfavorable weather. One of th e factors in the superiority of Philadelphia butter wa the rich growth of gras on. which the cow fed in th e area. An ob erver traveling in el\ England reported in th e Lancaster Farmer, December 1869, th at " The only cow we a ll' in passing from W orce tel' to Boston. in the month of June, I\-a a hungry looking piece of kine_ ti ed to a take, nipping at 'short gra s' where we could hardly uppose th at a Lanca ter wether could find ub i tence. Of course not much good butter co uld be expected under such circumstances." Many spring-hollses had /1t'0 levels for relrig Philadelphia butter r ached th e zenith of its pre ti ge in >rating difJeren/ foods. The first floor ai /his one was entirely below the gro/lnd level and the middle of the nineteenth cenlury, but the Dictionary oJ was doubtless Lls ed lor cooling dairy prodllC/ . A mericanisms reports that as early a 1758 it wa famou uch as bllller and cheese. The second Iloor throughout th e colonie and wa sold by th e firkin. It might was available lor s/orill g v egetables or a/her be intere li ng to preface the producti on of Philadelphi a loads which needed less relrigera/ion.
9 pring-h ouses sometimes resemble ccwe J\-'e,st 1\o"X.~ s ~l\{\ }\a;r-re,l cellars in their exterior appearance. The interior of this one is a high stone arch, Cov~-rs. covered with. earth for its insulatillg quality. 30,000 Cane, suitable for Reed ~bkers, 300 Nests Sug'ar Boxes, 200 Barrel Covers. 100 doz. Butter Prints. 200 groce of Larpp Wicks. assorted sizes, Spickets and Fausctts. suitable for hogshead. bar reis, kegs and hydnnt!l; swt'epillg', shoe, scrub. bir.g', dusting, whItewash, weaVel'S and otht"l' Brusnes; scale, bed and !lacking Cords ; plough L .nes ; coarse and fine Twine; W eavers Slays or Reeds; woollen, cassinet, cotton and hand The tulip m otif was popuZcLr with l1umy Rhuttles; cotton and wool Cards; falley and craftsm en, including the carver o f bul commOIl Bellows; fishing Tackle; lamp and can· ler prinls. Stars were also widely used dt0 \: 10k. curn B rooms ~nd \Vhisks; market on butter prints as well as on barns, and close Bdskets; long' and short Brush Han. chests, and fraclur. dIes; Lemon Squeezers; Rolling Pins, Potatoe Mashers; }tudiers; towt"l Rollers; wash .and cake Boards; shovels, tubs, clothes pini; humming and common Tops; Sifters; box and cake Black· ing; butter Bowls ; Trays. Spoons and Paddles; Tt'cnchers; crabing and cabbage Netts. The above articles are offered for sale on rea- sonable terms, by VALElUUS DUKEHAUT. I No. 10t~ Baltimoft", between South and Cal vert Strt> cts. I Baltimore. 9th }lo. 26th, 1828. ------Lancaster COll ll /y H istorical Society A n advertise lnent in the A nti-Masonic H endd, ew H olland, Pennsylvania, ] 828, indicettes ] 00 dozen butler prints for sa le as well as a nL~m. b e r of other items co nnected Ivit" th e prodL.LC tw IL of butter. lVlr. Dukehart was obviously aIL IInporter and advertised his Lco res in the Dutch Co un try where they were widely used . . T his i one of the fen', if not th e only COIl tem porary record of the sale of butter prilL S 111 A merica.
10 butter ,,-ith ome comm ent about producti on in Europe at about th e same time. The En cyclopedia Perthell sis, P erth 1790, report some practi ce that were followed in the making of th e fam ou Epping butter in England. It tells that in the summer months milking should be done before unri e so that the cream can be kimmed be· fore th e dairy room become " arm, nor should it be skim med in the evening before un sel. In frosty weather milk should be immediately trained after milkin g and a small quantity of boiling water added to produ ce an abundance of cream. In ,,-inter the milk can remain un strained for twenty.four to thirty-six hour. If butter is not churned daily it should not tand more than tw o day in the summer and it should be churned at lea t twice weekly in the winter. The churn hould be placed in a cool body of water. if a pump churn is u ed. Only one person should churn_ or at lea t the r ythm should not be changed, oth er " ise th e result will be un satisfa ctory. After the butter j churned it should be washed with a number of clean waters until it is perfectly cleared of milk: this operation being performed by one wh o doe not ha ve a \I arm hand or the butter will become soft and greasy. After t:1e butter is properly washed and salted it is placed in firkin and sent to the London market where it command the highest price of any made in England. There seem to be some wisdom and some m y ticism in the early direc ti on for making butter. Thi situ ation wa This In id·nineleent.h century pring-house is d oubtless a ver y normal one for man y of the farmers' located in so uthern Lancaster County. Its ar p ractice were dominated by ideas that were not based on chitectural features are similar to the fctnn fact or research as th ey are kn own today. ome attenti on house w hich stands nearby. The serrated was given to sanitation and refri gerati on but the were brick cornice is typical of the time a.nd are((. obviou ly not as important th en a th ey have been in re There is little provision for light in any of cent year . One interes ting point to note is the fact that these spring-houses. the Engli sh did not make u e of a spring-h ouse in their em b r~ - onic da iry industry. Cooling cell ars are menti oned but
1'h e tulip I1w tif is simply executed on Four tulips fonn an interesting overall one end of this print; on the other end pattern for this print. This arrange a sIal' m otif is executed in a simila,. m ent was very difficult to carve and i ' manner. Print.s with two usable ends arc quite rare. not regarded as a common ty pe.
II In this print the star motif is dOlnil1ant The swan i an uncommon motif in and is supported with tulips and n Dutch folk art, but it is certainly aUrac serrated edge. The combinations of tive and functional. The crisp line of geometric and natural d esign seen1- to this print are carved in the end grain be endle s. of (/ hard wooel.
the use of fl owing water for cooling was obviously not of 0 much moisture seemed to be a di advantage to him. widely practi ced for it i not menti oned ln th e report The committee noti ced that he was able to maintain a tem mentioned above. perature of 60 degree Farenheit in hi s cell ar I hich wa In di scus ing " Philadelphia print" a it lI ~ a called one on I) two degree above the average temperature of the should first be awar that it wa actu all y produced in the pring-h ouses. Thi wa regarded as adequate for cooling counties of Lancaster, Ch e ter. a nd Delaware. a nd market milk and he did not have the inco nve ni ence of walking ed in Philadelphia. In the 1860's it was r egarded a top over or in water. quality in America and numer ou storie were reported Tn most ca es the milk was placed in shallow pa n . after about the detail of it manufacture. A committee of lew milki ng. the depth of the milk being about th e same a York gentlemen visited th e farm of a mu el J. harpless of the depth of th e water outside of th e pan. This va ried [rom treet tati on, Chester County, and m ade a report of their three to four inches. This pro edure CJui ckl y brought the findings. milk to about 58 degree. fter twenty-four hour of cool The m ilki ng is done in a milk house II hi h is unusuall y ing th e cream \\~ as kimmed and pIa ed in a Jarge yes el li ght and airy. A epar ate stall i providcd f01" each cow holding about tl elve gallon where it wa kept a t the 58 with her name, pedigree. and a mall ser ing of hran degree temperature until it \\ a churned. There were of which th e cow ate " hile bei ng milked. (Doubtless th e tart co ur e no mechanical separators in th ose days and the o f the contented ow th eory.) The milking is done by ex cream was skimmed with a tin dipper whi ch had a num peri enced women, each one always milki ng the sa me ber of small hole in it. cows, and there was no loud talking or kylarking. The churn was a barrel type with sta ves a nd hoop-. It Th committee pointed out that one of the secrets in wa mounted horizontally on a bearing in each end and the producti on of this uperior butter wa the u e of a motiva ted b y horsepower. The mall er producer used spring-h ouse. It wa about eighteen feet lI~ id e and twenty churn th at \\'ere motivated by dogs or heep. 'I ithin the four feet long. It wa usuall y built of stone. over a spr in g. barrel a number of arm were permantly fastened and ar and on the sid e of a hill so th at a plentiful uppl y of water ranged to ca use a great di sturbance when the barrel was wa available for cooling the milk. W ater covered the rotated. The churning lasted about an hour when a little gravel fl oor except for some r ai ed platform for walking. cold mill lI ~ as added to cause th e butter to gather. After Just under the r oof many mall windol were located and the butter-milk wa drained. cold water lI'a added and inclosed with wire me h so th at a fl ol of fresh air c ir the churn g iven a few turns to free milk which did not culated in the building. One pring-h ou e had ten ide drain th e fir ttime. A r ocking m oti on cau cd the butter to walls, six feet bei ng below the gr ound level. uch a n ar ga th er at th e bottom o f the churn wh ere it lI'a removed. ra ngement obviously wa helpful in maintaining the low noth er secret in th e produ ti on of Philadelphia butter temperature desired in uch a building. \\'a th e u e of a butter-II orker which wa located in the One of the butter producer in th e Che ter Co unty area corner of th e pring-h ou e. It was a table about twelve did not approve of a pring-hou e. He th ought a d r) cell ar feet in di ameter. th e top lanting tOil a rd the center. About was equally as atisfacto1" Y. if not better. for th e presence til enty po und of buller lI~ e r placed on it at one time
12 If there is any doubt abont calling a CO I U "lVell" here is the proof. T he cow print is a cO/nmon pattern, but it rarely names the cow.
The eagle motif was also poptLlar in the Dutch Country w here it appears on frac tur, guns, coverlets, and butter print _ Pennsylvania wa a patriotic state and the Dutch believed in displaying the fact. which was kneaded by a tapering, corrugated roller, fa ten ed in the center and moved around the ou ter circumference by an operator. A the butter milk wa worked out of the butter it ran toward the center of th e table and wa drained in to a receptacle. Later came another ecret called " wiping the butter. " A clean damp cloth was placed between the butter and the The shectf of wheat m otif was c7everly roller which removed all the moisture that had not been adupted to many ureas. This rectanguhtr form previously squeezed ou t. This action produced a crisp. is a rare one, but the carving is not of the wax-like texture in th e butter which it never seemed to finest qualify. 10 e. Finally the butter was alted by th e operator, and the entire proce of working, wiping, and alting one hun dred pound of butter required only about one hour. The butter was then placed in tin pans and cooled 0 lhat final preparations co uld be made to end it to market. The marketing of the butter i described in the Lan ca tel' Farmer, December 1869. " 10 pot or delft-\\ are. no ·rub or pail of oak or hemlock, no vulgar firkin i u_ed to entom b th o e nolle balls, goldenhued wi th the aroma of white cl over and Poa Pratten is lingering in the fi rm grain. A large tin ve el, de igned expre sly for th e bu ine s, ha chamber at each end , into which ice is put. The wooden' shelve about three inche apart, rest on little proje lions fr om the sid e . A layer of ball s is then I laced 0 11 the bottom and covered with it hell, but not so as lo tOll ch or mar the hando-ome print of a sheaf of grain: whi ch tand on th e top of each ball ; on th e helf an olh er layer of print. and 0 till the ve el i full, they contain forty or fifty pound print. The tin wi th ice in each endi then et in a \\ ooden tub \\hich ha been cooled with ice or pring \Iater. Over thi i drawn a cover of padded r-arpeting, wilh oil -clo th on lop. Thu the hot air and dust ar wholly exclud ed, and the butter rides Lo th e city and The shectf of wheat is doubtless th e most opens in th e market-hou e in as fin e co ndition a wh n common motif (wd contemporary report · tell that it WG used on Philadelphia bllller. This packed in th e pring-h oll e." slllall one, only two inches ilL diameter, w a probubly used ill Lhe preparatioll of illdivid ual s('rvings. Adam und Eva 1m• Paradies
By W LTER E. BOYER
Among the hundreds of broadsides publi hed prior to closer tud y th an I\ hat ca n b gi en here. Yet they do in 1850 by our German printcrs. none eems to have caught dicate evera l cultural factors th at are important and men th e imaginati on nor to have won th e e t cm of th publi c ti on should be made of them at thi point. quite as well a th at of Adam und Eva im Paradies. (The F ir t, it should be recogni zed that these illustrations shorter vel' ion was kn own as Der Fall Adam. Of th e nine rank among the best of the print art in early nineteenth tanzas in the horter version. eight are id cnti cal to tallzas century Ameri ca ; and. second, th at the majorit) of th em in th e longer poem. All reference will be to the longer perfectl y perform their fun ction of illustration. version.) The Talt/schein wa . of co urse. a m ust for e\'er y Th e earl y engravin gs, uch as th e one by "R. & \V. " member of tlle family, but once procured. the Tau/schein used b y amuel Ba um an, are sim ple and direct. They are was folded and laid all"a . T he ba ll ad of u anna Cox not sub ervient to the text but serve a a com plement to fl ooded tll e country ide. Thi , I fear. wa du e to its sensa· it. On the other hand, in onl y one in tance have I een an ti onal nature r ather than for a ny more literar y reason. illu trati on that called attention to itself a " 'e would To me the popularity of the Adam and Eve br o a d ~ id e have it in portraiture or in easel painting. seems to have be n different. This difference m ay well be een in two of the engravings The first two Adam and Eve broadsides th at I ever all' referred to above. Both represent a more advanced ar ti ti c w'ere ha nging on the walls of country homes, one in the tech nique th an may be een in m o t of the illustrations. Mahantongo Valley, the other in Sn, del' co unty. One T he one is b y Gilbert and wa published at Harrisburg broadside had been printed in All entown , the other i n by J oh ann S. Wiestling. In this illustration we have the H arrisburg. In both instance, I learned from m y ho ts work of a studio·trained artist, who had been the pupil of that the broadside had been in th e hou e as long as they the Engli sh-trained engraver, William Mason. A might could remember. Since both places were homesteads, the be expected of the earl y work of even an educated arti t, broadside, along with the barn and the fi eld , the houses in concept he is directl influenced b y the traditional. His and the furniture, had been handed down from genera training is evident onl y in his gr eater master y of te h ti on to gener ati on to be honored, revered, and u ed. ni q ue. F oli age, fruit, and plant are drawn more meticu H ow can we account for the po pularity of th e broad- lously; Adam is more manl y, E ve more feminine; and the ide? There seem to be at least three general r eason: the more rhythmic undulati on of the nake ar ound the tree br oadside was widely distributed : it was attracti vely print are more pleasing ae theti ca ll y. In this illustration we have ed ; and , it had the literar meri t of expres ing th e "sym the traditional illu trati ve concept brought to the height of boli c" value of its time. th e contempor ar art-ability. A wide di tributio n of th is br oadside l\'as enj o ed ince I n th e A. a nd W. Blumer illustration (p. 18 ) , the break the principal printers in th e principal cities of the D utch with tradi ti on may be seen. No longer i the illustration coun try in the early ni neteenth century kept it in circula ubservient to th e text ; it dominate th e song. To longer tion. As early a 1811, it wa printed in Ephrata b y Samu el is it a tradi ti ona l concept, bu t an individ ualisti c one. It Bauman. J ohn S. Wi e tling in Harrisburg i sued it from is more ri ch in iconographi cal values th an of iconological 1821 to 1827. I t appeared from H. W. V ill ee's pre s in ones. This mean that the traditional value oncept have La ncaster by 1829. I n Orwigsburg it was published by been u urped b y m ore contemporary and perso nal interest Grim a nd Thoma : in Philadelphia by if. Dahlcm ; and in I"alues. l~ or the fi rst time these thi ng appear in an Adam Readi ng by a host of printcr : C. A. Bruckman. C. F. bgel and E ve illu tration: a naturali ti c. sylvan setti ng exp res ed ma n. amuel 1yer. Meyer and Ch ri stia n, Da niel Roths. thre -dimensionall ; additional animal life- chicken , Heinrich B. age. and chneider and 1yers. ( ee check dog, pea ock (?) ; Adam and Eve are not sta nding b ut are list in The Penll sylvall ia Dutchman, IV, 6.) re lining : and tll e come-hither look in the eye of Eve is Of co ur e this i kn own only because the name of the 1\ orthy of the twen tieth century. printer a ppear on tlle broadsid e. b ut many other were H it appears that I have wandered from my theme, let printed- some of these may be the earlie t imprint - me hasten to reco up m y po ition b y generali zing th at if thc th a t did not include thi informa tion. Certainly it ('em popularity of the broad ide depended on the illu trati on reasonable to assume that people in ma ny placcs were in th en indeed broadside lI' ere available to atisf) every ta teo ter ested in th broad ide and th at printers tried to satisfy Although these broadsides were printed in black a nd th is demand. "hite, th majority of th em, as fou nd in collecti ons today. H owever, the e br oadsid es were not only p ublished in have had the border and illu trations hand-colored .. ince many place by many printer. th e printer them eh'e their popularity parall el the growth of the block-printed seemed to vie with one another to make th e broadside at Tau/schein e. it seem logical to a sume th at they were tractive imprints. Almost every issue included a n illus peddled by the itiner ant folk fracturi t along wi th the tration of Adam and Eve sta nding in the Garden by the TauJscheine. This. too. would make for wide-spread di - Forbidden Tree on wh ich th e nake appear . The Pennsyl tribution a nd . consequently, m ore pop ul arity. van ia Dutchman (lV. 6 ) printed even of th ese engraving Of co ur e no literary documen t can rema in popular un in the 0 tober. 1952 i u . Each ill u tration merit a Ie it appeal i unive rsal a nd find a respon e from all
14 • ,fio,{', ." oJ, .110. ~ ~ 'k ,I, ft'!!:'.oJ, .'./;"' ~ . JI~ ,r .if..1!.lf".~~_ ~ _•• ;,,-. ...¥.l._ .. ;r. ,,~r.. .. :.'...... :....;70 -...... " •• »'...... \': ...... I ...... ' •• ~ ...." ...... : ! _ :rift lI>i.b t,rif'" ,.·dltt, i brr mtin ®o,t btracUI, ;; ~~e A dam and Eve broadside printed by Sa tnLl el Baumann (1788-] 820) i ll Ephrata. Note the initials R &W (It Ihe base of Ihe woodcut. group of people. I believe lhat thi broad ide ballad may " In Adam's fall li e inned all" lias part of lhe" hri l.i an be con idered as a lilerary archelype of earl) ninel enlh nurlu re" o[ children and accepled b) adull a being a cenlury Penn) lvania Gennan culture. One of the domi· de riplion of man's slalu . I n h is creali on, i n hi damna nant principle of cul ture at lhi lime wa li ll a religiou lion and redemplion, a nd in th e sen c of the eternal, man one. Biblically in pired. Man' creati on and ub equenl cowld li ll evalu ale hi lOl from da) lo da). Thus lh ong fall II a till a vilal " }mbolical" valu e. lo u e Ernsl Ca - o[ Adam and Eve in P aradi e p ro ided h im "ilh a d ramalic irer's lerm. cienlifi c humani m had nol a )et lu red the rehear al of man' creali on. lemplali on . and fall all Ic mind of man from a weltan schauung of four·cli men ional menl of th e reli giou )mbolical alue o[ th e timc. m}lh to th e lerile ati fa ction o[ a lali lie. When d i cu ing lhi ong wilh a [a mil) In n) der 15 '~~~~9 rm if lII~in lUt-rt tl'U.'H!lI, Less stylized Adam, and Eve printed m R eading by H enry B. Sage between 1821·] 827. 16 co unty. I was told thi s story. When my informant wa still mention thi h ymn if only to point out th at it is completely a child. she and the other children \ ould a k the grand didacti c and Re£ormatiol'l- centered. In no re pect ha it father to tell them the tory of Adam and Eve. He always kinship " 'ith the broadside ballad. Even though pengler's seemed ready to oblige. lowl y would he ri se from hi hymn is what we today would term "churchly", it wa place, take the broad ide from the wall. return to his rock never printed in the hymnals of the Pennsylvania German er, and ing the ballad. The tune wa herzlich thut mich churches. It seem that didacti ci m di es quickly if its print verlan ge n, the tune that was indica ted on all th e broad ed tradition is interrupted. It i thi type of tradition that, side . The eyes of the children seld om wa ndered from the I beli eve, had no influence on our ballad. illu tration, unless a change in grandfath er's voi ce would If our broadside was popular because it retained the cause them to look up. dramatic character of traditional presentation of the My informant remembered that wh enever her grand Genesis stor y, there i another characteristi c feature of the father came to th e place where Adam had to an "'er G d's text, which wa also a part of the traditional ongs of Adam que ti on, "Why have you done this?", a twinkle came into and Eve, that is important. It is the e sentional humanity his eyes and a smile played about his li p a he solemnly both of th e tradition and the pre ent text. If commoners sang : could sit for a painting of th e Holy Family_ so could the C< Da s Weib, du mir geschenket,/ VerJu ert mich da zu." common man and th e co mm on woman be th e models of (Thi wife you gave to me leads me to it. ) Adam and Eve in the hym ns, and the players in th e plays. Then with all th e power in hi voice that he could mu tel', Jor would it be uncommon, in the de ire to achi eve verisi he would turn to grandma. wh o u uall y at close by mend militude, to present God in the traditional anthropomor ing, and demanded; phic role of potter and fatherly puni her. " Eva! Was hast gedenket, / Brings t mich ill viel Unruh;" The song closest to ou r broadside th at I have found wa (Eve! \\That had you in mind. yo u bring me much recorded from oral tradition and appears in De Knaben unrest. ) Wunderhorn as "Construction der Welt." In meter and Whereupon she would punctuate th e line with a curt but rhyme scheme it is identical with th e broad ide. In fact loud "huh". and, somehow. the children th ought that th ey line 1 and 2 in the fir t sta nzas are almost identical: were th e ca use of it all! "Als Cott die Welt ersehaJJell / Und allerhand Cethier," In addition to being an expre sion of a co ntemporary, (Wul7derhorn ) reli gious value. the Adam and Eve broadside continued a 'Als Call die Well ersehaJj'n,/U nd aUe Crealur," literary tradition that may be traced in Gcrman hymnody (Broad ide) and liturgical drama. The dramatic nature of th e broad- But it is be ide th e point to give a detailed comparison ide ballad is evident already in the lectionary of the of text. Our point i that Arnim and Brentano_ sometime Roman church of th e Middle Age . A poeti c rend erin o- of prior to 1806. were able to record from oral tradition a the Genesi stor y was part of th e liturgic of th e pre-Lent ong similar to ours in form and spirit. ote in pa sing sea on. Dr. Paul Piper writes of them as bein g the earli e t that both ongs were printed at almost th e ame time, of piritual poems. ( ee hi Die geistliche Dichlung des although on different co ntinents. I like to peculate that Mittelalters.) our broadside poem came into print in a similar manner From th e e beginnings developed th e more complete and for similar reason. dramati c rend ering of th e story a may be seen in the Finally. let u take a clo er loo k at our tex t to ee its variOll examples of the Paradiesspiel. It i well to note e sential huma nit , it dramati c nature. it desire to ex here th a t in the tradition of th e Paradiesspiel of outh plain, to note the ab ence of exhortation and didacticism. Germany. the tradition that wo uld be more apt to influence ince thi text is a dramatic expre ion and a traditional our broadside I all ad, the dramatic pre entation included interpretation of th e essential nature of humanity. and both sung and spoken portion. ( ee Dr. Karl Weinhold, eeks not to be pursua ive by preaching but by performing, Weihnacht piele und Lieder aus ueddeutschlan d und it is "biblical" in th e value scheme of it time. It may not chlesien. ) be stri ctl y canonical but iti of the co mm on experien e of From my in pection of ea rl )' German hymns. a li mited th e culture, thus symboli caL a key for the oul-man and in pection to be ure. I am co n\ in ced th at th e immediate oil-man al ike. prototype of our ballad i among the hundreds of hymn The e ential story of the broad id e begin with God' th at were written in th e mid t of the Reformation fervor ob erva ti on froJTt on high Lh at crea ti on cems empty wi th and immediately th ereafter, when th e Biblical narrative out a human being in it \rho po se se kn owl dge and could make there fu llest impact on the m inds of the people. under ta nding. He returns to earth ancl. taking a little Obviously th e liturgical plays provided th e hymnodi L ground_ "arranged" a man from it. with a o-enre th at could I e readily adapted to th eirimmedi Next we ee dam walki ng Lo a nd fro in th e garden, ate intent. An intere ting example is th e h) mn by Era mu lamenting th e fact that he ha to II-alk alone a nd wishing lbew (d. 1553) . "Von Adam Fallund Erlosung dllrch th at omeone co uld b "ith him at all ti me. He wond rs Christwn." I n this hym n th e dramati c constructi on i akin "here he hould go. He believe that if someo ne wer with to our ballad. th ere i direct dialogue. and the h umanity him. he co ul d keep still and begrudge nothi ng. of th e character is triking. In all th ese aspects th ere i E'idently with thi s in mind, he fa lls aslee p. oundly kin hi p with our ballad. Of cour e th e econd Adam doe. a ncl deeply, 0 Lh at he could not be awa kened. God come, not appear in our ballad as he does both in thi hymn and tak a ri1 from him. and from it form a woman, who in the outh German Paradiesspiel r fer red to al ove. shall alwa y remain with dam a hi "iIe. Tlli done, Anoth er early hymnist u in g thi th eme \\ a Lazarus Adam awake. He complain apologeti call y that God h ad pengler (1479-1534). Hi hymn. Dureh Adam Jal ist orne so softly, but more forcefully laments th a t he no long gantz verderbt/ melZ sehlieh natur und wesen, appeared in er ha all hi Cheder (member ) . Cib mir mein Rippe th e Wittenberg an gbueehlein , 1.524 .. It i worthwhile to wieder (Give 1a k m y rib! ), h d mand ! 17 taken th e fatal bite, and ays, "Adam, you can tru t me." He take and bite. This mark th e end of th e ninth stanza. The d noue ment follows rapidly in the next five stanzas. The nake a sure Adam and Eve that everything will be well with th em. Alas, it ,vas not to be o. They uddenl y di cover th eir nakedness and cover themselve with Frucht, hide in the garden and awa it th e punishment of God. The punshment is not low in coming. God appear , in forms Adam of hi fall and fate, a punishment that would be hi and all hi kin. Sorrow would be known to them and si n would make them laves. eemingly with anguish, God ask Adam who gave him th e idea to go to the For bidden Tree and to ta te its fruit. Adam blames his wife directl y and implies that God Him elf mu t assume a portion of th e responsibility. To God he says : This wile 1 got /1'0171 you Led me unto the tree . And turning to Eve, he continues : o Eve, what was your view To bring this grief to me? Had I not known your kind M y pureness were not go ne; N ow death elects me, too, And I'll, as lave, be known. Eve why did yO lt dare? Realistic Adam and Eve prillted by A. & What did you 'wish to do? W. BlulIler ill Allen/own be/ween 1835 Eve, th en, in turn passes the buck: alld 18+0. The snake that's hanging there On the tree, had asked me to. The broadside then indicate that God sin gs the entire o snake, you've lied to me, sixth stanza. (These directions are given from time to How well I ee it now; time throughout th e text, which lead me to beli eve that o shame, we've been deceived they are urvival of ea rlier and more co mplete stage di Be/ore God's will we bow. rections. evidence of a link with th e Paradiess piel, how The concluding tanza reveals God' puni hment in de ever tenu ous. God ings : tail. First God directs his word to Adam: Let not this rib upset you, Between your wil e and you 1t shall remain your ow/! An enmity willI set A nd give you pleasure too, T o challenge your will / 0 do For 'Ii nol good to be alone. A SO IL , your wile /Vill get. T his rib I hat 1 have take/! And then, to th e nake : Out 0/ your tender side On you.r belly musl you cra wl, S hall joy ill you awaken The earth shall be your /are; A nd ere with you abide. To bow be/ore things all As Adam leads Eve back a nd for th through the garden, hall be your pain and care. they become aware of a tree tanding in th e middle of The train of th e old tun e cease, th e curtain falls, the Paradise. Eve uggests th at th ey hould go over to it and drama is ended. The Ge nesis story, cheri hed in the minds see the fruit. Wh en th ey co me to the tree and behold the of th e Hebrews in their wa nd erings to the promised land. beauty of the fruit. God appear in order to warn them . had been created anew in a promi ed land to which Adam, yO lt must not eat Germanic il11111i grants had come. The fruit that's on thi tree. So I co nclude that Adam ltlld Eva irn Paradies is a pop F or should you take 0/ ii, ular ballad. I believe that it enj oyed Ll ch popularity be A dead man you shall be. cau e it wa s part of a traditional literary pattern th at had 1/ YO ll heed 11 0 1 m y di cipline. been well establi hed in Europe and must have been part This cur e shall justice tell of Ul e cultu ral heritage th at the German ettlers brought To yOlt and all yO LLr kin , to American shore ; that it had symboli cal value in the a Adam heed thi well. cultural etho of th e P enn sylvani a German com munity in God th en departs and th e snake appear. looking down the eighteenth and earl nineteenth cen tury; that since from th e tree in a mo t friendly manner. and how the all th ese thing were true. th e printer had a ready market ; fruit to Eve. With a minimum of lines th e di e i ca t. th at. [or whatever reason, th e printers composed these im Gazing teadily upon Eve, the snake invites her to eat: prints in all, ay ,,-ith great care 0 th at they would be a "Come ea t, 0 lovely bride." Then urge. "Take. give also thing of beauty and a joy-if not forever. th a n at Jea t to your man."' Eve turns to Adam, evidently after he had for a long, long time. 18 Ilf, 'S AI,T M;\IUK.HAUS ~HT~ " t:;S I N n'R SOLl1'AI>'I L ewis MiLLer d rawing of a pretzel f1/~ ";" I.~ " . v~, J .,." .. .It l )e" Jln)! war g llt. lin cloch war" schlecht. and notation in H enry Fisher's en- .''''''/' "Mctrik-Haus." t \\ a~ war nall do Xli mache ? ....1J~ rttg',," ~ Fei('r lIll Schl11ie r un l m(' war nix. -Co/utes)', York Connt)' Historical ociet)' jO"L J:1tJ . l ' ll ,,0 w;tr's ah m it II l1nd lin Rix- . ,·n 1~/2.· Sil: tl het sic jll<;cht a ll slache; • ,~'Vtt:I!r. E\\'eck mit Fcir: r \ 111 I.a«· lin . chmie r "'''-' ~ l ' n hc nk's H II feis(' oll'ich die J)hicr." before the Civil War By ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER On a recent visit to th e Pennsylvania Dutch secti on of I bo ught often when a yo ung boy. Yous in hi old day North Carolina, the editor had an opportunity to inter made Bretzel fo r ale in 1812." view an old woman who is renowned far and wide a a lewspapers in Lancaster County in the years 1879 and person who can " use" for th e wasting away, wild fire. and 1880 carried a goodly number of articles on th e history other ailment. Incidentally, the term " to powwow" is en of the pretzel in the area. I n each and ever y in tance th e tirely unknown there. My informant, who e fami ly came asserti on is made that a man named Scherle "baked the to th e Carolinas from P ennsylvan ia in th e eighteenth cen fir t pretzel ever made in th e United tates in Lanca tel' '' tury, can still recite a little Dutch. But, though Penn yl in 1827 or 1828. We are grateful to one K. B. , wh o sent a vania Dutch in background, he did n' t kn ow what pretzels correction to one of the Lancaster papers, dated March were. A yo un g woman who was visiting wh en I called 19, 1880. He wrote: "From 1815 to 1818, I disti ncll y re volunteered the informati on that she had seen them ad meml er eeing d uring that time a blind man. by th e name verti ed on television but that he had never ta ted th em of Adam Gnaltzer. selling pretzel through the tOlln [York] either. trung on a long pole, I think." It i doubtful wh ether my informant's forebears II"ho left In hi weekly colu mn in th e Reading Banner VOIl Berks Penn ylvania ome two hundred years ago kn ew what of lov. 18. 1873. Ludwig A. W ollenweber, the most pro pretzel ,,-ere either. The earliest reference to prelzels lific German-born I riter about th e Penn ylvania Dutch , (early called bretzel ) in thi country come my way rro 1 remar!<:ed th at Jaco b H aehnlen (di ed in Philadelphia in fi ss Elizabeth Kieffer. who i writing a hi tory of the First May. 1874) wa Reading' first pretzel baker and that it Reformed Church of Lancaster. I n th e Con istory MinuteF II a he wh o introduced th em to the Reading market £01' of AprilS, 1773, the church father instructed a Mr" th e fi r t time in the) ear 1832. Diefendoerfer, landlord of the Leopard and a tru lee of the The Reading Weekly Eagle of Feb. 25. 1893. carries an church that "er soU Brelzeln backen La sen, wn die chueler arti Ie about one John Sauermilch, "An Old Pretzel zu ermuntern" (that he was to have some pretzel baked to Baker.·' who. a cording to this ource, learned pretzel mak encourage th e pupil in the parochial school ). ing from hi s father in Germany. Born in 1808, a uermilch In point of time, the next reference to the pretzel is for came to merica wh en twenty years old ; after working a 1810. The Ellis and Evans History 0/ Lancaster County, p. a lime burner for eighteen years, he establi hed a bakery 1074, tate : "About 1810, Willi am H. Rauch began the in Boyertown and tarted baking pretzels in that place manufacture of the 'Lititz brezel,' or pretzel. as it i more about 1846. generally call d. He wa ucceeded in buiness b his son The first Reading Directory of 1856 mentions one H. A. Rauch, who co ntinued it manufacture until 1865, Daddy Hei t "who e celebrity wa never dimmed b y doubt when he failed. Julius F. turgi , th e pre en t proprietor but that he made th e bes t ugar pretzels." [1883] made som improvements in th e a rticle and nOli Over in th e Cumberland Valley th e pretzel was till conduct the bu ine ." quite a tranger even a fter the Civil War, judgin g from a Le\\ i Miller. who e drawing of earl y York are our corre pon lent of the Chamber burg Valley piril, who chief ource of information on details of every-day life in wrote in th e i sue of Jan. 15, 1868 : " With our next drink Dutchland in tb e early 1800' , ha a ketch of a pl'etzel we ord ered a thing call ed a pretzel. wh i h looks Iik a vendor with th e following capti on: " For on Brelzel a enl. nake til isted up with th e cramp colic." 19 In his spare lime and vacation from his tea,chillg job, H enry Ewertz finds time 10 pursue his sculpturing career. H ere he touches up two large A mish fi g nres. They are modeled in plas tic clay and after m olds have been made of Ihem, ceral1lic clay is pre sed into the molds. Then after firing th ey becomJ> terra cotta fi gures. Amish Sculpture By OLIVE G. ZEH ER In th e past year the gift and decorati ng trade in the Mr. Ell ertz i at present h ad 0 f th e Art Department of Dutch Country has been given an appreci::ttively fin e lift th e Widner chool for th e Orthopedi call y Handicapped in the presentation of a group of sculptured Amish in Philadelphia. wh ere he ha taught for 1,5 year, This fi gurine by th e Ewertzs-Henry and 1a in e of Hatfield. I u y couple taught ni ght classe for 13 yea r at th e famou P enn ylvania. This talented and professionally trained Ph iladelphia Junto, They taught as high as 500 people a couple feel th at th e Plain P eople, wh om they portray. are IITek durin g th war in th eir culpture and ceramic cia e. excepti onally culpturesqu their own term, They ad· They II ere part of the origina l organizati on of the Penn· mire th e onene of purpose and serenity of th e Amish, s) k ania Guild of Craft men and Mr. Ewel tz was th e fir t They strive to h ow that serenity in th e faces of th eir presiden t o{ th e Philadelphia Chapter. They \I ere co· fi gure. chairmen with Mrs. C. -aaman Keyser. for th e fir t tate Both Mr. and 1rs. Ewertz are of German backgrou nd. \I' id e Guild h ow at the Art Alli ance in Philadelphia, but not native P enns) Ivanians. Henry II as born in J\lil· The Ewertzs had at fir t concentrated comm rcia lly waukee, Wisconsin, of immigrant parent, His lOlher upon decorati,'e potter ) and a rt·ware. but th ey felt the was from Heidelberg and poke th e ance tral dialect a th e ompetiti on from Japan and Ita!y a~ te r th e war lI a too Pennsylvania Dutch. Maxine wa born in Bridgeport. g reat. 0 th ey turned to sculpture ",here th ey found no Connecticut. but wa taken back to Germany at an early commercial competition. Th ir fini hed fi gurine are ea t, age a nd li ved there until he was eighteen year old. fired . a nd left in th e b isque red·ware. They are painted Henry Ewertz i a graduate of th e Uni\'ersi ty of \\Ti - but not glaze.fired. Thi gives th em a delightfully sofl con in. He received a Bachelor of Philosoph) degree and fin ish that blend s II ell II ith modern or traditional decor. had taken only a fell' electives in art. H e fou nd himself in One ca nn ot help feeling th at th e team of Henry and Art there, however, and went on to th e Chicago Art In· Maxine Ewertz ha onl) begun to produce items for the stitute a nd th en to the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadel· gr at number of eekers of P enn s) lvania Dutchi ana, and phia, where he met Mr . Ewertz, While in art school. he th o e of u in th e fi eld are g rea tl y heartened by the ele twice wo n a Cres on Scholarship for travel in Europe. vation of standards produced by th ese tasteful item. 20 A sampling of the fi gures produced COl1unercially by the Ewertzs, showing the sensitive features a.nd body lines w hich express their interpretcttion of and feel ing for the Plctin Folk. '50 Quilting Party and other fi gures, nwdeled directly in term COl/a , which makes them one-of-a-kind pieces, done by J1tlaxine everal year ago. A lthough she majored in paint ina at t.he Academ y of Fine A rt s in Philadelphia, Ma xill e turned to scul ptllre after her marriage and partnership with H enry Ewert z. She nwstly d oes tlw snwll things. Their grand-chil dren often pose for busts, and the proud grand-parents delight in doing them. H ere Ma xine works on a set of pla-ques that will appear in th eir commercin[ l:ne ill the near future. 21 from the Pennsylvania Dutch Country lijr DOl YODER omething new under the American su n wa born short like a meteor down into th e Deep outh, crackl ed it fi ery ly after th e Revolution when Methodi sm in vaded the wa y acros the Ohio into the Old Jorthwest, and flamed Pennsylvania Dutch Co untry_ In it wake thi intensely back across the Alleghenies into the older settlements of the evangelistic British-American movement left among the Atl an ti c eaboard. And someti me in th e decade 1800-1810, German- peaking population living between th e Delaware th e camp meeting reached Eastern Penn ylva nia. and the Juniata a whole ho t of new German Methodi ti c Beside th e " bush meetings," wh ich ",·ere held in the denominations- the Evangelical As ociation, th e nited ummel' peri od when th ere was a lull in th e harvest work, Brethren, th e Church of God, th e nited Zion's Children, th ere were also the winter "protracted meeting" [ve r the U nited Chri tians, the Mennonite Brethren in Chri t, la engerte Ver ammlung or Langi Meelin ] and the" ocia! and several smaller group _<> meeting "- prayer or da s meeti ngs [Betschtunde and What evolved through this impact of Methodist evangel Bekenntn isschtunde] at whi ch th e spiritual were featured. ism on the P en n ylva nia Dutch Country was a new type The "church year" of these informal frontier group was of religious in titution- a group of churches modeled on thus centered about the two " revival ea on " of winter Methodistic lines, sharing th e Methodi ts' concern for morality and discipline and organized along the circuit riding pattern- but speaking th e German tongue_ A I like to put it, "The hands were E au's, but the voice was Jacob's_" For these churche were a hybrid product, some thing nel and peculiarly American. THE CHORUS; It I a at the "Bush Meeting" of the Evangeli cals and nited Brethren folk that th e "Pen nsylvania Dutch pirit ual," a new type of reli giou song in America, 'I·as born. on, A COLLECTION Now th e "bu h meeting""·" was the Pennsylvania Dutch co unterpart of the Meth od ist and Baptist "camp meeting," which originated in Ken tu cky in 1799-1800, and pread OF CHORUSES AND HYMNS, * While rev ivalism made it first impact on the Dutch SELECTED AND ORIGINAL. ounlry in the peri od known in American Chur h History as the ,. econd A wakening·' and led to th for mation at that time of the three principal bu h-meeting groups: the Uni ted Brethren, the Evangelicals. and the ADAPTED ESPEcrALLY TO THE CLASS-ROOM, AND TO M1:EllNO I5 POR PRAYER AND CHRlStu...." CONFERENCE. Church of God- forming a kind of Pennsylvania Dutch pha e of the nationwide revival- this pattern of applying revivalism to Dutch n eds continued throughout the 19th century, resulting in the other group mentioned. COMPILED BY A.. 8. JENKS, AND D. GILKEY. * *The term "bush meeting," traced by the Dictionary of American English back only as far a the 1860· . actually ha a much longer hi story in P ennsylvania and I he area FOURTH EDITION : ettled by German·speaking peoples. The earliest lllPROVED AND ENLARGED. reference 1 have fou nd to it come from the Journal of H enry mith (l769-1842) , M ethodist circuit-rider from We tern Iarylan I, who e family had been conn cted with the Otterbein ( nited Brethren ) movement. In his journal for 1803 he refers to "our bush meeting. called PllLADELPllA: a camp meeting·'; see H enry mith, Recollections and PUDLISHED BY A. S. JENKS. R eflections 0/ an Old It inerant (New York, 1848), p. 1858 . 108. Thi and it ynonyms "grove meeting" and "wood meeting" appear also in caltere I re ferences from within Methodism in th decade 1800·1810. ,. amp meeting" of COUT e won out generall y a the preferred term, but " bush meeting" co ntinued in u e down to the present century, Title-page 01 Pennsylvani(t's mo t ut e pecially in Central P ennsylvania. Ill/ ential E nglish chorlls-book. 22 houting Evangeliccds taking a pause between services. and summer, and "herever possible, th e fire kindled th en the camp meeting lI'a developed on American soil to meet were kept fanned by constant direct evangeli ti c preaching. the new frontier conditions by recruiting hurch members and rou nd after r ound of spiritual singing. at the we kl y en masse, so th e old and staid h) mnody of th e British Isles "socialmeetings" and wor hip services in the little white wa scrapped or retreaded into something that fitted more churches that prang up in vi llage and vall ey of Eastern harmoni ou Iy into the American picture. Pennsylva nia. The hi toric Catholic "church ) ear" meant The Engli sh. peaking whites of th e outh and West de nothing to the revivali t Chri tian. veloped th e piritllal, and two other grou ps of the Ameri can population b orrowed them ilnd re worked them, shap THE RI E OF THE SPIRIT AL in o- them to fit Ul eir 0 1 n need. The American eer ro slave Jow th e "camp meeting people" of the W t and o uth. took over th e spiritual from his II hite ma tel' and made it the Methodist and Baptist a nd other frontier g roups with omething expressive of hi own deep piritual longing . an informal approach to lI'orship lI'ere in th e proce of No one II ou ld den). of cour e. th at even th ough hc borrow developing a new American revivali t h ymnod) of their ed th e s piritual, th e Jegr o made it peculiarl y hi own. The own , pontaneou, orig inal in both word and music. The oth e r g roup whi ch appropriated this bod y of revival ong "white piritual. '· IIho e histor y has been 0 carefully lI'a th e bu h-meeting people o f th e P en nsylvania Dutch traced by George Pullen Jack o n. lI'a being born.'" A o untr) .." The) I o rrowed th e reI ivai ongs un g by their bngli h- peaking Meth ocl i t neighbors ancl friend. tra n - * For the background materials on the white ,pi ritua l la ted them into German or P nm,y il- ania Dutch. reworked in Engli h. see George Pullen J a kson's various books- the m, ancl compo ed other that were ori g inal. Thu both piritual Folk· ongs 0/ Early America ( ew York: J . J. o r the c 23 The camp-l1teel;ing brought religion to the masse m WE CALL THEM "CHOR E ,. pre-Civil War A l/1,erica. Jow when yo u ride out into the hills and valleys of the Dutch Country to gather spirituals, you do not ask for " pirituals." For like most Americans, our Dutch folk have been taught (wrongly, however, as I have pointed out) that the "spiritual" is the exclusive po session of th e For the principle involved in the "white piritual" wa Jegro of Harlem and the Deep outh. But when you a k th e development of a "choru ,"- three or four line, u ual that stout Dutch housewife , ho goes to th e E. U. B. Iy repetitiou , and expressive of a particular religiou Church in the next block if she ca n sing any of the old emotion-conversion, pilgrimage, " happine " in the "Dutch choruses," her eye will brighten and you'll be Lord. " They took a word and made a ong out of it," one lucky if you get away that afternoon at all. if of my informant told me. A an example, take th e familiar *The term "chorus" is the historic term, antedating song about " free grace and endle love" : " piritual" by over half a century. pirituals were origi· nally called "spiritual songs", but the little camp.meeting hymnals that began to appear in th 1800's came to be Freie Gnad un endliche Lieb! Free grace and endless love! known as "chorus books". A "choru e " or "Dutch Freie Gnad un endliche Lieb! Free grace and endless love ! choruses" the P ennsylvania Dutch spirituals were known Freie Gnad un endliche Lieb! Free grace and endles love! in the Midwest and, in fa ct, everywhere the Dutch reo vil'alist or "bu h meeting" pattern o[ religion spread. Drowwe in der Nei Yeru alem! For a tribute from Illinois, cf. John G. Schwab and H. H. Yonder in the Jew Jerusalem! Thoren, History of the Illinois Conference of the Evan· gelical Chctrch 1837·1937 (Harri, burg, P enn ylvania, which expres es in Dutch the Methodist go pel of "free n.d.), p. 279: "E'·eryone was familiar with the jubilant and rousin g revival choru e . The tempo and rhythm in grace" and "God' endle s love" for suffering mankind. * which they were sung often restilted in spiritual exalta· tion and ec ta y. No chronicler will ever be able to por *Thi piritual is related to the gro song- "Mary tray how much the singing of these choruses contributed and Martha' jut gone 'long, To ring them charming toward the spiritual value and weeping victories of the [chiming] bell ," the message of the bells bt"i ng " [ree canl~ meeting ." grace and a·dyin g love." 24 hymnody, for until the choru developed as the product of the American eva ngelical awakening , American hymns were devoid of choruse , consisting only of a succe ion, a lengthy and often dull one at that, of hymn ver es. * The revival choru wa partly a natural expression of revival exuberance which led the co nvert to expre his emotion by seizing on th e most important thought of his conversion experience and making a ch orus out of it. A nd partly, perhaps ba ically, the revival hym ns began to take on choruses, because they grew up in th e realm of the folk song and the tunes us d were modeled on the folk tune of ea rly America, which alternated ver e and chorus, or refrain, in th e ame manner as do our piritual . THE FO R PIRITUAL PATTERNS Among the P enn ylva nia Dutch people, a among th e "camp meeting" folk of South and West, th ere a re only a limited number of spiritual pattern. The first and simplest type of P ennsylva nia Dutch spiritual was what I call the "chorus-verse" type. It co nsists of a chorus, alternating with verse drawn from an establi hed literary hymn. Take this chorus, for in tan e: ingel Hallelttjah ! lng ye Hallelujah! in gel Hallelujah! ing ye Hallelujah ! inget Clorie, sillget Halle- , ing ye Glory, ing ye Halle-, illget Hallelujah! ing ye Hallelujah! To this was put th e old favorite hym n: Mein eel ito herrlich, My oul is full of glory, JlIleill Herz so voll Lieb, Inspire my tongue; un winsch ich zu singe n, Could I meet with angels, Dell Engel ein Lied. I would sin g them a so ng :''''> More compli ated i th e econd type of piritual pattern, th e "interpolated rhyme-pair" type. In this the verses con i t of a singl co uplet or rh yme-pair," into which have been interpolated th e refrai n Ii ne of th e choru . " J esu To th e revival choru wa et a heterogeneous eri es o( ay he will be with u to th e end," th at univer al favorite "rhyme pairs" or quatrains, which could be drawn from among all camp-meeting attendants, became in th e P enn two ources. They could be taken from favorite hymn in ylvania Dutch country: the tandard hymnals; or else th ey could be made up on Yesus wor sclwn mit uns Jesu ha been with u the pot by orne bush·meeting poet, and, catching on in Un er iss noch bei uns And he still is with us the minds and heart of the auditor, become incorporated Un er sagt er will sei bei un And he say he will be with u into the new body of revival song. Bis ails End! To th e end! The Methodi t and Baptist revivali t of the outh and ,fest created th eir piritual by a combination of original *The practise of lining out the hymns (or melrical ver· choru and adaptable ver e , which when combined form sion of Ih e p aim), common 10 the psalmody of New England a well a the German hurche of P ennsyl. a ,. piritual" of recognizable outlines. Our P enn ylvania vania, ha given ri e 10 the tori s about the precentor Dutch revivali t did exactl y the ame thing, except that (Vorsinger) with the louded spectacle, who made the for ver es they drew upon the German Pieti tic h ymn in . mi take of com m nting on the fa ct to the congregation, the Lutheran and Reformed hymnal or German transla and they ang hi , comm ent a a hymn verse. For I hese arli r phase of Am ri can church mu ic, ee Gilbert ti on of the Watt -Wesley and American Revival cycle of Cha e, America's Music From the Pilgrims to the Pre ent hym n in th e ongbook of their Engli h- peaking ( ew York : McGra w·Hill, 1955). eth od i t brethren. * *. In "My oul is full of glory" we have the be t po sible ndoubtedly the revival choru i America's mo t orig exampl e of the influence of frontier rev ivalism upon the P enn ylva ni a Dutch Country. The hym n- very probably inal and mo t influential co ntribution to Chri tian wrill n by the fronti er Method i t poet, J ohn Adam Gra· nade, a Virginian who wa a member of the Western • Examples of favorite hymn u ed with revival choruse Cenferf' 14 ce in th years shortl y after 1800-wa trans were Laurentii's "Ermuntert euch, ihr Frommen", the lat d into German by the Evangeli cal hym ni t J ohanne Itymn about the wi e and fooli sh virgins whi ch wa Dreisbach and became a favorite source of ver e fer brought to P enn iylv<\nia with the colonial emigrati on ; maA Y pi ri tua l . The Engli h ver ion given here is that and I aac Watts' "There is a land of pure deli ght," trans· ff(~m Eli sha . Wright' Th e Union Songster (Circle lated by Johannes Dreisbach (1789·1871), Evangeli cal vi ll e, Ohio, 1835), a pion er Engli sh hym nal of the folk·poet, as " Ieh weiss eiR- Lond vall rliner Freud." niled Brethrl"n . 25 Dogll erroty pe of Ull ited Brethren circuit-rider in the A llegheny cO lllllry . Thi ehoru is accompanied b) I er_es. \I'hi ch. \I ilh th e brat hers. and everyone else that "reli gion i good for." punch line of chorus interpolated into th em. go ome· And a George Pull en Jackso n put it in one of hi s many thing like this : book e n the white piritual. th e old·time reli gion wa good for "practicall y ever ybody"-Paul and Si las. :\IIary Yetz hawwich I idder neie Mut and Martha. Brother Daniel. ye . e en "Fath er WeJ ey" Yesus sogt er will sei bei lLIl S bis ans £lId! and " Brother Cookman," the last·named a famed Metho· Ya, Gott sei Dank, es ueht )'0 gu t dist pu lpiteer of Eastern P enns Iva nia- as well a a ho t Y e us sagt er will sei bei llliS bis OilS Elld! of lesser worth ie . Penns) Ivani a Dutch people of cour e Of strengthened faith I'm glad to tell sin g thi ong in translati on. "Siss des gudi alcli Warrick," Jesu ays he will be I\ith u to the end! II hich has a peculiar "swing" all its own. Yes, thanks to God. I 'm doing well Je u ay he will be \lith us to th e end! " WAY YOl\DER TO THE PROMl ED LA.\fD" A more comple interpolation is involved in the pJ nt· One of the favorite " Fr eindschaJt , ongs" among the ual " Living , Va ter ," which is sun g in both English and L'nited Breth ren folk o f th e Lykens Valley of Dauphin and German ver lon in Eastern I ennsylvania: Schu)lkill Counties is " W eil niwwer ins Gelable Loncl," \lhich goes as foll ows : Glary Zl£ Galt! Charus: Wir drinken Lebell s Wassert Weit niwwer ins Gelable Lall d Glary zu Gatt! W eil lI iwwer in Gelable Land Wir sind auf del' Reise heim! Meill Heiland ruJl WI ich muss geh Glory to Cod! Niwwer in s Gelabte Land! We're at th e Fountain drinking! 1. Voeter halVwen mil' im Gelable Land Glory to God! Vaeler hawwen mil' im Gelable Land We're on our J ourne) home ! Mein Heiland ruJt un ich muss geh Niwwer ins Gelable Land! The German version forms it verses in thi s manner: Charus: Hett ich Fliggel wie Engelein W ir drin hen L ebens Wasser t 2. Miller how wen mil' im Gelable Land a bold wercl ich im Himmel sein Mittel' hawwen mil' im Gelable Land Wir sind auf del' Rei e heim! Mein ,Heiland mJl Uft ich mu s geh Niwwer ins Gelabte Land! If only I could fl y away Charus: We're at th e Fountain drinking ! Brieder hawwen mil' im Gelabte Land I'd fl y to H eaven right away 3. Brieder hawwen mil' im Gelable Land \\T e'r e on our J ourney hom ! Mein Heiland mJt un ich muss geh A third spiritual pattern involve what I call the " Freind N iwwer ins Gelabte Land! schofl song." I n P enns lvania th e German word Freund· ChartL : clw.Jt (dialect: FreindsclwJt ) means not the cognate 4. chweschdren haw wen mil' im Gelabte Land word " friendship" but rather " family" in th e larger en e chweschdren hawwen mil' im Gelabte Land of relationshi p. Hence there are pirituals like " The Old Mein HeiZwul ruft un ich muss geh Time Relig ion," I hi h introduce to us in ucce ive verses. Niwwer illS Gelable Land! often \I'iLhout chorus alternation. fa thers. mothers. sisters. Charus: 26 5. Kinder hawwen mir im Gelobte Land 4. We have i ters in th e Promised Land Kinder hawwen mir im Gelobte Land We have sisters in the Promi ed Land M ein H eiland mIt un ich muss geh My avior call and I must go iwwer ins Gelobte Lalld! Yonder to th e Promised Land! Chorus: Chorus: 6. Yesus hawwen mir im Gelobte Land 5. We have children in the Promi ed Land Yes us hawwen mir im Gelobte Land We have children in the Promised Land Mein Heiland mIt un ich muss geh My avior call s and I must go Niwwer ins Gelobte Land! Yonder to the Promised Land! Choru : Chorus: 6. We have Jesu in th e Promised Land Way yonder to th e Promi sed Land We have Jesu in the Promised Land Way yond er to th e Promi ed Land My Savior calls and I must go My avior call and I must go Yonder to th e Promised Land! Yonder to the Promi ed Land! Choru : 1. We have fathers in the Promised Land And by th e time the brethren a nd sisters have ung \~T e have fathers in the Promi ed Land that, a nd clapped th eir way through its engaging rhythm, My avior calls and I must go it's time for a prayer, a testimony of God's grace, or Yonder to the Promised Land! another round of so ng. Chorus: 2. We have motJlers in the Promi ed Land "MY JO Rl EY SOO I I DONE" We have mothers in the Promi ed Land A fourth type of spiritual is the "spiritual without My avior calls and I must go choru ." The best kn own example of thi in the Engli h Yonder to th e Promi ed Land! camp·meeting books is th e univer aUy kn ow n Chorus : Come to Jesus, come to Jesus, 3. We have brothers in th e Promi ed Land Come to Jesus just now! We have brothers in th e Promi ed Land Just now come to Jesus, My Savior calls and I mu t go Come fa Jesus just now! Yonder to th e Promi ed Land! The following verses, sun g without an interpolated chorus, Chorus: urge th e sinner- "only tru t him- just now," "call upon 27 CHORUSES -ADAPTJ~l) TO- Standard Hymns A COLLECTION -FOR- Revival Services Prayer lVieetlngs, etc. o come, Eet us sing unto the- Lord. Ps. 95' I Gf'tling to camp-m eetings had ils difficullies . CopyrIghted by WM H B1W'H;Y, Annville, l'a. him- j ust now," and 0 on up to a total of even teen verses. The delight with which this and it German tran lation, I.ebauou COllrier Print "Kumm zu Yesu graad nau" ha been sun g ov r the year doubtles lies in the ingenious reversal of the words in line three, and the catchy tune, as well as the olem n words of invitation with whi h th e hym n begins. Th e B ehney chorus-book (circa, 1900 ) nother example of a " piritual without chorus" is the preserves Dutch songs of the niled olemn and thrilling "Die Zeit kartzt immer ab" (My time Brethren ill Lebanon Valley. i getting hort), in which similar declarative statement are repeated in a succes ion of verse . without beneht of "choral euchari ti c" eUing in one of the liturgical chorus. sung in the Lykens Valle, the home area of my hurdles, they were a well-rounded bod y of hymnody for family, th e ong goes like this: a revivali tic type of denomination. Practi cal a wa the Penn ylvania Dutch farmer himself, th ey deal with every 1. Die Reis kartzt immer ab 1. My journey oon i done phase of th e all-important conver ion experi ence. Like the Die Reis kartzt il1uner ab 1y j ourne soon 1 done morali tic "circuit-rider" biographies of th e Victori an Die Reis, die Reis My journey, my journey era, the pirituals had an eva ngelisti c purpose. F or in Kartzt immer ab! oo n is done ! pioneer America both biography and hym nod y \\ ~ r e hand 2. N och N ei Yerusalem 2. To New Jerusalem maidens of evangeli m. In both of them the piritual arrows N och N ei Yerusalem To lew Jerusalem of God's grace were poi ed on th e bow, ready to Ay at th e NoclL Nei, NoclL Nei To New, to T ew hearts of the sinner. Yerusalem! J eru alem! When arranged, a I have arranged th em, on th e basis 3. Dalt weinen wir nicht 3. There we will weep no of th eir purpose as well as th eir con tent, the P enn ylvania mehr more Dutch piritual fa ll into th e ame categories as the hym ns Dall weinen wir nicht There we will weep no in the ongbooks of th e al ation Army." The logical place mehr more to begin is with the hymn of "Invitation and ·Warning." Dall wein-, dalt weinen There we, there we In them the inner is either "invited" to "come to Jesus Wir nicht mehr! Will weep no more! - just now," or a dead earne t attempt i made to care 4. Golt wischt die Traene ab 4. God take our tear away him from the perilous pa time of porting on the Golt wischt die T raene ab God take our tear away brink of everlasting woe. He is frankly told that "time is Golt wischt, Gott wischt God takes, God takes getting short" (Die Zeit kartzt immer ab .) If he tries to slip Die Traene ab! Our tear away! into Heaven without the co nversion xperience and trict morality of th e bush-meeting group, he is reminded that THE THEME OF 0 R PIRIT AL *There i , of course, no order in inging pirituals at a Only when one look at the Penn ylvania Dutch piritual prayer or rev ival meeting of the bush·meeting groups. In en ma se and set it in it background a the hymnodi c thi secti on J have arranged them according to mood, expre ion of their revivalistic approach to religion doe suggesting the co nnecti on betw en them and the co n ver i0n pro c s. The title quoted in P ennsylvania Dutch OFIe realir;e the greatness of what they created. For while or German in parenthe es are title of choru e from my the pirituals would not be looked upon with favor in a collection. 28 or " 0 God . let dow n th) po\\ er" (0 Co tt, loss runner deini "I will si ng with the 5pirit, and I will si ng with the Craftl. Finall y the co nvert, moved to th e depths of his understanding also." .1 Cor. hl-J5 . being, <. feel omething new" in his so ul, for the Master has taken possession of hi will at last ( Un ich fiehl ebbes neies) . "IT'S THAT OLD·TIME RELlGIO !" The new co nvert wh o has had his dark oul illumined REVIVAL I-IYM NS by th e light of the world , can truly sing " reli gion is the be t of all" (B ekehmn g iss des beschte Warrick ) . In AND joyous bur ts of so ng that punctuate th e meeting like Aa she of spiritual li ghtning he praises the "full salvation" (Felliges fl eil ) that ha co me to hi life, and he now tells CHORUSES\ other of the " happine s in his oul" ( iss seliches Leben in meiner See! l. Using prospecting terms from the Gold Ru h da) s. he sir:l gs of th e" take" he has "claimed" (lch CQMPILED BY hab en Recht datt droven I in that heavenl y world, and feel i ng a he does, our co nvert might even lead the entire REV. ISAAC H. ALBRIGHT group in sin ging a so ng who e tune would be immediately familiar to all our readers wh eth er or not they under tood hi words: FOURTH EDITION. iss des gudi aleli W arri c l~ Jt's that Old·Time Religion iss des gudi aldi Wa rriclz It's that Old·Time Religion iss des gudi aldi Warrick It's that Old· Time Religion Un si s gllt ge nunk far And it's good enough for PRICE to CENTS PEe CO PY. $1.00 PERDO ZEN. mich! me! Other spiritual laud Jes us th e aviour in 1he warmest of language. imilar in spirit if not in form to the Copyright 189 1 by D. \\T. CRIDF.R. medi eval hymns in praise of Jesus are such Dutch spirituals as " 0 how lovel y i J e us" (0 wie lieblich .... iss Y eSlts) , "Praise th e Lord, 0 My Soul " (Lob den Hann, 0 mei YORK, PA.: eel ), " ing ye Hallelujah" (Singet Hallelujah) , and PUBLISHED BY CRIDER .I: BRO. 189!. ., ing ) e. 0 sing ye, 0 sing ye in praise" (Singet, 0 singet, o sin get Zll Ehr ) . And you and I and all of us will "give Him th e Glory" in Dutch as well as in English: Un ich will geben Cott die Ehri Chorus-book publish ed in the Un du muscht ge ben Cott die Ehri Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Un wir geben ihm all die Ehri [n Nei Yeru alem! In Yerusalem, in Yerusalem! <'none but th e righteo u hall ee God " ( Keine als Cerechte Un wir geben ihm all die Ehri schauen Cott) . Or with tears in their eyes th e co nvert will In ei Yeru alem! tell their erring broth er (or ister ) to "look away to And I "ill give my God the Glory Calvary" ( chal£et hien allf Colyatha l . a nd meditate on And you mu t give thy God th e Glory the uffering love of th e avior. A th e ign of conviction And all of u give hi m the Glory begin to dawn, th e) plead ~\ith him. " 0 co me )e to yo ur In Je w Jeru alem! J e u - he alone can ,a ve ) ou" (0 kummt zu eirem Yes us ) . In Jerusalem, in Jeru alem! .< Jow is th e acceptable time" might be the text of the nd all of u give him th e Glory song in the econd category which deal ,,'ith th e actual In ell' J erusa lem ! proce of con vel' ion . "The water of grace are Ilo\\'ing," Among th e mo t popular of all the bush.meeting ongs and th e prospecti\'e co nvert is urged. in lines reminiscent . are th e" ongs of th e Chri ti an Pilgrimage." F or th e bu h of the Pool of Bethe da. to "get in th e tream" ( chteig in meetin g Chri tian was alway pressing on toward Heaven den chtrom) -at once! By thi ti me th e air is ringing ([ clL rin g Jar del' Himmel ) , " walking in the Light." (Lasst with the insistent rhythm of uns geh in clem Licht), "over the Ja n ow \Vay" (Schmal iss o Na, schenk LUIS die Cnade o Lord. end u th ) ble ing cler W eg) , heading up over the rocky heights to Zi on (Mir o !fa, schenk uns die Cnade o Lord , end u th ) ble sin g gehn na ch Zion ) . And he " a "happy on th e way" (H allich o Na, schenk uns die Cn ade o Lord. send u thy ble ing uD del' Heis) , si nging a he went along. "Ever nearer" o schenk uns die Cnade o send us thy blessing (W ir kummen immer naecher ) come the white·clad palm Vom Himmel her ! From heaven above ! * waving Pilgrim (P enn ylvania Dutch farmers in dis *The tune of "0 lIa, schen/r uns die Gnade" i th folk guise), and at la t, on th e bank of th e rolling Jordan they tune, " 0 dear, what can the matter be, J ohnny' 0 long "vie, th e Promi ed Land" (W eit iwwer dell Yadd en ) . at the Fair." .\'T any of the spiritual tun s were drawn Acro it water twi nkle the li ghts of the Jew Jeru alem, from the realm of the ecul ar folksong, and their 1I f' a city who e treet plan wa more familiar to the bu h call ed forth diatribe from the more churchl y Lutheran and RefoTm t"d clt"rgy of Pennsylvania. meetin g peopl e th an Reading, Allentown or York. 29 ONG OF A TROUBLED OUL Occasionally along the way ome troubled oul sings of discouragement and de pair. Life's many tragedies remind the pilgrim that "we must suffer here on earth, suffer even unto death" ( Leiden missen miT auf ETden ) , and he ask God , when He its upon His Throne, to "remember" him (Gedenk al7 rnieh ) . When his step begin s to falter as the strength of maturity disappear and white-thatched old age takes its place, Ollr pilgrim can be heard to sino-: feh waer so gent I long to be feh waer so gen t I long to be feh waer so gem daheim! I long to be at home! feh wae,. so gem I long to be W It Yes us iss \Vhere J e u i feh waer so gem daheim! I long to be at home! And all the pilgrims echo back, as they hear the dis cGuraged ones complaining-wait. friends, "There's a better day a-coming." T en ts were eharaeteri tic of early camp-m eetings. Chorus: iss en bessere Dag am lwmmen, H allieh watt's im Himmel seill! Siss en bessere Dag am kommen Die ewiehe RulL! Tempter here below (An End fUll der R eis datt dragen 1. Sie sawe mir sin so laudi Leit- wir die Gron ) and sing their "Alleluia to the Lamb" 1m Himmel watt's noeh lauder sein! (,f-iaflelujah Z lt dem Lamme) . Chorus: And yo u may be sure that our bush-meeting pilgrim iss en bessere Dag am komll/.ell refu e, with side glance of amu ed tolerance, all the of H allieh watt's im Himmel sein! fers of gold en harps and ofliciql hym nb ooks made by the Siss en bessere Dag am komml"l7- Lord's Harp Commissaries to each new contingent of Die ewiehe Ruh! pilgrims_ Other pilgrim with les lusty inging voi ces and Chorus: poorer memorie may find the heavenly harps and h ymnals There' a better day a comi ng. useful, but the bush-meeting folk are con tent to ing to Blessed Heaven will be ours ! their Lord the simple and moving ong of the tented grove. There's a better day a coming And \\-ho i th ere to ay that the Carpenter of Nazareth Everlasting rest! would reject these incere ongs wrung from th e life trials 1. Folk do complain how loud we get and triumphs of uneducated, care-laden carpenter -and In Heaven we'll be louder yet! " farmers- and hou ewive - of the Dutch Country? Chorus: Ye . it' all th ere- the Christian life from the first con There's a better day a co ming. luering of temptation and the inflooding of the di, ine BIes ed Heaven will be ours ! life into th e ve el of clay, through the lifelong pilgrimage There's a better day a coming of humanity to the City of God. Theirs wa a reli gion of Everla ting res t! con fid ence and victory, th ese were ong of th e victors in Finall) at the call of the Lord_ th e Pilgrim cro over th e lifelong struggle again t in . They were those wh o into Eternit (Weit l7iwwer in die Ewiehkeit ) . And Heaven could say, like AndreI\' to im on. " Come and see." rings with th e houts of th e redeemed as God's angels THE OCIAL CO CIE CE OF THE B H stand on the heights of Zi on and sing th eir " Welcome MEETING FOLK Home" (Un sie sill gen ihre W elcome Heim zu mir) . Tired \,1hen one looks at th total corpu of th e piritual one old Dutch farmers and their hardworking wives greet th e al 0 ees certain area of th e reli gious life which are totally loved ones who have gone on before ( Datt dreDen wi,. lacking in thi body of h ymnody. The modern twentieth wieder uns aan ). And a they \\alk admiringly through century Christian, under the influence of th e activi tic and the " Golden Gate" that gleamed from afar the pilo-rims American " ocial Gospel," throws up his hands in horror are at last with th eir Lord. The aged saint tryon their when he hears these song. "Too oth erworldly !" he cries. crowns of gold won after ince sant struggles against the " Why thi preoccupation with Heaven ?" he asks. It is *Complaints about '-Noi y Reli gion" appear in the true of cour e that many of the "choruse " look with con Luthera n and Reformed periodical of the 19th century, fid ence to a ble sed life beyond the o- rave, but by no means but even the bishop of the bush-m eting groups enjoyed a good shout. Bishop eyb rt, even in his last illnes , does it follow that the bu h-meeting people had no con- attend ed chur h despite great weakne , and wh en the ern for th e alvation of th society in which they lived shouting and pra i in g of God began '-he b came as in a nd moved and had if not their being, at least their spired as in the days of hi s yo uth, and ang with great livelihood. joy hi '0 seliges Leben' or '0 droben ist Freude'" ( . Exactly the contrary is true. For although there i a ro y Neitz, Das Leben und Wirken des seligen Johann es ey bert, Ersten Bischo/s der E vangelischen Gemeinscha/t oth er- worldly coloring to these song, which can be ex [ leveland , Ohio, ]862]. plained from the truggle of life and it hard work in 30 ~trmari (!Cborusts ~ anb rJ 1!)pmns, Last of the Dutch chorus-b ooks Prayer in the tents led to rounds of spiritual - the [at edale Collection of the inging, shouting, and exhortation. 1920-s. pioneer America, which affected the Pennsylvania Dutch Gospel ong reached Eastern Penn ylvania after the Civil man as well a the wes tern pioneer- these bu h-meeting ' Val', we have nothing comparable to the ballad or story folk had th eir feet on the ground. In the period of dec i ion type egro piritual which in a few repetitiou line cap that merica faced in th e nin eteenth century, in co ntrast ture th e dramatic e ence of an Old Te tament cene. True, to the many Lutherans and Reformed ,dlO looked the there i the hym n ,,-hich tell us (among other thing) how other way and deni ed that they were th eir brother' kee per, God gave "sweet re t" to Brother Daniel, after he shut the Evangelical and nited Brethren circuit-riders were li ons' mouth (iltlein Herze brellnt vall Liebe heut) and preaching a gospel of freedom which included freedom th e German Pieti sti c h ymn about th e Wi se and Foolish for the oppres ed egro slave. The ame diviion is ap Virgin s (Ermuntert euch, ihr Frommen ). but th ese do parent in the great temperance cru ade of the nineteenth not rank in vivid visual imagery \\'ith the biblical piritual ce ntu ry, when" hole Penn ylvania communitie were re of th e America n Tegro. formed by th e circuit-rider of the bush-meeting group. o while the bush-meeting Chri tian sang of Heaven, hi " WORKING OUT OUR SALVATIOr " hand ,\-ere bu reshaping wh ole communitie by the An other difference i that wh re the Jegro poured out refining fire of bush-m eeting evangeli sm . his agonized oul in minor tune, the tune of the Penn syl Although our song are closely related to th e egro vania Dutch spirituals struck a note of joy and confidence. piritual, for both of them were borrowed from the same There were ociological r eason for this. For the daily work source, it i undeniably true that our lack ome of the of th e Penn) lvania farmer, while not free of di appoint vivid and primitive biblical imagery of the latter. The ment and trial, wa not the blind alley that swallowed all American Tegro, with an untutored historical ense, iden the earthly hopes of the Tegro lave. Hence our bu h ti fi ed himself in a peculiar mea ure with the suffering meting Christian sang not of chariot " win ging low" to Children of I rael in th e Goo d Book. Hence he could ing, remove him from an impo ible ituation, but rather ap and feel him elf a part of, ong like "Let my people go," plied the con ept of working to hi spiritual life. Like "Ezeki el all' th e wheel ," " Jo hua fit th e battle of Jeri cho," ever) thing else, Heaven wa to be gained through hard and othel hi toricall y ba ed piritual. If th e Old Testa work, so th e Dutch farmer ang (drowning out the hearty m nt "belong " to aJ)y people beside th e J w , who e crie of "Pelagiani m" that came from hi more theologi hi tory it chronicle, it belong to the American egro, call y-learned neighbor ), jo)'o u 1)' and confidently, " felL for he ha felt hi way into it like no other hri tian group. will schaJJen, ich will schalJen, bi ich ewich selich wa" Hence among th e P enn ylva nia Dutch, at lea t until the "1 will labor, I will labor, until I gain my alva tion." For 31 .~~ n . f-. r- ...... ~ ~ I I ' /~:::=. ' '''i;:" "~U .•:; ' ;;:"" c'" ~ " r ,; __ '.,;~ Exhortation an eZ preaching at the camp-m,eeting at Eastham. he li ved in the ble sed assurance that so mehow he was THAT PER 0 AL TOUCH working out his salvation, in fear and trembling, and the The onl y answer to th e charge th at the bush-meeting work a well a the reward was part of the whole pattern ongs are too emotional is to point to their re ults in win of his li fe. ning soul s, as over again t th e more taid and literary The last charge leveled at the spiritual by the enemies type of singin g practiced by the Lutherans and Reformed. of the bush-meeting folk is that they are " too emotional." Frankly emotional because th ey were perso nal, full of If reli gion is to re hape man' life, it must touch the "you's" and "me's," they were aimed at co nverting the heart as well as the mind. Looking at the Protestant Refor _ouls of sinners. And they did redirec t the live of thou mation objecti vely, it becomes apparent that th e orth odox sand of men and women not only in Eastern Penn ylvania, Protes tant group , in their rejecti on of the sacrifice of but wherever the bush-meeting people are found , in the mass, lost a ,,-ell as gained. In their attempt to intellec Canada. th e outh, and the Mid we t. * tualize wor hip, th ey too frequently squeezed out of the If in time the bush-meeting religious experience, "hich \\'01' hip service too much of the emotion of adoration and th e e song th emselves enco uraged. it elf became standard wo nd er and the ense of Chri t's pre cnce that th e devout ized and th e familiar "conversion experience" wa et up Ca th oli c worshiper feel in attendi ng at ma . The Lutheran a an iron mold through which all ouls had to be pres ed and Reformed service in the old " union ch urches" of a in a waIDe iron- and even the "shouts" beca me tand Eastern Penn sylvania. at least in tho e dark day after the ardiz d. th e proce s imply underline th e fa ct that r e Revoluti on, were admittedly cold and formal. <:- Hence wi th vivali Ill. like all oth er form of religion, ca n descend to th e rise of the "bush meeting" a!l d the evangeli tic type of th e level of formality. For today the histori c peri od of the reli gion accompan) ing it, the emoti onal need of the bush-meeting in Eastern Penn s) lvania i long in ce pa t, average Christian were perhaps better upplied in the and even though there are "camp meeti ngs" and " re tense. warm and spontaneou atm ospher of the bu h vival meetings" here in the Ea t, it is obviou that they meeti ng, where th e very air eemed to tin gle with the have pa ed the peak of th eir u eful ne s, and today are pre ence of th e Holy pirit. as at Penteco t. bein g trength ened with artificial preservati ves . But from * We ne d a study on wor hip practi e of the Lutheran " "T hey're prayer , these songs," says P ete Kershner of and R eformed groups in colonial and earl y 19th cen Reading, foremo t singer of pirituals in the Dutch tury P enn ylvania. The extant studie of Lutheran and ou ntry, who has sung the m a nd led them for church Reforn1ed hymnody, the p ia e of music in co loni al wor a nd camp-meeting groups for over half a century. He shi p, and the place of the ~c h oo lm a s t e r -o r gan i s t in the has made th piritu al familia r to audiences of the P enn Dutch community, are inadequate. sylva nia Dutch Folk F e t ivals. Kutztown, 1950-1956_ 32 tile ea rlier day come echoe of the pnstIn e power of But among the E. U. B,' and the Church of God folk the America n revi vali sm in th e ancient Pennsylvania Dutch Gospel Song still has an honored place in worship. And I Spiritual I\·hich I\'e present in thi article. have come to the conclusion that in these group it was the earlier bu h-meeting spiritu al which led th e way to the PE IN YLV A IIA' CO ITRIBUTIO, TO Gospel ong. For \\'as it not such men as E. . Lorenz. AMERICA I HY 1 ODY I aiah Baltzell. Eli ha Hoffman. and others like them from Looking at the bu h-meeting spirituals in relation to the th e bush-meeting group, who gave more than P ennsyl other German hymnodic tradition of the other German vania's hare to th e crea ti on and spread of the Gospel churches, it becomes clear th at U1 ese ingenuous a nd orig Song in the post- Ci viI War period ? The Lutheran and in al product of the tented grove are P ennsylvania's mo l Reformed Churches had no native hymn writer who from important co ntribution not only to the folk ong but per th e sta ndpoint of nation-wiele influence ( wh atever " e may hap al 0 to American hymnody. I know of no Lutheran thi nk of th e literar y character of their song) can rank or Reformed hymn of American provenance which ever with these men. spread I'err widely am ong the non-German groups in thi Hence let us at last pay tribute to the imple bush country, except Henry Harbaugh's " Jesus, I Live to meeting spirituals that grew up on the camp grounds of the Thee."" The Lutherans and Reformed in this country were Pennsylvani a Dutch Country between ili e Delaware and not hymn-producing chur hes. While they were in their the Juniata , and sang their way into the hearts of our own "German" period, they used the German h ymnodic tradi bush-m eeting people. Too long have they been the neglect- ti on tran planted from their European homeland. ow d tepchild of our American hymnocli c tradition. To use iliat they have become Engli h in language, th ey haye bor the delightful word of an E nglish piritual I recorded rowed the more literary hymn of British and American thi 'ear in La nca ter County : origin in the English language. Let's have a shout befor e we go, Our bush-meeting people in the native American Let' have a shout in Glory! churches. *" were, on the other hand, not atisfi ed merely to Let's have a shout before we go, borrow ili e taid hymn of th e fathers, either German or Let's have a shout in Glory ! Engli sh. without reworking th em, injecting their own And after we ha ve had our la t shout, let' sing the emoti onal content and pirit into th em, and making them something peculiarly their own. Hence out of the whole "farewell ong" that used to re ounel through the tented grove th e la t night of the great Mahantongo Camp Meet bush-meeting tradition, formerly 0 despised by th e Lutherans and Reformed and oth ers of th e "high church" ing up in chu ylkill County. A the torche flickered and tradition in Penn ylvania, there has co me omething na wa yed in th e ummel' breeze, the peopl e formed a big ri ng arou nd the tent , and pa tor and people followed each tive, something new, omething distinctivel y American. other around. forming a econd ring until all were greeted Kow that the piritual are "pas ing away, like a long personally. And as the circle moved about, and the hands ummer day," to use the words of one of them, th e of the friend and neighbors wh o had shared the several churches which grew out of the bu h-meeting tradition da y of spiritual refr es hment were clasped in farewell " till the Evangelical nited Brethren, the Church of God and next year." th e voice r ose in the e lovely word : the smaller groups-are making more u e of th o e more Chows : flower y and complicated of[ pring of the old bush-meeting F arrewell, Srieder! Fan'ewell, chIVe chder! choruses- the American "go pel song ." De pite the fact Bis wir 1wnder wieder ehn! that to the popular churches (Methodi t, Bapti t, Di ciple Farr ewell, Brieda! F arrewell, chweschder! and other groups which catered to th e frontiersman on hi Si wir nander 'wieder sehn! own level in the period of the we tl\'ard expan ion of Chris 1. Ach, des is en Freide-Leben tianity in merica, 1783 -1 850) the "gospel ong " Eine gro si Selichkeit! are often more familiar to th e member than mo t of the Wenn man Got/, iss gans ergeben more litera ry hym n from Britain , New England and else fl ier und dart in Ewichkeit. where in merica, you will look in vain in th e Common Chow : ervice S oak of the Luthera n Church for any "go pel Fan'ewell, Srieder! Farrewell, Schweschder! ong ." A fel\' of th em are tolerated in the Hymnal of the Evangelical alld Reformed Church, but onl y in a ecti on S is wir /Lander wieder sehn ! entitled "Mi cellaneou Hymn s." ' Fart 'ewell, Srieder! F arrewell, chweschder! S is wir nander wieder sehn! 'Thi hym n, whi ch i practi all y the " nati oual anthem" Chorus : of the Reformed wing of the Eva ngeli cal and Reformed Fare ye well. Brethren! Fare ye well, i tel's ! Church. al 0 appears in Pre. byterian and other hymna l. Till we see yo u all again! T here i no hym n from Pennsylva ni a Lutherani sm which ha spread 0 wid Iy as thi . Ha rbaugh's Fare ye well, Brethren! Fare ye well, iter! '"J esus, r live to T hee" i important not only becau e it Till, e ee yo u all again! reflects the religious ex peri nce of one of the great 1. Ah, thi i a life of plea ure, teach rand pa3tor that came out of th Dutch Country, Joy, and peace. serenity ! but al 0 becau e it refl ect the Clui t·cent r cin e s of the "},[erc r burg T heology" of which H arbaugh wa a Wh en above all God we tr a ure leftder- the most significant th ological movement that Here and in ternity. came out of the Germ an Churche of P enn ylva ni a in the horu : 19th entury. Fare ye well. Brethr n! F are ye well, isters ! " It i a fact that the bush-meeting groups were a mong Till we see you all again! the fir t, if not the fi r t natlve·born Ameri can churche , i.1t., ch,urches; whi ch sprang out of meri can co nd iti ons 1; are y well , Brethren! Fare ye well. rather than bein g transpl anted from E urope. Till we ee you all again! 33 Au nt ) billa beli eved in hexes. he wa s. I th ought. strategicall y 1 cat d :for hexin g: wa) back in the hills and th e big wood. When Daniel Gehri and Elizabeth i oll " 'ere married they followed. the Penn ylvania Dutch cu tom of living at home until after the first child ,, ~ a born. in thi a . with the groom's parents instead of th e bride' a wa u ual. lever wa bubbel (baby) more welcome than their fir t for it was a girl. Grandpa wa th e oun g t of eight · hildr e n~ all boys. 0 " hen he and hi s little bride pre pare I to move out and tart their 1m home his mother re[u ed La let the bab go. " You til 0," he told th m. " will hal ~ e more. and J need me a girl onet." NaIad) argued. A lI~ oman who had had two husband s and eight on, pres umably a :father too, addino- up to eleven men in her lif , co uld be forg i en for wanting "a girl onct." nd more they did have, eleven of tJ, em. Altogeth r th ey had twelve, ix boy and six girls, all of whom li ve 1 to respectable old age except Mary, the second o-irl, who fell in the mill·race wh n he wa two. Grandfather \ a an enterprising young man, knew Engli sh and taught school, and. each move he made led awa from the hinterland, the woody. hilly country acces sible only by foot or cart, until presentl y he and Lizzie and their growing :family found th em Ives tenant on hi half·broth er Dr. Levi Thomp on's farm on the South· B '), ELSIE GEHRIS CRESSWELL ern rim of the beautiful East P enn alley. This was the front parlour of civilization ; cleared land, carriage roads and. just a field·width from th Kutztown trolley and th e Reading Railroad. over whose gleaming track kimmed twice a day th e FI er. ca use it lI~ a a waste of time and too much wear on horse The Flyer went all th way from Reading, via Allentown and buggy or hoe leather, and as soon as the two aIde t to lei Yarrick ( ell' York) without even stopping in gi rl s were big enough to work on th e fi eld he hired hi L yon. Of Ca Ul' e, should a body be so bold as to under· on out to work for pay, whi ch he collected and put in take a trip to lei Yarrick, the Flyer could be Ra gged in the bank in hi 0 \1'11 name. He didn' t like company becan e Lyons. BuL what per on would want to make himself a lh ey ale too much. This too, puzzled me because he wa ·'noti ced." Far better would it I e to take th e trolle . \ hich alway in iting u to "come down onct." He did pres;de stopped ri ght at Gehris Crossing. to Reading, and th ere over his table \I'ith a fru gal eye, whi ch tolerated no wa teo ,,~ a lk quietI on the passenO'er train along II ith all the oth er Even a Ii iting young one h ad to fini h every crumb before people. Vy. if ) au vould get on at such a little vay tation, askin g for an) thing else or leaving the table. vere the train vould have to be flakked et :for you pecial, One unda when \I e were lh ere, Roy had the lemerit) people vould no doubt look at you qveer all th e vay to to ask for a piece of pi e II h il th ere wa plainly a little ~ei Yarrick yet. piece of red·beet left on th e edge of hi plate. Such alec· Little ylilla ll ad ta yed behind in th e hills. ncar Esch· ture II e got. on being spoilt and. wasteful and ending up bach a nd Bechtelsv ille. marr) ing very) oun g. a man in the poorhou e. It worked on me. My appetile folded u p named Henry 1iller, Il'h o was mildly disliked b) the whole a nd slunk al ay. but Ro fooled him. In demure contem JreindschaJt. H e wa can idered backward, stingy. in· plation of his plate, he II aited until Hen had fini shed hi hospitable. and wa referred to onl y as " Hen". even by lh e tirade, then he popped th e offending bit o:f beet inlo his kid. \I'h o ordinarily conferred th e title of .. ncle or Aunt mouth, gave lhe plate a wipe with lh e sleeve of his Sunday on th in-law. hirt, lh en olemnly hoved it toward Aunt ybiila and Hen " a a ling) he ,,~ o uldn ' t ven let ybilla keep the nodded at th e raisin pi e. Hen gave up. pushed back his egg man ) for clolhe, pice or hou ehold nece iti e". H e chair and ,,~ e nl ou t La the barn. wh ereupon unt ybill a , lI ouldn't let her get decent dishe . he 1I' 0uldn't let h r I uy and the g irl sail to it th at Ro) ampled all the p ies and clolhe. ven for th hildren. and she had to cut up one cake on the lable. o f her confirmation petticoal to make a long clui t ning 1 espile Hen's reputed meann ess it wa great fun t d res for th e fir t baby and th en use lhe same dre on the lisit th ere: even more :fun \I hen ther came paf::;iering jx following little 1iller. ("iiting) to The Farm. H oward. the eldesl bo) . was so I never quite underslood lhe clothe silu a tion. :for "hen· ntranced b) the railroad that he Iwuld 1 end the entire eveI'II e \'i iled there, th eir pare room wa hung full of dar slanding in th e front yard and \ a lch lhe train go fi ne unday clothe ame a an ybod y's and, e alll'a) - had rolling through lh e valley. < vel') time he hea rd one ap· to rush up tairs fir t Lhin g lo ee the n w dresses the girl proach h would) en to hi brother. " Dapper. ' allace. die had gO lten in e we were last there. boopoop oomt !" (Hurry. \\1 allace. the chao-chao Hen lI~ o uldn 't go to church nor let hi children go be· come . ) until thi b came a family b )' 11 ord. 34 unt ybi lla pent the day regaling UII ith her late t Aunt ) billa' meat poil d. etting hen would leave hex experience . he was a ti n)' woman. Sl oke very loud th eir ne t and ruin lI'hole elling of valu able duck or and fast, 0 fa t that he had periodically to stop and gasp turkey eggs. the hex would get in the springhou e and for breath. Even so, she never quite fini hed the current curdle th e crocks of crea m 0 that an entire churni ng report. and IIhen Hen II'ould announ ce that it \Va time would I e oured. On e summer so many of the CO li' "ave to get home no\\' and tend th e stock, Aunt ybilla would either stringy or bloody milk that Aunt ybilla had to get her bonnet, ti e it under th e chin, talking all th e while, eek help from a hex doctor. According to her de cription climb into the bu"gy. till talking. and as the vehicle got of thi being I'd have been more cared of the " doctor" under I ay she Irou ld take a big breath. wave good-bye than of the hex. But maybe it took a hex to ca tch a hex. and over her shoulder hout th at _he Ir ould tell us the The " doctor" advised her to single out a young cow re t th e next time. which gave real bad milk. In the morning she wa to get he was a bit of a trial to her sister Eliza. Aunt Liza was up ver y early. go quietl y to the barn and coll ect Ire h dung omewhat ton . he lived in Reading, on Oley treet, in from the sick cow. put it in a tone rock and et th e crock th e middle of a row of house \\here only the end- of-the in a cold oven. Then she was to bui ld afire in th e ra nge block ones had ou ter wall. They were all joined together andlat r that day he \I ould hear that a certain old woman and were all alike, so that it was almost impossi ble to tell had burned to death. one from the other. Aunt Liza. though. had attained dis This lI'a all rather repulsive to gentl e ybilla. but she tinction by having her front porch built out in a graceful decided that ituation was de perate enough to require bow. over which hung a plendid allning. To reach the desperate measures. So he obeyed the hex doctor. back door you had to go through a dark. covered alleyway For once he wa out of bed before Hen woke and yelled between th e house . at her to get downstair , get th e fire tarted, the milking Aunt Liza' kitchen and that of Mrs. Ermentrout, next done and breakfast on th e table so a man could get in the door, were eparated only by a nanoll' brick walk, and fi eld before the day was half over. the two ladie were not speaking. They had had " words' he got the dung. warm from the cow. put it in a tone wh en they were young women and twenty years later were crock. et it in th e oven of th e range and th en started the till not talking. Mr. Ermentrout and ncle Jim Hei t fire. which she fed witJ1 fresh-split hickory wood. both worked for Mr. Luden, th e candy man, and were At fir t nothing happened, and he was just about to good friends at work, but kn ew better than to acknowledge open the oven door to take a look when " dunnervetter" each other at home. broke loose. There was a loud report and tove lids ailed The Heists had become a quiet. low-_peaking family in all directi ons. The stove-pipe fl ew apart, belching foul when at home, in order to keep the neighbor from over moke. and at yet another loud crack th e oven door wa hearing them. Aunt ybilla' vi it cau ed a certain amount blown open and wrenched from its hinges. of consternation. Bei ng city dweller. th e Heists con id ered The whole family came tumbling down the stairs and it proper to peak only Engli h in th eir home. Aunt ybiUa Hen wore that from now on there I ould be no more hex poke only P enn ylvania Dut h. in a voice th at arried, laying in hi house. and paid no attention to sh u hing. P oor unt Liza quirl11- Aunt ybill a was trangel silent about thi experiment, ed with the knowledge that her " Dutchy"' relative and and it wa Cou in Birdie who told us about it. their hex torie would I e upper-table Lalk in the whole "It don't matter too mu h." he said, "vile Mam needed block that evening. It wa rather hard on a styli h lady a new I'ood ra nge real bad anyvay, and before ve could who maintained the fin est hou e in the roll'. bake bread or any ing. Pap chu t hat to buy one onct." unt ybilla had con tant trouble \I'1th her li\-e- tock, "Ye . but \l a th e hex burneJ?" we wanted to know. e pecially th e cow, and lI'as forever setting traps to at h "Oh! V II noll'." aid Birdie, blu hing a bit, " that va the hex. Everv table door had a hor e hoe nailed above right q\-eer. That old \Tooman that live in th at hack kinda, it Lo keep th ~ hexe ou t. I t didn·t. apparen LI y. do mu h behi nd th e farm. "as burnt real bad about the hand good. Ma)be th ey were enli ghtened hexe a nd didn'L be alld face th at day.lik a if something bust up in her face." li e\ e in hex ign. t any rate. Lh e) lI'ere xce _ively bu y Thi. old lI'oman Irh o li ved in th at-" h ack kinda" turner! on th e 'liller farm. oul to be th e hex doc lor \I·h om Aunl ) billa had con ulted. "BuL then." aid Birdie, "about Lhi voman, on can't rightly Ln." It eem he wa forever pULtering about wi th cha rm s a nd mixture and uch like. whi ch he cooked up, in a big keLL le ov r an open fire in back of her hant) . and half th e time she \1- nt about with th e e) ebrOlr and her fronl ha ir a ll frizzl ed fr om th e fire. \,' hen ll en di ed AunL ybill a solei th e farm and b ought her elf a little hou e in E chbach near her children, where he li\ eel a lone until he died aL tJ1 e age of 90 year and 5 da) . The) ea r she II a eighL) J \ i ited her and he howed me th e liLLi e pring-hou e in th e back )ard where she kepL her butter a nd milk. "\1) girl ." he told m . '\ an tme Lo get such a ice box, o r \ ould not ha\ e Lo go ouLin th e yard evef) time I vant omeLhin g. But I cl on'l think I viII. 1 don'L like to pend m) mone) fooli h ) 1. 1 may get old orn e da) an d Lh en 1 might need it." 35 . Beel an(t Gravy TIl oravwn II in a powt.o ttl, b d Tomato es 'a Green B e ~~S H~t Ba co n Dresslnb L et w ce tVlt 1 er Cabbage P ep P £ aas Red Bee t bb PickLed Bee ts pot Cheese B Butter em,net B~~~d and Butter Potato sp~n3:tter Pickles. Bread an Bean ReLtsh Corn Relish Gh erkin s P' kled pears CI,OW CI,OW LC. d Peaches SpIce Rind pickles Ch iii Sauce. Watermelon . d AprIco ts J Uy SpIced' d Cherries Quince e ' 1 Bran Ie Butter Crab apple J el Y Lemon 1 LL Peach Con se rve Blackberr y e Y Ra spberry lam ch lam . P ea P reserves kin PIe Wh at a dinner . 1 0 wonder that th e Bloomfi eld A OCla Stratvberry Dutch pump pie tion of American ' niversity Women had a full hou e th at Quakertown night, lIith eighty-eight tickets sold and oth er refused Colfee beca u e of lack of space. In all re pect thi s Penn ylvania Dutch dinner which lI'a given a an educa ti onal project wa an apparent success. There was an abundance of food but all leftover were quickly old. In the word of one of in a unique manner. Each lady kept a record of the cost the committee, "The butter semmel bun were a great of the food he prepared and wa reimbur ed for it after delight; the beef was delicious and the only item to go the dinner. Kn owin g how easily a plea ant evenin g co uld beggin g ' a th e P ot Cheese." It is ea y to under tand be poiled b hours of dl hwashing, the committee d cided that Pot Chee e wa not a popular choice be au e even in to hi re di hwashers at a co t of 12.00. After this and all it native land th ere are comparatively few Dutchmen food bill were paid there was a profit of 25.00! Consider who enj oy it. i ng the variety and abundance of fo od, thi i amazing. The fir t in piration for thi dinner seem to date back But th n, haven't we always known that Penn sylvania everal year to that pectacular Dutch dinner erved to Dutch cookery was e onomical ? the American pice Trade As ociation in IeII' York. A bveryone wh o ha ever had hi fingers in large scale park of enthu ia m wa well lighted that day for Mr . cookery kn ows that careful planning and efficient manage Margaret Shepard, home economi t and Home gent for ment are important. If you need help for any uch project, th e Exten ion ervice in Esse County, Iel Jer ey. \Vith co ntact your county' Home Economi t of the Extension keen intere t, r. hepard vi ited the 1955 Folklore ervice. A committee hould plan th e menu and then pre Fes tival at Kutztown and took back to 25 Thirteenth pare th e li st of foods with the number of ladie neeel ed to Avenu e, Iewark 3, many recipe whi ch he received from prepare each di h. From u h a Ii t th en the women ca n the Penn ylvania Dutch \",\Tomen who wer di splayin g their ign for th eir own preference and u e th e recipe upplied traditi onal dishe . With accelerated peed and great en by the cO lllmittee. Ladie hou ld also I e a sign d to be in thu ia m he shared her knowl edge of this regional cook charge of food as th ey arri ve one haH hour before serv ery with her televi ion audience of WATV (Channel 13), ing time. One per on can receive the mea t and gravy, wrote a pamphlet on Penn ylvania Dutch Cookery and al10th r the vegetable, and e Teral more for the ca te held a work hop demon tration of Penn sylvania Dutch gories of bread and butter, weets and so ur , de sert and Food for all church and lub women I\"h o were intere ted beverage. A foods houlel be brought in hot, Mr . Lock in large scale cookery. What a wonderful publicity agent wood uggested th e use of el ctri c oven if kitchen facili for Dutch food i Mr. argaret hepard! ties are not ufficient to kee p them hot. As al wa ys. no man. or woman either, is an island and The Bloomfi eld ,A.U.W, served their dinner buffet ucces i dependent upon many cooperating hand . One tyle with lines formed on each ide of the tal Ie. The of th ese wa r . George Lockw ood of Bl oo mfield , Iel provi ion of appointed ho te e to each dinner table Jer ey, wh o kindl y S UI plied me a detailed report of this ound like an excellent idea for both service and socia dinner. She aid that sin ce th e program wa planned to bility. Individual table seating eight included a 11 0 t be educa tional in purpose they tried to get as many people who cleared the table and erved de ert and co ffee. Each to participate as po ible. As it , or ked out, more than erving of de sert included two mall pi ece of pi e as Ul e fifty ladies contributed in one wa y or another. They made Dutch 0 often serve pie, 0 that th e gue t might have a ;all the food except gherkins, bread and I utter pickle . taste of each. The size of the menu certainly does not co rre pond with Wiu, table setting and room decorations in accord with the price of the dinner. Imagine, getting all that food for the th eme of the day, the dining room mu st have been 1.50 per per on! How wa that possible? Only the jam very attractive, The purpo e of the evening \\'a complete and jellie were donated. The rest of th e food was paid when Dr. Leon Hood, a graduate of Franklin and Marshall 30 Dutch or potato cake, one of the chief stcUldbys of Dutch cookery. A serving of schnitz and gnepp. Moravian Beef and Gravy 1 tsp. ground sage 2 tabsp. grated lemon rind \ ll:! tsp. ground thyme 3 tabsp. lemon juice 1 tsp. salt 1 4·pound pot roast 10 tsp. ground black pepper (chuck or round) 2 tsp. whole cloves 2 tabsp. fat 2 tsp. whole allspice crushed 1 mer/iLun carrot, quartered 2 bay leaves crumbled 1 med. onion, sliced "2 cans beef bouillon 1/3 cup sou r cream, if desired * (For au erbraten such as th is, most Dutch cooks, use water in· stead of th e bouillon . ... E. E. H.) ombine seasonings, lemon rind and juice. Heat but do not boil. POllr over meat. When cold, place in refrigerator and marinate 24 hours, turning several time. Remove meat from marinade. Melt fat in Dutch oven or other heavy pan. Add meat and vegetables. Brown meat, on all ides. Add marinade, cover and simmer until meat is done (two to three hours). JlJ eat may be baked, covered, in moderate oven 350 degrees F. if desired. Remove meat and train gravy. Thicken with flour. Gradually stir in sour cream and stir immediately. Do not boil after SO/IT cream is added. erves 8 to 10. To serve a large grollp: AllolV 15 to 20 pounds of boneles meat to seTl'e 50 tIll ee ounce portions. Polato Sponge Bread 4 medium sized potatoes 1 cake yeast, dissolved in 2 tabsp. sligar 1h cup lukewarm water 1 labsp. salt 4 cups all purpose flour Pare and boil the polatoe and while hot. mash finely and rub allege and no\\' Guidance Director at lifford 'ott throngh a sieve or co lander. Add th e sligar, salt, and dissolved High chool in Ea t Orange. 1 ell' J er~ey) enli ghtened the yeast. tir flollr into the mixture, beating well. Add mf)re flour to group on Penn) Ivania Dutch eu tom and Hi tor). form soft dough. Tum onto a floured board and knead. Return urel) many more educati onal and a 'ial group will to bowl, cover and let. rise overnight. [n th e morning, form into loaves, let rise lln til light, and bake in a moderate oven, 350 want to erve Penn yh ania Dutch Dinner. Thank to the degrees F. 40 to 50 minutes. Bloomfield .A ..W. for howing u how to do it! Here are everal of the re 'ipe that were u d in en'ing Th e recip with olh er appear in a pamphlet entitled: thi dinner. Of cour ) the amount were proportionately Pennsylvania Dutch Cookery, compiled for the E ex increa ed. hould you de ire an) oth er reCJpe for lhi aunt) Home co nom ic Extension ervice of Jew Jersey dinner. end your reque t on to m . 0) th eir Home gent, Mr. argaret hepard. 37 ~~TEAM~~ Mennonites TIl'o -door Weaverlalld m eetinghollse. By LFRED 1. HOEM KER ide viele oj rFl eaver!rll1d m eetingholl se. 38 Two ty pes of horse-drawn transportation 1I pd by "T eam," lYle nnonites, Most of us a ociate horse-drawn transportation in th e tween th e prosperou Lancaster County Amish and the Dutch Country with the House Ami h, the mo t CO Il Nebra ka Amish of the Big Valley in Miillin County in ervative of all P enn ylvania's plain folk, central P enn ylvania. ) Little kn own. even to most Lancaster countian , are the The Wengerite employ two types of wagons: the so very conservative Mennonite . called Wengerites, wh o, called Germantown wago n of the Hou e Amish and bug like the Hou e Ami h. proscri be automobiles. These ver) gie . n ver the toples variety though of Ami h yo uth. plain folk inhabit th e unproductive hill land of eastern The 10 al terminology in Engli h for a Mennonite wh o Lanca ter County, the area around Bowman ville. Their drive a horse and buggy is " team guy," These fringe farms show none of the prosperity which we 0 general Mennonite maintain th e Pennsylvania Dutch dialect ly meet up \\'ith in plain communitie . By contra t, th ey in their home and" ermon German" or High Penn syl look run down indeed. (There i a similar contra t be- vania Dutch in Ihei r meeti nghouses. Ca rriage heds play active role here, V iew front the cem etery at Weaver land. TJte young fry sport buggies with all sorts of decoration. R eflector tape in heart cUl out ctre common among courting youth. The owner' initial in reflector tape. Horses and buggies hned lip on a Slinelay morning. W eaverlanel does not have enough heels to house the teams eluring services . ..... .. .. -:~ - ~-S ' ,..i -- ".)~ ,. ~-: ~ Carriage cou {!. hl pa ssin g during services. E ndless shed s at B owmansville. A n intere I,ing 'IL/el y in w heel - buggy and carrill ue . - ..,.. .. PIONEERS FROM STAUDERNHEIM By H GO FROEHLICH Tran lated b'), DO YODER The Lutheran Church Register of the village of taudern 2. j ohann Nikolaus Barth, baptiz d August 11, 1720 heim , in the ahe alley near Bad Kreuznach in th e (Americanus factus) . Northern Palatinate, belong in the rare category of 3. j ohall ll es Barth_ baptized October 22. 1724 (A m eri Palatine church books which contain a notable number of canus factus ) . [Perhap j ohallnes Barth, who arrived references to 18th century emigrant . Philadelphia on th e ship Lydia , October 19, 1749.] In the case of emigration_ the minister- in th e classical Latin of the clergy and th e univer ity-added a note to the BEIER, JOHA J FRIEDRICH- on of Johann Wil record of hi lost pari hioner's bapti ~ m-"Americanus helm Beier, married Anna Eli sabeth Ebert, daughter of fa ctu "-"became an American." Johann George Ebert. The foll owin g children. born at Emigration from 18th century taudernheim in olved taudernhei m, emi grated to America: three destinations- America. Prussia. and Poland. ome 1. Johann Kasimir Beier, baptized August 4, 1726 (an- ninety persons left th e village for America in the years 11 0 1741 A m ericanus factu ). 1738-1750, with the high point co ming in th e years 1739 2. Johallll Nikolaus Beier, baptized January 4_ 1730 and 1741, when entire familie left together for (a1l110 1741 Americana (!) fa cta ) . Pennsylvania. 3. j ohann Friedrich Beier, baptized December 15. 1732 But there wa also emigration into Prussia. spon ored (allno 1741 Americanus fac/us). by the Hohenzoll erns in their attempt to build up Branden 4. A nna Maria Beier, baptized Janu ary 27.1737 (anno burg and Pomerania. Thi movement (30 persons ) took 1741 Americana facta ) . place in 1747 and 1748 and oth er unlisted years. and the 5. j o17ann A ndreas Beier, baptized February 6, 1739 pa tor de ignated hi loss with th e Latin phra e " Borussu (anno 1741 Americanus fa ctus). jactu "-"became a Prussian" : for this emi grati on ee I Otto Gebhard_ Friederizianische Pfalzerkolonien Ln CHRI TJAN, JOHA PETER- so n of Johann Valen Brandenburg zwd Pommem ( tettin, 1939). tin Chri ti an. linen-weaver. noted as de:I d at th e confirma Emigration to P oland (Gali ia ) , involving fifteen per tion of his on Philipp Jakob at Easter 1732, married at son from taudernheim_ took place around 1783 and taud ernh im pril 20, 1706_ Maria Eli abeth Dorth , 1784. It i signifi cant th at th ere are in thi li st some case daughter of Johann Jakob Dorth at Pfalzisch-Weierbach. Children, born at taudernheim. emi grated : of one member of a family heading we tward a 1'0 the Atlantic to Penn sylvania. anoth er turning up later in the 1. Johann Georg Christian, baptized April 11, 1707, German- speaking ettlement of Ea tern Europe. linen-wea \ er. em igraled to Pomerania (Borussus The Latin and German phrase give n in parenthe e are factus) wi lh "i fe. Anna Barbara Kaul. daughter of quotation from th e origi nal church regi tel' : th e ma Johan nes K:Iul at Hochstad len an der Alsenz (mar terials in brackets giving arrivals in Philadelphia are_ as riecl at taudernheim. lovember 13, 1736) and two usual in our em igrant list _ from th e colonial hip-list as hildren_ (l) Johann Pe/er, baptized eptember 11, publi hed in tra sburger and I-Ii nke. Pennsylvania Ger 1739 (cum parentibu Boms u fac /u s): and (2) man Pioneers ( Torristown. Penn ylva nia: The Pen n )'1- Daughter baptized June 19. 1746 ( Pommerana rum vania German ociety. 1934) <, parentibus facta.) The material have been translated from Hugo Frohlich. 2. Philipp Jakob Christiall_ baptized 1ay 13, 1717 " Auswanderer im lutherischen Kirchenbuch von taudem (A mericanu jac/us). heim an del' ahe," which appeared in Mitteilungen zur CO -RADT. lOHA N JIKOLA - buried at taud Wanderungsgeschichte del' PfaZzer, edited by Dr. Fritz Braun of the Heimatstelle Pfalz, Kai er lautern, and pu} - ernheim June 1. 1736, married Anna Maria Wagner. li shed a a upplement to P falzische F amilien- und Wap daughter of Johann el astian Wagner at Gebroth ; the "ido,,' married imon Jakob Fey (q.v. ) . Child, born penkunde, 1954, to whose editorial board we are grater u} II. for the privilege of reprinting th ese unu ual material . at tauedrnheim : ] . j ohann Konrad Conradt_ I aptized October 21, 1728 BARTH, JOHA TIKOLA - tailor, buried at (A mericanus factus). [Perhaps Connrad Conrath, taudernheim, March 17, 1729, married at taudernheim_ wh o arrived at Philadelphia on th e hip Neptzwe, January 23, 1714, Anna aria . ei . daughter of ichael October 25. 1746.] ei and widow of Friedrich I autenbaeh. The following children. born at taudernheim, em igrated: RO . I fO J JAKOB- baptized October 18, 1692, on of David ron, married I. at Staudernheim, Augu t 1. Anna Christina Barth, baptized arch 19, 17] 8: emigrated to Pru ia wi th her illegitimate on, born 30. 1718. Anna Magdalena Rollauer, daughter of Ludwig Roll auer and II idow of J ohanne chmidt. buried at taud at taudernheim , j ohann N ikolaus, baptized January 6, 1746 (Borussiana cum {ilio facta ) . ernheim eptember 11. 1734; married II. at taudernheim, January ] 7, 1736, Su anna Martha ponh eimer, daughter of Johann \ ilhelm I onheimer at Waldbockelheim. Chil d ren } oJ'll at laudernheim- o. 1-4. of th e fir t marriag , * Readers hould notf' al 0 that the migrants are arranged by family, and that in not eVf'ry cast" did the head of a family emi grate. 5-6 of the co nd marriage: 43 1. Johanll Konrad Crall, baptized Februar) - . 1722 Kath ari na Graff. daughter of Kaspar Graff at Huffelsheim, (allno 1741 Americallus fa ctus ). buried at laud ernheim lovember 25, 1787. Children of 2. Johann Philipp Cron, baptized No\'ember 19. 1723 lh e first marriage. born at taudernheim: (a nna 1741 Americanus factus) . 1. imoll Jakob Fey, baptized January 22 , 1708, buried 3. Anlla Christina Cron, baptized De ember 12. 1725 at taudernheim, March 22, 1787; married 1. (allno 1741 Americana fac Ia ) . taudernheim. lovember 13, 1736, Anna Maria, 4. A llll a Maria Croll, baptized eptember 14.1730 (an· widow of Joha nn likolaus Conradt (q.v. ) ; married 110 1741 A mericana facta) . IT . taud ernheim. Deceml er 27, 1743, Maria Chri - 5. Johallll David Cron, baptized December 6. 1736 (an- tina Kratzm ann , daughler of Johann ikolaus 110 1741 Americallus factus). Kralzm ann. Hi on Johann Peter Fey, of the econd 6. Anna Margarethe Cron, baptized Au 44 6. J ohanll Jacob Fuchs, baptized J ul y 22. 174 (allIlO 2. Johanll Peter Klein , baptized Jul) 25.1745 emigrated 1741 AmericallLLs jactus). lo Poland (den 25. August 1784 Polonius jaCl/l s) ; cabin et-maker. married at taudernheim. February GRIMM. JOHA T T PHILIPP-son of Joha'1n Peter Grimm. married at taud ernh eim. i\ la) 7. 172 . Anna 8.1774. Anna Margareth e. \\'idol'· of Philipp Freund Iargareth e \\Teber. daughter of eba tl an J a~(Qb Weher. at Kreuznach. Onl)' one hild appears to have heen Children. born at taud ernheim: born at audernheim, Johanll David Klein, born 1. Maria Elisabelh Crimm. baplized l arch 11. 1721 !\ol'emb r 1. 1774, died eptember 11. 1781. (anno 1739 A m ericana jacla) . [Peter Klein of taucl ern heim. farm er. t il 0 person . 2. Johann Peter Crimm. baptized Ia) 14. 1723 (anno appeared before the Hofkammer in \ ienn a. eptem 1739 cum patre America perjeclus) . ber 21. ] 784. for eUlemen t in Hungan: ee \\'ilhelm 3. Johann Ja/' ob Crillun, baplized Augu t 23.1726 (an- a nd Ka ll bnmner. Que/en ::; llr deLl~schell iedlungs gescILi chte in udosteuropa, p. 24,-1 .] 110 1739 Americallus jactus) . 4. Anna Margarethe Crimm. baplized Octobcr 9. 1'729 [J acob Kleill ( Kleynl. 20 years old. anil ed at Phil (anllo 1739 Americana jacta) . adelphia. on the hip St. Andrew, October 2. 1741.] 5. Johann David Grimm. baptized ugu t 28.1737 (a n LA GTE"i\lBACH. JOHAi\NES-buri ccl al laucl ernheim no 1739 Americanu jactus ) . :VIa) 16.1736. married at St:\Lldcrnheim. Ja nuary 12. 1706, H SPELHOR T. JOHAN:\T PETER-son of H ans Anna MarIYarelh Gratzmann. daughter of Peter Gratz Mi ch ael Haspelhorn. buricd at Staudernheim Fcbru an 10. mann. buri ed at taudernheim. February 27. 1746. Chil 1762. married I. abina Kath erina. buried at taudern d ren 10m in taudernheim: heim. eptember 25.1748. Anna Barbara Jan on. daughter 1. Maria Katharina Lautenbach. baptized December 4, of Johann Michael Janso n at Neubambcrg. Children. b rn ] 712. cmi grated to P omerania with her hu sband. ( 1st at taudernheim: in PrelLssisch BO!1lmern mil ihrem Mann liollza lJjel 1. Johann Ludwig Ha pelhom, ba ptized February 4. ge::;ogen ): married at Staudernheim. November 19, 1726 (Americanus jactus ) . 1737, Johann likolaus H olzapiel. so n of Johann 2. Anna ara Haspelhorn, baptized eptembcr 1. 1738; Marlin Halzapfel at Kirn. ~ h oemaker. went to P oland in March of 1784. 2. Johalln David Lauten bach, baptized January 25, [Ludwig H aspelh om arrived in Philadelphia on the 1717 (anno 1739 Americanu jactus ). hip Dragon, eptember 26. 1749.] 3 . Johannes L autenbach, baptized F bruary 17. 1724 (A m ericanlL jactu. ) HEBLICH, CHRI TMA T:\T- from Ebernburg. buried [Johann David Lautenbagh ( Laudenback. L OLLdin at taudernheim. July 19.1750. married at taud ernheim, back). 23 years old. arrived at Philadelphia. on th e 1 ovember. 1708, Anna Christina. buried at taud rnheim. h ip anwel, August 27. 1739.] January 9. 1743. Children. born at taudernheim: 1. Anna Margarethe Heblich, baptized eptember 24, LTTZENB RGI:.R. THEOBALD- son of Philipp Lit 1713 (Americana jacla.) zenburger. married at taud ernh im. May 10. 1718. Maria 2. Anna Elisabeth H eblich . baptized F bruary 16. 1716 Barbara "eiberlein . daughter of Han Konrad eiberlein. (Americana jacla): married Johann Peter Ki tner chool porter ( chuldiener ) at Hennweiler. Child . born (q.v.) . at taudernheim: Maria Chri tina, baptized Jul )' 28.1720 KI T:\TER. JOHA T T PETER-son of Johann HTIOn (Americana jacla ) . Ki tner at berh ~ c h tetten. buri d at taudernheim . Janu ary 25. 1740. nna Eli abeth Heblich (see above). who MAURER. JOHANN JAKOB- son of Paul Maurer at obernheim . married A nn a Eli sabeth . Children. born at went to America with her ~ Oll. born at ta udernheim: imon Jakob K islner. baptized J anum·) 27. 1743 (cum ta udern heim : malre Americanu factus). ] . Katharina Barbara Maurer, baptized December 6. 1730 (Am ericana cum patre ) . KLEI T. JOHA:\ T GEORG - ca binet-maker. from 2. AnI/a Eva Maurer, baptized October 29.1736 ( nl r Borr taclt on the other ide of th e Rhi ne in th e territory of icana cum palre) . ld tein. buried at ta udernheim. Jul y 20. 177 . married rJa cob Maurer (iV/ ower). 32 )ear old. a rri ved at 1. at taudernheim, February 15. 1715. Maria argarelh Philadelphia on Lh e hi p amuel. December 3.1740.] chappert. daughter of Johanne, ·harperl. buried 0 to ber 15. 1726: married II. at taudernheim. after pro la OTTO. JOHA"\ FRI EDRI H- on of the village mati on on th e 20th. 21 t. and 22nd unda) after Trinity mayor ( chultheis ). dead before 1742, married at laud 1727. '\.N.: married lIT. at taudernheim around 1730 ernheim, February 23. 1706. Anna Katharina chmidt, Anna 1agdalena. buried at taudernheim Jan uary 20, daughter of Johann Thielmann chmidl. b uried at taud- 1739; married IV. at taud rnheim. Ju ne 2. 1739. Anna rnheim, . TO ember 18. 1759. Chi ldren. born at ta uclern :Ylaria Kau l. daughter of Johann Iter Kaul at \,\Tald heim: bockelheim. buried eptember 25. 1781. (The marriage ]. Maria Kalharina 01/0, bapliz cl March 7. 1709: lived of 1739 i expre I} designated a th e fourlh marriage. Tt at obernheim. married Joha nnes '[elchior and both is po ible that th e econd and third marriage al ove are ame to merica (Americani jacli ). id en ti cal: in that ca~e th first marriage \\oldd have tak n 2. Johalln Tobia OltO , bapti zed June 8. 1726 (anna place befor 1715. ) hildren. born at taudernhei m: 174 ·1 AlIleri anus jactu ). 1. Johann Jakob Krein, baptized \ITa) 4. 172 1 (anno [J hal/li es Melchior (Melchier), 28 )ear old, ar 1741 Americanus jactus). ril·ed at Philadelph ia on th e hip Friend hip, Oclo Americanus jactus). b r 12. 1741.] 45 RITTER. JOH NN P ETE R-Village Mayor ( chul EI , JOHANNE - on of ntoniu ei S. buried at theiss) , son of Matthia Ritter. married Maria Eli abeth. taudernheim. May 8. 1728. married r. nna Elisabeth. Children, born at taud ernheim: died at tauder nheim. Augu t 19. 1700; married ll. at 1. Johann Heinrich Ritter, bapti zed July 27. ] 732 taud ernheim. June 7. 1701 , abine Cron, daughter of (Am ericanu cum palre factus) . Hans imon Cr on and widow of Johann Tikolaus Fey, 2. Johann Michael Ritter, baptized epteml r 8. ] 734 buried at ta ud ernheim. June 4, 1751. Child of th e econd (anno 1741 A merican us factus). marriage, born at taudernheim : 3. Johannes Riller, baptized 'larch 7. 1737 (anno 1741 1. Johann Adam eiss, baptized August 18, 1710 (anno A mericanu factu s) . 1740 A m ericanu factus.) [P ossibl y Johann Adam yce ( eysen ) , 25 year ROLLARD. JOHANN PETER- on of Ludwig Rollard. old. wh o arrived at Philadelphia on the hip Friend· buried at taudernheim. !farch 4. 1733. married at taud· ship, Octol er 12, 1741.] ernheim. pril 26. 1718. nn a Christin a Muhlberger. daughter of George Muhlberger at Oberhau en. Oberamt PONI-IEIMER, JOHA TN PETER- on of Johann Meisenh eim : the widow married II. at taudernheim, De Wilhelm ponhei mer, buried at taudernheim, January cember 8, 1733 . Matthia '\ irth, so n of Johann Philipp 11. 1759, married 1. at taudernheim , May 14, 1706, Anna Wirth of Weiden. Child, born at taudernheim Johann Christina Damgen, daughter of Chri tian Damgen at Peter Rollard, baptized May 29. 1730 (A mericanu obernheim, buried at taudernheim November 26, 1710: fa ctus) . ma rried II. at taudernheim. Ioveml er 17, 1711, Anna [J ohann Peter Roller ( Rollar ) . arrived at Philadel· :Maria Fey, daughter of Johannes Fey. Children, of the first phia on th e hip Richard an d Mary. eptember 26, and second marriages, born at Staudernheim: 17.-2.] 1. Anna Margarethe ponheimer, I aptized October 23. 1707 (anno 1741 Americana facta) . CHAPPERT. lOHAN! MICHAEL- on of Johann s chappert. buried at taudernheim , January 28, 1753. 2. Johann Nikolaus S ponheimer, baptized September 4, married I. at Kir chroth (Church Register taudernheim ). 1712 ; erved in P ot dam among King Frederick January 25. 1707. Anna Katharina Gutheil. daughter of William's Giant Guard and was married there Konrad Cutheil at Kirchroth . buried at ta ud ernheim . (dieser ist in Potsdam wlter den gro ssen Cranadieren March 22 , 1721: married II, at Staudernheim, FebrualT 3. und auch verheiratet ) . 1722. Anna Kath arina Grimm, lauo·hter of Johann S i,~o n TE CH, JOHA N PHILIPP- son of Paul Tesch, mar· GrimJ11 , buried at ta ud ernheim. December 22, 1725; mar· ried 1. at Staudernheim ,. April 30, 1726. Anna Chri tin a ried III. at Staudernheim , Ja nu a ry 8. 1732. nna Barbara chappert, daughter of Johannes chapp rt, buried at Sei s, daughter of Johanne eis . Children, born at taud· taud ernheim , January 4, 1733 ; married II. at taudern· ernheim: hei m. . pril 15, 1733. Maria Doroth ea, widow. Children 1. Anna Barbara chappert, baptized November 28. of th e first and econd marriage, born at taudernheim: 1725. emi grated to Pru ia ( Boru siana fac ta). 1. Johann Michel T esch, baptized May 31, 1731 (anno 2. Johann Nikolaus chappert, baptized eptember 21. 1741 Americanus factus). 1746, lI~ as married in witzerland, at Bern. and, enl 2. Johann Peter T esch, baptized December 20, 1733 (an. from lI'itzerland to Ameri ca (1st in der chweiz zu no 1741 Americallus fa ctus). Bern verheiratet, aus der Schweiz ilL A merika) . 3. imon Philipp T e ch, baptized July 25, 173 7 (anll o [Nicolaus Schapperdt arrived at Philadelphia on the 1741 Americanu jactus) . hip Chance, ovember 1, 1763 . Before hi name in [Johann Philipp Desch (Tash ) , 40 year old , arrived the ship's list there appears th e name of " Filb chab· at Philadelphia on the Snow iVI olly, October 26. bert". P ossibl y this was th e broth er of Johann iko· 1741.] la us Schapp rt, Johal1n Philipp chappert, bapti zed TEXTOR, HIERONY iUS- gUll mith, married Anna at taudernheim. February 25. 1739.] argarethe. Child, born at taudernheim: SCHNEIDER. JOHA! T KARL---stone·ma on , son of 1. Christina Eli abeth T extor- baptized Au gust 8, 174,8 Heinrich chneider at '·Fremersheim ," married at ta ud· (an no 175 1 Americana cum parentibus facta ) . ernheim. May 31, 1740, Anna Margareth e Ehrhard (qv. ). [Hieronimus T extur arrived at Philadelphia on the Twins, born at taudernheim: hip Edinburgh, eptember 16. 1751.] 1. Johannes Schneider 2. A nna Barbara chneider, baptized March 3, 1741 WANDER. IMON JAKOB- on of Johann Philipp (cum parentibus A mericall i facti) . Wand er, di ed at taudernheim , October 25. 1742 (refer [Carl chneyder ( lI yder ). 23 year old . arrived at ence in Baptismal Regi ter). ma rried Anna an a. hild. Philadelphia on the hip Fr iendship, October 12. born at Staud ernJ1 eim : 1741 .] 1. A nna Christina Wall der, ba ptized October 29, 1717 (anno 1742 A mericana facta ) . EIS . JOHAXN JAKOB- on of Matthi as eiss. musi· ciano buried a t ta ud ernheim. No ember 3.17£14. married WANDER. JOI-IAN T TOBIA - son of Heinrich I. J oh ann etta : married II. !f aria Barbara. buried at taud· Wand er. buried at taudernheim. eptember 22, 1735. ernheim. October 20. 1785. Child of the first marriage. married at taud ernheim . eptember 17. 1720, I1ll a Eva born at Staudernheim: ei , daughter of Mi chel ei : the widol married II. 1. Johann A ndreas eiss. baptized December 15. 1720 at taud ernheim. April 3.1736. J ohalln Tikolaus La ng. (Americallus factus ) . Child. born at taudernheim: [Joh. A ndreas ey ell arrived at Philadelphia on the 1. Johann H ~ i nr i c h Wallder, baptiz d October 28. 1723 hip Edinbu rgh. August 13. 1750.] (Americanus factu ) . 46 Dialect Folksay (only for those who speak Dutch) From Folklore Center File IIb\ardnes i expre ed in a number of force ful Wa )5 Then th ere is th e jest of a son sa ying to his fath er at table, in the dia l ct. Not uncommon is: er gebt sich en gschick " Pop, du hoscht ell hawr an de gosch." A brother answer , ass wie en ux ler uff ell schleil-schtay schpautza. Speaking " Du soltscht dich avver schemma gosch tSlt sawga; du about th e clum ) effort of a town girl learning to kate hettscht sawga solla der pop hot en hawr am riesel." on hi farm pond. a Berks farmer was heard to sa y: sie If when drinking omeo ne toast with g undheit one gebt sich en gschick ass wie en kUlt am seida haikLa. frequenlly hears: gsnndheit imma hund sei leib ; soil wool Of omeone wh o is on his la t leg we a y : er hot sei dUll, wann's dWllna bleibt. From th e Bally area comes this letschdi load hoi gedraida. When something eem to tak variant: gsundheit, wanll'S kell kalt badeit. an inordinate amount of time one may sa y : des halt drei \! hen someone commit suicide one quite often hear da wg lell ger ass aivich. it put thi wa y : er hot der schdivvel·dans geduu. When in An old butcher up Hamburg way when commenting on Lebanon County a storm comes up they say: naLL hot so an obstinate or headstrong person would say : ya, petz du LLr e sich widder ainer kellgt. molima ltX ins ham. This same countryman pas ed j udg In tead of saying we are goin g to bed one may put it ment on the miserline of one of his neighbor by saying: thi way : nalt gai·l71 er der hiLsa barrick IlUI/. er pet=t die dawLer a s die awdler greischa. Interesting are th e expre sion that are used in answer A chap in the Reinholds area, not much of a churchman. to uch que ti ons are wann and was. When someone say would say whenever he heard the church-bell ring of a wanll, the un wer he often gets i : wann i s ken kann un en unda), morning : dart gait widder der inda-gnippel. In but iss kell dray-arrigel. Was is ken lass un dei naws is Elstonville in the upper regions of Lancaster County the kell chtopper. dinner bell. a characteristic feature of the rural Dutch t the F olklore Center a special eff ort ha been put farming country. i sometime referred to in je t a : der forth over a number of yea rs to get a many variants as bauch-gnippel. po ible to th e expre ion YO R SLJP I HO\,\TJNC in Recently an issue of American peech conta in ed a brief dialect. We have collected th e followin g : du, hoscht Ping- article on the Engli h expre sion the blue h n' chickens. chda l er 0 chdera ; dlt hoscht Muundawg eb Sunndawg : meaning to be of the old tamp. 0 evidence of it u e ha du ho cht Dunnerschdawg ler Mittwoch ; du ho cht der been found in Pennsylva nia, according to the a uthor. The manll l erlawra; der waitza iss Lenge r ass's kam ; du fil e of the Folklore Center re eal it u e in di alect. P eter denk cht mai lun cleim dawdi ass wie lun cleinra mammi; Kershner. th e well-known inger of P ennsylva nia Dutch clei mann iss am wa.ll haLLS dahaim ; du bischt Is way spiritual at th e Kutztown F olk Fe tival, on one occa ion schteckich ; bi cht du am weisla? remarked: er i /l och ains lun da aida bloa-a gluele The When l11i t arise from field or wood after a rain , par· same meaning i rend ered by : er iss noch aill lUll da gaila. ti ularly a thunderstorm, th e saying i : die fix kocha es Jut wh r th e u e of th e color yellow to expre teadfastn e s rnarriya e a; die fix in am rieva kocha ; die fi x ill widder i not clear. am kalli kocha; die haw a sin am daml-gll epp kocha; When a storm blew up one frequently heard it said: nau Frequently instead of fi x it' die hawsa. From th e Albany hot der (name of a local farmer ) die scheier-dawra widder Eelc, in northern Berk County, come : nau gait der ull-schtay . round Indiantown Gap it wa John Trout ierach aus em boddem . wh o II-a a id to have hi barndoor tanding open ; around IE the coffee one i d ri nking is very strong one a ys : Bechtel ville it wa John Gehma n. Each ection had it mer kann en aw chier beissa; der kalli iss so schlarrick 01\"0 r m bol. wie lawk; er iss 0 schtarrick er Iresst die ha wr lumma About omeone in whom one place b ut little tru l. one hUlld. On th e olher hand, if the coffee is weak, the aying maya) : ich duu iem net weider draua as ich ell olla i : de i s bettelmanns kalli; des iss lebberwasser ; de is schmei sa kalln. blimlein kalli; ich gleich net die blumma tsu saina wann In a omewh at earlier period th ere was con iderabl e ich ill der kalli guck ; de s i Yll scht chpielwasser: mer feeling on the part of dialect peaker toward someone of kalln yoo DeilschLand ailla ; dO~ kammer die tseiding imilar origin . wh o in a Dutch conver ation in a group laisa darrich. would habitually make an I,'er in Engli h. Irked. th e dialect t a quilling th e lhread ometime becomes all tangled speaker would a k th e per on an wering in En gli h: bischt up. t u ·h a tim on an hear: well, gebt cles en hochtsich elu in ell Englischer kie-dreck gadraida? debbich? or de gebt moll blen(Li bose 1I1lllich da deck. s an ansl\ er to th greeting Wie gail' ? one often \Vhen a n old. thread I a re garment one ha ppen to be hear: to heck with th e gate, I'll jump th e fence. or lI ord wearing tear a rend th aying i : Ilau gebt's noch n to thi effec t. In dialect th e retort i frequent! ) : ulltsway locusl-yawr. About a person with large patches on a n outer bay wie en IY aIlS, yuscht net so wacklich. \ h n com pi ece of clothing one omctime hea r th e expression : pan) ta) late a nd th e famil Y I\ant to go to bed. omeO Jl e er hot avver lencluu.lseddel awg chlagga. will remark : die leit wolla fwim, siss tseit l er ill bell; or Th Geora v[oo re co llecti on of folk materi als at the wann der haim gainl. schliesst die dier lsuu. Folkl ore Center contain many intere ting bits of folk ay, In former ti me one of th e ma in tapl s in th e II inter among til m: m.er main I mer mi t ell hasch·book warra mon th. at breakfa t a nd at upper. I as m u h. ommon lUi ill der barrick schpringa; er iss aill s lUll dellI/a so kLLl1un II a the eou pl et : ic ft fte il nel so kU111117 ich marriya ; er set! sich schell1l1l a Uit mush so weil a s er hoal iss; er iss so en relsch·hawlla; so bais F erbrenllt mer sich die gosch. ass er sich schier heissl. 4.7 Classified Advertisements The charge for cia sifi ed adverlis: ng is 20 cent a word. payab'e in advance. Deadlines are March 1, June 1, eptember 1, and December 1. When figuring number of words he sure to include nam ~ and address. For example: J. H. nyder i three words. ;\ linimum ad 15 word. Direct genealogical queri es to: Gene-alogy Editor, Th e Penll sylvania Dutchman, Beth el, Pennsylvania. Camp-Meeting Photographs FARBOW-FARVER-FARBER-Wanted : in nove's to supplement its lib rary of li terature formation on parentage of H e nry Fa rbow pertaining to the Pennsylva';ia Du tch : (1788-1863), who served in the 16th U. S. Farmer H ilde bra nd , Eine Pellnsylva ni sche Vv'anted: camp·mee ing photographs and Regiment in Canada during the War of Erzaehlung by Otto Koischwi z, Frundsberg drawings, contemporary or historic, illustra - 1812 sett:ed after the Vlar in Mille rstown Ve rlag, Berlin, 19 42 ; Th e H awks of H awk ing Pennsy'van'a and Western Maryland and 'Liverpool, Perry County, Pa., moving in H ollow by Robert Montgomery Bird , Ph il a camp-meetings.-Don Yo d er, Pen nsylvania 1828 to Half Moon Valley, Centre County. delphia, 1835; Light of Parnell ..,y John W. Dutchman, B ~ thel, Pe nnsylva nia. Re urned 0 Perry County in 1850's and Ap;:>el, Phi ladelphia, 1916; Ch des Moser, married Elizabeth Silks . Name also spe l A Pe nnsylvania German Boy ;-.y J. Fred ed Farver and Farber. Wou'd like to get in Bachman; Moses Na than Isra el by G. N. touch with persons working on history of Lutyens, Ea ston , 1815; H ea rts Contend ing . Pennsylvania Farver- Farber-Ferber families. a nd Th e H ouse of Yost by Ge()rge Schock Color Slides G e nealogical Editor, Pe nn sylvania Dutch (Katharine Ri egel Loose); Joe's Signal ma n, Bethel, Pennsylva nia . Cod 0 by W. Reiff Hesser; and Th e H e. M u, d cr by Forrester Hazard, Philadelphia, Amish and Mennonites, Beautiful Colorslides. Lippi ncott, 1936. Twenty titles available. 3 for $1.00, complete JONES-Wanted : parentage of Ed ward set $6.00 postpaid. Free catalog. STETL-MAR, Jone s ( 1740-1 823), Quaker preacher of York B"x 23D, Mo unt J oy, Pe nnsylva nia. County, Pennsylvania; born Chester County, son of John Jones, first appears in Pikeland Uwchlan secron, member of Goshen and Map of Dutch Country Uwchlan meetings, removing to Yo rk C o un ty in 1771; ha d brother Levi J ones. Was he son Emigrant Forefathers of John and Jane Jones of Pi kela nd Township, " Pleasure Map of the Dutch C ountry" John dying in 1748, will on record in Ph ila based on 79 pieces of literatJre from 13 delphia, sons Ed ward, Eva n, and Levi? W ould Chambers o f C o mmerce, 7 historical so Dr. Fritz Br a un , He im a tste lle Pfa lz, Ka iserslau like to contact Jones historians interested in cieties, 4 State departments 'Jod commis t ern, G e rmany, has gathered thousands of Northe rn Chester C o unty Jones fami lies in sions and 41 other a uthors. Drawn by names of 18th century emigrants from the Colonial period.- Do na ld F, Garre tso n, Timothy O lse n, a native of New York who Palatinate and adjoining areas of the Rh ine Aspe rs, Pe nn sylv a ni a, has of e n visited the Dutch Country; 23 lan d. Perhaps your fam i'y is among them, 'eading attractions illustrated; 78 spots for fun , and recreation located and cl assified; 17" x 22 " open, 8" x I I" fol d , qives ease MAU RER-Wanted: information on ances o f reading; printed in traditional Dutch try of Da niel Ma urer ( 1749-1832), pionee r colors; for further partic ulars wri e: Ander se tier of Mahantongo Val ley, Schuylki ll son Fress, 527 Penn St., Reading , Pa. Folk Art Patterns C ou nty; Revolutionary soldier; married G er trud e W a gn e r. W ould like to contact his torians of Maurer families of Pennsy'vania. Twenty Pennsy lvania Dutch Patterns. Distel G e nea logica l Editor, Pe nn sylva nia Dutc hman , finks, panel motifs, and p late desig ns with Be th el, Pe nn sylva nia, colo r guide, selected f rom my private col Pamphlets for Sale lection, $1.10. W e sl ey Northhe im e r, Pe nn syl van ia Dutch Folk Artist, C oat esvill e, Pe nnsylva ni a. WHIPPO-Wanted : information o n Whippo I n additi on to the literature adver ised fa milies of Pennsylvania, Chester and C e ntre on the front inside cover, the Penn sylv ani~ C ounties, Quakers. What is ancestral home Dutch Fol klore Center, Inc., Bethel, Penn of family in Br itis h Is les?-Mrs. Marion Ma t sylvania, has the following publications fo r te rn C ronis t er, Port M atild a, Pe nn sylva nia_ sale: Genealogical Magazine Songs A long the M a hantongo by Walter E. Boyer, Albert F. Bu ffington, and ;;on Yoder. 231-page antho'ogy of Pen ns ylvnnia Dutch EISENHOWER--2 ,228 connected fa milies; Genealogical Research fo1so ngs. $3,75. hun dre d s of re fe rences; monthly; first 6 is sues $3.00. Fa nn ie Ri c ha rd son, 681 East M a in , C o nestog a W a g on Lore by H, C. Frey. G reenw ood , I nd ia na , I will do research in Adams County fa milies $.50. on an hourly basis or in excha~ge for re search I desi re to have done in ether areas. Trilditional Rhy mes a nd J ing les by A lfred L. Contact Frederick S. W eiser, Gettysb urg Sroemaker. $.50. C ollege, Gettysburg , Pa. Fa csimi'e reprint of Edward H . -<-ouch's 1883 Genealogical Queries Rip v'a n W inkle. $1 .00 (This is ;1 dialect) 3 Myths a bout t he Pennsylva nia Du tch CARSON-Wanted: information on Patrick Illustrated Lectu res Country by Alfred L. Shoe-naker. $.25. C arson, Quaker pioneer o f York County, Pennsylvania, member of Warrington Meet Ch ~ ck List of Pe nn sylv,ania Dutch Pr inted ing in 1740's. Was he the Patrick Carson Illustrated Lectures "Pennsylvania Du+ch T~ ufs ch e in s by Alfred L. Shoem~ker. $ 1.00. who lived in Kennett, Chester County, as Customs" by Mr. a nd Mrs_ Russell Bave r, 234 (Well I'l ust ra ed) early as 1729? W here was his birthplace in W . Lincol n St., Easton, Pennsylvania. r Library Pe nn sylvania Du tch Dialect Sto rie s by Alvin Ireland? What was his wi fe's maiden name? of 2000 colored s'ides,) Also PRE-RECORD F. Kem p , $.50 (This is in dialect) - Do nald F. G arretso n, A sp ers, Pe nn sylvania . ED TAPES-Pennsylvania Dutch songs, rent or buy, Facs;mile reprint o f Edward H. Rauch's DI TZLE R-Melchior and Anthony, brothGrs, 1873 Th e Pe nn sylva ni a Du tchman , Vol. I , settled Greb'e-Rehrersburg area pr'or to los. I, 2, and 3. $300. Complete S9 . 1750. Known sons Peter, Simon, M·crilel. r-acsimile reprint o f Erbard -1 Ro,uch's Daughters married Fieser, Dollinger, Schaef Books Wanted r 868 De C a mpa in B re~ fa . $1.00. (This is in fer, S erhart, Houtz, Noll. Desire in formation dialect ) about descendants. Ra lph P. Tittsler, 503 r-.J ew The Pennsylvania Du ch Folklo.-e Center, York A venue, Takoma Pa rk 12 , Maryla nd_ Bethel, Pennsylvania, seeks the following Schn ih e lbank Chart. $.50. 48 I ' F""'I " \'mJ'\ Dr. Alfred l. . Shoemak \er .-::--I \ , L _.' UBLICATIONS of the ennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc. The PENN SYLVANIA BARN Published by: The Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center, Inc. Price $2.00 Il'l ciudes 16 essays, 96 pages Edited by: DR. ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER Articles by: DR. ALFRED L. SHOEMAKER DR. DON YODER HENRY J. KAUFFMAN J. WILLIAM STAIR VICTOR C. DIEFFENBACH Additional Publications of the folklore Center Tourist Guide Through the Dutch Country $ .50 Facsi mile reprint of E. H. Rouch's 1873 The Coloring Book lor Childre n 01 all Ages $ .50 Pennsylvania Dutchman, Vol. I, Nos. Schnihelbank Chart $ .50 1, 2, and 3 . $ 3.00 the set. Conestoga Wagon Lore $ .50 Traditional Rhymes and Jingles $ .50 In dialect: 3 Myths about the Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Dutch Dialect StGries $ .50 Dutch Country $ .25 E. H. Rauch's 1868 De Campain areela $1.00 PenMylvania Dutch P,inted Taulscheins $1.00 E. H. Rauch's 1883 Rip Van Winkle $1.Q8 JOin lhe "TRAVELING PENNSYLVANIANS") Ua K. L. M. ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES July 6 - August 24, 1957 Europe Awaits You in 1957 This, our Sixth Annual "Pennsylvania Tour of Europe," will enable you to seek the roots of Pennsylvania's Quaker, Scotch-Irish, and "Pennsylvania Dutch" forefathers in Ire land, England, and the Rhineland-plus a gala "Grand Tour" to the style and entertainment capitals of Europe with congenial Traveling Pennsylvanians and "Honorary Pennsyl vanians" from the most unexpected places in the U.S.A. There will be your kind of people along-and we will have fun seeing Europe together. Dates are July 6th to August 24th, the heart of summer. Travel across the Atlantic is via K.L.M. ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES, and in Europe by luxury motorcoach, which en ables us to see the real Europe. We stay at renowned hotels with local atmosphere and superb cuisine, sample everywhere the contemporary life, including the night life, of Europe, we will meet the people, and return with friendships of a lifetime made during our summer abroad. Included are Dublin, Belfast, Edinburgh, London, Oslo, Stockholm, Amsterdam, Cologne, Heidelberg, Munich, Inns bruck, Venice, Florence, Rome, Pisa, Milan, Lucerne, Berne, and Paris, with unforgettable off-the-beaten-path visits to the Scotch-Irish vales of Ulster, Shakespeare's Country and William Penn Land in the British Isles; a Rhine Journey through Germany's castle and vineyard belt; wine festivals in the Palatinate; a sampling of Austrian Gemuetlichkeit in the friendly Tyrol; breathtakin'g Alpine scenery in the Bernese Oberland; and we finish with a Parisian flourish. For complete itinerary, and full details, write: Dr. Don Yoder, Director "Traveling Pennsylvanians" 7957 Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center Bethel, Pennsylvania ?'Ilb bod) ni d)t fO u"JaSI, ~: ~I~.," t~ .t lidJ IIInf,!"", nov ihr oU'~ f~un" i,l)tIl. oi.t;.l! Unb b -d>Ct ~iil Ulh h~r, ;On X~b .ud) s~. mdit VlaSt• ";;1! roJo fo(( i<\J hingrf''''? ~- l roJann nu. tin Wltnic1) b,\ reM, 'J!G fI' bi, jliruci)t gtg,fftll. ;0" mid) ,rqnid'," ~ : f~ntt, ®u.btn fit b.l~ S"".~r, .> !' eo !~nll r it\> tuliA ill'U, :i)·.n [i.91ad',nb stll"f.n, ': ' lInb 00,6 QltI.G nblltt, e,bamt,n r.d) brubt go., i~ 1 ;oa6 ifi 11' 06 id) 111\' mtVli; miqt .. drtn ftd) hn Qhuttn, ~ : 'lJli r 5rud)t b,b.ct,t 00'1 III om nUll tinfcbl.1j(n. - i In.' ::Cit' .z tr\lft AU trttllUtt'n, ~hn uidH(~ twettn faun, roJar ,() It" ~IU9'" Iinr. ~~~ A:la tum btl' ibn trid'''ITm, '.a: ~ O lt ihlll tint mi1'~" Ih'(IIHt GlPX:r. 41i Unb fc\)Uff boJ on~ .i" 'hlf! " -1iji )lln ~ bititl11 3 TIt!! feU', ~Ib.m hu bin A.i.,Urn, ;0 .. aUltit btl) ibm ~L i!'t• ;011. uno blin gon. gt[rf>I,c() I, .J~ Q'~a ll).lT 'lIbam6 '!(ld~ . IDh'tp( nun im j\ummcr rooUI1I, FL. : Un bltl bt btr e~n~"d\nlcf)!, ~~ ~u~ 'lIbol\l an fmu .Hf,t • ®,r qab tii~a6 in lei"u. ~ i Srrod,·tr : rutin I'J\Crt U:l~ S)rrr! ;ooll bll ~1I19n ,,1,nO bill, ~ 11 tanull lU mir fad.)tf, ;3ui\l '1'oum ~tn id} ""botlll? ~ l (!jan; bill idJ nu" nidJI mtlJ" ;C rn \ll url) h"~ .um 9tlui nn, !jdJ bat j •• n m.in (!jll,brr, ~I 1) ~11J]l • ~ i ~kllA'" fit f,'·ll)i,,". D edllong! !'n ~of! s.!egttl, ~ i ~11l (SMun hin uub M, ;Oil Ila,bm 'Ii lIun hin, ~1:.. 21cam : h~ ( fWI ~tib f{lh·lII, J) [dJonb mit finb brtrogtn! X'a n'nr~tn fit gt"ll;1af~r, ,.~~<-;t