ID 514 the Food Habits, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap of Fish

Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Detroit, Michigan, USA, August 10 - 14, 2020 The Food Habits, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap of Fish Community in Jatigede Reservoir, West Java

Titin Herawati1, Rizki N. Saputra2, Walim Lili3, Ibnu B. B. Suryadi4, Nia Kurniawati5, Dimas A. Hedianto6, Heti Herawati7 1,2,3,4,5,7 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran 6BRPSDI Purwakarta, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries [email protected]

Abdul Talib Bon Department of Production and Operations, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia [email protected]

Abstract

This research aimed to find the food habits, niche breadth, and niche overlap of fish community that can be the basic of fisheries management in Jatigede Reservoir. The methodology used is field observation with sampling technique using purposive sampling method in 3 stations which are Station 1 Wado, Station 2 Sukamenak, and Station 3 Paku Alam. The research conducted 4 times in August 2017-September 2017 (dry season) dan November 2017-December 2017 (rainy season). The parameters observed are index of preponderance (Ii), niche breadth (Ba) and niche overlap (C). The result shows that the composition of natural food used by the fish community in Jatigede Reservoir are phytoplankton, zooplankton, plants, insects, worms, molluscs, shrimp, fish, animal fractions, and detritus. Organism that become the main fees are phytoplankton, plants, insects, shrimp, fish, and detritus. Niche breadth and niche overlap of fish community varies, between 0,00-1,00. There is an intense competition in the use of food between indigenous species and introduction species fish.

Keywords Food habits, Indigenous species, Introduction species, Niche breadth, Niche overlap

1. Introduction Jatigede Reservoir is located in Sumedang, West Java. This Reservoir built by Reservoirming up Cimanuk River with an area of 3.035,34 acres. The main function of Jatigede Reservoir is to irrigate Sumedang, Indramayu, Majalengka and Cirebon, Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA), raw water provider, flood control, tourism, and fisheries (BBWS Cimanuk-Cisanggarung 2009). Fish inventory caught in Jatigede Reservoir are Barb (Barbonymus balleroides), Tinfoil Barb (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii), Hampala Barb (Hampala macroleipidota), Beardless Barb (Diplocheilichtys pleurotenia), Common barb (Mystacoleucus marginatus), Bonylip Barb (Osteochilus vittatus), Hike (Osteochilus sp.), Silver Rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia), Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus), Javaen Barb (Systomus orphoides), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Midas Cichlid (Amphilopus citrinellus), Jaguar Guapote (Parachromis managuensis), Long Whiskers Catfish (Mystus gulio), Walking Catfish (Clarias batrachus), Silver Catfish (Pangasionodon hypopthalamus), Fire Eel (Mystacembalus erythrotaenia), Three Spotted Gouramy (Trichopodus trichopterus), Striped Snakehead (Channa striata), Milk Fish (Chanos chanos), Common Pleco (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), Cachama (Colossoma macropomum), Wrestling Half Beak (Dermogenys pusilla) (Andriani et al. 2017, Herawati et al. 2017). Fisheries in mainland public water has a very important role as a food source for people especially who live in developing countries (So-Jung et al. 2014). The efforts made to increase the fisheries productivity in mainland public water is by stocking (Moreau and De Silva 1991). Stocking activities carried out in a body of water need to be considered as well as the following aspects of the availability of feed and the structure of the existing fish community (Kartamihardja 2009). The structure of the fish community needs to know its ecological niche so that it

can create a balance in the ecosystem, this can be illustrated by food habits, broad niches and overlapping utilization of feed. Food habits include the type, quality and quantity of food eaten by fish. Food habits can be known through the analysis of feed contained in the digestive tract and compared with food available in the waters (Effendie 2002). Analysis of food habits is useful to determine the relationship between each type of fish in utilizing available natural food resources (Kartamihardja 1994). The study of aspects of food habits, niche breadth and niche overlap of fish community can be the basis for determining the types of fish that will be stocked in the waters. This is the first step for fisheries management in an effort to maintain the balance of ecosystems and fish conservation in Jatigede Reservoir, West Java.

2. Material and Method 2.1. Study Area This research conducted on August 2017 - September 2017 (dry season) dan November 2017-December 2017 (rainy season). Determination of station based on Cimanuk River flow that get in to Jatigede Reservoir. The research location consists of 3 stations, namely Station 1 Wado, Station 2 Sukamenak, Station 3 Paku Alam (Figure 1). The conditions of the research station are as follows: 1. Station 1 Station 1 is located in Wado, at coordinates 6o56’15,2’’ SL 108o5’37,3’’ EL. The characteristics of water are it has cloudy water and strong flow. Before it become Jatigede Reservoir, the land was 106,02 acre rice fields, 5,344 acre settlement and 32,656 acre plantations. 2. Station 2 Station 2 is located in Sukamenak, at coordinates 6o55’36,9’’ SL 108o5’25,6’’ EL. The characteristics of water are having brownish green water and strong flow. Before it become Jatigede Reservoir, the land was 75,55 acre rice fields and 27,660 acre plantations. 3. Station 3 Station 3 is located in Paku Alam, at coordinates 6o51’24,4’’ SL 108o4’30,9’’ EL. The characteristics of water are having clear green water and no flow. Before it become Jatigede Reservoir, the land was 157,72 acre rice fields, 4,103 acre settlement, and 169,727 acre plantations.

Figure 1. Research station map

2.2. Sampling Techniques 2.2.1. Collection of Fish Sampling is conducted once a month at three research stations. The fishing gear used is 3 inch-6 inch gill net and 0,5 inch lift net. Gill net operation is done at night and in the morning (hauling), lift net in the morning (setting and hauling). Fish caught were identified based on fish identification books (Kottelat et al. 1993), Fishbase sites (Froese and Pauly 2017) and identification results from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Cibinong, Bogor.

2.2.2. Food Habits Analysis Observation of feed organisms was conducted by using Olympus SZ61 stereozoom microscope (10 × 10 magnification), (macroscopic) and Olympus CX31 binocular microscope (10 × 10 magnification) (microscopic) with a volume estimation method in nine fields of view, all of which are repeated three times to avoid bias errors. Determination of the size of the estimated volume of food types is conducted by the largest proportion of each field of view (Natarajan and Jhingran 1961). Microscopic food identification refers to the plankton identification book (Whipple 1947, Mizuno 1970). Feed composition is categorized into 10 types (Mérona et al. 2005, Novakowski et al. 2007, Oliveira et al. 2014), which are: 1). Phytoplankton, 2). Zooplankton, 3). Plants (parts of leaves, stems, seeds), 4). Insects, 5). Worms (Annelids and Non-Annelides), 6). Molluscs (Bivalvia and Gastropoda), 7). Crustaceans (Shrimp), 8). Fish (all parts including scales and fins), 9). Animal Fractions, 10). Detritus.

2.2.3. Data Analysis Food habits are analyzed by using index of preponderance (IP) which is a combination of event frequency (Oi) and volumetric (Vi) methods (Natarajan and Jhingran 1961):

Ii = 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕 𝐱𝐱 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 𝐧𝐧 ∑𝐢𝐢=𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕 𝐱𝐱 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 𝐱𝐱 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 Preference and specialization of the type of feed (main feed) of each different species is based on a frequency of occurrence of one type of food (Ii ≥ 40%) (Gaspar Da Luz et al. 2001). The area of food niches is calculated using the standardization formula of the Levins (Bi) broad niche, n is the amount of feed resources used and Pij is the proportion of the i-fish group to the j-feed (Oliveira et al. 2014):

= ( ) 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 � 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 � The broad value of the niche (Bi) is classified as follows:𝒏𝒏 high −𝟏𝟏 (> ∑0,6),𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐medium (0,4-0,6) or low (<0,4) (Novakowski et al. 2007). Calculating the overlap of feed utilization using the Schoener Index (Cx) where Pyi, Pxi is the proportion of the i type of food organism used by 2 groups of the y-fish and the x-fish group (Moyle and Senanayake 1984, Grossman 1986):

= ( ) 𝟏𝟏 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝟏𝟏 − � 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 − 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 The value for this similarity index is in the range 𝟐𝟐between 0,00-1,00, with 1,00 indicated the occurrence of overlapping of complex feed utilization. In this study, C <0,33 showed low overlap, 0,33≤C≤0,67 moderate and C>0,67 high (Moyle and Senanayake 1984).

3. Results 3.1. Composition of Fish Species Fish caught and used as a sample of 243 fishes, consisting of 13 families, 21 genera, 24 species (Table 1).

Table 1. The Composition of Fish Species Caught at Jatigede Reservoir

Scientific Name Common Name Familia IDG ITD RSK Total Barbonymus balleroides Barb Cyprinidae √ - √ 18 Barbonymus schwanenfeldii Java Barb Cyprinidae √ - - 6 Hampala macrolepidota Hampala Barb Cyprinidae √ - √ 19 Diplocheilichthys pleurotaenia Beardless Barb Cyprinidae √ - - 23 Mystacoleucus marginatus Common barb Cyprinidae √ - - 4 Rasbora argyrotaenia Silver Rasbora Cyprinidae √ - - 30 Osteochilus vittatus Bonylip Barb Cyprinidae √ - √ 14 Barbonymus gonionotus Silver Barb Cyprinidae √ - √ 1 Cyprinus carpio Common Carp Cyprinidae √ - √ 14 Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Cichlidae - √ - 33 Oreochromis mossambicus Nile Tilapia Cichlidae - √ - 5 Amphilophus citrinellus Midas Cichlid Cichlidae - √ - 11 Parachromis managuensis Jaguar Guapote Cichlidae - √ - 2 Mystus gulio Long Whiskers Catfish Bagridae √ - - 6 Clarias batrachus Walking Catfish Clariidae √ - - 1 Pangasionodon hypophthalamus Silver Catfish Pangasiidae - √ - 11 Mystacembalus erythrotaenia Fire Eel Mastacembelidae √ - - 3 Trichopodus trichopterus Three Spotted Gouramy Belontiidae - √ - 1 Channa striata Striped Snakehead Channidae √ √ - 3 Chanos chanos Milk Fish Chanidae - √ √ 8 Pterygoplichthys pardalis Common Pleco Loricariidae - √ - 13 Colossoma macropomum Cachama Serrasalmidae - √ - 1 Dermogenys pusilla Wrestling Half Beak Zenarchopteridae √ - - 3 Glossogobius giuris. Goby Gobiidae √ - - 13 Total 243 Remark: IDG (Indigenous species), ITD (Introduction species), RSK (Restocking species)

3.2. Index of preponderance Food composition based on the the largest index of fish caught in the Jatigede Reservior spatially and temporally can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. The Composition of Fish Food in Jatigede Reservoir Spatially and Temporally

Phytoplankton Zooplankton Plants Insects Worms Molluscs Crustaceans Fish An. Fractions Detritus Species/Area N D R D R D R D R D R D R D R D R D R D R St. 1 (Wado) H. macrolepidota 14 0,39 0,20 7,26 45,31* 5,10 19,37 54,69* 67,67* 1,10 O. niloticus 19 30,42 43,04* 0,43 68,65* 53,40* 3,56 0,51 O. mossambicus 5 28,00 2,00 50,00* 20,00 St. 2 (Sukamenak) B. balleroides 5 3,06 64,29* 32,65 B. schwanenfeldii 1 30,00 70,00* H. macrolepidota 5 0,58 84,21* 15,20 D. pleurotaenia 23 3,44 53,79* 60,00* 0,11 1,81 40,86* 40,00* M. marginantus 4 50,00* 75,00* 25,00 50,00* R. argyrotaenia 30 7,40 69,08* 2,47 21,05 O. vittatus 9 20,00 1,26 80,00* 98,74* B. gonionotus 1 70,00* 30,00 C. carpio 14 0,69 30,00 6,90 50,00* 6,90 13,79 9,66 70,00* 12,07 O. niloticus 14 30,00 70,00* A. citrinellus 7 31,03 23,16 13,79 7,37 55,17* 69,47* P. managuensis 2 5,00 70,00* 25 M. gulio 4 0,80 0,40 74,89* 23,91 C. batrachus 1 70,00* 30,00 P. hypophthalamus 8 51,23* 100* 2,22 39,39 7,16 M. erythrotaenia 2 2,70 5,41 91,89* C. striata 2 50,00* 50,00* 100* G. giuris 13 30,00 70,00*

C. macrapomum 1 20,00 80,00* D. pusilla 3 100* St. 3 (Paku Alam) B. balleroides 13 0,86 15,15 14,57 0,57 30,86 6,06 53,14* 78,79* B. schwanenfeldii 5 2,31 18,46 0,77 23,08 55,38* O. vittatus 6 100* A. citrinellus 4 10,64 10,64 14,89 63,83* M. gulio 2 10,00 20,00 70,00* P. hypophthalamus 3 70,00* 30,00 T. trichopterus 1 30,00 70,00* C. striata 1 20,00 80,00* C . chanos 8 100* P. pardalis 13 14,14 20,94 64,92* Remark: * (Main items)

Food habits relate to specific body shape and functional morphology of the skull, jaw and food digestive devices (Effendie 2002). Silver barb, silver catfish and milk fish are types of fish that utilize plankton as food (Purnamaningtyas and Hedianto 2012, Herawati et al. 2017). Milk Fish is a type of planktivorous fish which get their food by filtering the water using long and tight gill filters (Coad 2015). Tilapia, nile tilapia, beardless barb, common barb, bonylip barb and three spotted gouramy are included in herbivorous fish that use plants as their food (Purnamaningtyas and Hedianto 2012, Herawati et al. 2017). Java barb lives in the benthopelagic area (Kottelat et al. 1993) and common pleco in the demersal area (Baensch and Riehl 1997) so that it utilizes the available feed resources in the profundal section, such as detritus (Purnamaningtyas and Hedianto 2012). Carnivorous fish that live in Jatigede Reservoir are widely distributed in Indonesian waters and utilize natural feed in the form of zooplankton, insects, annelids, molluscs, crustaceans and fish (Herawati et al. 2017). The composition of fish feed is strongly influenced by season and location (Medeiros et al. 2008). The results of the research (Table 2) state that there are differences in the composition of fish community feed in Jatigede Reservoir spatially and temporally. Food habits of fish in various water bodies can be different or the same (Effendie 2002). Fish in station 1 which used the main feed resource in the form of phytoplankton during the rainy season was tilapia at 43,04%. Fish that use plants in the dry season are tilapia at 68,65%; in the rainy season is tilapia of 53,40% and nile tilapia of 50%. Fish that used molluscs in the rainy season is the hampala barb at 45,31%. Fish that used fish in the rainy season is the hampala barb at 54,69%. Fish that used animal fractions in the dry season is the hampala barb at 67,67%. Fish in station 2 which used the main feed resource in the form of phytoplankton during the dry season was silver catfish at 51,23%; in the rainy season are silver barb at 70%, silver catfish at 100% and milk fish at 70%. Fish that used plants in the dry season are barb at 64,29%, beardless barb at 53,79%, common barb at 50%, bonylip barb at 80% and common carp at 50%; in the rainy season is beardless barb at 64,29%, common barb at 75%, bonylip barb at 98,4% and tilapia at 70%. Fish that used insects in the rainy season are silver rasbora at 69,08% and wrestling half beak at 100%. Fish that used molluscs in the rainy season is the common carp at 70%. Fish that used crustaceans during the dry season is 84,21% of hampala barb, long whiskers catfish at 74,89%, 70% of walking catfish, 50% of striped snakehead and 80% of cachama. Fish that used fish in the dry season are midas cichlid at 55,17%, jaguar guapote at 70%, fire eel at 91,89% and striped snakehead at 50%; in the rainy season the midas cichlid is 69,47%, striped snakehead is 100% and goby is 70%. Fish that use detritus during the dry season are java barb at 70%, beardless barb at 40,86% and common barb at 50%; in the rainy season is beardless barb at 40%. Fish in station 3 that utilizes the main food resources in the form of phytoplankton in the rainy season are silver catfish at 70% and milk fish at 100%. Fish that used plants in the rainy season are bonylip barb at 100% and three spotted gouramy at 70%. Fish that use fish in the rainy season are midas cichlid at 63,83%, long catfish whiskers at 70% and striped snakehead at 80%. Fish that uses detritus during the dry season is barb at 53,14%; in the rainy season are barb at 78,79%, java barb at 55,38%, and common pleco at 64,92%.

3.3. Niche Breadth The broad value of niche breadth of fish in Jatigede Reservoir can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3. The Broad of Niche Breadth of Fish Community in Jatigede Reservoir

Niche Breadth (Bi) St. 1 St. 2 St. 3 Species Interpretation (Wado) (Sukamenak) (Paku Alam) D R D R D R R. argyrotaenia 0,3 Low M. erythrotaenia 0,09 Low C . chanos 0 Low D. pusilla 0 Low O. mossambicus 0,57 Medium P. managuensis 0,4 Medium P. pardalis 0,53 Medium C. macrapomum 0,47 Medium A. citrinellus 0,69 0,42 0,4 Medium-High B. balleroides 0,46 0,38 0,27 Low-Medium O. vittatus 0,47 0,03 0 Low-Medium M. gulio 0,21 0,43 Low-Medium B. schwanenfeldii 0,72 0,38 Low-High

Niche Breadth (Bi) St. 1 St. 2 St. 3 Species Interpretation (Wado) (Sukamenak) (Paku Alam) D R D R D R H. macrolepidota 0,19 0,74 0,18 Low-High D. pleurotaenia 0,3 0,92 Low-High C. carpio 0,39 0,72 Low-High O. niloticus 0,26 0,56 0,72 Low-High P. hypophthalamus 0,45 0 0,72 Low-High C. striata 1 0 0,47 Low-High M. marginantus 1 0,6 High B. gonionotus 0,72 High C. batrachus 0,72 High T. trichopterus 0,72 High G. giuris 0,72 High Remark: D (Dry season), R (Rainy season)

A broad analysis of feed niches is conducted to see the proportion of natural food resources utilized by fish and the selectivity of a type of fish between species and between individuals within the same species for food resources in certain habitats (Moyle and Senanayake 1984). The area of fish feed niches in the Jatigede Reservoir varies with the range of 0.00-1.00. Niches in each season and location are varied. This is influenced by the abundance and availability of feed in the water. Feed availability in the waters is influenced by biotic factors (quality and quantity of feed) and abiotic (physical chemistry of waters) (Effendie 2002). The broad value of the niche varies in each season and location shows the ability of fish to adapt to fluctuations on existing feed resources. Fish in Jatigede Reservoir which have low niche area both spatially and temporally (Table 3) are silver rasbora, fire eel, milk fish and wrestling half beak. It indicates that the fish have a high level of selectivity to the utilization on existing feed resources. The low area of food niches characterizes that these fish species select food resources in the waters (Colwell and Futuyma 1971, Krebs 1989). Fish that have a high niche area both spatially and temporally are common barb, silver barb, walking catfish, three spotted gouramy and goby. The wider value of the niche indicates that the organism is generalist and not selective about the organism being eaten (Colwell and Futuyma 1971, Purnomo and Warsa 2011). The generalist nature of a type of fish in utilizing existing feed can increase its population. A generalist fish diet will be easier to adapt to the surrounding environment because it can utilize several types of available feed resources. Spasio-temporal wide range of fish niches is found in several types of fish in Jatigede Reservoir such as barb, java barb, hampala barb, beardless barb, bonylip barb, common carp, tilapia, midas ciclid, long whiskers catfish, silver catfish and striped snakehead. This shows the ability of fish adaptation to fluctuations in available feed resources.

3.4. Niche Overlap Analysis of niche overlap of fish community in Jatigede Reservoir can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4. Niche Overlap of Fish Community in Jatigede Reservoir

Niche Overlap (C) Species A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X A B 0,91$ C 0,19* 0,19* D 0,74$ 0,70$ 0,06* E 0,33* 0,29* 0,06* 0,56^ F 0,28* 0,28* 0,09* 0,28* 0,56^ G 0,25* 0,21* 0,00* 0,49^ 0,80$ 0,07* H 0,01* 0,01* 0,00* 0,02* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* I 0,50^ 0,46^ 0,19* 0,56^ 0,57^ 0,24* 0,43^ 0,01* J 0,27* 0,23* 0,00* 0,52^ 0,69$ 0,07* 0,69$ 0,59^ 0,44^ K 0,27* 0,27* 0,20* 0,52^ 0,50^ 0,07* 0,50^ 0,60$ 0,45^ 0,73$ L 0,34* 0,32* 0,71$ 0,23* 0,23* 0,10* 0,23* 0,00* 0,34^ 0,23* 0,23* M 0,05* 0,05* 0,81$ 0,05* 0,05* 0,07* 0,05* 0,00* 0,03* 0,05* 0,25* 0,71$ N 0,02* 0,02* 0,61^ 0,01* 0,01* 0,03* 0,01* 0,00* 0,05* 0,01* 0,21* 0,42^ 0,66^ O 0,00* 0,00* 0,20* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,20* 0,00* 0,25* 0,57^ P 0,29* 0,25* 0,25* 0,29* 0,27* 0,10* 0,24* 0,02* 0,28* 0,41^ 0,36^ 0,23* 0,05* 0,01* 0,00* Q 0,03* 0,03* 0,66^ 0,03* 0,03* 0,05* 0,03* 0,00* 0,03* 0,03* 0,08* 0,69$ 0,78$ 0,46^ 0,05* 0,03* R 0,25* 0,21* 0,00* 0,49^ 0,80$ 0,07* 1,00$ 0,00* 0,43^ 0,69$ 0,50^ 0,23* 0,05* 0,01* 0,00* 0,24* 0,03* S 0,00* 0,00* 0,67$ 0,00* 0,03* 0,05* 0,00* 0,00* 0,03* 0,00* 0,07* 0,66^ 0,77$ 0,47^ 0,70$ 0,00* 0,96$ 0,00* T 0,02* 0,01* 0,00* 0,03* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,77$ 0,01* 0,30* 0,28* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,17* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* U 0,57^ 0,52^ 0,06* 0,50^ 0,08* 0,21* 0,00* 0,19* 0,11* 0,16* 0,22* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,08* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,22* V 0,00* 0,00* 0,35^ 0,00* 0,05* 0,07* 0,00* 0,00* 0,05* 0,00* 0,20* 0,15* 0,40^ 0,72$ 0,80$ 0,00* 0,20* 0,00* 0,24* 0,00* 0,00* W 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,13* 0,69$ 0,00* 0,00* 0,06* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,03* 0,00* 0,00* 0,05* X 0,18* 0,26* 0,13* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,13* 0,00* 0,00* 0,11* 0,00* 0,01* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00* 0,00*

Remark: * C<0,33 (Low) ^ 0,33≤C≤0,67 (Medium) $ C>0,67 (High)

A (B. balleroides), B (B. schwanenfeldii), C (H. macrolepidota), D (D. pleurotaenia), E (M. marginatus), F (R. argyrotaenia), G (O. vittatus), H (B. gonionotus), I (C. carpio), J (O. niloticus), K (O. mossambicus), L (A. citrinellus), M (P. managuensis), N (M. gulio), O (C. batrachus), P (P. hypophthalamus), Q (M. erythrotaenia), R (T. trichopterus), S (C. striata), T (C. chanos), U (P. pardalis), V (C. macropomum), W (D. pusilla),

Overlapping feed utilization can occur in similar organisms that utilize the same food resources (Sa et al. 2006). Utilization of feed resources simultaneously by a community of fish in waters will cause an interaction, both competition and complementary (Tjahjo et al. 2009). The overlapping values of fish niches in the Jatigede Reservoir ranged from 0,00 to 1,00 (Table 4). It proves that there is a low to high level of competition in each type of fish in utilizing the available feed resources. The average fish in the Jatigede Reservoir on have low to moderate overlapping values. High competition occurs in barb and java barb, beardless barb; hampala barb and midas cichlid, jaguar guapote, striped snakehead; common barb and bonylip barb, tilapia, three spotted gouramy; silver rasbora and wrestling half beak; silver barb and nile tilapia, milk fish; tilapia and nile tilapia, three spotted gouramy; midas cichlid and jaguar guapote, fire eel; jaguar guapote and fire eel, striped snakehead; long whiskers catfish and cachama; walking catfish and striped snakehead, cachama. The result of the calculation of overlapping feed niches indicates that most high competition occurs in native and introduced fish species, such as cichlid fish. The presence of cichlid fish in a waters has been studied, it can cause negative ecological effects, if the introduction occurs uncontrollably (Hedianto et al. 2013). This fish has become a pest (invasive alien species) in several countries (Froese and Pauly 2017). Some cichlid fish are the same as marines have a savage and aggressive nature (Yamamoto and Tagawa 2000), high fecundity (Purnamaningtyas and Hedianto 2012), and keep the territory (Partzner 2008). If there are no monitoring and prevention measures, the ecological threat in the form of reducing the number of native fish communities will be going to happen in the future.

4. Conclusion The fish in the Jatigede Reservoir utilize phytoplankton, zoo-plankton, plants, insects, worms, molluscs, shrimp, fish, animal fractions, detritus. Organisms that are the main feed of the fish are phytoplankton, plants, insects, shrimp, fish, detritus. Niche breadth and niche overlap of fish community in Jatigede Reservoir varies with a range of 0,00-1,00. There is intense competition in the use of food between indigenous species and intorduction species.

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Biography / Biographies

Titin Herawati a Permanent Lecturer of the department Fisheries Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran. The undergraduate education program at the Biology study program at Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung was completed in 1986, and the S2 program at the Biology study program at ITB was completed in 2000. In 1986 after graduating from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, universitas Padjadjaran University, worked at the Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Research (Institute of Ecology) Padjadjaran. Subsequently in 1992 until now as a Permanent Lecturer of the department Fisheries Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran Doctoral program in Agriculture with a concentration in Fisheries at Universitas Padjadjaran was completed in 2020.

Rizki N. Saputra, Walim Lili, Ibnu B. B. Suryadi, Nia Kurniawati, Dimas A. Hedianto, and Heti Herawati are a Permanent Lecturer of the Department Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.

Abdul Talib Bon is a professor of Production and Operations Management in the Faculty of Technology Management and Business at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia since 1999. He has a PhD in Computer Science, which he obtained from the Universite de La Rochelle, France in the year 2008. His doctoral thesis was on topic Process Quality Improvement on Beltline Moulding Manufacturing. He studied Business Administration in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for which he was awarded the MBA in the year 1998. He’s bachelor degree and diploma in Mechanical Engineering which his obtained from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He received his postgraduate certificate in Mechatronics and Robotics from Carlisle, United Kingdom in 1997. He had published more 150 International Proceedings and International Journals and 8 books. He is a member of MSORSM, IIF, IEOM, IIE, INFORMS, TAM and MIM.