Second Coming of Jesus 359

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Second Coming of Jesus 359 DISCOVERY OF HELL DR. FAZLUL ISLAM 1 DISCOVERY OF HELL Dr. Fazlul Islam First Edition: March, 2010 Copyright © 2010 reserved by the author Published by: Hazrat Shahjalal (Ra.) Foundation Sylhet, Bangladesh. Cover Design: Md. Anwar Hussain TecBeam 409, Forid Plaza, Zindabazar, Sylhet, Bangladesh. 2 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. ASTRONOMY 8 Modern Astronomy 9 Theoretical Astronomy 19 Observational Astronomy 20 Observation of the Solar System 27 Observation of the Sun 41 Observation of the Earth 60 Observation of the Stars 75 Observation of the Pulsars 87 Observation of the Galaxies 89 Observation of the Quasars 92 Physical Cosmology 93 3. RELIGIOUS COSMOLOGY 102 Religion and Spirituality 103 World Religions 105 Timeline of Religion 109 Messengers of God 119 Hindu Cosmology 128 Buddhist Cosmology 129 Biblical Cosmology 131 3 Islamic Cosmology 133 Spiritual Cosmology 141 Timeline of Cosmology 144 Ideas of Heaven and Hell in Hinduism 150 Concepts of Heaven and Hell in Buddhism 161 The Hebrew Visions of Hell and Paradise 164 The Heaven and Hell in Christianity 196 The Hell and Paradise in Islam 206 4. COMPARATIVE STUDY 255 History of Astronomy 255 Space Exploration 272 Discovery of Hell 299 The Hell Sighting Effect 303 The Green House Effect 323 Existence of God 330 Second Coming of Jesus 359 The Universal Religion 363 Cosmic Therapy 378 5. REFERENCES 398 6. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 431 7. ABOUT THE AUTHOR 432 4 INTRODUCTION 2009 was declared by the UN to be the international year of astronomy 2009. The focus was on enhancing the public’s engagement with and understanding of astronomy. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) launched the year under the theme ‘The Universe, Yours to Discover’. By scientific exploration of the universe, the astronomers have discovered many celestial bodies in the outer space, which were hidden and unknown to mankind in the ancient periods. The hell and paradise are two hidden or spiritual matters of the universe proposed by the prophets. For long time their existence in the universe was a religious belief. Now, by comparative study of astronomical discoveries with the religious cosmology, the distant celestial bodies the stars, galaxies, quasars, pulsars, and black holes all are identified as the hells of religious cosmology. The location and physical characteristics of all the celestial bodies are almost identical to those of the spiritual hells that had been told in the Holy Scriptures. In the Holy Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, it had been stated that at the day of final judgment the earth would be changed to a big field known as the field of resurrection, and it would be surrounded by the hells. A very long bridge will be built over the hells extending from the earth to the paradise. After the judgment believers will pass over the bridge easily and safely. The unbelievers will fall in to the hells. The Hindus and Buddhists compare the Hell to a river of fire — Vaitarani, which will have to pass to reach the gardens of paradise. In the 16th century, Italian astronomer Giordano Bruno proposed that the stars were actually other suns like our own. In 1838, German astronomer Friedrich Bessel measured the parallax of 61 Cygni star as 0.314 arc seconds, which given the diameter of the earth’s orbit indicated that the star was about 9.8 light years away that had proved the stars to be far remote from the earth’s atmosphere and all were suns. 5 In the 20th century with the advent of improved technology, it was proven that other stars were similar to our own sun, and the sun was found to be part of a galaxy made up of more than 10 billion stars. Astronomers estimate that there are at least 70 sextillion (7×1022) suns or stars in the observable universe. Stars are normally grouped into galaxies. A typical galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars, and there are about 125 billion (1.25x1011) galaxies in the observable universe. Most galaxies are 1000 to 100,000 parsecs in diameter and are usually separated by distances on the order of millions of parsecs or mega parsecs. The majority of galaxies are organized into a hierarchy of associations called clusters, which in turn can form larger groups called super clusters. These larger structures are generally arranged into sheets and filaments, which surround immense voids in the universe. The Jewish Rabbis teach that there is an upper and a lower paradise containing apartments for the residence and reward of righteous. They believe that there is an upper and a lower hell. In the hell there are seven divisions, in each division six thousand house and in each house six thousand chests, and in each chest six thousand barrels of gall. Each of the division of the hell to be as depth as one can walk in three hundred years. According to religious cosmology, the earth is surrounded by the hells. The Ulama and Islamic scholars have been recognizing the Sun as a hell since the seventh century. Today astronomers confirm that all the stars in the galaxies are suns and all the suns are located around the earth. So the Sun and Sun like billions of stars in the galaxies, the quasars, pulsars, and black holes, which are situated around the earth in the regions of hells, all are hells. Thousands of prophets all over the world told their nations about the existence of hell and paradise in the universe. For long time in scientific point of view, the hell and paradise were two religious beliefs proposed by the prophets. By scientific study of the universe, the existence of spiritual hell now has been 6 discovered in the outer space that makes the religious belief a scientific fact. The spiritual hell is now visible in the outer space by thousands of telescopes from all around the world. Astronomers confirm the message of the prophets that the hell is awaiting in the outer space for the punishment of unbelievers. Astronomical discovery of spiritual hell in the universe that also suggests the existence of spiritual paradise in the deeper and distant regions of the universe will activate mankind for a normal religious life style and behaviour to remain safe from the hell fire and enter into the eternal paradise. This discovery will also unite all the nations of the world for an effective and integrated effort for salvation from the punishment of hell fire and enjoyment of a happier life in the paradise forever that might restore peace and discipline all over the world. The Holy Scriptures predicted two resurrections in the world. The first resurrection is due to appearance of a fire in the sky and the second, after ending life on the earth. The first resurrection, which is now imminent all over the world for astronomical discovery of spiritual hell in the universe, purifying mankind and sterilizing the world off sins and evil deeds will save billions of people from the hell fire, open the doors of eternal paradise, prevent greenhouse effect and ozone depletion, prolong life on the earth, and change our sick world to a pious, happier, healthier, and prosperous world like a paradise. I have no ability at all to expose any mystery of the universe and change our sick world to a prosperous world by a spiritual renewal, and I claim no originality for what has been compiled from the materials collected from different scientific and religious authorities whose works I have freely consulted and utilized. My grateful thanks are due to them. I hope this discovery will be accepted by the astronomers, scientists, religious specialists and peoples of all walks of life as the most wonderful and biggest scientific discovery in the history of mankind for “Hell Sighting Effect” all over the world. DR. FAZLUL ISLAM 7 ASTRONOMY Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth’s atmosphere. It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies, as well as the formation and development of the universe. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Astronomers of early civilizations performed methodical observations of the night sky, and astronomical artifacts have been found from much earlier periods. However, the invention of the telescope was required before the astronomy was able to develop into a modern science. Today, thousands of astronomers are observing the universe using sophisticated ground-based and orbiting telescopes from all around the world.1, 2 Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history. Early astronomy involved observing the regular patterns of the motions of visible celestial objects. In some cultures astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. Astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two fields share a common origin and a part of their methods (namely, the use of ephemerides), they are distinct.3 Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time. Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, the making of calendars, and even astrology, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics. Astrophysics is the study of physics of the universe, including the physical properties of astronomical objects.4 8 Since the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.
Recommended publications
  • Celtic Solar Goddesses: from Goddess of the Sun to Queen of Heaven
    CELTIC SOLAR GODDESSES: FROM GODDESS OF THE SUN TO QUEEN OF HEAVEN by Hayley J. Arrington A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Women’s Spirituality Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto, California June 8, 2012 I certify that I have read and approved the content and presentation of this thesis: ________________________________________________ __________________ Judy Grahn, Ph.D., Committee Chairperson Date ________________________________________________ __________________ Marguerite Rigoglioso, Ph.D., Committee Member Date Copyright © Hayley Jane Arrington 2012 All Rights Reserved Formatted according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th Edition ii Abstract Celtic Solar Goddesses: From Goddess of the Sun to Queen of Heaven by Hayley J. Arrington Utilizing a feminist hermeneutical inquiry, my research through three Celtic goddesses—Aine, Grian, and Brigit—shows that the sun was revered as feminine in Celtic tradition. Additionally, I argue that through the introduction and assimilation of Christianity into the British Isles, the Virgin Mary assumed the same characteristics as the earlier Celtic solar deities. The lands generally referred to as Celtic lands include Cornwall in Britain, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Brittany in France; however, I will be limiting my research to the British Isles. I am examining these three goddesses in particular, in relation to their status as solar deities, using the etymologies of their names to link them to the sun and its manifestation on earth: fire. Given that they share the same attributes, I illustrate how solar goddesses can be equated with goddesses of sovereignty. Furthermore, I examine the figure of St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Solar Deities of Bronze Age Ana- Tolia
    113 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — HETTITOLOGIE 114 HETTITOLOGIE STEITLER, C. W. — The Solar Deities of Bronze Age Ana- tolia. Studies in the Texts of the Early Hittite Kingdom. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten, 62). Verlag Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2017. (24,5 cm, XX, 605). ISBN 978-3-447-10798-3. ISSN 0585-5853. € 98,-. The book under review is a revised edition of Charles ­Steitler’s dissertation dedicated to the solar deities of Anato- lia in the period of the Early Hittite kingdom. Chronological limits of the research are clearly outlined in the first pages in which the author states that he will mostly deal with Old and Middle Hittite historical periods and related texts. Empire sources from the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries BCE, 115 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXVII N° 1-2, januari-april 2020 116 when quoted, are used as a comparison and orientation (p. 6). goddess in light of the quantity of various religious texts and In addition, several NH copies of older texts are a source for a few OH historical texts. Chapter 5 takes into consideration this book inasmuch as Hittites copied and conserved older the existence of a male solar deity already in the OH period, manuscripts until the LH period. In those cases, it is, of showing how several cultural layers may have merged during course, more difficult to evaluate the grade of possible inter- a long span of time that goes back to the Old Assyrian period. ventions or insertions of the late copyists, but Steitler­ is in Our knowledge of the Anatolian religion in this period is this respect always careful and methodologically precise.
    [Show full text]
  • Solaris 1: Sunspots Untangled
    SOLARIS 1: SUNSPOTS UNTANGLED Sunspots are planet-sized tangled vortices of gas on the surface of the sun which normally occur in pairs and are associated with strong magnetic activity.They appear as dark spots because they block the rising heat from the sun's interior, which is several thousand degrees hotter. Their dark centre is known as the “umbra” meaning “shadow”, surrounded by a lighter rim called the “penumbra” or “partial shadow”. Sunspots typically last just a few weeks then decay. Because sunspots are the most easily observed of all solar features, they serve as the storm warnings of the solar system. Where there are sunspots there are likely to be solar flares - mass eruptions of solar energy which produce bursts of radiation and charged particles that escape into space and frequently hit the earth. A solar flare in January 2005 released the highest concentration of protons ever directly measured, taking only 15 minutes after observation to reach the earth. While the radiation takes only minutes to get here, the charged particles take a number of hours. These outbursts of solar energy are mostly blocked by the earth’s magnetosphere, the protective cocoon of magnetic field which normally shields us from the sun's magnetic field and other energetic particles of the solar wind. In conditions such as fog, haze or viewing the sun at sunset it is possible to observe sunspots with the naked eye, but looking at the sun directly is a very dangerous thing to do. Powerful ultraviolet radiation severely burns and permanently damages the eyes, so careful attention to safety precautions when using optical devices is essential.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Evidence for the Indo-European Pantheon
    Krzysztof T. Witczak, Idaliana Kaczor Linguistic evidence for the Indo-European pantheon Collectanea Philologica 2, 265-278 1995 COLLECTANEA PHILOLOGICA II in honorem Annae Mariae Komornicka Łódź 1995 Krzysztof T. WITCZAK, Idaliana KACZOR Łódź, Poland LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE FOR THE INDO-EUROPEAN PANTHEON* I. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN RELIGION (A) The Indo-European religion is polytheistic, i. e. it connects plurality of worships and cults peculiar to any group and any place. (B) It is a pagan or rustic religion, which reflects some variety of the common people. (C) It is plural and various. This religion is by nature broad-minded, being far from propagating its own faith. Any group preserves jealously its own deities, beliefs, rites and religious formules. In a sense this religion can be determined as esoteric and initiatory. It has mythes and symbols, but it knows no dogma. (D) It is a religion of work, but not of faith. The traditional rites and duties of their own social standing are engagements essential to confessors, but the affection does not figure prominently in their faith. (E) This religion is political for the sake of its frames, which are frames of different ethnic units. It is also a religion of commanders rather than that of priests. (F) It is highly tolerant and its confessors are devoid of any fanaticism, but both „superstition” and individual magic are despicable, thougt sometimes they are practised. (G) Indo-European deities are comprehended as personal beings, whose nature cannot be precisely determined. According to peoples and epochs their nature lies less or more near the human nature, as it can be recognized from theonyms.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Solar Deities in Major Global Mythologies the Neolithic (New Stone Age)
    Tihomir Živić, Ph. D., Asst. Prof. Representation of Solar Deities in Major Global Mythologies The Neolithic (New Stone Age) • Middle East, i.e., the Levant (presently Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Turkey), approximately 10,200 BC to 2,000 BC: revolutionary behavioral and cultural alterations (e.g., terracotta ceramic, cereal farming, domestication of animals) → a single (Levantine) human species (Homo sapiens sapiens); • the Latin name “Levant” also etymologically connected to the rising Sun (cf. the verb levare). 4/19/2015 Živić, Representations 2 of Solar Deities Fig. 1: A satellite photograph depicting the present-day Levant. Fig. 2: A museal reconstruction of the “modern” Neolithic man. 4/19/2015 Živić, Representations 3 of Solar Deities Solar Barque • a Neolithic petroglyph concept, mythologically represents the Sun riding in a vessel (a barge or a boat) → exerted a direct influence on the ancient (predynastic) Egypt; • cf. the symbolic “Khufu ship,” 43.6-meter long, disassembled in 1,224 pieces, Great Pyramid of Giza, 2,500 BC, buried into a pit (two ditches), sealed off by 40 blocks (20 tones each) → subsequently, other pharaonic boats modeled on this King Cheops’ paragon. 4/19/2015 Živić, Representations 4 of Solar Deities Fig. 3: Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. Fig. 4: King Cheops’ solar barque, rediscovered by the Egyptian archeologist Kamal el-Mallakh in 1954, reassembled after a decennium and exhibited in a separate museum erected nearby. 4/19/2015 Živić, Representations 5 of Solar Deities Mesopotamia (“Fertile Crescent”) • Bronze Age (ca. 1,200 BC): utilization of bronze → the cradle of civilization (the deltas of the Euphrates and the Tigris, presently in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey), first scripts (cuneiform, later hieroglyphic); • Shamash (Assyria, Babylonia = a solar deity) → eventually, a linguistic influence as well (i.e., a royalty addressed as “my Sun”).
    [Show full text]
  • Sun Lore of All Ages
    Su n L o re O f A l l A ge s A Co l l e c t i o n o f M yth s a n d L e ge n d s Concerning the Sun and Its Wo r ship illiam T ler l M W O cott A . y ? Aut hor of A Fi B ‘ eld oo k of t he St ars St ar Lore ot AiEfi s } etc . , g ; La x Del , L a x D i a l With 30 F all - p age Ill ustra tions a nd Severa l Drawings ’ P . P n G . u t am s So ns N ew Y ork and London (t he finickerbochet p ress 1 9 1 4 Su n L o re O f A l l ‘ A C o l l e c t i o n O f M y t h s a n d L e ge n d smm Concerning the Su n an d Its Worship i li l r l W l am Ty e O cott , A . M . Author of A Field B ook of the Stars Star Lore Of All A es , g , “ Lex D c i , La x D i e t With 30 F ull - p age Ill ustra tions a nd Severa l Drawings m’ n G . P . Pu tna s So s New Y ork and London (the finicket bocket Dress 1 9 1 4 ‘ Efifl-l- Z A OPYRIGHT 1 1 C , 9 4 B Y WILLIAM TYLER OLCO TT ” - ot h t he h atchet backer p ress , new m In t ro du c t i o n IN the compil ation Of the volume S tar Lore of All A es a a r a a g , we lth Of inte esting m teri l pertaining t o the mythology and folk - lore Of the sun and oo was o m n disc vered , which seemed a a ara o worth coll ting in sep te v lume .
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum General Relativity
    1 An extended zero-energy hypothesis predicting negative GF potential energy. ZEUT explains that, during the the existence of negative-energy gravitons and inflation phase of our universe, energy flows from the (negative energy) GF to the (positive energy) inflation field possibly explaining the accelerated expansion of (IF) so that the total (negative) GF-energy decreases our universe (becoming more negative) and the total (positive) IF-energy increases (becoming more positive): however, the respective * [1] GF/IF energy densities remain constant and opposite since Andrei-Lucian Drăgoi , Independent researcher the region is inflating; consequently, IF explains the (Bucharest, Romania) cancellation between matter (including radiation) and GF DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36245.99044 energies on cosmological scales, which is consistent with * astronomical observations (concordant with the observable Abstract universe being flat) [2]. The negative energy GF and the positive energy matter (and radiation) may exactly cancel out only if our universe is completely flat: such a zero-energy flat This paper proposes an extended (e) zero-energy universe can theoretically last forever. Tryon acknowledged hypothesis (eZEH) starting from the “classical” speculative zero-energy universe hypothesis (ZEUH) (first proposed by that his ZEUT was inspired by the general relativist Peter physicist Pascual Jordan), which mainly states that the total Bergmann, who showed (before Tryon) how a universe could amount of energy in our universe is exactly zero: its amount come from nothing without contradicting ECP (with the 1st of positive energy (in the form of matter and radiation) is law of thermodynamics being also an ECP version). The first exactly canceled out by its negative energy (in the form of documented mention of ZEUH (1934) (in the context of gravity).
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultimate Question of Origins: God and the Beginning of the Universe
    The Ultimate Question of Origins: God and the Beginning of the Universe William Lane Craig William Lane Craig is Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology in La Mirada, California. He lives in Atlanta, Georgia, with his wife Jan and their two teenage children Charity and John. At the age of sixteen as a junior in high school, he first heard the message of the Christian gospel and yielded his life to Christ. Dr. Craig pursued his undergraduate studies at Wheaton College (B.A. 1971) and graduate studies at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (M.A. 1974; M.A. 1975), the University of Birmingham (England) (Ph.D. 1977), and the University of Munich (Germany) (D.Theol. 1984). From 1980-86 he taught Philosophy of Religion at Trinity, during which time he and Jan started their family. In 1987 they moved to Brussels, Belgium, where Dr. Craig pursued research at the University of Louvain until 1994. The absolute origin of the universe, of all matter and energy, even of physical space and time themselves, in the Big Bang singularity contradicts the perennial naturalistic assumption that the universe has always existed. One after another, models designed to avert the initial cosmological singularity--the Steady State model, the Oscillating model, Vacuum Fluctuation models--have come and gone. Current quantum gravity models, such as the Hartle-Hawking model and the Vilenkin model, must appeal to the physically unintelligible and metaphysically dubious device of "imaginary time" to avoid the universe's beginning. The contingency implied by an absolute beginning ex nihilo points to a transcendent cause of the universe beyond space and time.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for the Indo-European Origin of Two Ancient Chinese Deities
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 118 June, 2002 The Spider’s Web. Goddesses of Light and Loom: Examining the Evidence for the Indo-European Origin of Two Ancient Chinese Deities by Justine T. Snow Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the David N. Schramm Papers 1960-1998
    University of Chicago Library Guide to the David N. Schramm Papers 1960-1998 © 2011 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 3 Scope Note 5 Related Resources 6 Subject Headings 6 INVENTORY 6 Series I: Correspondence, 1971-1998 6 Subseries I: Major Correspondents, 1971-1997 6 Subseries 2: Curious Letters, 1980-1997 24 Subseries 3: Universities, 1979-1998 24 Subseries 4: Publishers, 1976-1997 25 Series II: Manuscripts and Publications, 1967-1999 28 Subseries 1: Articles, 1967-1999 28 Subseries 2: Stargazing Column, 1980-1998 64 Subseries 3: Books, 1985-1994 65 Subseries 4: Drafts, Proposals and Research Materials, 1980s-1990s 68 Subseries 4: Graphic Material, 1980s-1998 70 Series III: Organizations, Conferences and Awards, 1972-1998 76 Subseries 1: General, 1980-1998 76 Subseries 2: United States Government Organizations and National Academy85 of Science Subseries 3: Awards, 1983-1997 97 Subseries 4: Conferences, 1972-1997 100 Series IV: University Administration, Teaching and Consulting 102 Subseries 1: Consulting 102 Subseries 2: Courses and Lectures 103 Series V: Personal Files, 1973-1996 105 Series VI: Restricted 106 Subseries 1: Letters of Recommendation, 1976-1997 106 Subseries 2: Organizations, 1986 121 Subseries 3: Projects, application and budget materials, 1974-1998 121 Subseries 4: University Administration, 1977-1997 129 Subseries 5: Courses (Student Info), 1982-1994 141 Subseries 6: Laboratories and Observatories, 1983-1997 143 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.SCHRAMMDN Title Schramm, David N. Papers Date 1960-1998 Size 69 linear feet (138 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Events in Science, Mathematics, and Technology | Version 3.0
    EVENTS IN SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY | VERSION 3.0 William Nielsen Brandt | [email protected] Classical Mechanics -260 Archimedes mathematically works out the principle of the lever and discovers the principle of buoyancy 60 Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica, Mechanics, and Pneumatics 1490 Leonardo da Vinci describ es capillary action 1581 Galileo Galilei notices the timekeeping prop erty of the p endulum 1589 Galileo Galilei uses balls rolling on inclined planes to show that di erentweights fall with the same acceleration 1638 Galileo Galilei publishes Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences 1658 Christian Huygens exp erimentally discovers that balls placed anywhere inside an inverted cycloid reach the lowest p oint of the cycloid in the same time and thereby exp erimentally shows that the cycloid is the iso chrone 1668 John Wallis suggests the law of conservation of momentum 1687 Isaac Newton publishes his Principia Mathematica 1690 James Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the iso chrone problem 1691 Johann Bernoulli shows that a chain freely susp ended from two p oints will form a catenary 1691 James Bernoulli shows that the catenary curve has the lowest center of gravity that anychain hung from two xed p oints can have 1696 Johann Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the brachisto chrone problem 1714 Bro ok Taylor derives the fundamental frequency of a stretched vibrating string in terms of its tension and mass p er unit length by solving an ordinary di erential equation 1733 Daniel Bernoulli
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1605.04909V2 [Astro-Ph.CO] 24 May 2016 2
    FERMILAB-PUB-16-157-A A History of Dark Matter Gianfranco Bertone1 and Dan Hooper2;3 1GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands 2Center for Particle Astrophysics, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA and 3Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, USA (Dated: May 26, 2016) Although dark matter is a central element of modern cosmology, the history of how it became accepted as part of the dominant paradigm is often ignored or con- densed into a brief anecdotical account focused around the work of a few pioneering scientists. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with a broader historical perspective on the observational discoveries and the theoretical arguments that led the scientific community to adopt dark matter as an essential part of the standard cosmological model. arXiv:1605.04909v2 [astro-ph.CO] 24 May 2016 2 CONTENTS I. Preface 4 II. Prehistory 6 A. From Epicurus to Galileo 6 B. Dark Stars, Dark Planets, Dark Clouds 7 C. Dynamical Evidence 9 III. Galaxy Clusters 13 A. Zwicky and Smith 13 B. A Confusing Situation 15 IV. Galactic Rotation Curves 18 A. The Beginnings 18 B. The 1970s Revolution 21 C. Local Measurements 27 V. Dark Matter Particles 30 A. Neutrinos 31 B. Supersymmetry 36 C. Axions 40 D. The WIMP Paradigm 42 VI. Baryonic Dark Matter 44 A. Gravitational Microlensing 44 B. The Universe's Baryon Budget 46 C. Primordial Black Holes 48 VII. Modified Gravity 50 A. Toward a Realistic Theory of MOND 50 B. Observational Successes and Failures 52 VIII. Piecing the puzzle 55 A.
    [Show full text]