art journal techniques how to make a travel journal, a handmade journal, plus art journaling ideas presented by cloth paper scissors®

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pages in stages, part 1 a look at writing tools: 1 dawn devries sokol 4 choosing the right tool for the job pages in stages, part 2 travel journals: using maps 2 dawn devries sokol 5 as a starting point pages in stages, part 3 jacqueline newbold 3 dawn devries sokol In her three-part series, Dawn deVries Sokol gives you art journal prompts and Art Journal Techniques: journaling tips that help you overcome How to Make a Travel Journal, the fear of the blank page. Her “pages a Handmade Journal, in stages” approach to how to make an plus Art Journaling Ideas art journal also allows you to create a presented by handmade journal as you have the time, Cloth Paper Scissors® with stress-free journal techniques. online editor Cate Prato In “Travel Journals, Using Maps as a creative services Starting Point,” Jacqueline Newbold division Art Director Larissa Davis describes how to use maps (or copies Photographers Larry Stein rt journaling is a way to of maps) as a foundation for the visual Projects and information are for inspiration and express yourself through journaling of your journeys. She offers ­personal use only. Interweave Press LLC is not writing and art at the same ideas and tips for how to make a travel ­responsible for any liability arising from errors, atime. This creative process pulls journal that are easy and enjoyable. ­omissions, or mistakes contained in this eBook, and together a variety of materials to create readers should proceed cautiously, especially with respect to technical information. mixed-media art. You can buy pre- Finally, the editors of Cloth Paper Interweave Press LLC grants permission to photocopy made journals and fill them with your Scissors magazine take a look at writing tools that will help you express yourself any patterns published in this issue for personal use doodles and designs or craft your own only. custom journals to record everything through writing, doodling, and drawing from your travels to your art technique in your art journal. experiments to your innermost Once you have the inspiration and thoughts. information provided in Art Journal Where mixed media In short, an art journal is whatever you Techniques: How to Make a Travel want it to be. But you have to start Journal, a Handmade Journal, plus Art artists come to play someplace, so we've created this free Journaling Ideas, you will be off on your eBook, Art Journal Techniques: How own art journaling adventures. to Make a Travel Journal, a Handmade Warmly, Journal, plus Art Journaling Ideas.

In this free eBook you'll get art journaling tips, including how to make a travel journal from maps, how to make an art journal in stages, and how Cate Prato to choose the right tools for your art Online Editor, journal adventures. Cloth Paper Scissors Today

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Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 2 art journaling pages in stages—part 1: painting

our years ago, I decided fI wanted to art journal, but I had difficulty beginning. My desire to art journal led me to various blogs and websites, seeking journal pages to inspire me and get me started. I also found art books filled with invaluable tips and techniques, but I didn’t find anything to help me get past the blank page.

I attended workshops with incredible teachers explaining their methods, and their hands-on instruction answered Adapted from my technique questions, but I still had Cloth Paper Scissors® May/June 2010 nagging doubts when I attempted to art make a mark. I kept hitting a roadblock journal on my own. What was I supposed and I couldn’t bear it any longer. I started to art journal when I felt like to journal about? How should I start? it, using the technique that inspired me Then, I had an epiphany: I realized I How do I art journal a whole page in one at that moment. I painted in my journal needed to listen to my creative intuition. sitting? some days, and collaged, doodled, or I was unnecessarily pressuring myself to wrote in it on others—using the same In workshops, I had observed students complete a journal page in one sitting. or different pages. I didn’t worry about effortlessly whipping up journal page I realized it didn’t matter what other chronological order or creating pages after journal page while I was at a artists did. There are no rules in art focused on one subject or idea. I learned standstill. Deflated, I knew that even making, so why was I looking for rules which techniques worked for me, and if I were willing to sit down with my to guide my art journaling? journal, it didn’t necessarily mean I which didn’t. I gave myself permission I needed to let my art journal pages would actually finish a page, or even to over pages I didn’t like, and develop slowly. I had to understand I painted and collaged over pages and accept that what worked for others that contained writing and doodling. wasn’t necessarily going to work for me, by Dawn DeVries Sokol Suddenly, as the rules vanished, so did and that would require patience.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 3 my inhibitions. I was journaling—on my own terms—and loving it. Working on my journal pages in stages is key to my art journaling process. If you’re having trouble getting started in your journal, you may want to try this no-holds-barred approach. There are three stages I like to work in:

• Painting

• Collage

• Doodling and/or writing For the first part of this three-part series, I’ll focus on the painting stage. But you can work in any stage, in any order, whenever you want. getting started changing it up m y fav o r i t e • Use a paintbrush with tough bristles 1. Flip through your art journal and to add a lined texture to your stop at whatever page speaks to you. things backgrounds. • Fabriano® Artistico watercolor 2. Pull out a couple of and squirt • Water down your paints for a wash paper, 140-lb. hot-pressed, for one of the colors in across your pages. Have plenty of making handmade journals dime- to quarter-sized spots, here paper towels on hand to blot up • Inexpensive fluid acrylic paints, such and there, on your page. I like to use ® ® excess paint. as Delta Creative Ceramcoat or combinations of chartreuse green Plaid®Apple Barrel® and light blue, pink and orange, or • Use paper towels to create a different • Paper towels sometimes red and teal. look. Spread the paint across a page, • Various household items for creating let it dry slightly, and then wipe lines, texture, etc. 3. Choose another color and apply it in the paper towel across the page, the same way. Using your fingers, rub removing some of the wet paint. Try the paints in, combining the colors. this method with baby wipes for a Make sure to cover the whole page. If want. Remember, no rules, no worries. slightly different effect. you have empty areas, squirt a little That’s what art journaling should be more color onto the page and rub it • Apply paint with items like sponges, about. in. old credit cards or hotel room keys, dblogala.com combs, etc., to create different note: I spread paints with my fingers textures. because it leaves a smooth finish on the page, the paints blend better, and I feel Working in stages allows your mind to like I have more control. work more freely while creating. It will be easier to start each stage because 4. Paint about 5 pages in one sitting; you’ll work according to how you are do more or less if you want. Listen inspired at any given time. I let my to your instincts, and stop when you creative mood take over and I do what I feel like it.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 4 Adapted from Cloth Paper Scissors® art journaling July/August 2010 pages in stages—part 2: collage orking in stages on my • Collage change wjournal pages is key to my art • Doodling and/or writing journaling process. In Part 1, we painted a number of pages it up in an art journal. Now we’ll build upon I found that trying to follow rules in • Create new images on the page those pages with collage. my journaling presented too many out of your collage bits. • Collage borders on your pages. roadblocks, causing me to run out of Collecting collage fodder can be an ongoing activity. Flip through old • Combine some found pieces of gas quickly. If you’re having trouble magazines and cut or rip out anything ephemera with photos you’ve starting in your journal, you may want that pleases you. This can include taken. • Insert images with personal to try this no-holds-barred approach. words, objects, and/or patterns. Turn the meaning. I often use photographs magazine upside-down to see images I’ve shot, such as a rose, a British I like to work in three stages: in a different way. Keep a basket or phone booth, Big Ben, a church folder (or many) to throw bits into when • Painting (See the May/June 2010 window. This really makes your you find them. Think about having an pages your own. issue of Cloth Paper Scissors.) envelope in your purse to store everyday • Repeat images. Some journal artists photocopy their pages, cut them up, and include these images in their collages. The photocopies can also be saved for future collages. • Cut up photos and other bits. You don’t have to use full images. Cut a person in half and place them right on the edge of your page, so it looks like they’re looking in. If you have a group photo, cut out certain people and scatter them across the page. • Add depth to your collage with transparencies. Anytime I find clear wrappers with text or an image on transparent paper, I stash it. You can also use clear packing tape and black-and-white photocopies to create great little transparencies. • Overlap your collage layers. • Use scrapbook papers and embellishments. Combining your own found papers with purchased by Dawn DeVries Sokol papers can add interest, too.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 5 items from your travels: straw and candy Listen to your intuition when it tells you background, so they blend into the page. wrappers, coffee cups, printed napkins, to stop. Remember, you can always add Tearing the edges of these pieces will receipts, decorative tape, stickers, etc. more collaged bits later, or paint over provide the illusion that they are part of things. It’s your art journal, there are no the background. getting started rules. Rub-ons Rub-ons provide another option Remember, you can work in any stage in little things for adding words and doodles that you any order, but it’s important to work in may not be able to accomplish with your the stage that best fits your mood. mean a lot own hand. These can be added easily at any stage. 1. Open your journal and find a Add small touches for enhancement and painted page that calls to you. The depth during any stage. Tissue paper I’ve adhered thin tissue with conversation may begin with the splotches I love to use to add gel medium at every stage. If you want color palette you’ve chosen, or the splats on pages. your background to show through the way the color appears on the page. tissue well, use thin, uncoated tissue lines Color around the edges of Whatever it is, don’t think too much paper. about it. the pages. I usually do this after I’ve added my collage bits. Caran d’Ache® Words Label makers are a good way to 2. Sort through your collage stash for NeoColor II line images well, paste words to your page. images that appeal to you. Keep your and smear into backgrounds effortlessly. Rubber stamps Use ink that is slightly journal close by and open to the page Photocopies darker than your background paint. you intend to play on. Adhere high-contrast black- and-white photocopies with gel medium. Journal or doodle over it later. 3. Select several images in various sizes Once dry, brush a light, watered- dblogala.com and other collage bits that may work down acrylic over them to match the color-wise. I suggest 5–10 items. I like using black-and-white images for their contrast against my bright backgrounds.

4. Cut out and place the images on your page. Don’t think about placement too much. I’ve found that overthinking makes me hesitant in my choices. Include a large image to create a focal point. This balances the page and makes it more aesthetically pleasing.

5. Once you are happy with your arrangement, attach the collage bits. Mono Adhesive is my first choice, but I use gel medium when placing images that I plan to paint over because it keeps the images smooth and stable. Clear tape or any of the decorative tapes will provide some added interest, too.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 6 Adapted from Cloth Paper Scissors® art journaling September/October 2010 pages in stages—part 3: writing & doodling

experienced difficulty when I started art journaling, even though I desperately iwanted to express myself in this form. Overwhelmed by the staggering the approach amount of amazing work online and in magazines, I thought if I couldn’t art journal like other artists did there was no point in doing it. But I finally realized The “Pages in Stages” approach involves: it doesn’t matter how you art journal, as long as you’re happy doing it. The • Paint beauty of art journaling is that it really is just for the art journaler; there’s • Collage no need to share, unless you want to. You need to experiment with different • Doodle and/or journaling techniques and processes, free your mind, and be flexible to discover what Of course, these stages can be tailored to work for you. You can mix them up, works best for you. combine them, and create a process that pleases you.

by Dawn DeVries Sokol

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 7 I realized that if I journal in a “stages” If you’re struggling to start, here are approach (see box), I’m much more doodle it up some tips: content with my pages. In this article, • Think of shapes. I like hearts, flowers, the last of three installments, I’ll discuss my favorite things: stars, circles, rounded squares, swirls, doodling and journaling. • Pitt® and all kinds of flourishes. Shapes For me, doodling and writing is the most • Soufflé™ pens are easy to repeat and they fuel the mobile of the three stages. When I travel, doodling process. • ® markers I prep my journal before the trip. I paint • Outline or color one of the collage and collage on the pages and leave them • Uniball® Signo UM-153 pens (I used images to make it really pop off the to be doodled and written upon while white and red.) page. I travel. I may add some collage on • Crayola® Pip-Squeaks™ the road, but mostly I just doodle and • Create animals, creatures, or flowers journal. This allows me to pack fewer With your paint and collage images from ink or paint splatters. already on the page, start to doodle. I supplies, and that works very well for • Doodle with markers a little darker use anything that’s in my arsenal, but me. than your background paint. These I do have my favorites (see list above). can be written over later with a Doodling can be mindless or meditative. darker or white , if you wish. It can also be a thoughtful form of expression. Sometimes I brainstorm • Continue the lines of any shapes or while I doodle. collage images you added.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 8 pages in stages recap

stage 1: paint stage 2: collage stage 3: journal & doodle

• Start at the edge of your page and You can write about anything in your • Rubberstamp words and then fill doodle a simple border of dashed art journal. Try words that pop into your them in with pens that match lines, triangles, flowers, etc. Continue head throughout the day, or words from the color of the ink pad. Draw in to add to the border with other a song that won’t leave you alone. Make flourishes, if you like. shapes, as desired. lists, jot down random thoughts, record • Cut out a large word from a the things you need to do, etc. You don’t • Section off a corner of your page, magazine. Extract the letters need to fill your page with doodles and then doodle within it. Sometimes this completely from the background with journaling all in one sitting; journal helps when you feel overwhelmed by a craft knife and glue the letters onto random doodles and words as they occur all the space on your page. the page. Doodle within the words to you. Date these entries, if you wish, and/or add flourishes and other lines • Look through a magazine or book for documentation. flowing from them. containing endless patterns and Some creatives are tentative about prints to spark your doodle energy. Listen to your gut when it tells you to writing in their journal because they stop. There is no rule stating that pages • Try not to be linear in your doodling. don’t like their handwriting. I am still can’t be left unfinished. You can always Flip your journal upside down and not satisfied with my handwriting, but I paint, collage, or doodle more later. Go doodle that way, too. Sometimes you write anyway because my handwriting is back to these pages when you feel the have to rotate your page to think a part of me. groove. beyond the ordinary. Doodle across To conquer a writing roadblock, try your page at all sorts of angles. Remember to mix and combine these some of these strategies: stages to work for you. If you want to • Draw some wavy lines on your page collage first, then paint, then doodle and word it up and use them as a guide. You can journal, do it! If you want to write on the While doodling shapes, patterns, and them in and erase later, or page and then cover it with paint and lines, I also doodle words. Words that make them a part of your design. I collage, then write some more, try it. I doodle large are usually phrases that did this when I started journaling Open your mind, set yourself free, and strike me, the title of a song that I’m and this practice has increased your art journal will work for you. listening to, or a movie quote I just can’t my confidence in my writing and dblogala.com get out of my head. Putting on some lettering. headphones and listening to music that • Trace letters from stencils for larger makes me groove really helps me during words and then fill them in with this stage. color. Add flourishes.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 9 Adapted from Cloth Paper Scissors® a look at . . . July/August 2010 writing tools choosing the “write” tool for the job rt journalers, surface designers, gel pens adoodlers, and collage artists are a. White all destined to meet with a pen or two Sakura®, Gelly Roll White in their creative journey. Knowing Any good art journaler knows that a which tool to use on which surface is a white gel pen is a necessity. This pen is must. We set aside some time between chemically stable, waterproof, and fade resistant. It is easy and comfortable to editing the terrific articles in this write with and will not smear, feather, issue to do some serious in-the-studio or bleed through on most papers. We tried it on acrylic-painted papers and research…okay, maybe not so serious. were happy with the smooth writing and Take a look at what we discovered. a bright white lettering that resulted.

b. Glaze Pens b Sakura, Glaze™ With this unique pen, you need to write slowly and allow the ink to dry to enjoy the raised lettering it produces. All of the 15 available ink colors are transparent, except for the white, which is opaque—making it a great choice for art journalers. We tried it on plain and painted paper and found no difference. You do have to be patient and wait for the paint to dry, but we found the cool effect of raised ink worth the wait.

c. Fabric Gel Pen ®, Gel Roller for fabric We love this pen for journaling and writing on fabric. The 1.0mm pen writes smoothly and its no-smudge, no-smear ink is permanent on most fabrics and will withstand repeated washings—even dry cleaning. You can use this pen for everything from labeling clothes for camp c to drawing on your next mixed-media fabric project.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 10 artist pens specialty d. Fine-Line Pens markers Sakura, Micron® The Micron is just one example of f. Permanent ® ® the fine-line pens available to artists. , Lumocolor This pen has an archival-quality ink There are many permanent markers that is chemically stable, waterproof, on the market, but we wanted to try and fade resistant. You can use this something with a more controllable pen with other water-based media tip. These pens are permanent, without having to worry about it waterproof, refillable, and dry safe d smudging or bleeding. The tips come (the pen can be left uncapped for in six different sizes (005, 01, 02, 03, days without drying up). We loved 05, and 08). We especially love the that we could use them on glass and 005 for drawing very small details. plastic, and immediately thought In our example we mixed a number of using them to label storage of different sizes on acrylic-painted containers. An added bonus was that paper and the application was very we could easily change our labels, smooth. or fix errors with the Lumocolor e Correction Pen (see below). e. Brush Pens Faber-Castell®, Pitt® g. Correction pen The brush-tip pen duplicates the feel Staedtler, Lumocolor of a round, pointed-tip brush. These This pen magically erases the artist pens come in 48 different colors permanent ink marks of the Staedler and are acid free, waterproof when Lumocolor marker pens (see above) dry, and odorless. The nib is long from transparencies, glass, acrylic, lasting, sturdy, and can be refreshed ceramic, and plastic. The Correction by removing it and turning it over Pen is solvent based with a chisel tip. to reveal a fresh point. We tried the pens in the “shades of gray” h. Fine-Line Markers ® collection to see how they worked Staedtler, Triplus Fineliner with shading and we liked the results. With a triangular barrel, these These would be a great item to carry markers make for effortless and along for travel journals. fatigue-free writing. They were one of the nicest and most comfortable markers to hold. They are dry safe f h and can be left uncapped for days. For the messy doodler, it’s good to note that these markers wash out of most fabrics. They come in 20 different colors, including spring and olive green and a lovely aqua. We also love the case that these markers come in; it unfolds to become its own stand.

g

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 11 more specialty markers and pens

i. Metallic pens Faber-Castell, Silver Pitt m i Artist Pen When looking to add a little shimmer, especially on dark or painted paper, the metallic ink Pitt pen will do the trick. This pen comes in both j silver and gold with a 1.5mm nib. We used l. Fabric Marker it on painted paper and found the Marvy Uchida, Fabric Ball & Brush results to be perfectly opaque and Two different ends on the Fabric shimmery. Ball & Brush make this marker j. Marker doubly useful. The ball tip is extra fine, which is perfect for drawing Faber-Castell, Pitt Calligraphy Pen delicate lines. The brush end was Even if you aren’t a practiced juicy and allowed us to color, draw, calligrapher, you can get impressive and write. This pen is quick drying, results with a pen tip like this. The acid free, permanent, and requires India ink is waterproof, smudge no heat setting. proof, acid free, archival, and k permanent. We tried the pen on m. Fillable pen both plain and painted paper with Tim Holtz® Adirondack®, Alcohol excellent lettering results. These Ink Fillable Pen pens come packaged individually or The last pen we tried was a pen in a set of three colors—each with a that came with no ink at all! This free calligraphy lettering guide. new pen has both brush and k. Opaque Pen fine-point tips and is easy to fill. You choose the ink color and the Marvy® Uchida, Opaque Stix tip you want to use. This alcohol When you’re looking for markers ink pen will perfectly complement that will write on photographs, any artwork. We used the brush tip vellum, journals, yearbooks, and to write over acrylic-painted paper l dark paper, you might want to look with an accompanying “splat” at Opaque Stix. These markers are of ink from the bottle we used acid free, light fast, and photo safe. to fill the pen. You can see that They dry opaque, which makes the pen helps the ink to retain its them ideal for light and dark paper. transparency, making blue ink green We tried them on painted paper in appearance when used over and found the chalky appearance yellow paint. of the dried markings strangely appealing.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 12 Journal pages with maps as the background. , labels, hand-written travel journals text, sketches, stamping, and collaged bits complete the using maps as a starting point pages.

itting in the cozy kitchen of a 17th century stone cottage in the tiny hamlet sof Campagnac, I pull out a map of southern France. It unfolds to fill up the entire kitchen table. With my chin in my hands, I lean over to locate the path of my journey for the past week. The tangible feel of the map inspires me to run my fingers along meandering ochre and cerulean lines and roadways, dotted and Adapted from dashed. Cloth Paper Scissors® July/August 2010

by Jacqueline Newbold

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 13 I am immersed in the French countryside where the honey-colored stone walls glow with the warmth of long autumn days. Here, the warm breeze encourages the fall of tasty, ripe figs from the gnarled trees. The ancient, perched villages beg for exploration as we drive down narrow lanes lined with tall straight plane trees, planted long ago to give shade to Napoleon’s marching army. And here in the cottage, I am giddy with artistic joy as I have time to paint and play in my watercolor journal, my constant travel companion. I am fascinated by maps. I love the fact that they represent where I have been, and give direction to where I may go. I love the excitement of finding my way amongst exotic sounding villages— Blauzac, Sainte-Anastasie, Châtillon-en-Diois, and Ponet—not A watercolor sketch enhanced with a map, decorative papers, labels, magazine images, knowing what scenery will appear stamping, text, and journaling. around the next turn. ideas for While experimenting with ways to mule’s ears in bloom, sprinkled with using maps incorporate maps into my watercolor specks of wildflower colors. Whether journals, I discovered that they create you are painting a charming European • Make copies of maps and interesting and mysterious textured village or journaling about the sparkle prepare them with gesso before you leave on your trip. backgrounds for watercolor paintings. of an ocean wave, using a map as the Maps also make a great foundation starting point for your art will bring • Make a hand-drawn map of the area you are visiting and for mixed-media collage, collected back fond memories of your voyages for incorporate little drawings of ephemera, and journaling. Or, using a years to come. interesting points along the way. published map as my guide, it is fun and • Use a map as a starting point and challenging to draw my own map of an add collected ephemera such as area, lightly paint over it with a wash of directions business cards, tickets, postage watercolor, and then add little drawings 1. Cut or tear the map into an stamps, cut-out words and photos to represent the local charm. interesting shape that will fit in your from brochures, wine labels, paper money, paper napkins, journal. Taking the time to sketch and paint a postcards, and anything else that map, or using a map as the background 2. Drizzle a little bit of white gesso onto catches your eye. for my art, imprints in my mind the the map and quickly spread it out • Use a map as a foundation for stunning and colorful locations found with a paper towel, before it starts your journaling. along my journey. For example, the map to dry. Rub some of the gesso off so • Cut a map into interesting shapes I painted while camping at Big Summit that the map shows through but has that can be folded out from the page to reveal your art. Prairie, Oregon, will always bring back a slightly pushed-back look. Allow to the splendor of the seemingly dry. • Use different types of maps for different looks, such as nautical never-ending, dazzling white fields of charts for marine scenes or hiking trail guides for nature paintings.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 14 m at e r i a l s • Map or a color copy of a map (Make sure the ink on the copy is not water soluble.) • White gesso (® or ®) • Paper towels • Watercolors (I use Winsor & Newton™ and Daniel Smith watercolors.) • Watercolor brushes (I like the Daniel Smith Platinum series, round sizes 4, 8, and Round Mop #6.) • Pencil • Permanent black ink pen • Glue optional • Stamps and ink pads for creating a border

A map is the background for this painting. Flowers were painted, cut out of watercolor paper, and adhered to the foreground to add texture and depth.

tip: The gesso dries quickly, so if your watercolor to puddle and bead up to 6. Outline the drawn images and some map piece is large, work in small areas, create interesting effects. Try not to accents with a permanent black pen. one area at a time. Ideally, you want the use too much water; let the paints map to look whitewashed, with the map 7. Paint a page in your journal with mingle and blend on their own. Allow showing through in some areas more than watercolors, let it dry, and then glue to dry. others. your map art to it. 4. Using a pencil, draw the image you 8. Stamp along the edges of the map to 3. Paint a colorful wash using want to paint, such as a European create an interesting border, or watercolor paints. Try a mix of colors perched village scene, a grove of simply outline the outer edge of the that are close to each other on the olive trees, or wildflowers in the map with a pen. color wheel, such as magenta, rose, foreground. and quinacridone gold. Transparent newboldart.com watercolor paints will let parts of 5. Paint in houses, trees, and distant the map show through. Allow the hills using a variety of colors. Allow to dry.

Art Journal Techniques presented by clothpaperscissors.com ©Interweave Press LLC 15