Buckwalter Transliteration

Appendix A Buckwalter Transliteration

Table A.1 Arabic Letters with windows 1256, ISO 8859-6, and Unicode character encoding and corresponding Buckwater transliteration Letter Description Win. CP-1256 ISO 8859-6 Unicode Buckwalter

Letter Hamza C1 C1 U+0621 ’ Letter Alef, Madda above C2 C2 U+0622 | Letter Alef, Hamza above C3 C3 U+0623 > Letter Waw, Hamza above C4 C4 U+0624 & Letter Alef, Hamza Below C5 C5 U+0625 < Letter Yeh, Hamza above C6 C6 U+0626 } Letter Alef C7 C7 U+0627 A Letter Beh C8 C8 U+0628 b Letter Teh Marbuta C9 C9 U+0629 p

Letter Teh CA CA U+062A t

Letter Theh CB CB U+062B v Letter Jeem CC CC U+062C j Letter Hah CD CD U+062D H Letter Khah CE CE U+062E x Letter Dal CF CF U+062F d Letter Thal D0 D0 U+0630 * Letter Reh D1 D1 U+0631 r Letter Zain D2 D2 U+0632 z Letter Seen D3 D3 U+0633 s

Letter Sheen D4 D4 U+0634 $ Letter Sad D5 D5 U+0635 S Letter Dad D6 D6 U+0636 D Letter Tah D8 D7 U+0637 T

M. Elmahdy et al., Novel Techniques for Dialectal Arabic Speech Recognition, 87 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1906-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 88 A Buckwalter Transliteration

Table A.1 (continued) Letter Description Win. CP-1256 ISO 8859-6 Unicode Buckwalter Letter Zah D9 D8 U+0638 Z Letter Ain DA D9 U+0639 E Letter Ghain DB DA U+063A g _ Tatweel DC E0 U+0640 _ Letter Feh DD E1 U+0641 f Letter Qaf DE E2 U+0642 q Letter Kaf DF E3 U+0643 k Letter Lam E1 E4 U+0644 l Letter Meem E3 E5 U+0645 m Letter Noon E4 E6 U+0646 n Letter Heh E5 E7 U+0647 h Letter Waw E6 E8 U+0648 w Letter Alef Maksura EC E9 U+0649 Y Letter Yeh ED EA U+064A y Fathatan F0 EB U+064B F Dammatan F1 EC U+064C N Kasratan F2 ED U+064D K

Fatha F3 EE U+064E a ! Damma F5 EF U+064F u Kasra F6 F0 U+0650 i " Shadda F8 F1 U+0651 ∼ # Sukun FA F2 U+0652 o $ Letter Superscript Alef – – U+0670 ‘ Letter Alef Wasla – – U+0671 { % Letter Peh 81 – U+067E P % Letter Tcheh 8D – U+0686 J

Letter Veh – – U+06A4 V & Letter Gaf 90 – U+06AF G Appendix B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon

Table B.1 ECA corpus lexicon with Arabic othography, Buckwalter transliteration, and SAMPA phonetic transcription Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA )* |h ?A: '( >bjdy ?abgadi '+ >bdA ?abadan ,+-+ >bryl ?abri:l .+ >bw ?abu /0+ >byD ?AbyAd’ -12+ vAr ?AsA:r 28 >jAzp ?aga:za -98 201 >Hmr ?AX\mAr xbArk ?AxbA:rAk -4:1 >xDr ?Axd’Ar

>d ?add ?@ >rADy ?ArA:d’i

;A+ >rbEp ?ArbA?\a -4520A+ >rbEtA$r ?ArbA?\tA:SAr 67A+ >rbEyn ?arbi?\i:n B+ >rbE ?ArbA?\ >rD ?Ard’ C + >rnb ?arnab zrq ?azra? =+ sAnsyr ?AsAnse:r 'F >sd ?asad ;+'0GF swAn ?AswA:n .F

.0F >sywT ?asyu:t 2HF >$kAl ?aSka:l -GF IJK-GF >$krk aSkurak >$krk(2) ?ASkurAk -3L >Sfr ?As’fAr ,L >Sl ?As’l M< Eml ?a?\mil 20< >EyAd ?a?\ya:d

M. Elmahdy et al., Novel Techniques for Dialectal Arabic Speech Recognition, 89 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1906-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 90 B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA NOD< >gsTs ?aGust’us 203+-P >fryqyA ?afriqya 20DE2AP >fgAnstAn ?afGanista:n -+ .0Q >ktwbr ?ukto:bAr

R ?@R Al

'U0 T Albld ilbalad M0T AltlAt ittala:t -+-( V* AljzAyr ?iggaza:yir ;AW( V* AljmEp iggum?\a '(V* AlHd ilX\add ;030(V* AlHnfyp ilX\anaﬁyya NXW(V* Alxmys ilxami:s -7(V* Alxyr ilxe:r -+'T AldA}ry idda:?iri Y?5'T Aldsm iddasam 'T 'T Aldm iddamm Aldwr ?iddo:r 6+ 'T Aldyn iddi:n ;<2DT AlsAEp ?issa:?\a

CX DT Alsbt issabt ;ZMDT AlslAmp ssala:ma

MDT AlslAm ?issala:mu NWDT Al$ms iSams ;O 0DT ;S[T Al$nTp iSSAnt’a AlSHp is’s’iX\X\A \+-OT AlTryq ?it’t’Ari:? -]OT AlZhr id’d’uhr

;0+ -AT AlErbyp il?\ArAbiyya .WAT AlEmwm l?\umu:m ;P-AT Algrdqp ?ilGarda?a ^T >lf ?alf IJK^T ;SD 3T >lf(2) ?alif AlfsHp ilfusX\a 673T >lfyn ?alfe:n -_23T AlqAhrp ?ilqA:hirA

-O3T AlqTr ?il?At’r ;`T Allh ?AllA: IJK;`T T Allh(2) ?AllA:h >a Ally lli IJK T .F2b c >a Ally(2) ?illi AlmAswrp ?ilmAsu:rA 20+2bc >lmAnyA ?almanya -bc Almrp ?ilmArrA ;UHDbc Alm$klp ilmuSkila -Abc Almgrb ?ilmaGrib .Ubc Almlwk lmulu:k 67<.bc AlmwAEyn ?ilmawa?\i:n .L.bc AlmwDwE ilmAwd’u:?\ 2deT AlnhAr innAhA:r 2deT AlnhArdh innAhArdA .0T Alnwr innu:r -]T Alhrm ?ilhArAm .]T Alhwl lho:l C P.T ; 3P.T Alwqt ilwa?t Alwqfp ilwa?fa 6Q2Z >mAkn ?ama:kin 2Z >mAn ?ama:n 20 Z mrykA ?amri:ka 2+ >nA ?ana ;+ .0 + >nbwbp ?anbu:bit ,_ >hl ?ahl M_ >hlA ?ahlan ;U_ >hlh ?ahlu B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon 91

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA NX+ .+ >wtwbys ?utubi:s ;L >wDp ?o:d’it >wl ?awwil >f >wlY ?u:la >y ?ayy 20T2OE ywh ?aywa 2+ bAb ba:b =T2+ bAlk ba:lak 67 UT2+ bAllbn billaban -7+ btrwl bitro:l 2S 0X+ btnjAn bitinga:n >?A1 .0+ btwjEny btiwga?\ni 23+-+ brtqAn burtu?a:n Y?F-+ brsym barsi:m .P-+ brqwq bar?u:? -+ bzr bizr ;UDE bslp bisilla ,[E bSl bAs’Al Ng2OE bTATs bAt’A:t’is 67g2OE bTATyn bAt’At’i:n ;0+2OE bTAnyp bAt’t’Aniyya 6OE bTn bAt’n >?OE bTny bAt’ni h0OE bTyx bAt’t’i:x 'A+ bEd ba?\d 6+ 'A+ bEdyn ba?\de:n /A+ bED bA?\d

=T23+ bqAlk ba?a:lak >f23+ bqAly ba?a:li NE'3+ bqdwns ba?du:nis -3+ bqrp ba?ArA

-G+ bkrh bukrA -G+ bkrp bukrA iU+ blH balaX\ 'U+ bldy baladi 20+ bnAt bana:t CX+ bnt bint ;0+-7+ bnzynp banzi:na 6+ -7+ bnzyn banzi:n .UO0+ bnTlwn bAnt’Alo:n 20A0+ bnEnAE bini?\na:?\

;+ bh bih 2dj bhArAt buhArA:t ;+ .+ bwAbp bawwa:ba 2( )*.+ bwtjAz butaga:z

.+ bwdrp budrA .+ bwry bu:ri ;OF.+ bwsTp bust’a ;0Q.+ bwkyp buke:h

>?k0 X+ bybsy pepsi CX+ byt be:t -70+ bytzA pitza 2[0+ byDA be:d’a /0+ byD be:d’ ;[0+ byDp be:d’A 20X+ bynA bi:na '82+ tAxd ta:xud R2+ tAl|f tala:f >l2+ tAny ta:ni

C()* tHt taX\t ,0U()* tHlyl taX\li:l -Q'+ t*krp tAzkArA -7+ -+ trAbyzp t’ArAbe:zA IJK -7+ -+ trAbyzp(2) t’ArAbe:zit C X+-+ trtyb tarti:b

;<-+ trEp tir?\a BDE tsE tisa?\

;ADE tsEp tis?\a -4520ADE tsEtA$r tisa?\tA:SAr 92 B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA

;0WADE tsEmyp tus?\umiyya C0WADE tsEmyt tus?\umi:t 67ADE tsEyn tis?\i:n ;U0GDE t$kylp taSki:la i0 [E tSbH tis’bAX\ =0 A+ tEbk ta?\abak NXA+ tEy$ ti?\i:S 23+ tfAH tuffa:X\ ;123+ tfAHp tuffa:X\a 20 +-3+ tqrybA ta?ri:ban M + -4 52+M + tlAt talat tlAtA$r tAlAttA:SAr ;+M+ tlAtp tala:ta 67+M+ tlAtyn talati:n

CU+ tlt tilt ;0W0U+ tltmyp tultumiyya C0W0U+ tltmyt tultumi:t ;0+2bm tmAnyp tamanya 6 7+2b m ,00b m tmAnyn tamani:n tmvyl tamsi:l 2Dbm tmsAH timsa:X\ 6b m tmn taman -45200bm tmntA$r tAmAntA:SAr ;0W0bm tmnmyp tumnumiyya C0W0bm tmnmyt tumnumi:t 2DX+ tnsA$ tinsa:S NX+ tns tinis >?UL.+ twSlny tiwAs’s’Alni

,0+ tyl ti:l ;0+ tyh tih ;+ vh sih ;0+ 28 jA*byp ga:zibiyya 67+28 jAyyn gayyi:n -7 8 jbr gAbr ;00 1 jbnp gibna '+'8 jdyd gidi:d

'+'8 jdydp gidi:da -1 jrAj gArA:Z =T-1 jrAlk gArA:lak -78 -1 jrjyr gargi:r -1 jrs gArAs 2+-1 jrnAl gurnA:l -1 jzAr gAzza:r -1 jzr gAzAr ;Z-1 jzmp gazma -+-1 jzyrp gizi:ra 2A1 jEAn ga?\a:n ;OU8 jlTp gAlt’A - 8 8 7 9 jmbry gambari ,9 jml gamal 8 8 .]9 jmhwr gumhu:r ;+.]9 jmhwryp gumhuriyyit ;001 jnyp gine: ;P.1 jwAfp gawa:fa >1 -_.1 jwAhrjy gawahirgi .1 jwrj ZorZ

NX1 jy$ ge:S Y?1 jym gi:m NX01 jyns Zins .01 jyw$ guyu:S

;1 28 HAjp X\a:ga 28 HAl X\a:l ;01 Htp X\itta -( 1 Hjz X\agz

'8 Hd X\add -45'8 HdA$r X\idA:SAr -1 -1 Hrwf X\uru:f HzAm X\iza:m 2D1 HsAb X\isa:b ;0F2D1 HsAsyp X\asasiyya 2[1 HSAn X\us’A:n ,[1 HSl X\As’al ;U 31 \1 Hﬂp X\aﬂit Hq X\a?? M8 HlAq X\alla:? 298 HmAr X\umA:r B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon 93

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA 298 ;`T'98 HmAm X\amma:m Hmdllh X\amdilla ;1 Hh hAh 67T.1 HwAlyn X\awa:le:n >f.1 HwAly X\awa:li .1 HwD X\o:d 2+.01 HywAnAt X\ayawa:na:t Yn*28 xAtm xa:tim >l'8 xdny xudni .g-1 xrTwm xart’u:m C D1 x$b xaSab ;0L.[1 xSwSyp xus’us’iyya -4: 1 M8 xDrA xAd’rA xlAT xAllA:t 8 N98 >a xly xalli xms xamas ;D98 xmsp xamsa -4520D98 xmstA$r xAmAstA:SAr ;0WD98 xmsmyp xumsumiyya C0WD98 xmsmyt xumsumi:t 67D98 xmsyn xamsi:n ;1 xh xAh .1 xwx xo:x 201 xyAr xiyA:r -78 xyr xe:r dA da ;b m dAl da:l dAymp dayma ;1 drjp dArAgA drws duru:s

.< dEwp da?\wa \+2P dqAyq da?a:yi?

;30P dqyqp di?i:?a .0Q dktwr dukto:r - >?P.T dlwqty dilwa?ti 7 WDE dysmbr disimbir *Al za:l *rp dura *y zayy ,8 rAjl ra:gil

;0WA+ rbEmyp rub?\umiyya C0WA+ rbEmyt rub?\umi:t B+ rbE rub?\ 20+ rbnA rAbbina ;U8 rHlp riX\la ;[1 rxSp ruxs’it 2L rz ruzz rSAS rus’A:s’ ^0< rgyf riGi:f 2Z rmAdy rumA:di rh rih >o rwmy ru:mi ;L2+ ryADp riyA:d’A '+ zbdp zibda ;< zrAEp zirA:?\A >< zrAEy zirA:?\i M< zElAn za?\la:n 2+ zyAdp ziya:da 2+ zyArp ziyA:rA =+2+ zyArtk ziyArtak C+ zyt ze:t .0+ zytwn zatu:n -+ zyrw zi:ru 6+ zyn ze:n 2F ;A P2F sAdp sa:da sAqEp sa??\a ;120 F sbAHp siba:X\a p)*20 F sbAnx saba:nix

CX F sbb sabab -7 W0X F sbtmbr sibtimbir

B0 F sbE saba?\ ;A0 F sbEp sab?\a 94 B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA

-4520A0 F sbEtA$r sAbA?\tA:SAr ;0WA0 F sbEmyp sub?\umiyya C0WA0 F sbEmyt sub?\umi:t 67A0 F sbEyn sab?\i:n -4 520F CF stA$r sittA:SAr st sit ;0F stp sitta ;0W0F stmyp suttumiyya C0W0F stmyt suttumi:t 670F styn sitti:n 5 5 6( q sjn sign ;0(q sxnp suxna -45 -AF srp surrA sEr si?\r '0AF sEydp sa?\i:da -3F sfrp sufra -73F sfyr saﬁ:r -GF skr sukkar

=0ZMF slAmtk salamtak CSbr5 smHt samaX\t Y?kbr5 smsm simsim =br5 smk samak 5 ;Gbr smkp samaka 670F snyn sini:n .F ; P.F swAq sawwa:? swAqp siwa:?a >l.F swdAny suda:ni 2+.F swryA surya 67F syn si:n 2F $ArE Sa:ri?\

>o2F $Amy Sa:mi 2F $Ay Sa:y 5 -( q $jrp SAgarA ;03F $fth Suftu

;3F $qp Sa??a -GF $kr Sukr

-GF $krA SukrAn ,HF $kl Sakl 5 5 Nbr $ms Sams ;0Dbr $msyp Samsiyya ;Abr5 $mEp Sam?\a ;O0F $nTp SAnt’A

2de5 $hAdp Siha:dit ;+.F $wAyp Sawwa:ya

;+ .F $wrbp Surba ;Q.F $wkp So:ka ;+.F $wyp Swayya 67F $yn Si:n .+ 2L SAbwn s’Abu:n 2L SAd s’A:d .T2L SAlwn s’alo:n 20 L SbAH s’AbA:X\ -3L Sfr s’ifr '0L Sndwq sandu:? .L 2L Swt s’o:t DAd d’A:d sAL DgT d’AGt’ \0 g Tbq t’AbA?

>?g Tby t’ibbi ;0WAg TEmyp t’A?\miyya ;+23g TfAyp t’AffA:ya tg2Wg TmATm t’AmA:t’im .Wg TmwH t’umu:X\ ;g Th t’Ah

;+ .g Twbp t’u:bA .g Twl t’u:l 20g TyArp t’AyyA:rA -7g TyrAn t’AyArA:n ;g 2< Zh D’Ah EArf ?\a:rif ;()*-T2< EAlryHp ?\arri:X\a ;ZMDT2< EAlslAmp ?\assala:ma C 0S < Ejyb ?\agi:b '< Eds ?\ads B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon 95

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA

>l-< Erby ?\ArAbi 20+ -< ErbyAt ?\ArAbiyya:t ;0+ -< Erbyp ?\ArAbiyya IJK;0+ -< Erbyp(2) ?\ArAbiyyit

,D< Esl ?\asal -4k< E$r ?\ASAr

-4k< E$rp ?\ASA:rA 6+ -4k< E$ryn ?\iSri:n -7P2[< ESAfyr ?\As’Aﬁ:r .3[< ESfwrp ?\As’fu:rA -7[< ESyr ?\As’i:r 2O< EZAm ?\iD’A:m 3< ;0 U< >a Eqly ?\a?li Elbp ?\ilbit >a< ElY ?\ala .G0U< Elykw ?\ale:ku < -9 Emry ?\umri 6< En ?\an C 0< Enb ?\inab '0< Endk ?\andak .0 G0< Enkbwt ?\ankabu:t .0< EnwAn ?\inwA:n

'0< Eyd ?\i:d NX< Ey$ ?\e:S 67< Eyn ?\e:n -< grwb Guru:b -7< gyr Ge:r 2_-7< gyrhA Gerha 67< gyn Ge:n C+2P fAtt fa:tit 20T.L2P fASwlyA fAs’ulya ,L2P fADl fA:d’il ;0L2P fADyp fAd’ya CU3T2P fAlqlb fil?alb -+-7 P fbrAyr fibrA:yir -P frAx fira:x ,Z-P ; 1- P frAml fArA:mil frxp farxa ;L-P frSp furs’A 2DE-P frnsA fArAnsA ; [ P =U[ P fDp fAd’d’A fDlk fAd’lAk B0OP fZyE faD’i:?\ ,PMP flAfl fala:fil ,3U P .UP flfl filfil flws filu:s ;P fh fih .P.P fwdAfwn vodafon . P .P fwq fo:? fwl fu:l >P fy fi -7P fyzA vi:za M0P fylA villa Ya0P fylm film .00P fynw fi:nu 2P qAf qA:f .+2P qAnwn qAnu:n ,0 P qbl ?abl

Yn*'P qdym ?adi:m -P qrAr qArA:r

-P qrd ?ird ;+-P qryp qAryA

NE-P qry$ ?ari:S ;OP qTp ?ut’t’A 6O P qTn ?ut’n ;0OP qTnp ?ut’nA CUP YaP qlb ?alb qlm ?alam i9P qmH ?amX\ -9P qmr ?AmAr .] P ;W0 P qhwp ?ahwa qymp ?i:ma 2u kAf ka:f 2u kAm ka:m 96 B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA ,Z2u kAml ka:mil 2u kAn ka:n

'0 Q kbdp kibda C+-7 Q kbryt kabri:t

20Q ktAb kita:b .G0Q ktkwt katku:t 'Q kdAb kadda:b 'Q kdh kida 'Q 2WQ kdp kida kmAn kama:n ;0 0Q knbp kanaba '0Q kndA kanada '0Q kndwz kandu:z 2+ -]Q khrbA’ kAhrAbA

-+ .Q kwbry kubri .Q kwrp ko:rA ;F.Q kwsp ko:sa NXQ kys ki:s =30Q kyfk ke:fak R l< la? R R l

20+ .T lwbyA lubya ;1.T lwHp lo:X\a

20T lyA liyya ;U0T lylp le:la .W0T lymwn lamu:n 2Z mA ma 2Z mArs ma:ris =T2Z mAlk ma:lak

.T2Z mAlw$ malu:S NXT2Z mAly$ mali:S ;( )*2Z mAnjp manga .+2Z mAyw ma:yu -7Z sF.0Z mtrw mitru mtwsT mutAwAssit .0( o mjnwn magnu:n .]( o mjhwl maghu:l o o C F2( mHAsb muX\a:sib >o2( mHAmy muX\a:mi

'(o mHd$ maX\addS ;O(o mHTp mAX\At’t’it -W( o ' (o mHmrp miX\AmmAra mxdrAt muxAddArA:t NZ'Z mdms midammis ;+-Z mrAyp mira:ya

;g.+ -Z mrbwTp mArbu:t’A -Z mrp mArrA

C +-Z mrtb murattab 2DZ msA’ masa:? '<2DZ msAEdp musa?\da v3DXDZ mst$fY mustaSfa -A 0DZ 'DZ mstgrb mistAGrAb msdwdp masdu:da .UDZ mslwq maslu:? .WDZ msmwH masmu:X\

NZ m$ miS NWDZ m$m$ miSmiS

.DZ m$wy maSwi ;+.DZ m$wyp maSwiyya -4:Z mSr mAs’r -4:Z mDrb mAd’rAb 2OZ mTAr mAt’A:r h0 OZ mTbx mAt’bAx tAOZ mTEm mAt’?\Am BZ mE ma?\a 2AZ mEAk ma?\a:k 2+2AZ mEAyA ma?\a:ya ;0+'AZ mEdnyp ma?\daniyya .3AZ mEqwl ma?\?u:l B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon 97

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA

;3UAZ mElqp ma?\la?a IJK;3UAZ mElqp(2) ma?\la?it -Z2AZ mgAmrAt muGAmrA:t 203Z mftAH mufta:X\ ,3U3Z mflfl mefalfel NX3Z mfy$ mafi:S 3Z 2HZ >a mqly ma?li mkAn maka:n ; +-GZ .DGZ mkrwnp mAkAro:na mkswf maksu:f .GZ mkwp makwa >1 .GZ mkwjy makwagi iUZ mlH malX\ ;U0wx mmvlp mumassila 6Gw x 6Z mmkn mumkin mn min ,+'0Z mndyl mandi:l ;3O0Z mnTqp mAnt’i?a 2deZ mnhA minha '0]Z mhnds muhandis '0<.Z mwAEyd mawa?\i:d .1 .Z mwjwd mawgu:d .Z mwz mo:z v30F.Z mwsyqY musi:qA

;0Z myp miyya IJK;0Z myp(2) mAyyA C0Z myt mi:t 6700Z mytyn mite:n M0Z mylAd mila:d Y?Z mym mi:m '82+ nAxd na:xud 2+ nAdy na:di 2+ nAs na:s Yn*2+ nAym na:yim ,()* 2D E nHl naX\l n$AT nASA:t ;S0[E nSyHp nAs’i:X\a 2OE nZArp nAd’d’A:rA tA+ nEm na?\am 20A+ nEnAE ni?\na:? N3+ nfs nafs ;O3+ nqTp nu?t’it ,bm ;Ub m nml naml nmlp namla -7 9P.+ nwfmbr nuvimbir .+ nwm no:m .+ nwn nu:n .0+ nywn niyo:n -W_ 20_ hmzp hamza hnA hina ;F'0_ hndsp handasa ;_ hh hih

;A+ w

-452+M+ wtlAtA$r wtAlAttA:SAr ;+M+ wtlAtp wtala:ta 67+M+ wtlAtyn wtalati:n CU+ wtlt wtilt ;0W0U+ wtltmyp wtultumiyya ;0+2bm wtmAnyp wtamanya 98 B Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Lexicon

Table B.1 (continued) Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA Arabic Buckwalter SAMPA 67+2bm wtmAnyn wtamani:n -45200bm wtmntA$r wtAmAntA:SAr ;0 W0b m -4 5'8 wtmnmyp wtumnumiyya wHdA$r wX\idA:SAr ;D9 8 -4 520D9 8 wxmsp wxamsa wxmstA$r wxAmAstA:SAr ;0WD98 wxmsmyp wxumsumiyya 67D98 wxmsyn wxamsi:n y)* wrAyH wrA:yiX\ B+ wrbE wrub?\

;0WA+ wrbEmyp wrub?\umiyya wrd ward

;P wrqp wara?a ;A0 F wsbEp wsab?\a

-4520A0 F wsbEtA$r wsAbA?\tA:SAr ;0WA0 F wsbEmyp wsub?\umiyya 67A0 F wsbEyn wsab?\i:n -4520F wstA$r wsittA:SAr

;0F wstp wsitta ;0W0F wstmyp wsuttumiyya 670F wstyn wsitti:n Mde5 wshlA wasahlan

;F w$h wiSSu .L wSwl wus’u:l

-4k< wE$rp w?\ASA:rA 6+ -4k< wE$ryn w?\iSri:n

'T wld walad ;0Z wmyp wmiyya 6700Z wmytyn wmite:n /E wnS wnus’s’ '8 wwAHd wwa:X\id 2Z2+ yAmA yama =+'+ ydyk yiddi:k =WUDE yslmk ysallimak >?A+ yEny ya?\ni ,DA+ ygsl yiGsil ;U+ ylh yAllA -+20+ ynAyr yana:yir .DX+ ynswn yansu:n ;+ yh yih =3P.+ ywfqk ywaffa?ak ;0T.+ ywlyh yulya .0T.+ ywlyw yulyu .+ ywm yo:m ;0+.+ ywnyh yunya .0+.+ ywnyw yunyu Appendix C Seinnheiser ME-3 Speciﬁcations

Seinnheiser ME-3 is a headset microphone of exceptional sound quality, the ME 3 is intended for music and speech applications. The super-cardioid condenser design offers excellent feedback rejection.

Table C.1 Speciﬁcations of AF sensitivity 1.6 mV/Pa the Seinnheiser ME-3 Max. sound pressure level (active) 150 dB microphone Pick-up pattern Super-cardioid Transducer principle Electret condenser

Fig. C.1 Polar diagram for Seinnheiser ME-3

M. Elmahdy et al., Novel Techniques for Dialectal Arabic Speech Recognition, 99 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1906-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 100 C Seinnheiser ME-3 Speciﬁcations

Fig. C.2 Frequency response curve for Seinnheiser ME-3 Appendix D Buddy 6G USB Speciﬁcations

The Buddy 6G USB adapter manufacured by InSync speech Technologies, Inc. is based on the Micronas UAC3556b microchip. It has a built-in high-quality sound card, which replaces a desktop or laptop computer’s sound card for high perfor- mance speech sound input and output. It offers full duplex operation for connection with microphone and speakers that is especially well suited to speech recognition applications.

Table D.1 Speciﬁcations of the Buddy 6G USB adapter based on the Micronas UAC3556b mi- croship Microphone Supports 8/16 bit mono recording at 6.4 kHz to 48 kHz, sensitivity −54 ± 4 dB impedance < 650 Ohms. Speaker Output Supports 16/24 bit mono/stereo at 6.4 kHz to 48 kHz. Includes a low power stereo ampliﬁer. Signal to Noise Ratio SNR is typically −92 dB for A/D (recording) and −96 dB for D/A (playback). Total Harmonic Distortion THD is better than −90 dB for both A/D (recording) and D/A (playback). Power Self powered from USB bus with less than 100 mA current at 5V DC. Operating Temperature Minimum −10°C (14°F), maximum 70°C (158°F). Storage Temperature Minimum −40°C (−40°F), maximum 75°C (167°F).

M. Elmahdy et al., Novel Techniques for Dialectal Arabic Speech Recognition, 101 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1906-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 References

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A I Arabic Chat Alphabet, 5, 71 IPA, 17, 30, 73, 79, 80

B Bayes rule, 8 L Buckwalter, 25, 72, 87 Levantine colloquial Arabic, 25, 30, 67 Lexicon, 10, 29, 55 C Classical Arabic, 13, 17 Context dependent acoustic model, 9 M Context independent acoustic model, 9 Maximum A-Posteriori, 42, 43 Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression, 42, D 43 Data pooling, 39, 61 MFCC, 7, 34, 57 Diacritization, 3, 19, 20, 25, 53, 55, 71 Modern standard Arabic, 1, 2, 4, 13, 15, 25 Dialectal Arabic, 4, 13, 18, 27, 29, 33, 54, 63 Morphological analyzer, 25 Diglossia, 1 Morphological complexity, 19 Distinct tri-phones coverage, 27 Multilingual acoustic model, 35, 60 E Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, 18, 25, 27, 33–35, N 60, 72 N-gram, 8, 46, 49 Emphatic phonemes, 15, 35

F O Fussha, 15 Out-of-vocabulary, 2, 19, 71

G Gaussian, 57 P Gaussian mixture model, 10, 33, 42, 73 Phoneme set, 30 Grapheme-to-phoneme, 19, 23, 32 Phoneme sets normalization, 36 Graphemic Acoustic Modeling, 53 Phonemic acoustic modeling, 33 Graphemic lexicon, 55 Phonetic transcription, 15, 19, 71

H Hidden Markov Model, 9, 33–35, 42, 55, 56, Q 73 Quran, 17

M. Elmahdy et al., Novel Techniques for Dialectal Arabic Speech Recognition, 109 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1906-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 110 Index

R T Real Time Factor, 47 Text-To-Speech, 20 Tied-states, 9, 34, 39, 57, 74 S SAMPA, 15, 17, 20, 26, 73, 79, 80, 87 Spelling variants, 63 U State tying, 9 Unicode, 87 Supervised adaptation, 41, 61 Unsupervised adaptation, 44, 63