A Description of the First Or Aswan Cataract of the Nile

C T O N T E N S .

H C A PT E R I .

P A G E . “ r re f - ' r G ene al natu o N ile C ataracts f P oeition of F i rst C ataact .

z — ‘ His tory ofthe C atarac t dis triotf- R elation of A s wgan (Syen e ) to an cient f — it ra a e n l i ' — g eog raphy . L e t u re pp rtai i ng tq iﬂ g ﬁh et C ataract Ou tlin e of the w ork ofthe G eolog ical S u rvey at the cataract

H A E C PT R II .

T O P O G R A P H Y .

— G en eral ou tli ne of th e topog raphy of the dist rict The N ile an d

r — A sw an an d its env i ron s — The cou n t r et w ee A w h e ata act . n t C . y b s an a i — The ca taract-is an s et w een e an ti ne an d th d n d . Ph lae l d b El ph e am .

- imeon T w e t an t w een the m on as t r of St . S an d th d he s b k be e y e am . — i t h d h - The s an s sou of t e am . e ea r The rese rvoir . l d h T st iver bank

t h dam -The w est ri ver- an sou th oft he dam sou h oft e . b k

ne ra ou tli n e of th e eo o ical s t ru t u re of the s ri — The G e l g l g c di t ct .

— low n san d — ld e r r vels m R ecen t d e os its B a u ds an d c a . p O g , l y — r ve san d — il d Mode rn e os its ot er t an from th Modern i r N e m u . d p h h e

— d s — u ian san s ton es an d c a . n eou s an d me ta or ic r s N ile N b l y Ig m ph ock .

r — F ine— rained r d - n i ained red an ite . ra ite e te r e S . C oarse g g g g n . y

- - artz f i . en i e or r . r ri . n stai Diorite . Q u els te Sy t p phy y P o phy te E t te — te . ica d i e . . . . i porphy rite A plite P eg mati M abas Basalt . G n e ss - — — — i asc ist orn en de sc ist . G en era con cl usion s w t es ecia ic . M h H bl h l , h p l —A reference to th e dyn am ical eviden ces an d th e phys ical g eolog y . g e

- - n e is t of t he oldest cataract rocks . O u tli e of the g olog ical H ory of the . h atara t — A n ci n t o rse of th N i F u ts a t e c c e c u e e . cataract . a l t l — i C au s es ofthe chang es i n th e rive r . G eolog cal chang es still g oing on

at the eataraet

L IS T F P L A T S O E S .

PLA T E -T l I . opog raph ica map of th e F i rst C ataract

— I L G eolog i cal map of t h e F i rs t C ataract — I II . M icrosco ic view s of n d s N il m ud and san d ton e p sa , e , s

IV —G ni nd n . ra tes a sye ites ‘ V — an it d ri t nd r bl n d - h . G r e io a h o n e e sc is t , e, — V L M icroscopic sections of g ran it es and s yen it es

V I L—M icrosc i sect i n s of s en it e d iori te an uart z -felsite op c o y , , d q

V II — - i mi - i s I . M i ros i t ion s ofs enite or h r or h r tes and cad abae c cop c sec y p p y y, p p y ,

I X — t i t n o th fA s w an . Map oft h e d is r c r o

X — i n f m - i s n d b salt . M ieroscopic sect o s o icad abae a a — XL M icros copic secti on s of mica and h ornblend e-sch ist s — KI L G eolog ical sect ion s of t h e C ataract d ist rict — XM L M ap sh ow i ng res ult ofsou n d i ng s in th e w est ch ann el

A O H E XT ILL U S T R T I N S IN T E T .

PA G E

— h w v - l n n d m t i n of F I G U R E l . Diag ram s o in g ariations i n w ater level d uri ng ﬁl i g a e p y g

t h e reservoir

— i s s h w i n th nﬂ u n t h e r rvoi r n l v l and d ischar es of 2 . D ag ram o g e i e ce of ese o e e s g

t h e river

— u n t i n f d t on n d r n t 3 . J c o o san s e a g a i e

— T i l w th re f rm of n m l n i 4 . yp ca ea e d o or a g ra te

5 — W e th ri n of r s h d r n it n d n i . a e g c u e g a e a g e ss

6 —Sket ch of rocks on w es bank o ite A ama . t ppos j r

—W h erin of s ni 7 . eat g ye te .

— h of t w o d k s ﬁlli n t w i - ne ﬁ s r T n r 8 . Sket c e a ce o e d s u e e a y g p , g

9 — 8 ket ch of com oun d d ke sou t h of Seh el sland . p y , I .

— - w l o. Section of t h e quart z mass n ort h of A s an

-Se ion x d d u i n e x avaion for t h dam l l ct e o e r s e . . p s g c t

l 2 -C ross sect ion an d lan of alt ered basalt d es Kullutot . p yk , — 13 . Sketch oft h e rocks on th e east sid e of E l HesaIs land

— u h k h ofcru he d l l i l H 14 . Ro g s etc s acco te, E esaIsland — 15 R u h sketch sh ow i n bas i c d kes Bab . . o g g y ,

16 — Sk t ch ofd ke n ar Ku l lu ot . e y e t

l 7 — S ket ch of h oriz on tal section sh ow i n d is acem en t of d ke b faulti n . g pl y y g ,

Kull u tot

ff u lt x s d on t h e road from A s w an to E l Hadi r 18 . o a e po e

19 — Section sh ow i n fau lt at ebe l Kurt u n os . g J 2 — S i n d N ile-bed from near Ph il t o bout 6 km low A s w an 0 ect on alo t h e ol a a . e . g b

A D E S C R I P T I O N

O F T H E

FIRST on ASW A N C ATARA C T or THE N ILE

CHAP TER I .

IN T R O D U C T O R Y .

N F N GEN E RAL A TUR E O ILE C ATAR AC TS .

A 'r intervals along t h e u pper portion of it s course t h e Nile has cu t it s way throug h hard masses of ig n eous rocks which crop out among st

h se en n s I s t e s t e . n e ses e e t h e n e u s of r dim tary formatio om ca , wh r ig o

s are so u s e as oﬁer in s e e r ness e rock cr h d to , pit of th ir ha d , comparativ ly

e es s n e e s n e e e s n has n e on so n as t o littl r i ta c to ro io , or wh r ro io g o lo g

e e e t h e s su fﬁ en e e ss e t h e r e hav r mov d rock ci tly to g iv a cl ar pa ag , iv r

e ses ese e s w u di s u n e u it s nn e is trav r th ar a itho t t rba c , tho g h cha l locally n e and s u in s ee es en s e n s arrow d h t by t p carpm t . At oth r poi t , how e e t h e n e u s sses n u e s t en n v r, hard ig o ma form at ral barri r , of ma y ’ e es in en in t h e e s n n n t h e e kilom tr l g th , riv r path , mai tai i g wat r at a hig h level above them and causing t h e formation of nu merou s rapids in t h e narrow chan nels into which t h e river becomes Split u p in it s

Th e s u s u es en . e en e in ni u e d c t rapid th prod c d , wh of a c rta mag t d , are l e s and are nu m e e in e u s e t h e ca l d cataract , b r d ord r p tr am ,

s n ein l e t h e s t h e cataract of A wa b g ca l d Fir t , that of Wadi Halfa

an so on e n d . S co d , Formi ng as they do a formidable hindran ce to th e n avig ation of t h e e t h e er se an d n u es an di n riv r , p iodic ri fall of which i trod c ad tio al element of di fﬁculty by totally altering t h e distribu tion of water in t h e u s nn e s t h e e s e n u l ui e vario cha l , Nil cataract hav at ra ly acq r d in t h e commercial world of Eg ypt a repu tation w hich they are far from meriting as waterfalls . There i s n othi ng abou t a Nile cataract in an w a ese in nor e en t h e l s th e hi n y y r mbl g Niag ara , v Fa l of R e at Schaﬁhau s Th e h e -su e en . total fall of t wat er rfac at t h e Fi rst Cataract (between Philae and Elephan t ine) is only abou t 5 metres in a leng th of abou t 9 kilometres and althoug h t h e g reater portion

t h e ll is n en e n n of hi s en is of fa co c trat d withi a fractio t total l g th , it

n su fﬁ en e se i s and not e in t h e o ly ci t to g iv ri to rap d , to a wat rfall

i n sense t h e Th e s u n n n ﬁ r ord ary of e t rm . ob tr ctio to avig atio o e ed

e is in d u e n ot so u t h e e t h e by a Nil cataract fact , m ch to v locity of

e as t h e e u and n ﬂ n n u e t h e u ent s wat r , to irr g larity co icti g at r of c rr

use t h e n n ess w n n u ses and st e t h e ca d by arrow , i di g co r , rocky at of

nn s cha el .

O S IT I O N O F TH E I R T T P F S CA AR AC T .

A sw an t h e hi e n t h e s s u e n n e of , c f tow of mo t o th r provi c Eg ypt, l es on t h e e s n oft h e i e e ne on t h e s e t h e n en i a t ba k N l , v ry arly it of a ci t ° ’ ene t h e I s i 2 t h e s . t u e s 4 5 Sy , at foot of Fir t Cataract latit d N ° ’ * and it s n u e 2 en e s u e lo g it d 3 53 E . of Gre wich; whil it altit d

e sea- e e i u 9 e e s n is s an u 9 00 abov l v l s abo t 0 m tr s . A wa di t t abo t kilo

e es r e or 8 82 e es an d e ess m tr by iv r, kilom tr by rail , from Cairo , xpr

ans e t h e u rn e in u en -on e Th e F i rst tr i p rform jo y abo t tw ty hou rs . ’ C ataract u es u 2 e es en t h e e and en s occ pi abo t Q kilom tr l g th of riv r , d abou t 4 kilometres s ou th of As wan ; but it is con veni ent to in clude in t h e Cataract di strict all that portion of t h e river which is beset

s n h s . t e s u es s n t h e n with i la d , viz , from o th of El H a I la d to orth of

e n ne e e so u t h e es e on e e s e as is El pha ti , tog th r with m ch of d rt ith r id

ssesse se e n s s an r h i u s e d ac w olo cal e n s . po d of ttl m t , road , g r mai Th t h e di strict to be described in this memoir has a total leng th from s u n u 13 e es an d u w o th to orth of abo t Q kilom tr , a maxim m idth from

es west to east of abou t 8 kilometr .

F T H E T A R T I T T HI ST O R Y O CA AC D S R I C .

e e are few s s e en in t h e s can Th r di trict , v Eg ypt , of which hi tory

as f s n It s be traced so far back in to t h e remote past that o A wa . tombs form an impo rtant sou rce of ou r kn o w ledg e reg arding t h e sixth dyn asty (abou t w hile among it s rock -in scriptions

The precis e point for w hich t h is posit ion is g iven is t h e R oman r uin commonly kn ow n as ’ ” leo at ras Bath on t h e e s t sh ore of the N ile a ou t O osite t h e cen t re ofA sw an. C p , a b pp _ 9 _ and other antiqui ties are found records of almost every succeeding

n s as el as A nd in di n e and n es . dy a ty , w l of Ptol maic Roma tim ad tio

n n s it s ow n s n can s n fu r to havi g a lo g hi tory of , A wa boa t of havi g nish ed t h e material on whi ch mu ch of t h e history of Eg ypt in g en eral is eng raved ; for from t h e days of th e g reat pyramid-bu ilders ou

s our ow n t he red - n e u es s n e een e ward to , g ra it q arri of A wa hav b work d

n e s nu en n n n e at i t rval for mo m ts a d buildi g s of importa c .

u n n as is t h e er an e nn e t e s r Ab da t mat ial , y att mpt at a co c d hi to y

Th e of t h e Cataract district is beyon d t h e scope of this memoir . prin cipal his torical fact s will however be brieﬂy referred to in d e s r n t h e e u es e are ss e c ibi g topog raphical f at r with which th y a ociat d , an d t h e reader who desires fu rther details shou ld refer to t h e historical — s s be u n n . 5 20 o 1 . work , of which a li t will fo d pp

TH E RE LATI O N or AS WAN (SYE N E ) T o AN C I E N T GE O G R AP HY .

I n hi s famou s attempt to determi ne t h e size of t h e earth (abou t 230 Eratosthenes employed Syen e as t h e s ou thern extremity

hi s e n are t h e n e n s n e n le n an d of m ridia , orth r tatio b i g at A xa dria , from t he importan ce of thi s in vestig ation Syen e at on ce obtain ed a

nen e in e Th e e use w as e e m ne promi t plac g og raphy . m thod d to d t r i ( 1) t h e d iﬁerence between t h e zenith -distan ces of t h e sun at Alex an dri a and Syene at n oon on th e day of t h e solstice by means of t h e ” s e s n n se in e -s er s e hadow a t by a g omo t a h mi ph ical bowl or caph , thus obt aining t h e di fferen ce of latitu de between t h e two places ; and 2 t h e s n e e r s n ( ) di ta c b tween them in stades . From a compa i o of

ese u es t h e u e en e t h e e e u be th two val , circ mf r c of whol arth co ld

u e S e s en es u n e comp t d by impl proportion . Erato th fo d that whil t h e n n en e on t h e oft h e su e s s e s no s g omo at Sy day mm r ol tic ca t hadow , that at Al exan dria cast one su bt en din g on e-ﬁft ieth Of t h e circu m

E ratos th enes w as born at C yren e abou t 27 6 ; h e w as in vited by Pt olemy E uerg etes from t h ens to le x and ria as kee er of h e li ar rea ise on eo ra h in three oo s t r . H is t t A A p b y g g p y , b k . has een los t and w e d erive ou r now led e of his w ork from lat er w riters such as C leomed es b , k g , , a o l v St r an d P in . Pri or to th e t ime ofE ratos th en es at te m ts had alread been mad e to sol e b , y , p y ’ the ro le of t h e ear h s a ni v but li is now n of m t m t ud e . A ms rornn D e C oelo t tle p b g ( , , k t hem and th e res ult s w ere fth e le and rian rossl inaccurat e . F or a ull accoun t ofth e w or s o , g y f k A x ’ ’ g eog raphers th e st ud en t may cons ult B UN BUR Y S Hi st ory ofAncient Geog raphy or Tozl n s “ ” ’ “ History ofAncien t G eog raphy in the C ambrid g e Geog raphical Series ; or Bnnon s Gesohioh te er W sse aft i h e E r h d i nch l c n rd kund e d e Griec en . ”

t h e s e h . ference of caph . Taking t e distance between t h e two

es as s es h e u e t h e u e en e th e e plac tad , calc lat d circ mf r c of arth

e e e e 50 ' ' t o h st ad es . , th r for , X , or l ’ Th e sources of weakn ess in Eratosthen es determin ation were th e

u n ess t h e n u e su e en t h e i e n ure ro g h of a g lar m a r m t , approx mat at of t h e s n e-es m n and t h e s t h e ssu n t h e di ta c ti atio , fal ity of a mptio that

ns e e on t h e s e er n m n two tow w r am m idian . A g o o of moderate Size wou ld cast n o perceptible shadow at t h e solstice even twenty miles

Th e s e e from t h e tropic . di tan c app ars to have been determin ed by t h e time occu pied in voyag es between t h e two places ; and thou g h

o n e see s e een e t h e n n s t h e r e all wa c m to hav b mad for wi di g of iv r , 1 t h e e e esu can n be u e h . s t e corr ct d r lt o ly ro g hly approximat La tly , differen ce oflong itu de between Al exandria and Syen e is more than

e e e ess t h e es u ne w as su r sin n e th e u t N v rth l , r lt obtai d rp i g ly ar tr h , and t h e determin ation w as j u stly reg arded as a g reat achievemen t ° ° w as O n e-ﬁft iet h 3 for t h e times in which it made . of 60 is 7 ’ ’ which differs by only 3 or 4 from t he tru e difference of latitu de of t h e two places t h e meridion al dis tance between t h e two parallels — _ is u 7 87 e es t n ast ad e as 300 u t s 1 u abo t kilom tr , which aki g c bi ( c bit

e e es n s s es s n e s m tr ) , corr po d to tad , howi g a v ry mall differen ce from t h e assu med valu e ; and t h e tru e circu mferen ce of t h e ea is er ne e es t n t h e u e u s rth v y arly kilom tr , or ( aki g val j t

en s e s es is s k n n e os g iv for a tad ) tad , which tri i g ly ar to Erat ’ h n s es t e e r u lt . Th e latitu de of Syene appears to have been pretty correctly d e

’ “ m . I ccord in to GI B A R D D escri t i on d e l E te t . C leomed es st ates M eteors li b A g p g yp , , ) ( , ,

a u e t hat E ratos t h en es mad e he me en a h w i sols t ice an ca . 10 D e t err ma n it d t as urem t t t e nter d p g ) ,

u h e le t e ifference in len t h of th e h o d ed ced t an g from h d g s ad w s . " Th is v al u e a ears t o h ave een s u bse uen tl altered t o s tad es ei t h er for t h e sake 1 pp b q y ,

v bilit b r in c e ence ofasmall h h e l - l e s is i 60 ons u c rrect io to t e ata. as v ofd i y y , o q o n d T t n amed au i

b a l l r h e one u oted St r bo P in and oth er at e w rite rs . t q y , y ,

R lib n u E at os t h enes ives th e t an e alon th e rive as ST Geo . c. I ot in r d is c r I ABO . g , , ) q g , g g

5300 s tad es .

’ 5 O ur ig noran ce of the precise locality ofE ratos t h enes s t at ion s rend ers an y nearer es t imat ion

m ble i possi .

’

This v al e o h e e is ven b G I R A R D D es cri t ion d e l E te V l . H e s at es u f stad i o . ] t I] t g y , p g yp , II

to t h e k a ear ow ever t o be h w h e l it inera m eas ure kn ow n Gree s . I t d oes not h t at this as t on y ry pp , ,

l u b f h e E le h an t ine nilomete r as is ed T ZE R roven that astad e w as e ac t 300 c its o t ass um . p x y p , O , ” h 1 ad es ual to a e ra hi l mile w h ich i stor of n cient Geo ra . 172 ta es 0 st as e o ca H y A g p y , p , k q g g p , ’ g i ves th e valu e of s stad e as n early one -s ixt h g reat er ; this w ou ld make E ratosthenes v alue for rea t he circu mferen ce about one sixt h t oo g t . _ 11 _

h e s aes e e are u s u 150 B . C . tarmin ed by Hipparch abo t , for t t that th r

e A s u s s stades from t h e equ ator t o Syen . Hipparch took Erato ’ ’ e e i n n t h e e s u e en e s es t h enes d t rm atio of arth circ mf r c tad ) ,

e t h e ir e in o 360 e ees s his u e and divid d c cl t d g r , it follow that val of a

u s t h e di s n e of s es t h e deg ree w as 7 00 stades . Th ta c tad from equ ator to Syene correspon ds to a latitu de for this place of From t h e time of Eratosthen es onward till within two hu n dred

e s our ow n es e w r e s e es ri e s n y ar of tim , g og raphical it r hav d c b d A wa

ene as e n s u e on th e n e n n t h e (Sy ) b i g it at d tropic of Ca c r , ig ori g fact

n e Th e that t h e position oft h e tropic is contin u ally u n derg oing cha g . con dition that a place shall be on t h e tropic is that it s latitu de (whi ch is of cou rse practically constan t) shall be equ al to th e obliqu ity of t h e ecli ptic (which is con stantly chang ing owing to planet ary pertu rba

n th e e -19 00 w e e tio ) . For poch hav

Lati tu d e ofSyen e ( approx imately) i uit ofecli ti c 1900 Obl q y p ,

' " Differen ce 37 57

Th e site of t h e ancient Syen e is therefore at t h e present n early

1 e es Th n e s di s n e 7 m n t h e . e u or kilo tr , orth of tropic mag it d of thi ta c , combin ed with our kn owledg e of t h e pres en t slow rate of decrease of obliquity (abou t 4 7 or kilometre per centu ry) leads u s to in qu ire whether Syen e cou ld possibly have been on t h e tropic in t h e days

t h e e e e s e e e se ns e e n ot of arly g og raph r , or wh th r th ir ob rvatio w r

Tw o e s e een e n t h e erroneou s . m thod hav b mployed for traci g varia

in in s es O n e of es e is ri s n obser tion obliquity pa t ag . th by compa o of v at ions made at variou s epochs ; t h e other is by compu tation from ’ n u n e w n t h e kn ow pert rbati g forc s hich affect t h e earth s motio .

Th e ﬁr s or se n e ssesses t h e di s n e t , ob rvatio al m thod , po adva tag

t h e ffe en u es are n ot s e n that di r t val trictly comparabl , owi g to pro

’ ressive e en in t h e ns u en s e e S r e l g improv m t i tr m t mploy d . i Rob rt Ba l 1 has collect ed t h e results of a larg e nu mber of observations of t h e

r n Geo lib. B u o Ir c . v . , g , , ” ‘ E lement s of s tronom . 362. 1 A y, p obliquity of t h e ecliptic from very early times down to th e pres en t

ew e day . A f of t h prin cipal are

Y E A R O Bs E RV E R OB L I Q U ITY

Tcheou-Kong Hipparchu s t em P ol y . Litchou-F ou ng

N e w comb

A mathematical inves tig ation of t h e secu lar variation of th e oh * li u it t h e e has een e out c e s s q y of cliptic b carri d by Sto kw ll , who how ° ' ° ' that th e limits of obliquity are 2 1 5 8 and 24 35 Th e followin g valu es of t h e obliqui ty at various epochs in t h e past are ’ taken from Stockwell s tables

B . C .

A . D .

From these data it appears that t h e cataract w as on t h e tropic

In t h e e t h e e e e s t h e t r0 ic u B C . abo t . tim of arly g og raph r p

w as e s u en e u n e e n in our ow n v ry far o th of Sy , tho g h ar r to it tha

in t he s s enes for ns n e t h e s n e e een day ; day of Erato th , i ta c , di ta c b tw

e es Th Syene and t h e tropic w as s ome or 4 0 kilom tr . e mistake of placing Syene on t h e tropic aros e en tirely from t h e cru de natu re of ’ t h e means employed for ﬁn ding th e sun s zenith -distance ; and t h e ’ er an e in tos enes e w as ui e an e u s e on e ror , at y rat Era th tim , q t xc abl , I n e th e e e su e en . n th e ﬁ s a e havi g r g ard to m thod of m a r m t r t pl c , ’ since t h e sun s semi -diameter is no shadow would be cast by a

“ th e ar v ariati ons ofth e elements ofth e or it s ofth e ei h t rinci al lanet O n secul b g p p p s .

i u ions t o Know led e 1872 . 175 196 . Smithsonian C ontr b t g , , pp , ’ ' vert ical g nomon 16 n orth of t h e tropic ; thi s leaves only 6 un

cc un e and u be n o e s e w i t h e n es a o t d for , it wo ld a y matt r, th applia c

en in u se ﬁx n n ul u w n hi s u n hi e th , to a g omo tr y pl mb ithi t amo t, w l e en e e s e t h e mi n u e S u be v if that w r accompli h d , t hadow which wo ld

e cast by a g n omon of moderate leng th would scarcely b observable .

es es th e n n e s e n e s ene e e B id g omo , it app ar that c rtai w ll at Sy w r

li u m s employed to observe t h e vertica ty of th e sun at t h e s mer sol tice . * ese e s are en ne e H eliod orus Th w ll m tio d by Strabo , Ptol my ,1 ,§

e s e li n e ess s es e w as and nu m rou other writ rs . P y xpr ly tat that a w ll

or t e of e Th e t h e e s sun k f h pu rpose th experimen t . bottom of w ll

e n u n e t h e su n t h e su m e s s e w as b i g totally ill mi at d by at m r ol tic , it a t h e u w u r t . e h e e s e ssu e t s n s e . e a m d that tr ly v tical ; , that w ll w r ’ on h But e e n t h e sun s semi - e e nee s t o be t e tropic . h r ag ai diam t r d c ns e e and th e s u e e t h e e s u be fﬁ u o id r d , ab ol t v rticality of w ll wo ld di c lt

n e u n ess e e e e e t h e s s u to attai , whil l th y w r of g r at d pth hadow wo ld be s s e e ns n e l so as be e e . e mall to a ily ov rlook d Tak , for i ta c , a v rtica well with smooth sides 20 metres d eep ; t h e shadow would have a

in 2 n u 3 en e s d t h e 30 B . C . e wi th at bottom of o ly abo t 5 c tim tr , which

t h e e e a e e e e s ss unn if w ll w re of l rg diam t r mig ht a ily pa oticed . But more serious than t he orig inal error w as t h e n on -recog nition

t h e n es in th e li ui t h e e c e e t h e of cha g ob q ty of clipti , wh r by tropic is at present being removed abou t metres per century s ou th

F r r . o e n nst n ssu e en e w as on t h e wa d it b i g co a tly a m d that Sy tropic, it s u e w as n nu e e ee h t h e u us latit d co ti ally alt r d to ag r wit obliq ity . Th

e h e e u A D e n es t h e u t l . 130 Ptol my , havi g timat d obliq ity of c iptic abo t . ° as 23 t e e t h e e ns g ives this as h e latitude of Sy n . “Had obs rvatio

t h e n n t h e e s een e e e s e S with g omo or at w ll b r p at d at thi tim , a hadow

u s e n e een e e e and th e n wo ld almo t c rtai ly hav b d t ct d , variatio of

u t h e e e e A s e as 1 4 s obliq ity of cliptic perhaps discov r d . lat 7 3 1} A wan ’ is e e e as u n e t h e and e s e en in ou r ow n r f rr d to d r Tropic , p rhap v day th e idea that Aswan is on t h e Tropic is not totally elimin ated from

th e ul mi n pop ar d .

” Geo lib. xvn r g , , o. , 48 .

' “ a lib. ist . N t n o. 73 . 1 H , ,

Geo Translation b Ma ini Pad ovano eni ce 1598 . 15 1 I g , y g , V , p . E hi ” d t o ias Boo s 8 an 9 . i p , k “ ” Geo Boo 4 . Il g , k

x A D n of ha . . n escri tio E ast . C ﬂ Pocoo , p the p V

B A R L Y W R IT E R S - si x t . t u r B . t the i teent h centur A D ( I i om the h cen y . C o ff y . )

30 6 refers t o ene as the or er et w t 0 and c. S een E ZE KIE L c. 29 1 , , , , , y b d b Eg yp and Et hiopia.

E D I 28 29 n is t rans ation Raw li nson on on 1875 R TU S . . c. H O O , , II , , ( E g l h l by , L d , , vol ives an account of th e at aract of w ic th e onl accurat e orti on . g C , h h y p r h ation efers t o t e met hod ofnavig .

C I C E f rs th e no s ofthe C ataract in the ream of S i i li R re e t o i e c o b. . O D p , II , is t rans ati E dmonds on on c. 4 . n on (E g l h l by , L d ,

5 a d li . I n b c. 1 A B li . c . n is STR Geo ra b. trans ation O, g phy, II , , XVI , (E g l h l ' ’ b Harmltort and F alconer on on 1854 ives an accoun t of rat ost enes y , L d , g E h ’ ' measurement ofthe eart s ma nit u e ofS ene of e antine and its ni omet er h g d , y , El ph l , d m e ls and ofthe C at aract an i ae w it so e istorica tai . Ph l , h h l d

D I D O H E SI C I LI A N is torica i rar ma e n is B O R U S T G . ooth , H l L b y ( d E g l h by , E C a act . s . n 21 5 s h on o 17 . 1 e cri es t e tar q, L d , , p ) d b

P E LA D e i is li . 9 F nc r O M P O N I U . ans t N a S S t u r b I c. re t aion b i s rd M , O b , , ( h l y , aris 1845 rieﬂ cri es the im et u osit ofthe N i e at the C atar e act . P , ) b y d s b p y l

is t rans ati on R U C arsaia lib . ile A N . n on on 1853 L , Ph l , X (E g l h l by y, L d , )

m es men n fth C tar ak tio o e a act .

“

N 1 . 2 nd 5 E E A a s t . i v S t . i 6 es ast N C a . ue s t c ri in d escri , Q , , IV , , Ep , , g k g p tio eafeni n ff o n n ofthe C ataract and oft he e ect fits oise . , d g

N V lib. . c . 3 and lib. . c 9 LI N at ura is tor 7 . 10 n is t rans P Y , l H y, II , , , , (E g l h

ation Bostoclc and Rile on on men tions the w or of ratost enes l by y, L d , k E h , th e w e ls ofS ene and th e course ofthe N i e t rou the cataract i st ri ct . l y , l h g h d

’ A 5 n is ans a o R TIA L i rams oo . 0 . 3 t r ti n in Bol m s C lassical M , Ep g , b k IX , (E g l h l ” Librar men tions us S en e w at ere tian ﬂ oo s y, d ky y , d by Eg yp d .

A n ions th e archw olo cal x C ITU S A nnas oo . me t i e e ition ofGer T , l , b k II , g p d ” manicus t o e antine and S ene t he former frontier ofthe man em o ire . El ph y , R p

’ ’ A R R IA N ist or of Alexan er s x e ition t o w ic is a e A R RI A N s , H y d E p d , h h dd d ti n Roo I v is r n is t rans a o ks n ol . n ian to . 252 I d H y (E g l h l by , II , p . ,

mention is made ofthe w ell ofSyene .

’ ' ' ai ns t b G A M a P T LE MY Geo ra t an t ra aion . . im adovam P O , g phy (I l l y g , ’ eni ce N o n is t rans ation of to em s w or a ears to exist a V , E g l h l P l y k pp ; “ bibliog raphy ofth e Geog raphy is g i ven by W insor in th e Harvard Uni versity 148 151 iefmention is ma e ofS ene i B t 884 A t . r ts w e and ulle in 1 . , pp , b d y , ll , th e C at aract s w hi le the ositions ofS ene and ilae are ta u at e in oo IV , p y Ph b l d b k . - 16

AR I TI D E E S O r t . t I a f S a . i v es escri tion at some en t h o , g yp , XLV II , g d p l g the C ataract ow n w ic Aristi es enture in a oat . , d h h d v d b

PHI LO STR A TU S in his Life ofApolloni us of Tyana (Eng li sh t ranslation by - Berw ick o n 1 3 4 ives n n o 809 . 4 a account ofthe C ataract w i c is , L d , , pp g h h evident ly coloured larg ely by t he imag inat ion t he rocks are described as eig ht sta iain i e t tenant e emons . d h g h , d by d

’ 5 o ies SO LIN U S o ist or c. 3 c in s escri tion of th e ist ri ct amost , P lyh , , p Pl y d p d l w or for w or d d .

A R C E LLIN U S R oman ist or n is trans ation b Y on e M , H y (E g l h l y g , o X ieﬂ menti ons the C ta e fe i on o . c 9 r a ract s and t eir a nin act b k XII , . XV . , , b y h d g on t h e A ti a arent an a ri ment oft he accounts of in and Seneca pp ly b dg Pl y .

I N SI U S PE R I E G E TE S in his Pen e esis a Gree oem escri in t h e D O Y , g , k p d b g w or ma es en o he C ataract m ion ft . ld , k t

E U STA TH I U S commentin on th e erie esis in the at t er alfofthe t e ft h , g P g l h w l Geo v t e f at arac . e r. sc i t . Grsec cent ur refers t o th e es cri tion o the t r . y, d p C ( g p 169 erses 220 244 n t . . xon 7 mi or . , IV , O , , v , ,

D E J IN V I LLE in his is t or of Sain t ouis in of F rance n is O , H y L , K g (E g l h

rans ation H utton Lon on recou nts at ale to emissaries of t h e t l by , d , ld by

Su tan of Ba on W h o asserte t at at the ataract the river fe l o er u e l byl , d h C l v h g e an ts and ot er i eas reci it ous roc s t enant e ions e ts . p p k , d by l , l ph , h w ld b

“ 0 163 . aris t I . ist 1. N E H U C A LLIS TU S cc es . . . 724 IC P O R S , E l H , P , , , IX , p , mentions t hat the N ile at its ent ry into Eg ypt precipitates itselffrom hig h rocks w it h alou d noise .

A R A B I C W R IT E R S .

I M E A W A N I N ot ices on N u ia o ra Al oa Be a and th e N i e B N SE LI L S , b , M k , , dj , l , rans ation B urclcka quoted by MA KR I ZI in El Khi tat (Eng lish t l by rdt i n t h e ” ’ x t o his rave s i n N u ia F ren c t rans ation in Q U A TR E M ER E s A ppendi III . T l b h l ’ aris 18 11 I t hi stori ues sur l E te t . I . con t ai n Mémoires g éog raphiques e q g yp , P , , ) s t o t he cataract dis t ict i ca references r . int eresting historical and topog raph l

men t i one above (Eng lish and F rench t ranslat ions d

istor an d escri ti on of A frica ( one in o n lis I n LE O A FR I C A N U S , H y D p d t E g h he al u t Societ vol 6 t . 3 R and re u is e In 189 ) , , . 903 1600 by PO Y , p bl h d by H k y y p nd escri es E ns as the sit e ofS ene, a Asw an it s ru in g ives by acurious error s y d b , s _ 17 _

R E F E R E N C E S IN E A R L G E O G R A P H IC A L T R E A T IS E S A N D W O R KS Y , B M R V E L L E R A R H L I T A R ' 'r A N D Y O D E R N T A S , C E O O G S S , rrs s , M E N O F S C IE N C E .

SAN D T va es on t ainin a sc i tion of E t th e S ra il . e r Y , C g D p g yp ; ”

h ﬁft e L 1652 86 . A nti h e . T n n 3 uit Hiero l icks tc e i tio on o . 7 q y, g yp , h d , d , , pp ,

ainl are et ition ofth e es cri tions i ven b ero ot us ucan and Seneca. M y p d p g y H d , L ,

H E Y LY N i rokosmos a it t e escri tion oft h e Great W orl 5t h e ition , M k , L l D p d , d , ” O x ford 163 1 36 fers t o ene as t h e cent re of h e ir 7 . e t t m . 7 S c i e , , pp , R y h d l ,

and rieﬂ escri es t h e ataract from t h e account s of t h e c as si rs b y d b C l cal w rit e . ” Th e same a t r in his osmo ra Lond on 16 oo I 77 V . I 1 u o t . . . 2 h , C g phy , , , b k , p , p , ” s ort m en tions S ene now A sin a as sit u at ed on the ro ic and m emora e h ly y , , T p , bl

for d t ronom a eep w ell dig g ed by some as ers .

LE N z D e h ominibus ad cat ad u as N i i obs urd escentibus W itt en er 1699 , p l , b g , . I n t his O puscle are collect ed all t h e classical passag es about th e Cataracts and

t eir roar w hic w as it is sai so reat t at t he in a itants oft h e nei our oo h , h , d , g h h b g hb h d w ere d eaf n e ed by it .

BA U D R A N D ictionnaire G o ra i u e et istori ue aris 1 05 ions 7 . ent , D é g ph q H q , P , M t h e sit e ofS ene as u n cert ain ein ace b s om e at sna ot ers at A s an w . y , b g pl d y E , by h

' F urt er on e ine is s o en ofas s -a-ms t o sna is conf n f s h El phan t p k vi E . Th usio o E na an d A s w an is fairly comm on in w orks of th e period .

ires es is ions d Lev n t 1 1 D mo d s u a t . . 2 co ns an SIC A R . ntai , Mé M , VII , p ,

accou n t ofth e cat aract .

h s o a e au evant La a e 1 05 I 9 96 A U L U C A S in i 7 t . . . 5 P L , V y g L , H y , , , pp , ,

ives a curious accoun t of t h e at aract from w ic it w ou a ear t at t h e g C , h h ld pp h n r h e s fa w as form er muc reat er t a at esent . Bu t astor t e furt er on ll ly h g h p y ll h , a out men w it on on e le ei n a le t o run ver fas t t en s to ma e one b h ly g b g b y , d k recei ve his state ment s w i t h cau t ion .

PO C O C KE A escri tion of t he as t and some ot er oun t ries on on , D p E h C , L d ,

f II is entit led O f A ss u an S en n h o i o oo . u d e a . . e r t e r c 1743 . Ch p V b k , y T p ,

e an tine t he u arries ofGrani t e t h e at aracts Ph laa and the Bor ers of El ph , Q , C , y , d ” Ethiopia.

’ E ' N e is 1 95—9 d t e et d bi ar 7 8 t . D E e u . 27 o N R N o a e . c n O , V y g g yp , P , , III , p , t ains ama ofth e course ofth e N i e from hi ae t o S ene bu t has on a rief p l P l y , ly b h ar reference to t e C at acts .

“ ’ E D ITI es i t ion d e l E t e ou ec e d es O er TH E F R E N C H XP N . cr u i bs E O D p g yp , R l ’ v ations et d es Recherches qui on t ét é fait es en Eg ypt e pendant l E xpédi tion d e ’ f is ﬁ f aris 1809 . O t ma ni cent or o l Armée Fran aise . w i n w ic some c P , h g k , h h the mos t t aente scien tis t s and artists of F rance w ere em o ed t w o e i tions l d pl y , d

have een u is e . In the ﬁrst t h e t ex t is in fo io vo umes w hi e in t h e b p bl h d , l l l

2 _ 13 _

19 a an i er oct avo si ze has een ad d Bo second ( 18 ) h d b opt e . t h editions were accom ar e at las es of at es T pani ed by very l g pl . h e principal chapt e rs relating to o ’ n v I . e t he C ataract ist rict are i l . are escri tion d e l Ile d e i ae b D Th y D p Ph l , y ” ’ ” A N C R E T S ene et ses at aract es b JO M A R D Ile d Elé han tin e b L y C , y p , y ” M D and escri t ion d es arrieres b D E ZIE E V III JO R . ains A R ol . . cont D p C , y RO ’ ’ ” a moire su r le N ilomét re d e l Ile d E lé han tine et les es ures E tienn es Mé p M g yp , t i V ol . ere s an x GIR A R D w i e in . os d es es u tats d es O serv ati ons by , h l IV h E p é R l b

As tr nomi ues inc u i n thos e at S en e and i ae N O E 'r l I f V o . o t h o U . e q ( l d g y Ph l ) by .

A t as has a ar e nu m er of lat es i ust rative ofth e ataract dis t rict most l l g b p ll C , ly f x nce I n ome ofahig h deg ree o e celle . s cas es t hes e pict orial records are specially valu able as illust rati ng st ru ct ures w hi ch have since di sappeared.

B R U C E ravels t o is cover t h e Source oft h e N i e 2nd e it ion i n ur , T D l , d , Ed b g h ,

56 escri es S ene w it ad et ermin t 5 v l . . aion ofits eo ra ca 180 o . i , II , p , d b y , h g g ph l

osition and the ataract . p , C

E N N o a e ans laBasse et la au t e E t e on on 1809 Brieﬂ B . O , V y g d H g yp , L d , y ” th e ataract dist ri ct w it anu m er ofil s a ons Th e w el of escri es u t r t i . d b C , h b l l

u D enon t o be t h e ni omet er of e an Syene is t ho g ht by l El ph tine .

’ U A T B E M ER E moires o ra i ues et istori ues s ur l E t e aris Q , Mé g é g ph q H q g yp , P ,

f o t ic and A ra ic M in t h e n m erial i rar . In 1811 is aco ectio rom SS . , ll C p b I p L b y iven notes on th e is t or an d t o o ra ofA s w an from th e w ritin s l . ar vo . e II g h y p g phy , g i and ot ers ofMakrizi as u . , M d , h

B U R C KH A R D T ravels in N u ia on on 18 19 i ves as ort escri tion of , T b , L d , , g h d p t h e Asw an i st rict an d in a v au a e a endix ives t rans ations of t he w or s d , l bl pp g l k ofsome Ar abic w rit ers relating t o N u bia Bu rckhardt thus performed asimilar

rs o t a w ic u at remére had alrea on e for F rench service for Eng lis h reade t h t h h Q dy d .

0 s atin com en o PA R TH E Y D e i is Insu a Ber i n 183 . A ort m tar n , Ph l l , l , h L y l s t he monuments w it references t o c ass ica w rite r . , h l

“ N fro r w i n s e t h e s o 1 46 In B E R TS t and u ia m a ma on t 8 . RO , Eg yp b , d g d p , t he ﬁrst t w o larg e folio v olu mes of this w ork are some beaut ifully execut ed

draw in s ofthe at aract dist rict c ieﬂ ofth e t em es of i ae. g C , h y pl Ph l

’ LE TR O N N E ecuei d es nscri t ion s rec ues et ati nes d e l E t e Paris , R l I p g q l g yp , ,

— I f w or t he is t or of i ae u n er Gree and oman I vol I . o t is 8 n . 1842 4 . h k h y Ph l d k R t rule is deduced from t h e inscriptions on th e mon umen s .

E PSIU S U e er die in Philm au f efu n ene R e ublikation d es e rets von L , b g d p D k ” 8 Th e same au t or i ves i us t rat ions of t h e anti uities oset t e ei zi 1 47 . R , L p g , h g ll q fhis ar e w or D enkmiiler aus IV . and . o III . ofthe ataract in art s I . C p , , , VI l g k ” — at es are u accom ani e {E t en u nd E t hi o ien isa 1849 59 . ese n g yp p , P , Th pl p d by t ex t bu t as ort account ofhis ex e i t ion is iven in his ett ers from t , h p d g L Eg yp , 5 on on 18 3 . L d ,

N E W B O LD O n th e Geo o of t uart . Jour. Geo . Soc. ondon 1848 . , l g y Eg yp , Q l , L , B E LE E O n h e ose- o o fE t u a J u SS t c ure S eni te o rt . o Geo . . r . Soc , R l d y g yp , Q l , 5 1 9—1 n on 18 . o 3 . L d , , pp

U E O n th e F Jo N G R ssi f rt . Geo o W oo o t u a ur . Soc. o . n on , l d Eg yp , Q l , L d , 1 5 8 9 art . . 13 m ns w f ent io foss i oo rom A sw an . , p II , p , l d

A W KS HA W A Geo o ica es cri tion of t h e First at aract u arterl H , l g l D p C , Q y o l 1 6 — J urna G eo Soc . n on 115 119 . o 8 . i f 7 . A r e bu t accurate account l , L d , , pp b ,

w it h amap .

F R A S E R and W D S etc Ma ofth e nvirons ofAs w an on on W ar OO , k h p E , L d , O ﬂi ce 1884 , .

A W S N Geo o of t l Ma 1 8 — — Geo . 8 289 292 3 5 92 39 4 . 8 3 4 D O , l g y Eg yp , g , , pp , ,

44 2 refers at some en t to t h e roc s of t h e As w an i st rict corre atin , l g h k d , l g

t em w it N ort -A merican e os its h h h d p .

R E V I LLO U T moire sur les Blemm es aris 18 4 A c ns era of 7 . o i tion , Mé y , P , d

t he is r ofth e B emm es a ou t t he eri d of552 A D in t i c to o . . h e i t ofa o t h y l y b p , l g h C p c n foun t en ins riptio d a D dur .

B N N E N ote on th e icrosco ic St ru ct u re ofsome B ooks from th e N ei O Y , M p g h ” f ol M 8 — bo h o o As w an Ge . a 1 6 1 ur od 8 . 03 107 d es cri es th e roc s , g , , pp , b k o le t ed s c l c by Daw on .

B R U G S C H D ie i i sc en sie en Jabre d er H n h L u ers not ei zi 189 1. , b bl h b g , p g ,

A d is cussion ofth e fami ne-st e afoun d on Sehel Is an W illbo r l l d by u .

A I I i oc S e im ens from U e 3 36 S N ss c r t G eo Ma 189 . 4 R (M ) , R k p pp Eg yp , l . g , , pp 0 f f 44 . ontains a escri t ion o s ome roc s rom th e Firs r t C d p k t Cat aac .

D E MOR G A N (and ot hers) Cat alog ue d es Monu m en ts et I ns criptions d e ’ ”

E i emiere Se e t 1. F N K m os . l te A nt u e r rI . D e la ront iers d e u bie a om O g yp q , P , b

9 n ai ns an en merat ion ofm f h e of h e t aract ienn a 18 4 . o t u os t o t an ti uiti es t a V , C q C

x Th e hiero i c ns c t ions w i c orm h maor art i st rict e ce t i ae. i ri f t e d , p Ph l g lyph p h h j p

oft h e illust rations in t he w ork are n ot t ranslate d .

A N N E The et eorolo of t and its I nﬂ uence on iseas e on on C Y , M g y Eg yp D , L d ,

8 on tans s f t he c imat e fA s w i ome re erences t o o an . 1 97 . C l

t he s an and em es of hilae ai ro 18 N S A e ort on 97 . ontai ns LYO , R p I l d T pl P , C , C co ot e rints from oto ra s ofmost oft h e ruins on t he i s an w i t ans ll yp p ph g ph l d , h pl

and some st ru ct ural details .

A S PE R Th e aw n of i vilis ation 4th e ition on on 1901 The M O , D C , d , L d , ” ” St ru e of t he N at ions ond on 1896 and The assin of th e m ires g g l , L , P g E p ,

ns fr m t he F I ee olu mes on on 1900 t ra at e o renc M cC lu re . n t ese t r v L d , ( l d h by ) h h w ill be foun d th e history ofEg ypt from t h e earliest times to t he end oft he Phara o ious refe en es ri ina sourc oni c erio w it c r c t o o es . p d, h p g l ” “ h r t to h e XIV h . F r t a i es mes t t f Vol . om e i PE TR IE ist or o t . , H y Eg yp I E l T ” “ n as t i d on 1899 I h d X III h on . V ol II Th e XV It an V t es . nas t . . . Dy y Dy L ,

f e i 5 A HA F F Th e m ire o t h to em es on on 189 . M Y E p P l , L d , ” 1 99 The t o emaic nast ond on 8 . P l Dy y, L ,

a n ILN E ist or of t un er om n R u e on o 1898 . M , H y Eg yp d R l , L d ,

A N E LE istor of t in the Mi le A es on on 190 1. is L POO , H y Eg yp dd g , L d , Th ’

n w orks f con in at ion of r et rie s t w o v o umes . and th e t w o precedi g orm a t u P of. P l References t o t he hi st ory and an tiquit ies of t h e Cataract di st rict w ill be found f f f ro . e series scat t ere t rou all t he vo u mes . ike t at o as ro t i s o d h g h l L h P M p , h

‘ v a on f s his tori es is rendered ofg reat alu e by t he copious cit ti o orig inal paper .

BU D G E A ist or of t from t he E nd of the N eo it i c erio t o the , H y Eg yp l h P d

II 3 1902 . 0 8 vo . o d eat ofC eo at raV . s n on D h l p , , l , L ,

The ui e- oo s of Bae e er urra and ac et te are t oo w e n ow n t o g d b k d k , M y, H h ll k A s t e ave mos t een w rit t en w it t h e col require more t han mention . h y h ly b h laborat ion of earn e t olo ist s t ei r information is enera uit e t rust l d Eg yp g , h g lly q w ort as far as it oes and t h e s ort accounts iven of t h e at aract ist rict hy g , h g C d

d es ri t o s are admirable as briefg eneral c p i n .

O U TLI N E or T H E WO R K O F T H E GE O LO G I C AL SU R VE Y

A T H E T R T T CA A AC .

At t h e time of t h e commen cemen t of t h e n ew res ervoir works at

s n in 18 9 8 n so u of t h e e as w as n e ess A wa , o ly m ch cataract ar a c ary for t h e en n ee n een su e e in et an d no s s e g i ri g work had b rv y d d ail , y t m

e e n n of t h e s i een e u atic g olog ical xami atio di tr ct had b mad , tho g h it s g en eral n atu re w as known from t h e papers published by Hawk

I t h e s n of n ex s and e s . n 18 9 9 s e n e es haw oth r pri g , om i t r ti g rock posures having been laid bare durin g t h e excavations for t h e fou nd a

n s t h e ese t e e su e oft h e en e tio of r rvoir dam , a de ail d g olog ical rv y tir

e e u n area w as d cid d po . Th e ﬁrst n ecessity w as to produ ce an accu rate topog raphi cal basis for t h e g eolog ical mappin g So complicated an area cou ld ofcou rse

n n e n n o ly be mapped with a twork of small tria g les as a fou ndatio .

m w t t en a a er e ' ‘ Since th emo r w as ri h as n b h ed b M . R B is i e u li s F B I u oc . . O U A U ll . S , p p b p y (

Khéd i vi ae d e Geo ra hi c V I e Séri e N 0 7 325 i n w hich t h e ori n of h e A l g p , , , pp. g i t sw an cata rac t is ascribed t o com plex faulti ng . _ 21 _

But t h e s e e w as ss e e t h e with hort tim availabl , it impo ibl to d lay

e un t h e an es een sen e su e an d d tail work til all tri g l had b cho , m a r d ,

u e as s n as few n es een e e mi ne ese comp t d ; oo a tria g l had b d t r d , th * be w i e on n e- e s eet s e e ﬁ e had to forth th plott d pla tabl h , which w r ll d in with topog raphical detail for this portion whilst t h e triang ulation

w as n nu e A n e e en s e w as u n in t h e li ne t h e new co ti d . xc ll t ba fo d of

and eserv een set ou t . e e r oir dam , which had b by Mr Bak w ll , by repeated measurement foun d by him to have a leng th of

e es m tr .

e e e n no su e se n n s n ul n Th r b i g lack of itabl ob rvatio poi t , a tria g atio

n et w as n e t h e e t h e en s t h e s es n rapidly throw ov r ar a , l g th of id varyi g

ix k es Th e n e es s e u from less than on e t o over s ilometr . c ary tim co ld

n ot be s e u e i n e nn ss nce so par d for a thoro g h pr l mi ary r co ai a , that t h e point s coul d n ot be chosen with that reg ard to equ ilat eral Shape of ﬁg u re whi ch is desirable in important triang u lations ; bu t t h e

- e w as e e e on t h e e r e s e n es . ar a w ll cov r d with , whol , fai ly w ll hap d tria g l Th e ang les were meas u red with a ﬁv e-in ch vernier theodolite readi ng to

en se n s bu t as t h e s ns e e n ot e e se eﬁn e tw ty co d ; tatio w r v ry pr ci ly d d , be n u su t h e en es s or e s u u es n o e ea i g ally c tr of tomb oth r tr ct r , v ry g r t

e s n of n u e su e en w as e e su e e ess pr ci io a g lar m a r m t att mpt d , a clo r rror of l than t w o min utes in a triang le being di sreg arded; with t h e s hort lin es e e t h e en e u se s su e e e s u n mploy d , l g th rror ca d by thi clo r rror aft r di trib tio c nn e e ee e r n of e e an un nsens e on th e a ot hav xc d d a f actio a m tr , amo t i ibl l s e e e e e e su e s e fveriﬁ a cal mploy d ( 1 m, A tach om trically m a r d ba o c tion in th e n ort h part of t h e area proved th e accu racy of t h e work

t h e s i z e e er i e f n n n e v . 1 e o u e withi limit aim d at , , m tr p k lom tr c rtai ty .

Th e en e n u n n u n t h e u n hi w as n e tir tria g latio , i cl di g comp tatio (w ch do in n and t n oft h e n t s on t h e n e- e S ee s camp at ig ht) plo ti g poi pla tabl h t ,

u e s e t en s bu t as e en n e th e ﬁ n in of occ pi d om day , alr ady m tio d , lli g

e n e- e w as n on s u n e u s and e e t h e d tail by pla tabl g oi g im lta o ly , mor ov r

n ul n w as ne n e s as t h e ee e ee n tria g atio do at i t rval work proc d d , k pi g well in advance of t h e Sketchin g Th e heig hts of t h e trian g u lation -pan ts above sea-level were deter

n e n u e e n s a en 109 e es e mi d by a g lar l vatio , with b ch mark at m tr abov s ea- e e as s n n Th e ns u en e e - l v l tarti g poi t . i tr m t mploy d w as an eig ht in ch

l e an e-t a le sh h Th l eet s eac meas ured 59 x 4 2 cm . an d t hus w ith th e scale ad o ed p b , pt ( 1 m (i n)

orre n a eao s . k c spo d to n ar f q m.

_ 23 _

or t h e en n of t h e t h e u s of nu e t h e F ori tatio map , azim th a mb r of

n es e e e n e f s se n s principal triang ul ation li w re d t rmi d rom tar ob rvatio .

Th e s u e e s n of on e n and u s of t h e ab ol t g og raphical po itio poi t , th

e w as e e n e t h e u e se es of u es n whol , d t rmi d , latit d by a ri altit d of orth and s u s s t h e n u e e e se n s o th tar , lo g it d by th odolit ob rvatio for local

n e e s n s r Th e time and teleg raphic chro om t r compari o with Cai o . ’ poin t selected w as t h e Roman ruin commonly kn own as Cleopatra s ” hi u s on t h e e n e t h e en e th e w n and t h e Bath , w ch ab t riv r ar c tr of to , ° ’ ” ° ’ ” N n 32 5 3 8 een 24 15 . . 3 E of . G s n u n w as . 5 po itio fo d lat , lo g , r

u se u en n u n e n s u t h e e wich . S b q t tria g latio Op ratio p vall y from

e e e en th e s n e e e s n as Cairo hav , how v r , g iv po itio with g r at r pr ci io ° ’ 2 ° ’ N n . 3 f een nd 3 5 . o a s 24 5 . G lat . , lo g E r wich , thi

is t n e n ow a e latter value h e o dopt d .

Th e n e n w as ser e u s n e e ss mag tic variatio ob v d , i g a th odolit compa ,

n s n e t h e e it s e n u A D 19 is e . 0 t o be fairly co ta t ov r ar a ; m a val ( . 7 ) ° ns en e ess n 1 in u n e e W . Small variatio , g rally l tha amo t , w r

es on t h e es an h e u n e f n oticed n ear basalt dyk w t b k . T sec lar cha g o ’ ’ n w u 4 or 5 r n declin ation is o probably abo t pe year (diminishi g ) . Th e plane-table su rveyin g w as kept absolu tely in depen den t of t h e

s compas . F or t h e insertion of t h e g eolog ical boundaries two methods were

s e I e e e on e e e on t h e u h u . n t h s t t e e d arli r , mploy d o th par of ar a , t h e author fu rn ished hims elf with a sketch copy oft h e topog raphical

as as een e e and en en e th e u n map far it had b compl t d , th w t ov r g ro d , s e and ss i n an n n es e e e s k tch compa h d , maki g ot which w r aft rward

h u in ns e e t e c . s e u t h e tra f rr d to a t al map camp Thi m thod , tho g h

n on e ss e so n as n on e ﬁeld -s ee w as in ess o ly po ibl lo g o ly h t prog r ,

e t s e n t o be es e in n of e n ess an d in t h e l f om thi g d ir d poi t dir ct , major portion oft h e work matters were so arrang ed that t w o plan e-tables

e e e on ffe en n s t h e s m e e on e w r k pt at work di r t portio at a tim , by t h e u and t h e e his t s s s n t h e a thor oth r by opog raphical a i ta t , two c n n n s as en as u n es e I n s t h e e ha g i g ha d oft fo d d irabl . thi way g olog ical matter w as drawn directly on t h e ﬁeld -sheets with th e aid of t h e

’ A compari son oft h e d eclin ation observed by C ailliau d in 18 19 w i th t hat fou nd by d A bad ie in h ’ ’ ’ 18 5 ives h e c an e as 6 . e Th e i e 8 g t g l p r year. d ff ren ce be t w een d A bbad i e s obse rv at ion and t hat

o s in 9 l w v of C apt . Ly n 18 5 indi cate s t h e o er al ue of Th e rate of ch ang e is t h u s probably

i slow . m er ee Y N S o . R . V beco n . S Pr c S ol . 7 1 . 17 . g L O , , p _ 24 _

di n n e- e n es and es es t h e e e u in or ary pla tabl applia c , b id g r at r acc racy

e esen n e i u n es u s en e e ss e s r pr tatio of g olog cal bo dari th r d r d po ibl , thi secon d method possessed t h e advan tag e that t h e topog raphical sketch w as ce n e e i n t h e ﬁe so an s l e in n twi g o ov r ld , that y mal rror drawi g w as at on ce detected and adj u sted on t h e Spot at t h e same time that t h e e n es e e en e e g olog ical ot w r t r d . Many of t h e s maller cataract islan ds were found t o be in accessible to boats at t h e time of su rvey ; thes e were mapped with t h e aid of

Sh ellali s e s s t h e s on e s and e e wimm r , who hot rapid th ir wood log ith r held t h e telemetric staff or broke offpieces oft h e rocks for examin a

n as e ui e tio r q r d . Th e section s which accompany t h e report were levelled in t h e ordi n e e nn e an d c e e n e i se ary tach om tric ma r , h ck d by trig o om tr cal ob rva

ns e e m n s In n o se h e er u n ese tio at th ir t r i al poin t . ca did t ror fo d by th

se ns ex ee one e e and s u e w as n e ob rvatio c d m tr , thi val o ly approach d on n li n es so t h e se ns are u e e n e s e lo g , that ctio acc rat w ll withi th ir cal

m t s and ssess e s n e n is e u e e li i , po a pr ci io b yo d what r q ir d for th ir

es ne e e s e en i n w as en t o d ti d g olog ical pur pose. V ry p cial att t o g iv th e sections expos ed in th e excavation s for t h e dam-foun dation and n avig ation -chann el these exposu res exhibited very clearly that tremen dou s cru shin g and faulting oft h e ig n eou s rocks which is on e of

‘ t h e n e s s h Th e e ne of se n mai charact ri tic of t e dis trict . whol li ctio in ese s u not u s e be e n e an one t e th work co ld of co r xami d at y da ,

as t h e - en w as u in and t h e n n - nne in es dam tr ch b ilt , avig atio cha l plac

c e as t h e ee e bu t l e n w as e m n e pit h d , work proc d d a arg portio xa i d

t h e e t h e su e and t h e e n e w as e on su se u en at tim of rv y , r mai d r add d b q t

s s t s e for t h e u s hort vi i mad p rpo e. Th e time occu pied in th e field work w as in all a little over four h n s l s h n rd 1 9 t o e u . 7t t t o i 7t 18 9 9 a d . 3 8 9 mo th (March Apr l , , Nov , , J , , Th e field maps an d s ection s were all fin ished u p and coloured

e e e Th e s af e h e u and compl t whil still in t h e ﬁeld . t fcompris d t a thor

his ss s n en e six n a i e o e s ee a i ta t, with g rally t v p rt r ; a boat with thr

men e for a e ans and a ou e n e s e e e , a cam l ( w t r tr port) , c pl of do k y w r k pt

in s n n e ou t almo t co sta t employm n t . Th e rate of prog ress works to

u s u e e e er n u s e oft n ul n sec n abo t q ar kilom tr p day , i cl iv ria g atio , tio

e e n and e a e mi n n t h e s ofﬁe n us e l v lli g , g olog ic l xa atio co t ld work i cl iv

s es oft h e u and his ss s n s bu t e us e of an of alari a thor a i ta t , xcl iv y allow

n e e and ea of ns u en t s w as a x e LE . 7 er a c for w ar t r i tr m , ppro imat ly p

s u e il e e q ar k om tr . I n t h e course of th e close exami nation of t h e di strict t h e s u e e n e is e e e n e t h e ae rv y d ma d d , it b li v d that arly all arch olog ical remains (with t h e exception of t h e nu merous an d closely ag g reg ated

ns i ns on t h e e een s n and Philse and on t h e s i cr ptio road b tw A wa , rock

t he s n s e een e u e D e n of i la d , which hav b alr ady catalog d by Morg a ) ,

e e e se e and us t h e is e en e w r pr ci ly locat d , th map will , it hop d , r d r s e e t o c ae s rvic ar h olog i t s . T O P O G R A P H Y .

G N A O U N O F Y E ER L TLI E THE TOPOGRAPH O F THE C A TA R A C T .

TH E mos t striking feature of t h e topog raphy oft h e cataract dis trict is t h e e e i esen s s e compl xity of d ta l which it pr t . To thi compl xity ofdetail is d u e t h e en tirely different character oft h e cataract scenery as e of e s of e e in th e compar d with that oth r part Eg ypt . Elsewh r

e e w e are u s e t o e u and l n w e Nil Vall y acc tom d broad plat a x o g , id

- s e e u n e e e een n ﬁeld s . wadi , to a p ac f lly ﬂowi g riv r bord r d by g r cor B u t at t h e Cataract t h e plateau x g ive place to ru g g ed hill -m ass es cu t u n r e s and es e t h e e u su es u ed p by ar ow vall y g org , whil riv r p r a tro bl

and n n u se n s u u e of s e s and t h e bra chi g co r amo g t a m ltit d rocky i l t , fertile plains are repres en ted on ly by small patches of allu vi u m dot t ed

h e s s ffe e i ct e abou t am ong st t rock . Thi di ren c n topog raphical chara r is n e e ne ffe en e e s u u e t h e pri cipally d t rmi d by a di r c of g olog ical tr ct r , s edimentary rocks oft h e main portion of t h e Nile Valley here g ivin g place to eru ptive mass es . Th e town ofAswan occu pies a comparatively ﬂat tract of land on

n f h e e e t h e Th a es t h e east ba k o t riv r b low Cataract . e remain ing vill g of t h e district are scattered abou t t h e ban ks an d larg er island s i n localities where t h e g en eral s t on y n atu re oft h e g rou nd is relieved by a

u u Th e n l s u few acres of all vi m . o y i land possessing an y larg e c lt i v at ed e is e n n e t h e e n n s n s are and ll ar a El pha ti r mai i g i la d rocky hi y , frequ en tly risin g t o heig hts comparable wit h those of t h e adjacen t desert hills .

Th e e sses t h e e u 6 e es s u A s an Nil dam cro riv r abo t kilom tr o th of w ,

e s n s in it s u se In h e n n t e pass ing over sev ral i la d co r . t wi ter seas o h river is held u p to a heig ht su fﬁcien t t o cover t h e smaller islan d s u -s e t h e an d t h e e nes are s su e e p tr am of dam , larg r o al o partly bm rg d , so that t h e V iew from t h e dam t o t h e s ou t h at su ch times i s m ore

n e like a lake than a river sce . Th e west bank is t h e part of t h e di strict which most n early ap

roach es t he es t h e l e in s u e and e nce p r t of Ni Valley truct r app ara , t h e eru ptive rocks being there mostly covered by sedi men tary sand

s n e Th e s a e e . . es r e e s n and n s t to lop , how v r , a dy i ho pi abl

Th e e s n is u e e in u n e n t h e es con a t ba k m ch mor vari d o tli tha w t , s s n e e u e ss es n s u e e i ti g chi fly of bar r g g d ma of g ra itic rock , tho g h th r - Th e are some extensive flat topped hills covered with san dstone. railway-li ne from Aswan to Shellal runs throug h a wide valley among t h e hills at some distan ce east of t h e river ; t h e floor of thi s valley is

s - is in n and e s w n be an e bed . of a d g rav l , ho i g it to old riv r It , fact , a

e n n e ft h w form r cha l o e Nile which is no left dry . It will be convenien t to cons ider t h e detailed topog raphy of t h e district in t he followin g order

l Th e e an d th ( ) Nil e Cataract .

2 s n and it s env ns ( ) A wa iro .

(3) Th e country between Aswan and Philae (east bank) .

(4 ) Th e Cataract islands between Elephantine and th e dam .

e n and (5) The west ban k between t h e Mon as tery of St . Sim o

t h e dam .

6 Th e e ese ( ) Nil r rvoir .

Th e s n s s ft h (7 ) i la d ou th o e dam .

8 Th e e s r e - n s u of h ( ) a t iv r ba k o th t e dam .

9 The es e - n s u oft ( ) w t riv r ba k o th h e dam .

I — TH E E E T T . . NI L A N D T H CA AR AC

Th e Nile may be con sidered as enteri n g t he Cataract district at t h e

s u e n e e of esa t h e a es of th e u of o th r xtr mity El H , l rg t g ro p Cataract

s n s . s n t h e i e has of u i la d At thi poi t , r v r , which a width abo t half a

e e es n n es of t h e e s e n one i s kilom tr , divid i to two bra ch , which a t r by far t h e wider and takes practically t h e whole discharg e except in ﬂood or with a full res ervoir ; t h e western chann el is n arrow and mu ch

e s n s an d u e n es it s n s u block d by i la d rocky prot b ra c from ba k , tho g h en ou g h of these have been recently removed by blas ting to g ive a

su ﬁ en ss e t o Th e e n n es u t w o l f ci t pa ag boat s . riv r ag ai bra ch abo t ki o

e es u e on n u n t h e s n s and Philse and m tr f rth r , ﬂowi g ro d i la d of Big a , s ending a n arrow bran ch dow n t h e rocky channel separating El H ess

and s n s Th e e euni e near Awad i la d . two main arms of th e riv r r t _ 23 _

t s s n and en t he e s e S u n t h e es . Sha h i la d , th wat r tak a harp t r to w

is s e t h e ﬁ s n ease e in t h e s ea It at thi plac that r t i cr of v locity tr m ,

d u e it s t e is n e ns e e o t h . to approach Cataract , otic d A co id rabl

s e e e n t h e es nn e e e ean s di charg form rly took plac i to w t cha l h r , by m of an artiﬁcial cu t made by Mohammed Al i and recen tly ﬁlled U p

n t h e h n t h e es n n e e e e e t o t h e owi g to t rottli g of w t cha l alr ady r f rr d , water ﬂow ing throug h it w as retain ed at a lower level than that of

th e n s e so an e en e e u s e a e mai tr am , that v g r at r r h of wat r took pl c

e e n th e n u t s and t h e ce w as in nse u en ce h r tha at at ral ca aract , pla co q ” fe u en e t h e s el e n e er r q tly call d by Arab Bab K bir , a am prop ly

e appli d to t h e g reatest of th e n atu ral rapids .

Th e ese sses ﬁve n n u n n e s c ed r rvoir dam cro pri cipal at ral cha l , all

es e e t h e es nne t h e en nn e t h e el e r p ctiv ly W t Cha l , C tral Cha l , Bab K bir ,

t h e el u n n se t h e s ou a d t h e el So hair . e Bab Har , Bab g Of th , la t f r

t h e n n t u a a Th is f c u s e u n ea s . e o form mai a ral c tar ct dam , o r , b ilt r

t h e i es r s of es e c n n e s t h e e s of h n e t h e h g h t pa t th ha l , d pth w ich ar

l w e are e h e o i 9 2 8 2 an d 6 e es . t e dam at N l , , , , m tr At hig h Nil riv r

s es e t he e e s t h e s n s se n t h e fe en nn e s ri abov l v l of i la d parati g dif r t cha l , and forms a broad stret ch of trou bled waters exten ding across from

Thirm osia s n h e s i n low e t h e I la d to t we t ban k . It s o ly at Nil that s n u n to se e n n e s es e and en t h e u s of plitti g p i parat cha l tak plac , th r h water throu g h them is so g reat as to carry down -stream blocks weig h * in s e e ns The es n n has s s s n u en t h e . e e g v ral to w t cha l a l tro g c rr t .

e e e e n as alread v en n e essen e n t h e l n h ad h r b i g , m tio d , l d owi g to thrott i g

it s es of approach . Th e natural dis tribu tion ofth e water is n ot affected t o any con sid er

e e en t h e u n t h e e ofh e en s u e s abl xt t by dam d ri g tim ig h Nil , wh all l ic ar e en . low e en t h e es e is fu t h e s u on op At Nil , wh r rvoir ll , di trib ti

n t h e u s n ne s is s mew ffe e t h e u n t amo g vario cha l o hat a ct d , amo

e en n on e d p di g which g rou ps ofsluices are open at an y particu lar tim .

e n t h e d am t h e e s s u s u e ss n in n B yo d riv r plit p till f rth r , pa i g foami g

a s u n e n u e s s n s n c h r pid ro d a larg mb r of mall rocky i la d , ma y of whi are completely su bmerg ed when t h e stream is in ﬂood ; t h e mai n s e m s u of th e u es t h e e s e n nn e n ow tr a , which o th dam occ pi a t r cha l ,

ss es t h e es s e an d fairlv s e e s s n t h e es pa to w t id , mooth wat r xi t alo g w t chann el for abou t a kilometre beyon d t h e n orth end of t h e n ew n avi

h r R n u U I C E . O n the ile o N R eserv ir . s . . I . . 4 Prcc In t 0 E . C I 93 9 , , L , pp , . - 29

at ion an A h el s n i . S Se a s e e e mid le g c al i l d approach d , how v r , a for ab

u s e u s t h e H em edai e e t h e c n n e is s r h of wat r occ r at Bab , wh r ha l hallow * and h e s e s h . t e H emedai is t h e s t rottl d by i l t From Bab , which la t

of t h e s t h e n n n u es be e t h e es cataract , mai ﬂow co ti to carri d by w t

n oft h e i e Seh el s n is sse en t h e e s e n an d bra ch r v r till i la d pa d , wh a t r western bran ches t ake on approx imat ely equ al Shares of t h e dis

h s e . s e e e es on u nn e s c arg A mall di charg , how v r , g o thro g h rocky cha l

u n t h e s u an d eas Seh el ro d o th t of . In t h e n eig hbou rhood of Aswan and Elephantin e a con siderable n atu ral chan g e s eems to have been taking place within recen t times

in t h e di s u n t e e u s t h e e s e n nn e trib tio of h wat r . Th a t r cha l becomes at times so silted u p that at low Nile it is possible t o wade across to

e n n e hi e t h e es e n n ne is ui e s e s e e s El pha ti , w l w t r cha l q t af for t am r .

ens e s n n s on t h e e s n se s n and Ext iv a dba k form a t ba k clo to A wa , it has been recen tly fou n d n ecessary to dr edg e t h e river in order to

e m t he s en of e en s s e e s s nn e p r it a c t v mall t am r by thi cha l . A

co res n n e s n h e s n is u ess n r po di g ro io of t we t ba k do btl g oing o . Th e total dr op in t he river level being only 5 metres between Aswan and Philse w i be seen t h e th e t s is nl s , it ll that fall at catarac o y a mall on e t h e esen n ot e eedi n u 3 e es in an on e at pr t day , xc g abo t m tr y

Th e n u e us s ru n s use an u n n se and bab . m ro ob t ctio ca amo t of oi

in hi is u su ss e e and t h e n s foam g w ch ally a ociat d with a larg r fall , co tra t with t h e placidity of t h e river throu g hou t t h e remain der of it s long

n n u se t o t h e se u e e ens t h e effe correspo di g co r af rth r h ig ht ct . Th e accou n ts of classical s ome of w hom as sert that t h e n oise of t h e cataract w as so g reat as completely t o deafen t h e people

es n n e and es e as e e e e r idi g ar it , all of whom d crib it a g r at wat rfall , w r

u e n s e e e ess is e t h e do btless exag g ratio . N v rth l it probabl that fall

e een e e in e es t h e e is e e u may hav b g r at r form r tim , for riv r p rp t ally

n n ou t it s bed n e un n n e and t h e n nu g ri di g i to a mor iform cha l , co ti al action of rapids which can sweep alon g ston es weig hing several t ens

n u e s ni ﬁ n n e i n t h e u s e of en u es ca n ot bu t prod c ig ca t cha g co r c t ri . This qu estion will be fu rther considered in dealing w i th t h e g eolog y of t h e cataract .

n of t h e w as u n e en s e Navig atio Cataract , til r c tly alway a matt r of

r h as een acilitated b t h e const ru ct ion ofalock N avig at ion oft his part ofth e rive b f y .

’ 1 -2 5 0 . 1 See th e list ofliterary references on pp.

recently erected hotels ; t h e most import ant are t h e mudi ria or

e n e t h e e s n and t h e s s of ce g ov r orat , polic tatio , chool , all which fa

h e r Th e n s ue is e n e t h e e t e . iv r pri cipal mo q a littl way back , ar polic

e t o t h e s A n n s h offices and at t h e entranc bazaar . E g li h church as

een ui on s e n en e t h e s u end t h e o n n e b b lt a lig ht mi c at o th of t w , ar t h e a e and an us n u es t h e e C taract Hot l , A tria Catholic ch rch fac riv r

en e Th e s n at t h e north end of t h e prom ad . railway tatio is close to

u nd t h e t h e Nile at t h e s o th e of town . Steamers lan d their pass eng ers n ear th e centre of t h e town -front at

e bu t i n s es t h e e en e e is e hig h Nil , low tat of riv r wh th r too littl

erw e s e n ne t s be n e ndi n is e fe e wat ay a t of El pha ti for hi to do , la g f ct d

e - n n a t fu rther north . F rry boats to Elepha ti e nd h e west bank ply

n n - es e t h e e-s from la di g plac clos o t polic tation . Thou g h t h e chief tow n of t h e southern province of Eg ypt in very

n en i es w as on t h e s n e n n e is s e a ci t t m i la d of El pha ti , it mo t probabl that another town existed on or near t h e site oft h e present Aswan as e t h e e t h e u n s arly as tim of Fo rth dy a ty . For at that time beg an t h e g reat bu ilding operations which have left us t h e Pyramids and

’ s e r ns es e n u en s su as t h e l n n t h e n s p cial po tio of th mo m t , ch i i g of ki g

m i t h e m of Kh t h e e n eo s s et c . are cha b r pyra id p , royal arcophag i , , * ns u e e s s n n e S n u rr i n co tr ct d with g r at kill of A wa g ra it , howi g that q a y g operations on a considerable scale were then u n dertaken ; and a larg e qu arrying in du stry impli es a settlemen t of some kind in t h e

e u s n e en e is nﬁ imm diate neig hbo rhood . Thi i f r c co rmed by th e mention of Aswan u nder t h e n ame E 0 Sun nu on monu ments of t h e Fou rth and

L f d nast ies is n ee s e n t h e s e s n Fi th y d It , i d d , almo t c rtai that it of A wa h as een n nu us u e n t h e s e rs b co ti o ly occ pi d by a tow for la t y a , thoug h few of t h e buildin g s n ow standi ng dat e back more than a s h e G ee s t h e n mall fraction ofthis period . By t r k tow w as kn ow n as

en e and t h e e e e u 4 5 0 e e s as t h e Sy , proph t Ez ki l I (abo t r f r to it

Th e n fron tier between Eg ypt an d Ethiopia . importa ce of Syene

e e e - u e on n e t h in an cient g eog raphy will b ref rr d to f rth r . U d r e Roman Empire Syen e w as t h e scene of many conﬂi cts with t h e Ethi

Th ere is n o d iffi culty in d is ting u is h in g th e red g ran it e ofAs w an from t hat ofHammamat (in a an e l l ae Th t h e E as t ern esert w hi ch w as roba l w orked t u al ear d t . e sw an rock is of D ) , p b y q y y A a h aco rser g rain and d arker colour th an th e ot er. BR “ 664 U G SC E D iet . . et se 1 , pp q h h C a . 29 v 1 c a . v 6 t p , . 0 ; p 30, . . "g h e an o ians an d w as s ne n s e s . e t p , g arri o d by Roma oldi r Aft r Rom forces were withdrawn and As wan had fallen into t h e hands of t h e

ed n n u e s w as n t h e s en e n ﬂi t s Mohamm a co q ror , it ag ai c of bloody co c

” t h e ubians s e e e s ns . u s w e e with N , who at thi tim w r Chri tia Th r ad 1

4 4 e n of u ta e s n and e . t h that in 9 56 (A . H 3 ) ki g N bia at ck d A wa kill d many Mu slims ; in t h e followin g year t h e Eg yptian army marched

In t h e n s and h e w as e e e n s ne s . ag ai t him , b h ad d , with ma y pri o r twelfth and thirteen th cen tu ries Aswan appears to have been a tow n

n i n h e e 11 s s el Fad] t he e e . t 8 8 of g r at importa c For y ar , ay Kadi ,

n e oft h e s n w as n s e el E d fui i com port of A wa di ar , whil Jafar

s es e e e e s n 8 0 fﬁ e s t h e u n u s e tat that th r w r at A wa o c r of trib al of j tic , and that t h e town in on e year produ ced ardebs of dates h e A 1223 h w 2 u . D . d s e m et e . 0 als o ad that ith a book dat d A H . 6 (abo t )

n t h n es of u s s n Th e nu e us which mentio ed e am forty a thor of A wa . 1 m ro ruin s of eleg ant Arab tombs abou t Aswan attes t t h e importance of

h u h In 14 0 is e e e s ns t e place abo t t is time . 3 it r lat d that p r o

e u e s n an d t h e n e ne n e di d of plag at A wa , tow r mai d for a lo g tim

ese e In 14 12 in ns e uen e eu e een t h e H ow ara d rt d . , co q c of a f d b tw

s and t h e en en t h e e e es e t he s oft h e Arab B i K z , form r trib d troy d wall

i i n n m en an d e u n t h e en and hi en t o c ty , kill g ma y r d ci g wom c ldr

l n e e n in s e . n e t h e u ss ss lav ry U d r S ta S lim , who took po io of Eg ypt

15 17 th e s e s n is s e een e ui sn n , ca tl of A wa aid to hav b r b lt by Bo ia s di ers ol . Thou g h still probably mu ch smaller than it w as du ring t he Middle

es s n has a e n e se n s e l in i n e Ag , A wa of l t i cr a d co id rab y mporta c , from

e of e s ns has n e en een nn e e a vari ty r a o . It o ly r c tly b co ct d by railway

Th e n -u u n h n e se h e u with Cairo . openi g p of t h e S da as i cr a d t thro g h

e all s s s n s u n be ns e e t o s or trad , g ood pa i g o th havi g to tra f rr d boat at ne s n t h e nn e n e e t h e can be ar A wa for co ctio to Halfa , wh r railway

Th e di n t h e ese n d h e u m s n e t es u e . u a t r m d b il g of r rvoir , circ ta c tha

s n has t e e n s e n en e as e es e A wa la ly com i to om promi c a h alth r ort , hav

s n n it s e ns n al o co ditio ed xte io . Th e climate of Aswan is a very pleasant on e from November t o

e n an nn u n t h e d su u e ess e e . March , b i g dry y witho t xc iv h at D ri g

5 . See M ilites M iliarens es an d C oh ors . S enensi u m s t at ion ed at S en e about A . D . 4 2 , V y , y (

" MI LN E is tor fE un d er R oman R le A I o t u end i x . , H y g yp , pp ) “ “ Ibn Selim cl A s w ani uoted b M A x m zr E l Khi t at 15 t h cen t u r ex t racts are iven 1 , q y , , ( y ; g

' in E n lis h in A en d i In B U RC KH A B D T S Travels in N ubia ond on g pp x , , L

Translation in B urc hard t o . cit . 1 k , p e rest of t h e year t he temp ratu re is g enerally t oo hig h for comfort . Rain occu rs bu t seldom ; but on e or t w o Sharp down falls may be * e e e in h xperienc d arly t e year .

Th e n es w h o are n s e e in u n t h e n ativ , co id rably dark r colo r tha ordi ary

ns are of n e i en e nd h e u e can a s u . Eg yptia , fair i t ll g c p y iq Tho g h th y s e an d un e s n l e o on of t h e u i n p ak d r ta d Arabic , a arg pr porti pop lat o , es e t h e e e oft h e s n s s e n e se es u n p cially p opl i la d , p ak amo g th m lv a N bia

f h n u n e e e . e t o t e s s n s s s of dial ct A larg par i d try of A wa co i t riv r trad , an d t h e Nile ban k n orth oft h e town g enerally presen ts a bu sy scen e .

e e is n ot m u u e n in t h e n m s t h e u e Th r ch c ltivat d la d vici ity , o t of prod c c nsu e n o m d comi g from fu rther n orth . Th e su bu rb of C AT A N I A con sists chieﬂy of t h e dwelling s of poor

u n Th e H A D A D I N KH D IB ese . e s of R I and M E L A S da villag BAHA RA L , t o t h e n of s n lie on t a nu e u s s an d orth A wa , a ﬂat r ct with m ro palm

u t e s and ssess n o e f A n en e u s o t n e . c ltiva d tract , po f at r impor a c campm en t of Bisharin Arabs lies close t o t h e east of Aswan ; t h e

s n e e se es e w e - e n and e Bi hari mploy th m lv chi ﬂy ith cam l r ari g , th y

e n t h e ese ﬁnd n for n s Bu t trav l far i to d rt to g razi g their a imal . a s ection of them are en g ag ed in making t h e leather n ecklaces an d

e u s ar s in Th e ﬁn oft h e oth r c rio which e old t h e bazaars . e physiqu e

u n e s in n ot s e e e s yo g r Bi har will fail to trik v ry vi itor t o t h e place .

E P N T I N E or t he G e e s an is an s n n n e t h e EL HA , zir t A w , i la d lyi g ar

en e f h a n s n is b u 1 es i n c tr o t e river f ci g A wan tow . It a o t 5 kilometr

len an 4 in br a i s e has t w d 00 e es e t s . o g th , m tr dth at wid t part It

s es e es e e a an d Kom mall villag , call d r p ctiv ly El Raml El , with a

u een e larg e c ltivated area betw th m .

le n n w as n n u n h l e e n e E pha ti e a importa t place der t e o d mpir . Ma tho in forms u s that t h e Fifth dyn asty con sisted ofElephan tin e an d there are inscription s of many of t h e king s of su cceeding dyn asties

h I n n es s n w as n n e still visible on t e rocks . Roma tim a g arri o mai tai d at Elephantine }: Th e importan ce oft h e place w as still considerable

in t h e dl e es w e e in t h e e oft h e u n a n Mid Ag , for r ad that tim S lta Sal di

amed ical oin f ie w ee D R E I H C N N E Y F or ad iscu ss ion of t h e climate ofA s w an from t o v s . G p , L A ” Th e W in te r M ete orolo ofE t an d its I nﬂ u en ce on D iseas e on d on 18 87 . g y g yp , L ’ 1' The s mall si ze ofE le phan t in e I s lan d has led t o s pecu lat ions as t o t h e accurac y ofM an et h o s

’ ” ” l v ol 1 P E TR I E is r ofE t v ol 1 e E te . to . st ate men t v . JO M A R D D es cri t ion d , ; , p g yp , ; , H y g yp , ”

LIIP SI U S K6 n i s bu ch 20 21. p . 70 ; , g , ,

h ne abou A D 4 25 v MI LN E le an i t . . E l Th eod osian a s tat ion ed at t . . is tor Gobot s I . F e i I x , p , H y ” ofE t und er R oman R ule end i I . g yp , App x D 11 1 t h e i n u e on e n n e i m en and (A . . 7 ) k g of N bia f ll El pha ti w th * nh a an t s oft h e slan s took all t h e Muslim i bit i d pri on ers . Th e prin cipal an cien t stru ctu re n ow existing on Elephan tine is t h e N ilom et erd‘ on which readin g s ofth e h eig ht oft h e Nile were taken in

n es not ea e . Th e esen s es e nl 1869 Roma tim , if rli r pr t cal dat o y from ,

en as is e e an ns n in enc and t h e wh , r cord d by i criptio Fr h Arabic , astron omer Mahmu d B ey w as charg ed with t h e work by t h e Khedive Ismail ; but inscription s on t h e walls of t h e staircase still record th e

e t h e e ffe en es u n t h e n e and th e h ig ht of riv r at di r t dat d ri g Roma p riod,

s l b se n old s cale of cubits may til e e .

e n Th e other rui ns on El pha tine are frag men tary . A g ranite portal

f e e s e o bearin g an inscription o Al xan d r II . i all that r mains of what s recently as t h e beg inn ing oflast century w as a ﬁne temple of Amen

s w as of a ffe en t t h e u su on e of h ot ep III . thi a form tot lly di r from al

e f ot hm es s s e e o T . ls Eg yptian temple . A mall r t mpl III probably a o

e s e e u e n but s e en s n e e ns are xi t d a littl f rth r orth , of thi v ca ti r r mai

w Th e s n es oft h e u - t h e s u -e s oft h e s n n o left . to q ay wall at o th a t i la d

s f T hm an d s e e s es . are derived from templ o ot e III . Rame II ; th y

ntan s e e - ese e ns ns e e n n l t o co i om w ll pr rv d i criptio , r f rri g pri cipal y

h Th e n e u e s n e t h e s e oft he n en n t e calendar . 1 g ra it bo ld r ar it a ci t tow

e ns ns of e e e s e e n t h e b ar i criptio v ry arly dat , om of th m g oi g back to

Th e un s u s a e e e u s r fou rth dyn asty . mo d of r bbi h h v yi ld d vario f ag

en s n u n n th e as e as s m t of papyri , i cl di g a portio of Iliad , w ll mall

n es n s and en s of ns e e . bro z , coi , frag m t i crib d pott ry

Th e s s n of T R U N S u e es e n n e is u mall i la d A , it at d w t of El pha ti , c lti

n vat ed as a g arde . Th e immediate EN VI R O N S O F AS W A N present many points ofin teres t

t h e s se t o t h e s u end oft h e n s e e to vi itor . Clo o th tow , almo t compl t ly

i s E M P E e e e u e in t h e u n s e . b ri d g ro d a mall T L r ct d by Ptol my IV , which

w as e e ne e ﬁn s e . n e e e t h e s e e , how v r , v r i h d A oth r t mpl of am poch

fu e s u bu t i s n formerly existed a li ttle rth r o th ; of th o ly débri s remains . §

M A xm u oted b B U R C KII A B D T o . cit . zr, q y , p

' res in accou n t oft h e N ilomet er of E le h an t in e w it h ad iscu ss ion on th e ori in ofth e 1 A n in t e t g p , g

bit ad o t ed in i ts meas u re men ts is iven b G ran t !) in t h e th ird v olu m e ofth e escri t ion cu p , g y D p

’ ( 10 l E te an d view s ofit are i v en on P late 33 ofth e A t las of A n t i u it ies accom an in th at g yp , g q p y g ’ ” llu s t rat ion is iven in D E M RG N S C atalo e from k lat er accou n t w it h an i u . 123 or . A w , , g O A g , p ;

u ch oft h e s t aircas e w as d es tro ed bet w een 17 99 and 1894 t his i t is observ able t hat m y . ” - D E M O R G N C atalo u e . l 03 125 . 1 A , g , pp ’ D es cri t ion s ofth es e te m les w ith illu s t rat ions are t o be fou nd in D E M R G N S C atalo p p , , O A — —5 See also Plate s 22 26 of M onu men ts d ivers reeueilli s en E te ue . 48 7 . g , pp g yp Th e Roman Ru in which stands on a slig hty proj ecting point oft h e

e n ose t o t h e u i a an d is n an d of u s e riv r ba k cl M d ri , which commo ly ( co r ’ ” e n e u s n n as e s has een t h e su e of rro o ly) k ow Cl opatra Bath , b bj ct

n D e n su es s i t h e s ome speculatio . Morg a g g t that it s remains ofa barrag e or dam which formerly exten ded across t h e river-bran ch to

e n ne or ss mi s u u e n a o n n El pha ti , po ibly a litary tr ct r formi g pr lo g atio of n n is s een on t h e Bu t h e t h e a cie t wall which road t o Philae. t part which remains appears scarcely massive en o ug h t o form part of a

u e en s of n s n s u n dam a bridg e wo ld be more lik ly . Frag m t i criptio fo d in it s s n e nn be of re- n a e an d ma o ry prov , that it ca ot p Roma g , it may

n e r n n e e N o r e f h e e nd possibly o ly dat f om Byza ti tim s . t ac o t oth r e

t h e s u u e is be seen on e n n e bu t t h e s u on of tr ct r to El pha ti , rocky p r that islan d immediately facing t h e ru in may well have been t h e other abu tmen t . O n t h e hills immediately sou th ofAswan are n u mb ers ofO LD AR AB

O M B S s e are n s e e e e an e u n n T , om of which of co id rabl l g c , tho g h falli g i to

es e e n fro t h e n n an en ur es e . d en d cay Th dat pri cipally m i th t th c t i , and have yielded nu merou s g raveston es with C u ﬁc in scriptions ; t h e

n e u eu s tones are n ow i t h Arab M s m at Cairo . Of t h e an cien t SYE N E and it s famou s W ellj ‘ n othin g can be w ith

ﬁ A s be seen t h e s it s certainty identi ed . will from hort ou tlin e of

h s ea en t h e n w as t h e s en e of an es u e i tory alr dy g iv , tow c m y d tr ctiv

an d w as a e s e u n e es Th e n t s a . co ﬂic , prob bly d moli h d d ri g arly Ar b tim piles of debris and pottery n ear t h e En g lish chu rch in dicate that a part at any rate oft h e an cient town w as situ ated slig htly s ou t h of t h e

n modern As wa . “ Th e Alabaster Qu arry which is so favou rite an excu rsion with

u r s s s u e u 3 e es n of s n i s e ss to i t , it at d abo t kilom tr orth A wa , r ally a ma

of e u r u s e of has een e e is t oo whit q a tz ; tho g h om it b xtract d , it far

n e s n e be u se brittle and i tractabl a to to q arried for any stru ctu ral pu rpo .

at on N a is Paris 187 2. Th e t em les w ere d es t ro ed in 1822 b a former G ov ern or of s w an b , , p y y A , bu ld a al an d t h e mat erial u sed to i p ace . ”

alo u e . 4 7 . C at g , p

’ In an ot e to Plate 111 ofB N M I an d SH R P E S E t N u biaan d E t hio ia ond on 1862 1 O O A g yp , p , L , , m saic f u nd a P en e ed t h at in a o o t r s te I t al t h e w ell is s how n n ear t h e te m le ofS ene . i t is s t at , y , p y I t is als o st ated t hat t h ere u sed to be near t h e A rab v illag e a few s t on es w it h h ierog lyph ics on

s aid to be t h e remain s ofat em le in w h ich t h ere w as aw ell in w h ich t h e su n cou ld be seen at t h em , p

B E N N w h o refers t o th e a a - r. an a in su mme c t arac t d is t rict t . 208 23 1 ofh is V o a e d s mid d y O , pp y g ” aBas se et la au te E te ond on 1809 s u es ts th at t h e w ell w as th e n il om eter ofE le han t in e l H g yp , L , , g g p - 36

S ndston es and s es e t h e e e een e u ed a clay , p cially latt r , hav b larg ly q arri in t h e hill s sou th -east oft h e town t h e clays have b een employed as

e e f n has s n nu e an d s s e n or e . ee ma r , al o to om xt t pott ry Kaoli al o b fou n d in s ome qu an tity i n t h e valley which op ens ou t near t he qu artz

ll es fu e n ss Th e n e u es be e o see . ma . g ra it q arri wi d crib d rth r ( p Th e west bank of t h e river opposite Asw an is formed by t h e

- n Th e su f thickly san d strewn slopes of t h e Libya plateau . rface o t h e plateau n ear t h e river is broken by irreg u lar hills and wadis and t h e thi ckly accumu lated sand in hollows and win d -shadows renders

h n T e s es u n n n t e e es . h ss ses e e it i viti g to p d tria di trict po , how v r ,

Th n n n s n eres w e e s . e ma y poi t of i t t hich w ll r pay a vi it pri cipal hill , ’ e e u bet el w n e e n s u u s s e h s t o J b l Q Ha a , crow d by a v ry co pic o h ik mb ,

u o t h e e t h e n e e es u n t h e n s ab t s n riv r at poi t wh r it tak a t r to orth . Thi

h ses n e l 100 e es e t h e e n an s t h e us hill , whic ri ar y m tr abov Nil , co t i famo

s t h e an d M e es o n n w n rock tomb of Early iddl Empir , c mmo ly k o ’ ” as G en e s s e G en e G en e w ho r f ll Tomb , aft r ral Lord r f ll ,

e Th e m s are s u e u - u opened most of th m . to b it at d abo t half way p t h e s e of t h e and are e t w o e s w s id hill , approach d by parall l tair ay

n e e e n e F or es n es with an inclin ed pla b tw e th m . a d criptio of th e

s e n u e n s e ou r n e e of tomb , which hav co trib t d co id rably to k owl dg e n s e e en e s u be e t o ae arly Eg yptia hi tory , r f r c ho ld mad arch olog ical “ s ) Th e s n is of Hirkhu f has work mo t importa t tomb that , which s e n e es n n s n s ﬁ s es e Schia arelli and om i t r ti g i criptio ( r t d crib d by p ,T afterwards stu died by Maspero I an d Erman on either side oft h e

e n t o an e e n n u b in t h e e of n M er-en -ra door, r lati g xp ditio i to N ia tim Ki g

n ea n e f t h e t o s D e n e es (Sixth Dy asty) . N r o o mb Morg a r lat that

e r e s nes of a s an d es th re ae larg pit with bo r m crocodil .

e e e h an t h e m s on t h e s e are t h e re At a low r l v l t rock to b , am hill ,

ns of e n s e w as es e n mai a larg Coptic mo a t ry , which d troy d , accordi g t o an n s n in t h e of u nes in 117 3 an e e n of i criptio tomb Kh , by xp ditio

n ese u n s are ese e and u n n e es n Saladi . Th r i badly pr rv d i t r ti g .

’ Th e mbs are fu ll d es cribed and ill us t rat ed in D E M R N l to G S C at ao ue 14 to 201. y O A g pp . 3 ’ ” B R T L Tombea d A s s o n l M I A N es u x u a R ec . T v d e ra au x x . aso . U 1 1 See O . 8 st an d , , ( , pp

B r h - 6 - bl A 18 . 1 i . c . 8 3 3 an d R ec . c T ra Pro . Soc. d v B D E c 7 au x II . 4 4 . U O . hort e , , pp , pp 0 A s r

w ill be fou n d in t h e u id e books t hat b H E TT E con ain in l l d es cri t ion C t aso a an . p g , y HA g p bae iz ianain ed it a R om e 189 2 atom . U n g , , ”

e 6me ann ée . 5 8 vu e crit i u 2 3 . I R e q , , p ” A e t is h e raeh e Zeitschri t fiir c S 1892 . 5 f g yp p , _ 37 _

Th e wide sandy g u lly which ru n s down to t h e Nile abou t L} kilo ’ m e es s u ofG en e s s s n ins n u e u s - s tr o th r f ll tomb al o co ta m ro rock tomb , w h are e e n o e n e es e e be e ich , how v r , of g r at i t r t ; th y app ar to lat * R om n O n t h e s u s e t h e u e u i e e . e a o th id of g lly , how v r , abo t a k lom tr

om it s u is th e es and s n e es n n s m in in fr mo th , larg t mo t i t r ti g mo a tic

n s of hi e s E t h e e . e n . s n s e g ypt , mo a t ry St Sim o Thi mo a t ry , w ch cov r an area of abou t squ are metres an d mu st have been an irri

A 1290 Th e ui ns s con o n e w as n ne u . . D . p rta t plac , aba do d abo t r till t a n nu e u s fres es an d ns i n s n of hi e een i m ro co i cr ptio , ma y w ch hav b p u blished by D e A n ancien t cemetery exi sts 200 paces

e f h n e h es e e u e s in t h e u n as o t e s t e , t “mo a t ry bodi w r b ri d imply g ro d

w u fins an n and are e e e ese e . itho t cof of y ki d , v ry imp rf ctly pr rv d A

fe w st else e e u n e e s e in 18 8 3 and are now in t h e I w r fo d h r by Ma p ro ,

M u seu m of Alexandria . Th e sand stone-beds aroun d t h e monastery are hig hly ferru g in ou s

i n es and has een su se n e w as e e plac , it b ppo d that limo it form rly work d

Th s ne n ow s e e e n n e t oo e e . e s ne h r to vi ibl , how v r , co tai g rally far

s e e a e n se e as u se u ore mall a p rc nt g of iro to rv a f l .

— [IL TH E CO U N T R Y B E T WE E N AS WAN AN D PHILE .

Th e cou n try east of t h e river between Aswan an d Philse is

m e of e s t h e es are ﬂat - e e n a co pl x bar hill , of which hig h t toppd , b i g

e s n s n e e se of ess e are u e sses capp d by a d to , whil tho l h ig ht r g g d ma ofg ranitic rocks ; t h e hig her plateaux rise over 8 0 metres above t h e

i h e e e for e . u s ss of s u n t e s r v r Thro g h thi ma hill , occ pyi g plac wh r

e t h e e cu t it s ru n t w o n s e een s n an d m rly Nil way , mai road b tw A wa

Th e f t h e t w o s a s e . e u su and t h e s e o Sh llal mor al road , hort r , t rt

f n e t h e n s u an d u ns n e e t h e e rom ar E g li h ch rch r arly parall l to riv r ,

s n e of u e e t h e es e is at a di ta c abo t a kilom tr from it , till r rvoir dam n e e e en u es u n e s ss n arly r ach d , wh it c rv ro d a tward (to avoid cro i g t h e l s e e n t of n ss and e es t h e e se hi l imm diat ly or h Ko o o) , r ach riv r clo

hilse Th e r d e n n t h e w e e t o P . e ea fu e s u s oth r , rth r a t , r alo g id vall y

D E M R N C a lo 128 . G ta ue . O A , g , p ” a e — D E M N iv l llu st rat ions of C talo u . 129 139 . RG es afull accou n t w i th an an d i T g , pp O A g p , ’ able ru i A b ef e i o v h e u i t h is rem ark n . ri d s cr t i n i s i en in B A E D E KE R S u id e book w h ile in t G de p g g ,

” ’ Hachette w ill be found asli h tl fu ller accou n t to et h er w i th ared uced co ofD e M or an s lan . g y , g py g p ” B I A N T ee T ' v u — O U o a x 1888 . 1 R R . d l a 18 198 . 3 , , , pp

s e n s t o s e e e e t he of t h e brick that it b lo g om arli r p riod , probably * w n w as n ot s u e s e s f u ﬁ or s n s e s o . fth ixth dy a ty , h Eg ypt ab ol t mi tr N bia Very nu merous hierog lyphic in scriptions are to be seen on t h e rocks at variou s poin ts alon g t h e road ; n ear As wan they occu r

e on t h e e s n e ae on t h e es s e t h e . chi ﬂy a t , ar Phil w t , id of track No fewer than 2 11 of these rock in scription s have been catalog ued by

D e n e are n e in n u of t h e - i Morg a 1 ; th y arly all ho o r cataract tr ad ,

num Satit an d nu and n e e t h e e een Kh , , A kit , ma y of th m dat from ig ht th

dyn asty .

is s rea t oo t h e n en n e u ar es are It from thi d , , that a ci t g ra it q ri

Th e n e es oft h e u es is u e e most easily visited . ar t q arri abo t a kilom tr

s u s n on t h e e s s e t h e e e can be seen n o th of A wa , a t id of road h r lo g lin es of t h e wedg e-holes made by t h e an cien t workmen for splitting

off t h e s an d e e s l e n s un e e u e 28 block , th r ti l r mai d tach d a h g block

n e e n n f r s e es an d e 3 es e s e e o an e . m tr lo g ov r m tr wid , p rhap i t d d ob li k Other qu arries can be seen by g oing sou th -sou th -east over t h e hills

r t h e e s so as s e t h e e e e n t h e s n - e f om ob li k , to trik vall y wh r i A wa Sh llal

u ns ese s u e n u r es are e e ens e n railway r th o th r q ar i , which mor xt iv tha

h en l e s e u e n t e on e e n e b e o . abov m tio d , wi l d crib d f rth r

n u i e e s u th e n li s e e e At a poi t abo t a k lom tr o th of E g h c m t ry , a bran ch track leaves t h e main road and tu rns sharply off westward

u a in t h e bills t o t h e e of is u thro g h a g p , villag Mahatta , which abo t

n half a kilometre dista t .

le fu e on n n e s u n t h e n A litt rth r , at a poi t ar a mall r i , mai road

es on e n n nu n e es of s u an d e n divid , portio co ti i g a littl w t o th l adi g

th e an d t h e i e of t h e e ss n t h e u n s of to dam v llag Koror , oth r cro i g r i t h e n en an n n u n on i a a ci t wall d co ti i g t s eastern side t o n ear Phil e.

n t h e e n t h e es n e e n u Taki g form r bra ch , dam com i to vi w aft r g oi g abo t

e e and n th e ls on t h e es u eas n a kilom tr a half alo g it , hil w t abr ptly c i g , bu t se on t h e e s n n u e is s s e tho a t co ti past t h e d am . It po ibl at times to g o from t h e d am t o Philae by a track skirtin g t h e

n bu t in en t h e es e is u t h e e e s t h e ba k , ﬂood or wh r rvoir f ll riv r cov r foot of t h e hills and a detou r eastward mu st be made so as to join t h e

e n of t h e n h n s n c oth r bra ch road alo g side t e a cient wall . Thi bra h

e s s t h e u e n e e e an d u n s ﬁ s e s s l ad pa t E rop a c m t ry , t r r t a tward pa t a

D E M R N C atalo G u e . 1. It is h ow ever sin ular th at St rabo w h o t ravell ed t h is road O A , g , p g , ” in A . D . 24 d oes n ot men t ion th e w l his r n al . See d esc i io o t G e . I I I , V e . 50. p , g X , , atal e —2 C o u . 1 g , pp 1 7 . _ 40 _

’ ’ s s n d h w r i u s e a th en sou t ad s s el . s e e h ikh tomb , toward Sh lal It j t b for emerg ing on t o t h e open g rou n d n ear Shellal that t h e best -pres erved

ns f h e n en are seen portio o t a ci t wall .

Th e e f s an t o ae u t h e e occu oth r road rom A w Phil , thro g h vall y

e t h e - ne i s of s e ess n e es n pi d by railway li , carc ly l i t r t tha that

l e e n h e es u n s e e . T s is es a r ady d crib d , tho g h co id rably lo g r tart b t

e th e s n n t he n e e s u mad from railway tatio , followi g li a tward thro g h t h e u in s t h e s a n an d t h e un n s n n c tt g , pa t Bi h ri camp j ctio tatio i to ’ t h e en s cu u s s e s and n op valley . A con pi o h ikh tomb a fort crow

t h e n i t h e e is s promi ent hill on t h e r g ht . To l ft a mass of bare hill

u n n n s e s e t o t h e n are e s n s ne of i viti g a p ct ; tho orth capp d by a d to , bu t opposite t o As w an they are mostly ofg rey g listening schists with

Th e f red peg matite dykes cou rsing u p them . ﬂoor o th e broad valley

ns st s s n and e in t hick e s s u ss co i of a d g rav l d po it , thro g h which pa

n - n Th e ene en is shallow n atu ral drai ag e chan els . road g rally tak alon g th e railway lin e for s ome distance bu t it is worth w hile g oing

u e e s e ne t h e ee e e es e een f rth r a t, to xami d ply rod d g org which hav b

ut u t h e s en s A n an e - e s c thro g h rock by torr t . import t cam l road l ad

u on e of es e es and e t h e h s n A baa e e p th g org ov r ill i to Khor j j , wh r ’ water an d a little g razing for camels can be fou n d abou t fou r hou rs

ne n A s h e en in t h e is a jour y from Aswa . t e g r at b d railway p proach ed (3 kilometres sou th of t h e j un ction -station ) t h e point s of

n n es are t h e f t h e n e e e w be s een t h e pri cipal i ter t t o west o li . H r ill

n en u s s ed e s n es ed a ci t q arry road , till mark by dropp d to ; if follow

u t h e ill s abu nd aht e ns of t h e n en n u s i be p to h , r mai a ci t i d try w ll

en u n e e W e See h e n n e n es of e n c t h e co t r d . t i cli d pla arth dow whi h

e s n es e e e t h e - e n l s w e e e- es larg to w r roll d , half h w b ock ith th ir w dg hol , and n um erou s half-ﬁnish ed pieces ofs cu lptu re which were left in situ

en t h e w n n A n un ﬁn s e s u s es wh work as aba do ed . i h d arcophag li on t h e su mmit of t h e little hill east of t h e in clin ed plan es ; two

e s of s n as e l as s om e e s u u es are be oth r a imilar ki d , w l oth r c lpt r , to

4 u e s u ea seen ont h e edg e of t h e hill abou t 00 metres f rth r o th . 1 N r

t h e t o t h e s u 4 00 e es s u t e s u is t e p of carp , abo t m tr till f r h r o th , a

E l ° ’ ” ad ir 24 . Th e w ater occu rs in h ollow s in t h e ranite at a lace called Lat . 5 55 on g , p H ( L g ° ' I oun d several lar e ools h ere in N ov e m er 1902 bu t t he robabl d r u in 33 3 f g p b , y p y y p

summ er as d o also t h e s u lies o t en ot b d i in i n t h e s and in Kh or A aa . , pp f g y g g g b j i

' be fou 1 Fig ures of t h ese s arcoph ag i an d of a larg e s tat u e of Amen oph is I II w ill n d in D 1! ’ “ ” — av ot bee n able to fi n d t h e s t at ue ofw h ich onl th e M R G A N S C atalo u e . 62 63 . I h e n O g , pp , y h bas e is s aid to be vis ible ; poss ibly i t lies north oft h e s arcop ag i . _ 41 _

um n s u e s s n mi u e e e u s . n e s st c b t tat of O iri , lyi g fac pward A oth r i lar at li es on t h e eastern side of a s mall g ranite hill n ear t h e an cien t wall * in u t h e u e t h e en e ft h e abo t latit d of c tr o dam . A narrow steep -sided g org e will be n oticed on t h e map t o t h e east

t h n n h e a i be e e e i t . s e caﬁon s of g r at b d railway Thi g org , or it m g ht

l e is e s as e n e s n -e fe t s can be ca l d , w ll worth a vi it xhibiti g what ro io f c

u e s n s s Th e i s e e e n e prod c d by occa io al torm . rock xtr m ly hard g ra it , bu t has been cru shed and sliced u p by press u re t h e separated blocks

e een e e s - e en s an d n e s hav b r mov d by hort liv d torr t , ma y of th m till s e t h e nne e n h e Th e tr w cha l l adi g from th e g org e towards t e riv r .

th e e is s e n s n i n u ﬂoor of g org tr w with a d , which , abo t half a kilo

A n e e t h e u e can s e es be ot n . m tr from mo th , wat r om tim g by dig g i g

Arabic inscription occu rs on t h e rock n ear t h e further end of t h e g org e .

e n s e e - e e e s s u A littl orth of thi g org , a w ll mark d cam l road l ad o th e s e t h e s n u e and en e s Je e a tward ov r hill i to Khor B rat , th c pa t b l

Ku rt on os s u n e th e u t h e o thwards . A oth r road leads pas t mo th of

e s u s e w een t h e s n o e u bu t has not g org o thward b t hill i t Low r N bia ,

een su e e u e n s s n on h e b rv y d f rth r tha i how t map .

Th e ll s s u -e s of th e n e are s n e hi o th a t railway li mo tly of g ra it ,

e e e n u n e s s e es unn n u w ath r d i to ro d d block , with om dyk r i g thro g h

e . u th m F rther sou th they pass into g n eisses and schists .

— I H D A M . V . TE E CAT AR AC T I SLAN D S B E T W E E N ELE P HAN T I N E A N D T E

Th e u s s n s s e t h e s u - e e n n e g ro p of mall i la d clo to o th w st of El pha ti ,

ns s n ofIs nm nn mw rr r G R U N A B D U N A R T I R O M N A R TI S co i ti g d MA , , , KHA

H A B I N A R T H A S SA N N A R TI D A U N A R T I an d I SA N A R TI are s I , , , , mo tly rocky ,

e with patches of allu viu m and veg etation on their hig her part s . Th y present n o special points of in terest other than t h e effects of water

e s n s n n u e f t h e s e sl et s ro io how by m rou s potholes . Some o mall r i dotted abou t among thos e n amed above show this potholing in a very marked d eg ree j: R om n arti is n ot separated from Elephan tine

e e e xc pt at hig h Nil .

This st at u e h w as kin l o b T B a ars n ot to h ave hic d o me . E . A B e w in t ed u t to M r . H , y p y O , pp

been rev iou s l n oticed and even th e local n a i ve u id es w e i n oran t ofits ex is ten ce in 1901. p y , t g re g

‘ A rt i=is land in t h e Ken us d ialect oft h e N u alan u a e Th e scale oft h e red uce ma on 1 b g g . d p Plat e I is t oo s mall t o perm i t of t h e names oft h e min or is land s being sh ow n ; t h ese n ames are

h ow ever all i nd ic ated on t h e 3 ma of th e d is t ri ct u lish ed se aratel i n 6 s h eets see 1 5 5 5 p , p b p y ( o ot not n . 22 fo e p .

O ne of th ese smaller islets si t u at ed a lit t le sou th ofEle han tine has recen tl een mad e I , p , y b

B hes . 4 ail t b . ru ee . o th ect ofd et ed u d Pro n . S o t no e subj s y y f p 7 f te. A M B U N A R TI A R A B IN A TI and GU B A LN A R TI s n e low , , form a i g l s n u e s e su e e n e of trag g li g g ro p at low Nil , mo t o f th ir rfac b i g form d

h n s s n an d s u t e e u e in es . a d ilt , thro g h which g ra it rock protr d plac A mbu nart i is t h e on ly on e of th e three which possess es any

u n and n s e u e ns c e 3 . ltivat d la d , that o ly a mall ar a of abo t f dda Kh u rw anart i (so called becau se of it s bearing a small caster -oil plan

e n Sh ebkat ot an d M ulh u m n art i are e t h e e in tati ) , , , , lik for g o g , low

n s n s ofs es s e e hi e. lyi g i la d ilt with rocky patch , mo tly cov r d at g h Nil SALU JA IS LAN D (which forms a sing le islan d with M u lh u mn arti atlow Nile) is th e ﬁrs t islan d sou th of Elephan tine which ris es to any con

i r e ns s s of en n - t h e su m of s d e abl e . e h ig ht It co i t a c tral g ra it hill , mit

2 1 e es e t h e ﬂ ood - e e e s e e st which , m tr abov l v l , b ar a hig h t l g raph po , an d arou n d which are lower tract s ofallu viu m with occasion al rocky

e s es of h e u ar ul ae protu berances . Som mall patch t alluvi m e c tiv t d

an d e s es f e e a larg er area b ar trac o form r tillag . A g rou p of small rocky islan ds exists n ear t h e wes t bank between

h es e h e n a PT O K u an d Seh el . es e t e t es Sal ja Of th , two larg t b ar m of A

n M D E N A is s ee hi can n be s en e a d SE R T I . Aptok a t p rock w ch o ly a c d d

h e s S e Semd en a i e s s es u from t we t id . rt b ar two mall patch of c lti

bu t is f e s n e n s o e . vatio , mo tly bar y it ‘ SE H E L t h e es s an n t h e is ne e n u a , larg t i l d orth of dam , arly r cta g l r

in n e n u e e in en n s u and pla , b i g abo t a kilom tr l g th from orth to o th ,

e e e e in e is n t e t a littl ov r half a kilom tr br adth . At low Nile it u i d wi h

se e sur un n s n s e e ens e ss as v ral ro di g i la d to form a mor xt iv ma , will

be seen h e Th e n s n is e from t map . g reater portio of t h e i la d form d

n e an d ne ss s r s n e een 30 and 4 0 e es a e of bold g ra it g i hill , i i g b tw m tr bov t h e T n an e . h e of t h e en s s i s e Je e Ai riv r hill orth c tral ma call d b l m , while t w o other bills to th e s ou th are n amed Jebel Ku di an d Jchfl

e es e e e een t h e s an d n th e e s an d w es Birb r p ctiv ly . B tw hill alo g a t t

s es t h e s n are s e u s u e in ces id of i la d om ﬂat all vial tract , c ltivat d pla ,

bu t en en u e n e e are es on oft brok by rocky prot b ra ces . Th r two villag

Seh el t h e s u ern on e is c e t h e s e n e as t h e s n d ; o th all d by am am i la , while that n orth of it is called GAR B A ; both these villag es face t o

h P l b at . li v 2 me C N si b. I a . n tion a s A a al a x an d S E N E C N u a . rs i i . C n in acces LU , A Q , p ,

ble islan d calle a n a arac n A k be as u rv i val of th e n ame i d t o t he cat t . C a to Th , A b , t p is w ould i nvol ve t h e su os it ion eith er t h at t h e n ame h as been sh i te d t o anoth er i slan d or w h at is n ot pp f , ,

im ossi le th at th e caarac t h as ret reate d consid erabl since t h e be inn in of th e i ia t C hr s t n era. p b , y g g T races of w at er ac t ion ex is t on th e rock at a level consid erably above that of th e h ig h es t N ile

ofmod ern t imes . h e es are s en ee e ies on th e s n t west . Nam al o g iv to thr oth r localit i la d

are n ot u e ll es ese are KE N I S G E LI n which occ pi d by vi ag ; th , a arrow allu vial tract (cultivated at low Nile) at t h e n orth-eas t corn er between

c e and N u n art i GA B A N U R an un u e u on S h l , , c ltivat d ﬂat all vial tract t h e es ne e e n and M O LTI N E K u e e e een w t ar J b l Tima , , a c ltivat d ar a b tw

e e and t h e en - s J bel Birb c tral hill ma s .

Seh el e s e e s sess e s e es bu t app ar to hav form rly po d two mall t mpl ,

n en n f e n t h s of e e u di s e . O ne o o e e o ly frag m t r mai th m , a t J b l K , w as e e e n h s h e e t h e of t h e es e . t r ct d by Am op i II oth r , at foot w t s e t h e en - ss w s e W e e n t h e a . id of c tral hill ma , Ptol maic l ar from

nsc n s t h e n en n e Seh el w as Sat it an d th e i riptio that a ci t am for , that

h el n n s g od ess An u kit w as reg arded as it s special protector . Se co tai

n n s ns on it s s n o es s n 233 n een ma y i criptio rock , l tha havi g b cata * lo u Th n n s are n e e e u ed D e n . e s ot g by Morg a i criptio , how v r , all of q al

n e n e n n s n ﬁ n e e s are e e . importa c , ma y b i g i ig i ca t , whil oth r ill g ibl Vis itors from t h e sixth to twentieth dyn as ties have en g raved their

n es and h se e s e e ns — e U sert esen en s am t o of th ir ov r ig P pi , , Am ophi ,

Th t hm es a s In e h n s n s e o n d ese . s s es t e , Ram om ca i criptio r cord

n n Seh el t h e e es sertesen . e n i t r ti g facts . U III mad a ca al at for ves sels employed in his Nu bian expedition s to ascen d t h e cataract ; and an d t h e can al w as su bsequ en tly improved by Th othm es I . Thoth

m es It see s ss e e t h e s e s n t h e III . m impo ibl to trac it of thi ca al at

D e n n s w as ss t h e n n e e s presen t day . Morg a thi k it po ibly cha l a t of

t h e s n e een Seh el an d Seh el n e e i la d , b tw Mahatta , havi g form rly form d part oft h e mainland bu t this su g g estion wou ld appear t o be neg a

t i v ed t h e s e of t h e n en in t h e ns n s w as by iz ca al g iv i criptio , for it

n 15 0 u s ' in en 20 u s in e an d 14 u s ee o ly c bit 1 l g th , c bit br adth , c bit d p ,

i e r t h e an d us u e s aﬁar. e e u th q it a mall 1 Mor ov r , it wo ld app ar , f om

n n n of Tho h es h e ﬁs e s e n n e s l cu t u t m . t i j ctio III , h r of El pha ti hal ” s n e er e t h e u n w as e u thi ca al v y y ar , that c tti g mor probably thro g h

n u S ilt tha thro g h rock . Near th e t op of Jebel Birbe is an in scription recordin g a s even ’ years famin e in t h e eig hteen th year of a kin g whose n ame has n ot

een e n en ﬁe has een u h t h e b with c rtai ty id ti d . It b tho g t that car

u e is Tosort h ros n t h e n s but t h e to ch that of , a ki g of third dy a ty ,

“ — aalo u e . 84 1 2 C t g , pp 0 .

’ ' ab m . u bi as e al to ou t 525 m R D n e l E e T . Th e c t w u m . GI R D escri ti o d t 1 q A , p g yp , ”

f t V ol . . 1 Pm ist or o E 79 . I , H y g yp , p style of th e inscription shows it to be of very mu ch more mod ern * (Pt olemaic) date . Th e g reater nu mber of t h e ins cription s of Seh el are on t h e rocks

t h e s u r of t h e s n ' se of t h e n an d t h e ad of o th pa t i la d;1 tho orth , of

n n s n s are en e s . joi i g i la d , barr of r cord N U N u s n s e e n n u u s Seh el e . Fo r i la d b com co ti o with at low Nil , viz ,

R T I A I SA N A R T I A LI N A R T I an K LN N u n art i is as s d U E SO K. A , , , a rocky m

t h e n -e s n e h Ai s n rt i is s n ss of at orth a t cor r of Se el . a a a trag g li g ma allu viu m and rocks on t h e west ; on e tract is cu ltivated and is per man en t l e t h e e e e an d n e s r is u e on y abov riv r l v l , a oth r t ip c ltivat d t h e s e as t h e e es en s t e h e A lin art i an d Kulnesok lop riv r d c d af r t ﬂood . are sses s u of Seh el of Ku ln esok s n con rocky ma o th , that ri i g to a sid erable heig ht .

M E S IT O T S N D n e e t h e s e on t h e nl nd I LA , am d aft r mall haml t mai a , is n u s n s l it is s u e t h e s u -e s a tria g lar i la d , mo t y rocky it at d at o th a t

n e Seh el hi is e nen s e e n w cor r of , from w ch it p rma tly parat d by a arro

nn e Th e ss nn e f h e u K ok an d rocky cha l . cro cha l o t e riv r so th of uln es

M esit ot s n s s t h e u se e e t h e n n u n i la d follow co r of a larg dyk , co ti atio of can be eas e on t h e n n t o t h e which ily trac d mai la d east .

es Ku ln esok u n t h e H em ed ai are e n u e W t of , aro d Bab , a larg mb r

s s n s t h e ee es are e H A R U F I of mall rocky i la d , of which thr larg t call d

N E T I KH A A D LA R T I and A R T I N A ILA R I U U S T . A , , From t h e sou th of Seh el t o t h e res ervoir dam stretches a larg e

u ofun r n s an s of i t h e n mes i be u n on t h e g ro p impo ta t i l d , wh ch a w ll fo d

e-s e h e e larg cal mapi . T g r ater portion ofthem are covered when t h e s e is in bu t s e su as U G A R T I TU R G A R T I SA B I N A R T I tr am ﬂood , om , ch , , , an d KA B S A R T I se e n en e t h e s h e e n t e . t e , ri p rma tly abov wa r With xc ptio

U M B E R KU L on few s s are u e low of , which a mall tract c ltivat d at

e n ne of es e s n s e h n s u e n s or Nil , o th i la d b ar abitatio , c ltivat d la d ,

h e n n s archaeolog ical remain s . T cha el between them are mos tly

t e for s low e an d en t h e e is in od imprac icabl boat at Nil , wh riv r ﬂo t h e waters are so turbulen t as to require g reat care an d exertion in

e en h e g etting v a small craft throu g h them . T broad chann el wes t of

h e s n s is e e n v le i es t h e e t i la d how v r fairly a ig ab at all t m of y ar .

B a s cn D is iblisch en sieben ah re d er H u n ersnot h e i z i 18 1 uo 9 . See als o D E , b J g , L p g ” — alo . RG N C at ue 7 8 8 2 . MO A . g , pp

o merou s on Jeb l Birb T Inscri pt i ns are es pec ially n u e e.

See ootn ote . 4 1. I f , p Th e s n s A M I N A R TI U N G A R TI and TH I R M O SIA t h e s -n a e i la d of , , ( la t m d of w hich is crossed by t h e d am ) are only s eparated from t h e east ban k i n n es t h e e e are e u low n e ss es certai stat of riv r . Th y irr g lar g ra it ma w e e ith allu vial patch s an d are mostly covered by water at hig h Nil . T hat part ofThirm osiawhich lies sou th of t h e dam is of course com

l en t h e es p et ely su bmerg ed wh r ervoir is full .

— TH E E T N K B E T W E E N T H E O N TE R or ST I M E O N S S . V . W BA M A Y S

D A M A N D T H E .

Th e west ban k of t h e river i s formed by a continu ou s escarp

m en s n s ne n e and e e u e s n t of a d to , with g ra it oth r r ptiv rock croppi g ou t i s se is n few n s t h e t h e es at t ba . It o ly at a poi t that foot of carp m en is e e e n e n s u n t cov r d with mor tha a v ry arrow trip of all vial la d ,

an d s e t h e e e of t he s is e e thi , lik whol fac carp , thickly cov r d with

ese s n Th e s n s n e e u has an e e e n e t h e d rt a d . a d to plat a av rag h ig ht ar river of abou t 50 metres above ﬂ ood -level it is intersected by several wadis r unn in g down t o t h e river; all these hollows being san d

n e of t h e ese is u ul e traps in which t h e blow mat rial d rt acc m at d .

Th e e e of t h e n d u e t o t h e e u es of t h e n ess dg ba k , irr g lariti both hard

t h e n e u s s n e t h e e an d oft h e u en s of ig o rock which fri g wat r , c rr t which

s ee s h e is e en u n e bu t s e i n en e l w p pa t t m , of v ry brok o tli ; p ak g g ra ly ,

u n s u s u - es n e e n ne t o u s n it r abo t o th w t from ar El pha ti Sal ja I la d ,

en t u ns s u an d ee s e e s s u r t h e H em ed ai th r o th , v r a littl a t of o th f om Bab h t o t e dam .

n t o it s n u n s e e t h e es n i n s Owi g at rally i ho pitabl charact r , w t ba k thi

w as n ot s e n e e n few u ns locality till la t y ar i habit d by mor tha a N bia , w h o e in t h e n e s of E B E GO B N E G R M E D and liv d ti y haml t S L A , N A AH

A en th e n ew t h e R e e w as NE G AR E L HAG R . Wh lock at Bab m dai

ns u e in 1902 es e e s n e se in s e t o e co tr ct d , th haml t rapidly i cr a d iz a com

n w e h m od at e t h e e s an d e are o es . T e work r , th y fairly larg villag in habit an ts cul tivate n arrow strips of land at t h e extreme edg e of

e s t h e s i t h n . e e n n u n n s e ba k Th y wag co ti al warfar ag ai t a d , which

u s es and s e h el perpetu ally ten d ing t o en velop their ho crop . N ar Se

G n as t h e e es o n l e s are e t in t h e s and as oba , Nil g o d w , arg pool l f rock , t h e su spen ded matter s ettles an d leaves t h e water clear thes e fre

n er eau fu e n e su u n e as e are qu ently pres e t a v y b ti l app ara c , rro d d th y

- in with romantic look g rocks . orig in al waterway w hen all th e slu ices are open ; t h e ﬂood di scharg e

e es u th e d am c l u e e u n s u e . (J ly to D c mb r) g o thro g h , practi a ly ob tr ct d

In e e e en th e e is c ee o s but e e D c mb r , wh riv r practi ally fr fr m ilt , b for it s level has fallen su fﬁciently t o cau s e a partial abstraction Of it s

e be e in t h e s ui es are se so as wat r to f lt Eg ypt , l c partially clo d to

n s t h e n u s e s t h e and u se es n n dimi i h at ral di charg pa t dam , ca a corr po di g

Th e st a accu mu lation of water in t h e res ervoir . or g e g oes on till

e u en th e ese is u t o it s c of n F br ary , wh r rvoir f ll apacity millio

u e es an d t h e slu es are su fﬁ en en for t h e be c bic m tr , ic ci tly op dam to

n u effe on t h e n u s e. I n en t h e ag ai witho t ct at ral di charg May , wh n atural discharg e of t h e Nile becomes u su ally so low as t o cau se

e r e in t h e s e e is u s e d a th of wat r Eg ypt , tor d wat r g rad ally di charg d , thu s aug menting th e n atu ral water su pply du ring May and Ju ne and preventing t h e evils which wou ld resu lt from s o low a di scharg e as

u Th e di r e e t h e river wo ld otherwise have . ag ams b low xhibit g raphic ally th e effect of t h e res ervoir on t h e water levels and discharg e of

a Fi 1 S s t h e e e e s i n h t h e river in n averag e year ; g . how wat r l v l t e

— ia ram sh ow in th e variat ion s in w ate r-lev el a ove an d below th e d am d u rin th e l . D g g b g f h e ﬁlling and emptying o t e res rvoir.

h - s e t h e dam e Fi 2 es e and on t e d n s e . e s r rvoir ow tr am id of , whil g xhibit t h e effect of t h e dam on t h e Aswan g au g e and on t h e discharg e of

. o s as a be s een a t h e su m e t h e river . Fr m thi l t di g ram it will th t m r

e e ofth e v e is se s e 20 en e es an d t h e s e is l v l ri r rai d om c tim tr , di charg

n e se u n and u n e u 200 u e es er se n i cr a d d ri g May J by abo t c bic m tr p co d,

r by t he us e ofth e reservoi . Thou g h t he dam has been bu ilt for th e g ood of t h e country dow n st e oi and it s effe s on h s e in n s e u en e r t h e m n r am it , ct t at id co q c fo m ai

— a rams sh o in t h e in u ence of t he reservoir on t h e levels a d d har e f h e Fi 2. D i n isc o t g . g w g ﬂ g ri ver d urin an ave a e g r g year.

e u e of ns e t n has s een ne ess t o r v e for it s fat r co id ra io , it al o b c ary p o id

a n and on t h e un a effects on navig t io co try bove it .

Th e d am as be seen m let e s t h e e t o n n , will , co p ly bar riv r avig atio , and it has therefore been n ecessary to su pplemen t it by cu tting a

n t h e es s e so esse s ss canal alo g w t id that v l may pa . This canal is con

e u u e s h en th e ese i s u e h troll d by fo r h g lock , w ich wh r rvoir f ll hav eac

e Th e n u nn e e a a lift of 5 m tres . at ral cha l abov nd below t h e canal has een e s n ou t s u n s and se e b improv d by bla ti g ob tr ctio , a parat lock , w i x u of 2 e es has een n s t u e n e th a ma im m lift % m tr , b co r ct d t o e abl

em e e boats to pass t h e Bab H d ai . Th re is now an easy passag e u p es of h e an d down t h e cataract at all tim t year . Th e cou ntry south of t h e dam for a lon g dis tance is ﬂooded each

e as t h e ese is ﬁ e t h e e n e n y ar r rvoir ll d , d pth of ﬂoodi g b i g of cou rse a _ 49 _

e an es en n - en t h e maximum near Sh llal d g radu ally l s i g u p stream . Wh res ervoir is fu ll t h e w ater -s u rface coin cid es w ith t h e level oft h e t op oft h e ban k abou t Dakka below this poin t t h e lands are su bmerg ed

an d most oft h e hou ses oft h e n atives have collapsed in consequ ence. Th e Govern men t has compen sated t h e n atives ﬁn an cially for t h e

d a e t o e an d n of e ha e e e t o e a es mag prop rty , ma y th m v r mov d oth r vill g below t h e d am with t h e capital thu s provided others have bu ilt n ew

e l n s e e e s on t h e es e e n t h e e an d es e dw l i g at hig h r l v l d rt bord ri g riv r , th

- n of t h e cu ltivate t h e ban ks each year as t h e river lev el falls . Ma y date -palms frin g in g t h e Old river-bank were d estroyed by t h e ﬁllin g

of h e ese Th e a s a on of e has een e e t r rvoir . railw y t ti Sh llal b r mov d n orthwards s o as to be above t h e res ervoir level ; t h e g oods trafﬁc on t h e As wan -Shellal railway will dou btless be redu ced n ow that it is possible t o load boats at As wan an d sail them up t h e cataract by

oft h e n an d s bu t t h e n e w l c n n u e t o be e way ca al lock , li i l o ti work d ,

an ean s of eac n ae s n d forms a ready m r hi g Phil from A wa .

Th e s n s of ae an d es e n s u e i la d Awad , Big a , Phil , El H a , b i g it at d

h f he es e e e s e t e e o t e e e . at h ad r rvoir , hav th ir low r part ﬂood d ach y ar

Th e n w as se u s at e in t h e as e of Philse and t h e i n ﬂoodi g a rio m t r c , s ertion of n ew fou n dation s u n der t h e n u m erou s temples became

his n e es s in e t o e s e . r t h e e of c ary ord r avoid th ir collap T wo k , charg

h h w as e n ru st e d b t h e G e nm en t o t h e e w as r e w ic t y ov r t writ r , car i d ou t i n 19 01—19 02 t h e em les are n ow s ecu e an s s u s e n e ; t p r ag i t b id c , an d t h e o nly e ffect oft he ann u al ﬂ oodin g i s t o r en d er them in acces

oa for afe w on t h s oft h e ea s ible e xcept by b t m y r .

TH E S A N D S O U T F T H E D A M I L S H O .

AW AD is a larg e island situ ated immediately sou th of t h e dam

s n n oft h e e low N e is of e in t h e we ter portio riv r . At il it a trap zoidal

s e e n e e es in reat es en and u hap , b i g ov r m tr g t l g th abo t a kilo

Th e e e n oft h e s n i s u metre in width . g r at r portio i la d occ pied by low

e s of h on e is e s n s n e t h e e s e n bar hill , whic capp d by a d to , oth r b i g

n s s n in a es e 4 0 e res h all O fg ra itic rock ri i g pl c ov r m t above t e river .

u n th e e e of t h e sl n t h e ee of t h e s are s of Ro d dg i a d , at f t hill , tract

u u u n t h e ns u n of t he es e e u all vi m , which til co tr ctio r rvoir bor fo r

s u n u 4 e n s of u n es e villag es and a mall amo t (abo t f dda ) c ltivatio . Th

vil es e e an d U n ahilla on t h e w es and Fa irt o o and lag w r Balli g t , g g g — - Sh emad ul at t he sou th -eas t corn er O f th e islan d wit h t h e ﬁlling of t h e ese in 1902 t h e old es s e e e n os en r rvoir villag di app ar d , b i g alm t

e e w t h e es e - e e bu t l an d Fa irt o o h e een tir ly b lo r rvoir l v l , Ba li g g g av b

h e hi -S es e e e n t h e rebuilt on t ll lop at a hig h r l v l . O ly central g ranitic

ss ses e t h e su e of t h e ese en ul so t h e ma ri abov rfac r rvoir wh f l , that islan d as then expos ed is mu ch smaller than in t h e n atural state of

e s be e e es u e thi ng s . Awad app ar to altog th r d tit t of archaeolog ical remain s .

and R N B s n s are ss es n -e SHAS H E A i la d rocky ma orth ast of Awad .

e e s e h es of u m ud en th e e is low bu t Th y b ar om patc all vial wh riv r ,

nor u n e s s on e n n either habitation c ltivatio xi t th m . Er ab is com plet ely covered when t h e reservoir is ﬁlled ; t h e cen tral rocks of

en h e e s s e e se e n e t . Sha h , how v r, ri p rma tly abov wat r Th e mass collectively kn own as BIG A con sists of three principal

s n s are n n n e t e e . e is t h e i la d , which o ly co c d at low Nil Big a prop r s ou thern most and larg es t of th e three ; it con sis ts almos t entirely of

n e s s n in es e 60 e es e t h e e e e g ra it hill ri i g plac ov r m tr abov hig h Nil l v l , bu t e e are few u es and u n t h e ese w as d e th r a all vial patch , til r rvoir ma Th i e e e e t w o s es . e e s e n e e s th r w r mall villag a t r villag , call d Big a , at a hi g h level and con sequ ently u n affected by t h e reservoir ; t h e

an e A L A E M on t h e es s e w as e d has een es e . oth r , SH A , w t id , low r b d troy d N0 lan d w as cultivated on th e islan d except a small patch at Al a

Shema .

un e t h e n en n e of Sen ernt e s e een Big a , d r a ci t am , app ar to hav b a s e e in e e es e n r i n ns ns acr d plac comparativ ly arly tim , b i g ich i criptio ,

h e e n s some of them dating from t tw lfth dy a ty . Th e j ubilee of

w as e e e e e th e n e and es Rameses II . c l brat d h r by pri c hig h pri t Khor * Kh m s es es t h e - ns ns t h e s n ssesses s e a u a . B id rock i criptio , i la d po om

n e es n u ns ns s n t h e e n s O f an n en u - i t r ti g r i , co i ti g of r mai a ci t q ay wall an d s e s e e e and n are t p , a Ptol maic t mpl , a Roma arch , all of which

re s e situ ated close to th e villag e and a vi ibl from Philae. These ruins ( except th e qu ay an d s teps) are above th e reservoir level and wil l

s e of e n probably be u naffected by t h e ri water . B hi d t h e rui ns are

A en t h es an d Th ot hm t h e remain s Of t w o statu es ( m o II . es

I B an d A G I LKI A t h e t w o n e n s n s oft h e u are SAL , orth r i la d Big a g ro p ,

e s smaller g ranite hills with frin g es ofNile d po it . They have neither

B E E t und er th e Pharaohs vol. I I . 115 . B U GBO , g yp , , p 51 habitation nor cultivated lan ds Salib has a sing le u nimportant rock

n inscri ptio .

s n O N O S S O d u e e s A ilkia is n se e r Th e i la d of K , a t of g , o ly parat d f om is t h e m ainl an d du rin g hig h Nile an d when t h e reservoir is ﬁlled . It

u u s ss e n e s n o a sm all bu t conspic o ma Of rath r hig h g ra it rock , with

s -ﬁv e n s n s an d e s t o e een e les s than ixty i criptio , app ar hav b a plac

Th e e e n of t h e ih mu c h ven erated in an cien t times . g r at r portio

K f K h Kebh u i s t h e scri t ion s are e e t o h nu m u o o eb u . p d dicat d , l rd

en e n e en th e in n en nsc n s bu t is g ral am g iv to cataract a ci t i riptio , it

os s e e e s e e s e t o n ss e e s s ne p ibl that it r f r h r p cially Ko o o , wh r a mall hri

h e od n e s n th e ns n s de dicated t o t g may o c have tood . Amo g i criptio

a h n n s . n s . n d T ot h m es e ee are s ome ofAme ophi III IV . ( ig ht th dy a ty) S o mu ch h as been writt en con cerni ng t h e beau tiful temple-covered

is an of lae e e en n n n ee be en e e . l d Phi , that a v ry bri f m tio of it o ly d g iv h r

i u 4 60 e es in n is Th e islan d s abo t m tr width . At it s sou th poi t a

low n e l h i s th e n un e e en th e ese g ra it hi l , w ich o ly part cov r d wh r rvoir

is Th e e es n ow s n n are s n u . e an d f ll t mpl ta di g mo tly Ptol maic Roma ,

ou on e is e an d as s n s e are e n th g h old r , hi torical la dmark th y far b hi d

h e e s u u es of e es in n e e Th - s t s . e so e g r at tr ct r Th b i t r t call d Kio k ,

eal t h e e e n is on e oft h e s e e n s u u es i n r l y t mpl of Traja , mo t l g a t tr ct r

I n e t h n t h e Eg ypt . ord r that e partial ﬂoodi g of t h e temples by re s ervoir in t h e months ofFebru ary to May shoul d n ot caus e des tru o tion of t h e ru in s by su bsiden ce n ew fou n dations were in serted u n der th em in 1901-1902 ; at th e same time t h e remains of an u nsig htly

C e u of u e w as e e t o e en it s optic villag , b ilt cr d brick , r mov d pr v t form

i n s es u e s u e en su e e n een g a alty d tr ctiv l dg wh bm rg d . It had lo g b

s u s e e u e e s n on t h e nn e e on e of t h e p ct d , from a carto ch xi ti g i r fac of

c u n s oft h e e e e of s s e es ex s e on ol m Ptol maic t mpl I i , that t mpl had i t d

P lae e s t as e as t h e en -s n s s su s n hi at l a arly tw ty ixth dy a ty . Thi picio

w as nﬁr e u n t h e e n s for t h e u n e inn n en t h e co m d d ri g xcavatio d rp i g , wh

u n n s of er s u u es w e e u n u n e t h e e s n e es fo datio old . tr ct r r fo d d r xi ti g t mpl ,

an d s e n t h e n es A m asis w a u n e t h e a lab b ari g am of II . s d u g u p from d r

i u m M amm se .

Th e islan d ofE L HE S A (s om etimes called G eziret el Atik) is t h e most

s u e an d t h e es of t h e s low e is o th rly larg t all cataract i lands . At Nil it n early 2; kilometres long an d metres wide ; in plan it is somewhat

- t h e n n e s e e s u s . t h e e e n p ar hap d , poi t b i g o thward By far g r at r portio

t h e s n an d in e n s s le h ese r of i la d , fact all of it that r mai vi ib when t e r rvoi is fu ns s s of s of n e an d e e u e an d e c ll , co i t hill g ra it oth r r ptiv m tamorphi

Th e es n s are e se n u e u s es . rock , which trav r d by m ro dyk hig h t poi t ,

n e t h e en e oft h e s an d is e 60 e es a e e e e . ar c tr i l , ov r m tr bov hig h Nil l v l

Th e low - n s of t h e slan e e t o t h e en s s an d lyi g part i d , p riph ral c tral ma

nl u n e e en t h e ese is e e are e e es o y cov r d wh r rvoir mpti d , cov r d with patch

u u s s ofw ofan e e e of u 15 e ns of all vi m , trip hich ( ag g r g at ar a abo t f dda )

e l a e at and n e h e sou n t h e n t w re formerly cu tiv t d ar t t h poi t . At or h

es n e i s u n n e o n e an u i act w t cor r a col m ar g ra it r ck , ar which all v al tr of n s w a e u n e e Th e es h abou t 3 fedda s form rly d r tillag . villag whic existed prior t o t h e makin g oft h e reservoir were called GAR B A (at t h e n h -e s rn e SU LU KO L I A N G A R N A S H E I KE S H E M A on t h e s u ort a t co r) , , , ( o th

h os e s A R T l N O G t h e s u n and O R on t e es . a t) , (at o th poi t) , KH ( w t) M t of t h e Old hou ses O fthes e villag es disappeared on t h e ﬁrst ﬁllin g of t h e

ese bu t G R B A N G A R N A S H E an d O R e een e u l at r rvoir , A A , , KH hav b r b i t

e e e s an d n ew a e ca ed W arrad has s u n u n ea hig h r l v l , a vill g , ll , pr g p r

h e een Su lu koli and t h e cen tre of t h e east shore of t e island . B tw

A n arn ash e n s u u s ran e s u u n e n a g a co pic o g it hill , rmo t d by a cair m rk ’ h e u m e in s e s a es se t o t e . g a h ikh tomb , appro ch clo riv r A g lly for d by t h e weathering -ou t ofs ome s oft basic rocks affords an easier path

un h u e n l es d es t o Khor from here than g oing ro d t e s o th r hil s . H a o

ea t o a e een o an e in an en es e e are n ot app r h v b Of imp rt c ci t tim ; th r ,

e e n e t h e s u h n s e ra en s of u n s an d h e how v r , ( ar o t poi t) om f g m t col m ot r sculptu res which seem t o poin t t o t h e former existen ce Of a temple t or chapel here.

- T A T I V E R -B N K O T O F T H E D A M VIII . H E E S R A S U H .

t h e s u a s t o n ea n ss t h e e is e e From dam o thw rd r Ko o o , riv r bord r d by t h e hills which form t h e sou thern ex tremity oft h e g reat hill -mass

n an orm e e s of t h e e s lyin g between t h e pres e t d f r b d Nil . A trip Of lower allu vial g rou n d of varyin g width ru n s alorig t h e foot of thes e

s bu t is su er e an d assa e en t h e ese i s u . hill , bm g d imp bl wh r rvoir f ll

u 600 e res s u of t h e d am ul u s u t h e ss Abo t m t o th a g ly c t thro g h ma , an d a track ru n s from t h e river by w ay ofthis g ully t o join t h e ordi ’ n ea t h e s e s en n e on hi s 4 . n ary Shellal road r h ikh tomb m tio d p . 0 T g u lly is ofin terest as marking a lin e offau lt t h e hill t o t h e n orth of

is san d s on e la eau an e e e on t h e s u t h e it a t p t with g r it b low , whil o th

se of t h e s n s n e is u 25 e es e and t h e s n s n e ba a d to abo t m tr hig h r, a d to 53

s n s on h e n e u s e e es ss th e form o ly a mall cap t ig o hill . S v ral dyk cro

ul ne t h e ul g ly ar fa t . O pposite Philae is a wide alluvial stretch formin g th e mouth of

th e old l e-bed l f . e e e en s t h e s es o Ni H r , till r c tly, tood mall vi lag

a and a bu t h e s e e t h e ﬁ s ﬁ li n ofth e es e B hr Hag b , t y di app ar d at r t l g r r

and e een e e n ew e e e e s voir , hav b r plac d by a villag , call d J b l Shi hi ,

t h e h e - f n at foot of t hills s ou th east o t h e n ew Shellal statio . Th e sou th bou ndary oft h e Old Nile-bed is formed ofhills ofcru shed

an e and s h s s e c n s u n in u t o . n u e s g r it c i t Th y o ti o th , clo i g g rad ally t h e river-edg e ; they ri s e t o abou t 4 0 metres above t h e hig h Nile

e e e r - h s l v l . Th re a e some an cien t water marks visible on t e rock n orth ofHaﬁr ; these can be followed rou n d for s ome little di stan ce

e es e sea- e e h u s en s w n t h e e at m tr abov l v l , t appar tly ho i g riv r to

h e - av risen formerly at least 18 metres above it s pres ent ﬂ ood level .

Th e es of H aﬁr u n sh e an d villag , J a i , Bag g ar , Bab , Mi k , Tichi ,

A arma i h e s o on t h e e - nk th e of t h e j , wh c form rly to d riv r ba at foot

l s e s e e l n n of e - ees n hi l , hav di app ar d a o g with ma y th ir palm tr , owi g

t o su e s n t h e es e an d th e n can be n e s e bm r io by r rvoir , ba k o ly trav r d

fﬁ ul en th e ese is fu l as t h e e es on t h e with di c ty wh r rvoir l , wat r com to

s e for n e h e n e e H aﬁr w as th e rocky lop arly t e tir distan ce . N ar Old

s fﬁ e an d s n of e and t h e nk e e e po t o c railway tatio Sh llal , ba h r form d a bu sy scen e owin g t o it s bein g t h e berth for t h e Govern men t and

e s e e s n e e e s oth r t am r plyi g b tween Shellal an d Wadi Halfa . St am r will n ow le ad n orth of Aswan and ascend th e cataract by mean s of t h e

n and s on t h e es t h e Th e e - n e e w as ca al lock w t Of dam . riv r ba k h r aw s n and n a u 2 7 e n s of n e e u n e u l ay arrow , o ly bo t f dda la d w r d r c lti

a ' - Th e in v tion in t h e whole of t h e six villag es above men tioned . habitan ts have mostly removed t o other parts since t h e ﬂooding of

e v es bu t few e n s u e e n s e e els th ir illag , a hav co tr ct d dw lli g at hig h r l v

In n an d still remain n ear t h e sites of their Old hou ses . additio to t h e e u e s e an ei n es n ew on e e r b ilt haml t which r t i th r Old am , a , call d

cl s u has e en e n e s en e n e t h e hi e- e e Abd A i , r c tly com i to xi t c ar w t tow r d “ ” s u e n n as t h e mo q k ow Gama Bilal .

Th e n u es in s s are few an d t h e e e n of a tiq iti thi di trict , with xc ptio a rock in s cription of t h e sixth dyn asty dis covered Opposite th e s ou th

* t h e a en d es in 1892 . e en of El H a by Prof Sayc , appar tly all of Ar b

“ Rec. d e travau . 147 . x XV, p

CHAPTER III .

TH E G E O L O G Y O F T H E C A T A R A C T .

GEN ER AL OU TLIN E O F THE GEOLOG ICAL STR U C TUR E O F THE

DISTR IC T .

A s th e Nile Valley is followed u p from Cairo to Aswan t h e desert s on either side are seen to consist ofan u nbroken series of sedimen tary

s res n in h n en e n - es e of trata . Cor po d g with t e g e eral g tl orth w t rly dip

t h e e s th e en e e s s e l e as th e e is s en e b d , Eoc d po it g iv p ac riv r a c d d

to e re e u s s t h e es e e hi t h e u an Upp r C tac o trata , low t m mb r Of w ch , N bi

s n s on e is t h e n m et n e fu t o a d t , practically o ly rock with from ar Ed

B u an en e n ew s e is A swan . t when w e reach t h e Cataract tir ly a p ct g iven to t h e scen ery by t h e ou tcrop of a larg e boss of ig n eou s an d

e s e s ss of n e u s m tamorphic rocks ben eath t h e san d ton s . Thi ma ig o an d metamorphic rocks exten ds u p t h e river n early as far as D abod

s e 22 e es s u s n SO onl it s n end is ( om kilom tr o th of A wa ) , that y orth s een in t h e e Th e n is t h e e - n n red Cataract ar a . pri cipal rock w ll k ow syenitic g ran ite which has s erved for so many of t h e early Eg yptian

n u n B n e u s m et w e s u t s i n s h e n . mo m t . thi s by n o mea t o ly ig o rock ith Apart from t h e con siderable variation s which t h e syeni tic g ran ite

t se s s w e en u n e es e n e th e e er t h e ou t i lf how , co t r , p cially ar p riph y of

a s er es of e n n I n n es of e sses a d s s s . crop , i Old r g i chi t additio , dyk

n e e e u - e s e e and s en e e t h e g ra it , p g matit , q artz f l it , porphyrit , ba alt p trat

ss in u s e ns and es of e e an d o e ma vario dir ctio , laccolit dol rit di rit , n ow u s e n n en e s s s are en u n e e in th e ran e cr h d i to hor bl d chi t , co t r d g it in on e or t o a es H ow e t h n u n - w pl c . g r at e i ﬂ e ces of these dyke rocks hawfe been i n determinin g t h e position of t h e river-chan n els will be

en r t h e e Th e e s h appar t f om g olog ical map . n tire ma s as been su b

ect e d t o en u s e - u s s s o in n es w e ﬁn d j ormo arth thr t , that ma y plac

n es e e n n e sses e es n s s s an d so on e g ra it alt r d i to g i , dol rit i to chi t , , whil t h e nu e s u s is e n Th e n s mb r of mall fa lt l g io . cataract isla d are almos t en e e of n e u s s B t i h tir ly form d ig o rock . u n t e desert s on either side es e are e n t h e u n s n s n es and s t h e th ov rlai by N bia a d to clay , which , from

en e u n s u e s e of e s at a are on e seen v e g rally di t rb d tat th ir tr , at c to ha been deposited lon g after t h e forces which cru shed t h e u n derlyin g

Th e i n e u s s are e e e er s e se t o act . rock had c a d g o rock , th r for , far Old

n h e e u s e B u t e e are n ot n n e en es of tha t Cretac o p riod . th r wa ti g vid c s e e - e en ater t h e s n s n es an d s e e e s e om arth mov m t f a d to clay w r d po it d ,

for in s e e a es u l s i n e ese alon t h e o e s . v ral pl c fa t volv th g with ld r rock 5 Th e e e ﬁ e w san an d a e u n s e s oft h e ! wid vall y , ll d ith d g r v l , which r a t Nile between Philse an d Asw an w ill at on ce s trike t h e eye on lookin g

h a is e on d ou e u s e of t h e at t e g eolog ical m p . It b y d bt a form r co r

e an d th e n a u a in u ir as t o w h a rou a u t h e an e riv r , t r l q y t b g ht bo t ch g ’ A s be s en u n i n t h e r e s u se is u l of n t e es . e e o iv r co r f l i r t will f rth r , t h e chang e may possibly be con n ected w ith t h e fau lts in t h e Nu bian s n s o a d ton es already referred t . I n our discu ssion oft h e Cataract g eolog y it will be well t o con sider in order

I — h e en e s s a ae a n s n b ﬂ uviat il . T e e r c t d po it ( ) ri l (blow a d) , ( )

an s an u s e e s s d . (Nil g rav l , d , m d )

— Th n n s es an n ei n . e u s t n d s a d e II N bia a d o clay , th r r latio to

h n s n d a r t e ig eou a m et mo phic rocks .

II — Th n s a s e s I e ig eou nd metamorphic rock th m elves .

— a s on s es e l e e en e t h n . G en e n u t o e IV r l co cl i , with p cia r f r c dy amic

e n h eviden c s a d p ysical g eolog y . I n following th e g eolog ical d escription referen ce Should be made to

h h e ns on II e e on a e . an d t o t e s e X t g olog ical map Pl t II ctio Plat .

I - T H . E N O I S E RE C T DE P S T .

( a) A e r i al d e pos it s ( bl ow n s an d ) .

W i nd -borne desert sand form s ex t en sive d epos it s on t h e w es t ern

an t h e e at t h e at aac fre u en t ly s w at in t h e es b k Of riv r C r t , q h g fac Of

s w t h e v al e h ere i s as o ce tain a u n t h e scarp hich limit l y . T l a r mo t of

h e s e e a cu u lat e at s o e o n t s on t h e east erri e t am mat ri l ac m d m p i sid .

B u t t h e e l n in s c e t h e n o - es an d t h e e pr vai i g w d om from rth w t , riv r see s t o en e a y s ea n an effe e r e t o th e n s m form , g r ll p ki g , ctiv bar i r tra port O f t h e san d across it ; t h e b ulk of t h e load of san d carried by t h e w in d is dropped in t h e w ind -s had ow form ed at t h e western side

t h e of e vall y .

Th e u u ns O f n s n e an e- e u acc m latio blow a d hav ochr y llow colo r ,

n n es en in t h e s u n Th e n s which i cli to g old tron g lig ht of t h e s . g rai

are e u n in s e e n en e u 1 e e r markably iform iz , b i g g rally abo t millim tr , or

e ess in e e Th e n s as n u ss ﬁe n rath r l , diam t r . wi d act a at ral cla i r i to

s es t h e se n s are un n e t h e s oft h e u n es iz ; coar st g rai fo d ar top d , from

h h ﬁn es - w ich t e er particl are blown away and dropped on t h e lee side.

I n S e t h e n s are e e u n e e n i n hap , g rai all r markably w ll ro d d , b i g fact con verted into miniatu re pebbles by long friction ag ainst each other

s e i u u e ﬁ ein e Fi . i e u s e s e . e ( Plat III , g Th r y llow colo r q it p r cial , b g

d u e t o n su e-ﬁlm of n e Th e e is n e e e a thi rfac iro oxid . latt r at o c r mov d

on e n i e in t h e u n s of tr ati g w th warm hydrochloric acid , l av g q artz g rai

sn n t h e n e ﬁlm t h e n i e e ess . s s owy whit Apart from iro oxid , a d pra

u e s li u n ns c s n ns of e s tically p r i ca , tho g h it co tai oc a io al g rai f l par an d e u s calcar o matter .

Th e n of t h e n s n of t h e L bian ese is en e orig i . blow a d y D rt g rally thou g ht to be from t h e disinteg ration oft h e Nubian sandston e whi ch

s su e e s on t h e s u e n ese s hi e s i s n o form ch larg ar a o th r d rt . W l thi

u e as e s t h e s n s of N u and t h e is do bt corr ct r g ard a d bia Cataract , it obviously in su ﬂi cient as an explan ation of t h e dun es in t h e n orth

u n ess n e in t h e e n n has en e . F or as e l a cha g pr vaili g wi d tak plac , alr ady st e t h e e n n in has n - es e e n at d , pr vaili g wi d Eg ypt a orth w t rly dir ctio , and e e is n u n s n e i h e e n n W e th r o N bia a dston n t vall y orth of Qe a .

e e e s u se th e n s n s of t h e n e n s may , th r for , ppo that blow a d orth r part oft h e desert have aris en from t h e breaking u p of other more recen t s n s n e e s s n s n es of a e e a e s e s n e a d to b d a d to l t T rtiary g till xi t ar Cairo , an n e c e e far ea e ea n en d may o ce hav ov r d a g r t r ar tha at pres t . Blown s and has been used t o s om e ex t ent on s u bsidiary portions of t e I e e e n h e reservoir works as a con stitu nt for m ortar . t s r markabl cl a n ess ea es n n t o be es e in s es e bu t t h e e u s n l v othi g d ir d thi r p ct , r g lar izi g ofits ns an d e ou n n es s en e s n e as e g rai th ir r d r d r it i f rior , a mortar mat rial , t o t h e more ang u lar and more irreg ularly sized san d which is formed

h n n of n by t e dry disi teg ratio g ra ite (see p .

h F l u v i a i l e d e os i s r av e l s s an d s an d m u d s . ( ) t p t (g , , )

A nci ent g ravels — In t h e dry valley between Shellal and Aswan are

e Th e e es n e u 15 or 20 en thi n beds Of coars e g rav l . p bbl ra g p to c ti

Th e s n an d hi e ee of un n metres in diameter . compo itio g h d g r ro di g of

V - I . T Y P IC L G R N S or T H E V I N D R N E S A N D or r u n D E S E RT view ed b re ﬂected li h t x 12 . A AI BO , y g , ~ - W ell round ed uart z rain s avera in abou t I mm d iamet er. q g , g g .

- 2 . R I V E R N r a ar rains of uartz fels ar hornblend e SA D b re ﬂ d li ht it . Sha n ul , y ecte g , 35 p g g , q , p , ,

arnet ma ne tite av a i bou d iameter etc . er n a t mm . g , g , , g g .

I -M u h x n r n d . N LE U D cr s ed b t w een th e fin er and e ami ed i n a film of O il b t a smitted li h t u n er 3 , e g s y g a hi h ow er r n fels r h orn blend e a t ite e tc x T h e r r rai ns are ch iefl ua z d ecom osi a m ne . g p ( lag e g y q t , p g p , , g , t h e finer ar icl i t h l and art l fkaolin ic and or an ic mat ter T he rai ns p t es cons s partly of t e same mineras p y o g . g

an i i 1 h w r e n s ze from mm d w n o t he small t art icles visible un d er t e o er e m lo ed . g 1 6 . o t es p p p y

N N u a and a tiall ro n e . N S D ST N E i n thin section b t ransmitted li ht x . A n l r r u d d 4 UBIA A O , , y g , 35 g p y

rai ns of uartz w ith a li tt le fels ar d erived from i neous rocks cem en ted b asmall amount of calcareou g q , p ( g ) , y s

l e mat t r T h ere ar u m u w r i and c ay y e . e n ero s s mall pores be t een th e g ans

- Bu m ore C al D rb n , la e y , E g .

— 59 lag oons bein g form ed in which th e ﬁne sedimentation cou ld g o on un di s u e t rb d . M odem ri ver-sand and mud — Th e s ilt of t h e Nile may be broadly

e n s di fe n in ﬁn en ess n . divid d i to two form , which f r mai ly of g rai Th e ﬁrst an d coarser of t h e t w o forms is that which is deposited in e u nn n i o e e e n s n - n s in wat r r i g w th a m d rat v locity , formi g a d ba k

h - e Th e se n is n e mud t e river b d . co d t h e ord i ary Nil which accumulates in basins and at poin t s on t h e bank where t h e stream is s u s e es n es e t w o s th e e s r e l g g i h . W may d ig ate th form by t rm iv r s an d an d Nile m u d respectively ; bu t it should be emphasised

t h e e n e es not an u e in e that latt r am do imply y admixt r of kaol ic matt r,

all t h e s t h e i e t h e e e n e s of from which ilt of N l , with xc ptio p rhap

ﬁn es i fee Th e e e t h e e s es s n ee ll . v ry t lim , i d d practica y r t rm Nil m u d is on e i s n u se an d is n en en an d dis which commo ly d , co v i t t in ct iv e bu t it simply means any very ﬁn ely divided rock material

u n t h e r e u e e en e it s e n u e . bro g ht dow by iv r , witho t r f r c to ch mical at r

Th e ri ver -sand m s low n s r n n t h e s es t h e , which for ba k f i g i g id of s e an d n t h e s n s low e is e n tr am ma y of Cataract i la d at Nil , of a pal brow but u . s en es e s e ﬁrm u n colo r It form , wh fr hly d po it d , fairly g ro d ; on e su e t h e su n as t h e e s r es n se no xpo r to riv r fall , it d i i to a loo i o

e en ass n on e s n s as on e a s i e is e n h r t m , i to which i k w lk , wh l it r adily blow

u t h e n ﬁn e e s abo t by wi d . It thu s differs strong ly from that r d po it

' w e e m u d in is n e en on r n . n e which call Nil , that it i coh r t d yi g Exami d

s is seen ns s of e e n ul n s of micro copically , it to co i t d cid dly a g ar g rai

u e s n en e n e n e e an d e n e s q artz , f l par , hor bl d , g ar t , mag tit , oth r mi ral d e e i ne u s s l Fi Th e ns e e e . . riv d from g o rock (P at III , g g rai av rag

m . in i e n s u en s m . fits e . t h e r n u o d am t r From va yi g colo rs co tit t , a pin ch of thi s s and placed on a visiting card forms an extremely pretty microscopic slide for examin ation by reﬂected lig ht u n der a

e n oft h e ns e s n d n s u es low pow r ma y g rai appear lik ﬂa hi g iamo d , r bi

n e e s Th e s n un n n a d . of t h e n s is e u n m rald izi g g rai v ry iform , r i g

ae e n e en e w t r b i g v more efﬁci nt as a sizing ag en t than t h e win d . A n in teresting observation may be made when t h e river is low an d it s su rface slig htly ag itated by t h e wi nd at su ch times there frequ ently e en d s n n of e en - e e - n s n xt a arrow ba d dark l ad g r y m tallic looki g a d , covering t h e su rface oft h e bank a few cen timetres from t h e averag e

- e n e . s be s e off and e l be u n t o be wat r li If thi crap d dri d , it wi l fo d s n n e and n s s s in as it s s e ﬁ and tro g ly mag tic , co i t , fact , p ci c g ravity a

mi croscO ic ex n n ell u s of ne e in . cer a times one p ami atio t , mag tit At t may select a bu cketful of n early pure mag netite in a few minu tes by

Th s n scraping t h e surface of th e low shelving bank in this way . e a d ban k which formed on t h e east side ofPhilae i n t h e su mmer of 19 02

e e an un n su bu t an e oft h e aac yi ld d ab da t pply , probably y oth r Cat r t

s n s u Th e se n is d u e t o th e en t le i la d wo ld do equ ally well . paratio g

n t h e e e t h e su e oft h e n e e t h e t e lappi g of wat r ov r rfac ba k , wh r by lig h r minerals are slowly wash ed ou t and t h e mag netite is left at t h e extrem e

m t u e e A s se n of n en e m a li it o ch d by t h e wat r . imilar paratio hor bl d y

be n e s e n s bu t is ess m r e n t o t h e w e r otic d at om poi t , l a k d owi g lo

en s of d ity that min eral as compared with mag n etite .

N tile mud is s n ﬁe e u n in su s ens on By ig i d that mat rial , bro g ht dow p i

and e s e th e e w e es on n n u d po it d by Nil , hich coh r dryi g i to a to g h

s s s e h e a e is e s olid ma . It mbraces all t ﬁn er m t rial which d po it ed

r s or s fl n e in n u s iﬁ s n s f om till lowly owi g wat r at ral pool , art cial ba i ,

or n s e t h e e - n s esc e i s ﬁrm t o th e o ca al . Whil riv r sa d la t d rib d f ot

i e e e e s n e m u d en esh e s e is mm diat ly aft r d po itio , Nil wh fr ly d po it d a

s s t h e su n mass n on e e s s n s . se oft , ticky i to which a ily i k Expo d to ,

m u d e s t s s m n of n e of e s d po i dry lowly , with for atio a twork larg crack

e is n u h e s e e e firm u n . wh thoro g ly dri d , it form , how v r , v ry g ro d It t h e fin er variety ofNile m u d which is s o valu ed a con stit uent of t h e ” red e in n n as n u e e e s n of wat r irrig atio , acti g a ma r chi fly by r a o

it s n es s in e Th u n ess an d h n ess t i e rich org anic matt r . e to g h ard of material when dried is taken advantag e of i n t h e man u factu re of

n e u n u n s F or h s u s u is e in s ativ b r t brick . t i p rpo e a sl rry form d a hallow

an d e for few a s t e is u e n i n pit , l ft a d y , af r which it mo ld d by ha d

en r Th s u s t es . e en ﬁ s u e e n wood f am brick , which wh r t mo ld d hav o ly j

en u h s i t o e n e s e are e out in t h e sun for a o g ol dity r tai th ir hap , l ft

n or e t o e e are a in of fort ig ht mor dry , aft r which th y l id amortar s m u i ess en for imilar d . It s tial that a su ffi ci en t time be allowed thoroug h drying ; cases of collapse of hou ses d u e t o t h e u se of in s u fﬁ en e s e e u n B u t n ro erl ci tly dri d brick hav fr q e tly occu rred . o ce p p v i e n t h e sun t he m u d s e su s n es s n e . bak d , brick hav a rpri i g r i ti g pow r Walls ofthis material have stood at Semn a an d other places for th e

s u u s ea s l s n u e s n s la t fo r tho and y r . B ock i ch c b aw from old brick (of Ptolemaic date) at Philae whi ch I tested only cru shed with an

e e lbs er s u 1 8 . e n av rag load of 7 p q ar i ch .

u all sses s n t h e n e es en n e ve Tho g h po i g commo prop rti m tio d abo , different s amples of t h e Nil e mu d mus t be expected t o vary very — 61

u in ﬁn en ess and in t h e u of m ch amo n t org ani c matt er they contain .

A s e e as e oft h e m u d u s e n s t h e a typ , I tak ampl d for maki g brick at

es s I a e . t s s h en s a es on e n of R rvoir work pl ticity w moi t m k thi k clay , but a microscopic test shows it in reality t o be a very ﬁn e sand or rock -ﬂou r wi th qu artz an d felspar in mi n u te an g u lar g rain s as it s chief

s Th e s n u i n s u n . d o ot as e e n e . n co tit t g rai a r le xc ed m m . diameter but what strikes one at on ce in comparing a m u d and a sand is t h e

t h e - n i s e absen ce of sizing . With river s a d it qu ite xception al t o ﬁn d i n t h e s e s e n s e n e as bi or ess n as bi am lid g rai mor tha twic g , l tha half g , as h e B es fm u d on e t e e . ut en on e e n s e o sees e e av rag wh xami a lid , v ry

a n on e - en of e e t o t h e ﬁn es e s e g r datio , from t th a millim tr t particl vi ibl

h e es e s e . Fi t h s e r t . e es e n with hig h t pow r (Plat III , g mall r pa ticl b i g

e u en l e en t h e e n es . e e n es n t h e u se fr q t y adh r t to larg r o H r i li , I thi k , ca

t h e n u n e s is f n s a d s . e o s of pla ticity to g h It a matt r izi g . It wou ld seem that ru nn in g water fails t o s eparate completely g rains of very differen t sizes when on ce t h e g rain s ofover on e-ten th ofa milli metre i n h i e e are e e . u se t e e e e s n su d am t r r mov d Of co r , wat r aft r d po iti g ch a

x e s e s n an s e fin e i e e in su s en s n mi d ampl till co t i v ry ly div d d matt r p io , so that if allowed t o stan d ag ain it will deposit a still fin er m u d but t h e poin t i s that t h e fir st sample will itself con tain a certain proportion ofparticles ofa fin en ess equ al t o that of t he smallest particles oft h e se n O n e can e s s ee en t h e s e es co d . a ily that wh mall r particl accompany t h e e e fit e se es n t h e s e een t h e e larg r , th y may th m lv i to void b tw latt r .

u s t h e su e for en e of er i s n e se t h e s Th rfac a g iv w ig ht mat ial i cr a d , void

n is s n e u are s e and c . e on n mall r, apillary actio tro g r F rth r, dryi g ,

n s are e s n e se n u e of n s es n is co tact mad at a va tly i cr a d mb r poi t , coh io

n e se and e e us be e n un of n e - n oft h e i cr a d , th r m t a c rtai amo t i t r locki g

ns g rai . This testimony of t h e microscope that Nile m u d consists essentially of mi nu te chemi cally-u naltered frag men ts ofig n eou s rock i s admirably

n e ou t t h e es u s of e n s s t h e e en e com bor by r lt ch mical a aly i , p rc tag of bin ed water being g en erally so small as t o forbid t h e assu mption of

f n ns e e u n of n s t h e presen ce o a y co id rabl amo t kaoli ic matter . Thi

be seen t h e e e i es t h e esu s nu e will from tabl b low , which g v r lt of a mb r * nn of analys es by Hofma .

“ A n A ccou n t of s om e recent R esearches n ear C airo u nd ert aken w it h t he v ie w oft h row in g d of E t b L m ll ial an . H n li h t u on t h e Geolo ical is t or oft he u v o u Phil . T rans g p g H y A L g yp , y , , 5 — - 38 188 Part 2 . 53 92 . Part 1 . 105 1 18 5 , , pp ; , , pp — 62

Colu mn A shows th e composition of t h e suspended matter (aft er baking ) collected from t h e Nile water ofBulaq early in O ctober ( 7 184 9 ) at a depth of20 feet below t h e su rface column B shows t h e an alysis of a fertilisin g m ud deposited at Daman hu r by t h e ﬂood of 184 9 ; w hile in column C is g iven t h e mean of ﬁv e analyses of blackish brow n earths which when moisten ed knead into plastic clays t aken from t h e Delta deposits at dept hs of 2 t o 6 metres from t h e surface

O rg an ic matter Loss

l O U’ OO

Th e recen t an alysis of 6 s amples of cu ltivated s oils from variou s * th e e th e G u u e e e as e n parts of D lta , at iza Ag ric lt ral Coll g , g av a m a resu lt

Si an d i O , n sol ubl e

F 0 3 0 3

A LO ,

V olat ile mat te r

al . 1 : d Macx nn zn ournal oft he Khed i vial ricult ur Soc 899 . 138 . Faw n an , J Ag , . p e h E v en h All th ese analys s t ell t e sam e t ale . if w at is qu oted as

n and e t e re in u es som e at e com in t on org a ic volatil mat r ally cl d w r of b a i , there cann ot be any con siderable proportion ofhydrat ed silicat es su ch as n esen and w e u s n e t h e u m n and of kaoli pr t , m t i f r that al i a part t h e n e an d nes are esen e as an us s c t es iro , lim mag ia pr t chi ﬂy hydro ili a

as i n * Th e n n e l . n e s s u as e s e ae . ch f l par or hor bl d , or g i al rock mi ral

r Th e alkali es are probably also in g eat part present as felspar . phosphoric acid has it s orig i n in t h e apatite which is an almost con

s n ess ine in t h e ne u s s oft h e s u and ein ta t acc ory m ral ig o rock o th , b g i n minu te crystals it i s likely t o be fou nd in g reater relative abundance in t h e ﬁner sli mes than in t h e more san dy d eposit s T

u s u w e s e of i e m ud as in an u u Th , altho g h may p ak N l clay ag ric lt ral

sense t h e e e e e e r n t o it s s en e e of t rm , 1 th r by r f r i g pla ticity wh w tt d , t h e material really cont ains but a small proportion of t h e hydrated

u mi n s es hi h are ss e as s t h e ne s al a ilicat w c cla d clay by mi ralog i t . A s w e penetrate t h e su perﬁcial layer of m u d and descen d to t h e

ee e u e s s w e u l ss n se e i s d p r all vial d po it , g rad al y pa i to coar r mat r al ,

and us u e e n e -s n e of 5 t o 10 e es ally r ach cl a riv r a d at a d pth m tr . §

u s m e u n s e ese ee e e s s e e t h e Th , Ho r fo d om of th d p r d po it yi ld d following results on analysis

3 1 0 20 3 A LA) a

M g o O rg an ic matte r

a Wh at has been m en t ion ed above reg rd ing t he N ile mu d is n ow becoming g enerally kn ow n ” t o be the case w it h ot her soils . See D m Y n and LA G A T U O n t he C onst it u t ion ofA r bl , a e E art h ,

C om te s R end us Paris D ec . 1904 . p , ,

' 1 I t may be w orth w h ile t o men t ion h ere t hat sin ce most oft h e ig n eous rocks of t h e di s trict

con tain t it an iu m min erals in erce t ible u an ti t t itani c ox id e ma ﬁnd a l p p q y , y p ace in fut ure

ile silt I n the old er an al ses t h t an alyses oft he N . y e t i an iu m is probably part ly inclu d ed w it h

th e insolu bles from ilmenit e an d art l w it h t h e ferric ox id e from t itana ( ) p y ( t es ) .

C la s are n ow fre u en t l d eﬁn ed in a ricu lt u re w it h reference t o their h s ical ro ert ies I y q y g p y p p , ” ith u t re ard t o com osit ion see for in st an ce A LL Th e Soil 19 w o 03 . 34 . g p ; , , H , , , p

JU D D Proc . R . V ol . 6 1 . 34 . I foun d asimilar assa e in t he cou rse f t , , p p g o excavaion s d e inn i t h e h l n 1 2 for un rp ng P ila t emp es i 90 . i t O p . c .

- 65

of t h e salt present to be sodiu m carbonate . The presence of these s alts is dou btless d u e t o a small amou nt of chemical action of air

n e on h e s A s e e is e n h e a d wat r t fel par . th r v ry little drai ag e from t s n u u ns an d e e n t h e s u e e s a d acc m latio , v ry rapid vaporatio , ol bl matt r have been accu mu latin g in t h e deposits for centu ries ; they may be expected t o occur in very different proportions in di fferent parts of t h e e d posits . Th e coarse debri s ofg ranite and g n eiss brou g ht down t h e khors and

u es t h e s n en s esu n s s is c s n l g lli by occa io al torr t r lti g from torm , o ca io a ly fou n d to be cemented in to a brecciaby s iliceou s matter this cement in su s n e is e n t h e an e t s e and e s be t h e g b ta c hard r tha g r it i lf , app ar to res ul t of siliceou s solu tions trickling throu g h t h e loosely piled mass of en n is n i h e e brok material . A g ood i stan ce to be see n t g org

en n e on e 4 1 s be e u o es t o . e ne m tio d pag If thi g org follow d p , com a

e e s e e n s ft h e e e is hig h l dg which form a wat rfall aft r rai . Part o l dg

n bu t e e are s s e ns e s e e n virg i rock , th r al o om tra port d block w dg d i to

h s t e s an d es e s t h e s eous e en n e e . ma , th how ilic c m ti g v ry cl arly Nu merous other cases can be seen on t h e road which leads in to Khor

Abaa en n e on 4 0 . j j , m tio d p .

II — T . H E U B I N N ST O N E S A N D S A N D T H E I R E TI O N S N A SA D CLAY , R LA

T O T H E N D E R I N G R x U LY oc s .

These s edimentary strata con sist ofirreg ular altern ation s ofwhite t o n s n s n e s of e i n e u e n brow a d to with clay pr vail g g r y colo r , ov rlyi g t h e g ran ite and other ig n eou s rocks i n b eds everywhere practically

horizon tal . I n t h e Cataract district they occu r in g reatest thick n ess to t h e n of e n n e e e e s t h e en e orth El pha ti , wh r th y form almo t tir

e of t h e es en s h e e e fac carpm t which limit t vall y on either sid . At

Je e u bet el t h e o nen on t h e es n s e b l Q Hawa , pr mi t hill w t ba k oppo it

s n e n n ess ofn e u n e e es t h e s A wa , th y attai a thick arly a h dr d m tr , clay

e e u n u h t e t h e e e e t h e t e . O n s h r occ pyi g abo t half to al h ig ht a t , wh r

s n st nes e n e s n ess is e ee e u 20 e es . a d o pr domi at , thi thick xc d d by abo t m tr Th e san dston es and clays can be traced all along t h e west ban k sou th

s at an n eas n e e e t o n e t h e s u end H ess ward , i cr i g ly hig h r l v l , ar o th of El

s n e e e e e t h e e i n t o t h e e e e i la d , wh r th y r tr at from riv r ow g h ig ht th r

e e b t h e ne u s oss . O n t h e e s t oft h e e e e r ach d y ig o b a riv r , th y cov r th e e t e ofth e e u e een t h e i e and th e i g r a r part plat a b tw N l ra lway ,

5 i e e s th e e es s n st one u n u n t s W h l a t of latt r patch of a d occ r at merou s poi .

e e is n one u en e ofs n s n e on t h e s nd s and Th r o ly occ rr c a d to cataract i la ,

is in t h e ns u us ﬂat - e ne t h e en e that co pic o topp d hill ar c tr of Awad .

Th e sandstone u n e n e i n situ i n nse u en e , tho g h of a brow app ara c co q c

su e ﬁ x n t h e s u n n n n e in is of p r cial o idatio of mall amo t of iro co tai d it ,

e in u en en i g enerally n early whit colo r wh brok . It s a soft rock when

u r e e ﬁne n and ens u n e e t h e e en q a ri d , of a rath r g rai , hard d r wat r c m t

us has ing material is apparen tly a calcareo clay . It been qu arried to a considerable extent lately on t h e west bank for t h e purpose of pitchi n g

n It s s e iﬁ t h e sid es of t h e navig ation cha nel . p c c g ravity is about to an d it s resistance t o cru shing varies from 112 to 264 ki lo

es er s u e en e e . s s r er n g ramm p q ar c tim tr It ab orb f om to p ce t. * t e of wa r .

t h e s n s one is su e ns e e r ns O n Locally , a d t bj ct to co id rabl va iatio . t h e top of t h e w estern plateau it frequ ently con tains oxides of iron

and n n ese in ns e e u n t s en e n of u ma g a co id rabl amo , r d ri g it a black colo r .

e n h e s n s Near t h e mon astery of St . Sim o t a d ton es and clays con tain

e s e u s e and of e ns n e i e b d of ochr o matt r arthy oolitic iro to , wh ch hav

n n e t h e appearan ce of having bee o c worked . Hawkshaw foun d in t h e

s n s n e s na s s of a es but ese are no eans a d to occa io l cry tal b ryt , th by m

m n t h e u e are u n n in t h e es n co mo at Cataract , tho g h th y ab da t corr po d

s I n e es t h e u u ing sand stones of Baharia Oasi . oth r plac s al somewhat

ﬁne n es e t o s e e e n t s n g rai g iv plac a coar g rit , whil at oth r poi , ag ai , it

e e of t h e e u n - s p asses into a con g lomerate . A larg ar a plat a orth eat of t h e dam is covered by pin k qu artz pebbles derived from t h e d is in

- s in h e s n s n Th t eg rat ion of cong lomerate bed t a d to e . e base of t h e

t n n e e-be s can l series is almost constan tly a hi co g lom rat d . Thi be wel s een by ferryin g across t o Jebel Q ubet el Hawa ; at t h e base ofthi s hill t h e g ranite su rface n early coin cides with t h e water -line of t h e

e and n e t o t h e n t h e n e e can bes een Nil , by g oi g a littl orth , co g lom rat ’ at t h e water s edg e .

Th e c a s are e u en ﬁne mi n ed e and eeni s in l y fr q tly ly la at , g r y g r h

u I n th e n e u of s an s u t -e st th e t w n colo r . ig hbo rhood A w ( o h a of o )

t h e e s e een e e e t o se e as nure b d hav b larg ly xcavat d , probably rv ma on t h e lan ds ; t h e practice does not appear to be continu ed in this

6 The st ren t h of s IL LC C KS E t ian I rri at ion 2n d E d it ion . 45 . th e s tone increas e W O , g yp g , , p g

idl w it h increas e of d ens it hen ce in select in s am les for u ild in ur oses a hi h s eciﬁo rap y y , g p b g p p g p for g ravity sh ould be soug ht . - 67

t he esen t ou n le u e u th e locality at pr t day , h g h commo a litt f rth r p

ve Th e u n s en e on t n s e en a e ri r . N bia clay g rally c ai a mall p rc t g of * l ne n es hi e ow e e n u u e . a kali itrat , to w ch th y th ir ma rial val

A s th e a e o these beds an u e is ﬁ e e s to g f , pp r limit x d by th ir trati g raphical position below limest on es of u n dou bted Upper Cretaceou s ag e this position is w ell exhibited both i n t h e Nile Valley (n ear E dfu )

s s Th e n e mi has ecen een ess an d in t h e Great Oa i . i f rior li t till r tly b l

e n no s e en s of e e a e e s in t h e e t e c rtai , for dim tary rock g r at r g xi t imm dia ne u an d i s n n t h e s few e s an ig hbo rhood , it o ly withi la t y ar that y fossils other than siliciﬁed wood (an u n cert ain g u ide) have been fou n d

s Th e a e Of t h e u n s n s e h s i n in t h e beds thems elve . g N bia a d ton a

een re u en su e of n e s u is con sequ en ce b a f q t bj ct co trov r y . Tho g h it

‘ certain that s ome similar san dstones in Sin ai are C arboniferou s j it is

. equ ally certain that those O f t h e Oases n earer Nu bia itself are C re taceou s ft It is n ow proved that t h e san dston e oft h e Cataract district

is s e e us t h e e n een u n e en u n al o Cr tac o , writ r havi g b fort at o g h to obtai two specimens ofI n oceramu s C ripsi § from t h e san dston e beds close t o

t h e west end oft h e res ervoir dam . There remain s t h e qu es tion as t o t h e relati on betw een the sandstones

u has een n an d the ig n eou s rocks . Tho g h it b oc casio ally stated that

t h e n e u s s e n u e t h e s n s n e u s n s n o ig o rock hav i tr d d a d to [I at vario poi t , eviden ce of su ch in tru sion has been fou nd either at t h e Cataract or in

th e u n e een and s of e nu e ex ami co try b tw it Koro ko , which a v ry mi t

w as e t h e Ge o u v e in 1 i s t h e n ation mad by ol g ical S r y 8 99 . Rather evidence very stron g t o prove t hat t h e ig n eou s rocks are of much

I n t h e s r e e is n o u es g reater ag e. Cataract di t ict th r lack of expos r Of t h e j u n ction between t h e t w o rocks ; a dozen places will easily be found su itable for observation alon g t h e road from Aswan t o Philae ;

su es e t h e s e t e Th e t o h bu t all these expo r t ll am al . p port ion of t e g ranite is broken down an d w eathered i nto a kaolinic mass ; on this

“ F or an accoun t oft he u se ofcla s know n as talaor maro as manu res see F O A D E N ou rn al y ( / g ) , , J

r u lt u ral 1903 . 8 . oft he Khed iv ial A g ic , p

' — S LT E R 1 1 . 4 4 4 6 8 . 0 0 . G . S . 1 6 5 t e n l . . h e o c u G 7 8 8 . 09 s c T A rn . 1 , Q J pp A , Q J , , p s ions h ave been conﬁrmed by t he ﬁn d in g of ot h er C arbon iferou s foss ils by t h e G eolog ical Survey

i n 1899 .

v ZI E L Geolo ic d er li sch en W us te C assel 188 3 see also t he u lis h ed re ort s I . TT , g by , , ; p b p

es b t he Geolo ical Su rve ofE t . on th e O as , y g y g y p B N u nN R LA n . D ete rmin at ion by D . c o ” - — D A M S . . G . S . 1864 . 6 19 ; P L Y E R ibid . 1892 . 576 582 also H N S N and A , Q J , pp O , , pp ; JO O - d 1892 . 4 8 1 4 84 . c rm orm , ibi . , pp c e t h e s n s ne e s t h e e nes s n e om a d to b d , low r o almo t i variably p bbly, ndi cating that t h e g ran it e w as weathered prior to it s covering u p by

t h e s n s ton e an d s - e a d , that hallow wat r condi tion s accompani ed t h e ﬁrst sedim en

i n i n a o . s n i F h t t s s i . 3 Thi how g , whic repres ents t h e s ection of t h e hillside at

t n f e rn h e east e d o th da .

n r r t h e ffe en es of Ag ai , apa t f om di r c l evel of t h e base of t h e san dston e pro

d u ced u n t h e su e t he — by fa lti g , rfac of F . un ct i on m 3 . J ofN ubran sand s tone an d ran ite eas t end of n e ss is s e i e u but g , g ra it bo om what rr g lar ; ” m m " d am ' 1 su d s m e m m ’ t h e s nd s n e e s are e e e e rac con lomerae -ban d s 2 Broken a to b d v rywh r p g t , a0 0 ‘ ' 5 3 13 8 8 W it h n l Th e i e i n e us t rcally h on zo t a. h g h r g o ﬁl tz fm ﬁ i ; 3 513309 masses mu st have stood u p as islands

in t h e e n s n e s h s nd st one e s e t h e s . t e wat r which d po it d a d to La tly , if a

e e e n t h e n e s e e are t h e e en es of n a w r old r tha g ra it rock , wh r vid c co t ct

e s and h ow es t h e s n s on e s s no e d en ce m tamorphi m , com it that a d t how vi oft h e action Of those immens e forces which have cru shed t h e ig n eous

s an d u e e n su u e as w as e se for n s an e rock fa lt d th m i to ch a j mbl xpo d , i t c , in t h e excavation for t h e d am fou ndations With t h e eviden ces

e e u s e e can The n be one ss e n e u n . b for , th r o ly po ibl ratio al d d ctio ig n eou s and metamorphic rocks of t h e Cataract are of far g reater * n u n t h l e e n s n e s n s on e e s . s a tiq ity tha a d t which ov r i th m Daw o , ba i g his n n on e ns e ns e es e t h e opi io p trog raphical co id ratio , corr lat th m with Archaean rocks of North America whether t h e in terval between t h e two depos its w as really s o g reat as this wou ld indicate may well

e n u u bu t an n e e e w as and h e r mai do btf l , that i t rval th r , t at a g olog ic

n one s ee s e e n u es n . ally lo g , m prov d b yo d all q tio

— III . TH E G N E O U S A N D E T A M O R P I O K I M H C R C S .

Th e ig neou s and metamorphic rocks oft h e Cataract district admit of classiﬁcation as follows T

U N I O PL TO C R CKS .

— Granite O f s e e are t w o e -d eﬁn ed es e d s in thi th r w ll typ , r a ily di t

u ish ed e ffe en e of n e g by th ir di r c g rai . Th y may be called t h e

eol M a - G . . 1884 4 44 2 39 . g , pp .

Th e s s te m ofclass iﬁcat ion em lo ed is t hat ofR S E N S C H E lements d er Gu teim lehre 1 y p y O BU , . tt art 18 8 Stu g , 9 . — 69

coarse- rai ned red ra i te an h e- rai n e re ranite es ec el g g n d t e ﬁn g d d g r p tiv y . Local variations of t h e coarse-g rain ed rock in to hornblende g ran i te

an d rtz s en ite are e n qua y v ry commo .

S en ite — In s e e are s ns e e ns bu t y thi rock th r al o co id rabl variatio ,

e th y are n ot as a ru le sharply marked offfrom each other .

D i — u e un n n h e e n s ss t e . ori te. M ch l ab da t tha pr c di g rock All t h e above rocks show in places modiﬁcation s of stru ctu re in

c n se u en e u s n e s m in n th e a e o q c of cr hi g . Th y al o for , additio to l rg * e u e m sses d es and e ns r ptiv a , yk v i .

DY KE ROCKS .

- G r ani te por ph yr y s er i e s .

- s e Qu artz fel it .

eni te - Sy porphyry .

ns e- e E tatit porphyrit .

VOLC AN IC ROCKS.

se Mica diaba . l Basalt (occu rs here on y in dykes ) .

I METAM ORPH C ROC KS .

n G eiss .

- Mica schist .

Hom blend e s hi s c t .

U N PL TO IC ROCKS .

— The coarse-g rai ned red g ranite Th e coarse-g rain ed red g ranite is at once t h e mos t abun dan t and bes t kn own of t h e ig n eou s deposits of t h - F i 1 is I m e . . e . t s e red u see e Cataract w ll ark d colo r ( Plat IV , g ) d u e to t h e pres ence of larg e porphyritic red crystals of orthoclase an d t o smaller g ran ules of t h e same min eral scattered throu g h t h e

Th e e se s s S e en en mass . larg orthocla cry tal how a mark d t d cy to

d s and are e u en y as u as 3 en e es in i iomorphic form , fr q tl m ch c tim tr

en t e en S nni n on t h e s e t h e l g th ; h y oft how twi g Carl bad typ , two halves of t h e crys tals exhibiting differen ce of lustre when t h e s peci

Th e mere fact ofarock occurring as ad yke d oes n ot make th e rock a dyke-rock in t h e - s stem ofclassi cation See R os m nuscn o . oit . . 19 1. y ﬁ , , p , p men is u n e u in t h e an I n ene a t h e red t oc l as e t r d abo t h d . g r l , or h

s u t ﬁve-e t s of h Th e e n n c on form abo ig h h t e en tire rock . r mai i g st it u ents are e l se s in s u n u ai r whit Olig oc a , alway mall amo t ; q artz , f ly

u n n and n e s e e s e n sed b ab da t ; black mi ral , viz . , biotit ( a ily r cog i y it s u s u s es and n en h e n n e is e em e e . T e l tro ﬂak ) , hor bl d hor bl d xtr ly

in n is s e s sen bu t i n t h e e u . e e e variabl amo t It om tim altog th r ab t ,

s e en is s esen in s u n an d t h e typical p cim it alway pr t mall q a tity ,

ma be e s e n en e- n e It s s e ﬁ av i t rock y corr ctly tyl d a hor bl d g ra it . p ci c g r y is

n e t h e s e e F i 1 t h e e te n t h e U d r micro cop (Plat VI . , g . ) g r a r portio of

is seen n s s of ea h o s e t h e s e s s se d om rock to co i t cl r ort cla , mall r cry tal l showing any approximation to idiomorphism ; Carlsbad tw i n s are e e e n l o n se it s e eat ed . o s e e s e xtr m ly commo Olig cla , a i y r c g i d by r p tw inn in g an d low extin ction an g les in s ections approximately perp e n dicular t h e n is ess u n n e n en e a to brachypi acoid , far l ab da t , b i g g r lly

- n ot presen t i n g reater amou n t than on e tenth Of th e orthoclas e .

e u in s u es u on e-e h Cl ar q artz , allotriomorphic form , occ pi abo t ig th

one-s of s e Th e e is of n u i n to ixth a typical lid . biotit a brow colo r ,

n e e - Th e n en e is a s stro g ly pl ochroic rag g d edg ed plates . hor bl d alw y

h f een u e in on o s n e . allotriomorp ic , g r colo r , tro g ly pl ochroic Apatit , l g

n i n s n h e ne s u e s s . s n esen en se i t e a mi t pri m co ta tly pr t clo d oth r mi r l ,

but i n s a u n an d n e e u su as e u ns bu t mall mo t ; mag tit , ally irr g lar g rai

s n in s is s ns n bu t s n occa io ally idiomorphic form , al o a co ta t pari g

n co stitu ent . Th e prin cipal primary variation in t h e rock is that d u e to t h e

e e ess u n n en d e e e s ns u en t is g r at r or l amo t of hor bl . Wh r thi co tit

e e e in e n n u n n e t h e u and o e d v lop d mor tha ordi ary ab da c , q artz bi tit

are esen in ess u n t h e e en e of e s e n n ou pr t l amo t, p rc tag f l par r mai i g ab t

ns n er n n e n w co ta t . V y rarely crystals of sphen e are fou d i t rg row ith

t h e n en i 2 e e . F hor bl d (Plat VI , g . , B) . Th e s econdary variations revealed by t h e micros copic examination

are of e e e n e es l n s on f t h e e s s in S xtr m i t r t . Kao i i ati o f l par lig htly

e t e e s e en s i Bu t t h e res es s e w a h r d p cim s of course frequ ent . f h t p ci

ens s u en s n n e m how freq tly tro g eviden ce of dyn amic actio . A larg portion oft h e g ranite mass can be seen i n t h e ﬁeld to have u n derg one

u s n v n e or ess of n e ss s e e n e . es cr hi g , g i i g it mor l a g i o app ara c Slid

cut r es e r ns even e e t h e n s e en e t s no f om th po tio , wh r ha d p cim xhibi

f e n a i 2 h e s en e n e ce o a e e a e . F . t tra lt ratio , r v l (Pl t VI , g , A) almo t tir cha g

of se n n e e u n th e e r s as is orthocla i to microcli , whil aro d larg c y t l a mortar of s mall g ran ules resulting from th e attrition consequ ent

- n n h on t h e sliding produ ced by t h e cru shing actio . Cracki g of t e larg e crystals an d u n dulose extinction d u e to their state of strain are

seen ese s e also frequen tly in th lid s .

* ' An l ses t h e D eless e ee e and W i n er e a y of rock by , Sch r r ,1 g i g av t h e following compositions

D s Ls ss s 1851 C H E E R E R 186 I G E R 187 , S , 6 W N , 8

S ilica A lu m i na F e rric O x ide Lim e A lkalies and Mag n es ia ( by loss ) t s b i n c Los y ineration .

n e s n se th e e s and se e t h e Wig r al o a aly d f l par mica parat ly , with follow ing res ults

F E Ls PA n

Th e coarse-g rained red g ran ite forms t h e g reater part of t h e ig n eous

- sses e een s n and e u n e i n t h e e s n hill ma b tw A wa Sh llal , d rly g g r at a d s ne e u e een t h e and t h e s oft h e w to plat a b tw road railway . Ea t rail ay

- Q . . G . S . , 185 1 . 9 13 . Th e s ecimen w as rom a iece ofthe roc in the ouvre J . pp p f p k L .

' ’ ” u ote d in R or n s Be itrii e z ur Pe t ro e 18 69 XI ra h i . V 1 Q g g p , , p i . ” H . H . Gom z E e tian O e is s . nd on 1886 . 16 l o 1. f , g yp b k L , , p 72 lin e it is n ot m et with till a poin t almost d u e east of t h e reservoir -dam is e e and en is u n in u s e n n e n r ach d , th it fo d a hig hly cr h d co ditio , b i g n e s n practically a g i s . O mos t of t h e Cataract islan ds it forms an

n e u i importa t f at re . It s also exposed below t h e s an dstone at many

es n t h e es n plac alo g w t ba k .

e e n e e e as for ns an e es of t h e s n Wh r ormally d v lop d , , i t c , w t A wa

e l ne t h e s e- n e n e e i s t h e Sh l al railway li , coar g rai d g ra it xh bit form

of e -u un e sses d u e t o it s pil d p ro d d ma ,

ea e n n s e ms as S n w th ri g i to ph roidal for , how

i n Fi 4 Th u f g . . e s rface is u su ally o a g rey or n early black colou r where long

ex s e and s n se n po d , occa io ally paratio of thin spheroidal shells can be s een ; bu t as a ru le t h e weathered layer is extremely

n S O u n e s u ni s thi , that ro d d block f r h g ood — T ical w eat he F ro. 4 . yp red form u n e t h e e i n er of n ormal A s w an ran q arryi g mat rial , whol t ior g it e . n u bei g perfectly sou nd fres h rock . S ch masses are in fact less liable t o ﬁss u res than t h e massive rock

e as ei s e n has se n e on e e e n e of b low , th r paratio it lf g o wh r v r a pla

n s s exi e is o ese e weak e st d in t h e paren t mass . It chieﬂy n th larg rou nded blocks that t h e hierog lyphic ins cription s S O abu n dant on

h e a e en n n d e ar u n t ro d b twe Aswa a Sh llal e fo d . Th e appearan ce in t h e ﬁeld of t h e g ran ite where mu ch cru shing has taken place is totally differ

n Th e s n w e s e t . mas o w ather

n e e n s as s w n i toparall lopip do , ho

i ck n F . s f h ro i g 5 . Thi form o t e can be well seen in t h e g org e east of t h e g reat ben d in t h e

w ne e e t h e ru sh e rail ay li , wh r c d an d g n eissose rock has been

s e l or e wa h d O l t by at r n t . — at h rin of cru sh ed ran i te I 5 . W e e F G . g g h h e e t e e e e e t e an d n iss . N ar riv r , wh r v r g g ranite has been long exposed

t h e on oft h e e -w a e it s s u e has u e n to acti riv r t r , rfac acq ir d a thi , hard ,

- s e Th e n u e of s ﬁlm has black coating w it h a blacklead like lu tr . at r thi * e en een s u e u cas w h o ﬁn s n t n th e es r c tly b t di d by L , d it to co ai oxid

‘ l t aracts airo 1 5 The Blackened Rocks oft h e N i e C a , C , 90 . - ) uart z a a 6 biotit S E G R A I N E I R E D G R A N I I E A S W N D A M x t . orthocl se e r. C R o OA , A , g , q ; , ; , ;

Ir h ornble nd e m ma n e t it e a a ati te . ; , g ; , p

M ic ocli e m a d rush ed uartz i n C A RS E -G R N E D G R N T E S H E LL L as se e n 2 . A . r n n c ( ) q (g ) O AI A I , A ,

w e ros cols x 2 be t e n c sed N i , 0 .

- B I n ter row th of s he ne s an d hornble nd e It i n C R S E G R N E D G R A N t rs F R O M ru s . g p ( ) ( ) OA AI

' is su rrou artz and fe ls ar V A C h in er row n cr s tal nd ed b u . A t G rtO N N L x 2 . T e t N A A , 5 g y y q p

‘ ‘ o or h oclase at oli o las acces sor uart z It h orn ble nd e Y E N I I E s ns u c ox x 2 0 . o t c e 3. S , j , , ; , g ; g , y q ; , ;

biot it e a a at it e m ma n e t i t e 5 s h ene . ; , p ; , g ; p , p

- - ’ . R Z C S Y E N I I E S ou 1 H E N D O N V G T N x 0 o ort hoc as e h horn ble n d e F N C L 2 . l 4 Q UA T MI A , A I A IO A A , , ,

biot ite al eri n o ch lorit e c ua c c tains b t t rtz m ma ne t ite a a at ite s h e ne . T he ro k on , , g ( ) ; g , q , g ; , p ; p ( lar e or h ritic fe ls ar C r s t als ort h oclas e i n ad d it ion t o th e allot riomor h ic forms seen in t h is slid e g p p y p y ( ) , p , and t h e re i s lso a s mall ro ort i on of O li oc las e re s e n t a p p g p . )

B e n /r os C D erb E n e, y , g

_ 73 _

r n and n n ese s e n es s s and su u r of i o ma g a , al o lim , mag ia , pota h , ilica , lph ic and s I s . t s n e e is s un e n . pho phoric acid orig i , how v r , till c rtai It may be either t he resu lt of a rearrang ement of th e molecu les of t h e * su e ﬁ n oft h e u n e t h e n u en e t h e e or p r cial portio rock d r i ﬂ c of wat r , a

e e s r t h e t se e s u e u be in dir ct d po it f om Nile water i lf . Eith r o rc wo ld

ee en t h e e e en e s n e and e ag r m t with ch mical vid c , i c both rock wat r contain t h e elemen ts present in t he ﬁlm ; but Lu cas in clines to t h e

e es s form r hypoth i . Pot-holes are very abundant in t h e low-lying rocks of Thirm osia and other Cataract islan ds ; holes 20 or 30 centim etres in diameter an d as u as e e d ee are re u en seen e t h e s nes m ch a m tr p f q tly at low Nil , to and san d which bored them by their g yration lying still in t h e bottoms

th e es e u n ne has of hol . So fr q e t are these holes in s ome places that o ’ ne s e ' to pick o way car fu lly to avoid setting foot in to them . 1 Owin g to almost tot al absen ce of t h e ordinary weathering inﬂu en ces

n and fos in t h e d s is but se e t ens e ni se (rai r t) i trict , it ldom that x iv kaoli

n th e e s and ns e u en di s n e n t h e so tio of f l par co q t i t g ratio of rock , com

ul n i Bu t see n e n e e s is m et w th e . mo y oth r g ra it ar a , ith at Cataract in t h e e ns t h e u n n and n n n xcavatio for dam fo datio avig atio ca al ,

e h e e e f t O e su e e n w as re u en e se . b low l v l hig h Nil , ch w ath ri g f q tly xpo d O n th e sides of t h e n avig ation chann el t h e rock w as fou nd to be almost completely decomposed to a depth of several metres below hig h Nile

e e s e n e s n n n h n e m u e e e n e . t e l v l , all k r l o ly of alt r d rock b i g l ft Alo g li of t h e dam th e secu ring action of t h e ﬂood has n aturally carried away

t h e s e s n - u t s as s as e ne t h e su e oft d compo itio prod c fa t form d ar rfac , bu t even here kaolinisation has g on e on along t h e ﬁssu res t o g reat

e h nn s e e e e u e t e . en t e es e d pth , wh r v r wat r co ld p rcola Wh w t cha l

w as d t h e re n t h e e un n n r lai dry for p paratio of Nil dam fo datio , a o th

and s u w as u n r n n i s outh fa lt fo d to u early down it s centre . At th

u een s s ens es e e e un n but fa lt g r i h , chloritic lick id w r v ry ab da t ; at a few decimetres distance on either side t h e rock w as distinctly t h e

co se- n e n e n se and staned een e on ar g rai d g ra it , hig hly kaoli i d i g r , whil

Th is is sug g es te d as aposs ible ex plan at ion from t he fac t t hat t he format ion of abrow n skin on syenite porphyry of t he Se mn acatarac t has been s h ow n to be accompan ied by amolecular “ ” mi rati on . See The Semn aC at aract . . . G . S . 1903 . 7 1. g Q J , , p “ BB has recen tl mad e a care fu l st ud of t he ot - oles on t he islands n ear 1 Prof. UN H BS y y p h “ F bour eoise es c n c t u ll Fri our Su isss 1902 an t n e . . i a e E le h i e . See M m Soc r d ie es N re s p g S , b g ( ) , 154 - 22 pp. 4 . ci sely th e places where t h e s ou ndest rock and best transport con

T e n en e u s e d it ions are be u n . h to fo d a ci t pav d q arry road , with th ir e t h e n ent s n es en ss e ss s ar mba km for facilitati g d c t or pa ag acro wadi , can s l be e e in t h e u es e se es are r us ti l trac d , whil q arri th m lv va io u nﬁnished pieces of scu lptu re and half-separated blocks which

n in form us as to t h e method u sed in t h e extraction of t h e sto e . That method w as to cut a series of rectan g u lar holes along th e

se n e u e and en e in en e es h propo d li of fract r , th to driv wood w dg , whic

hen e n d ff h u e u s n es O f w wetted xpanded a broke O t e block . N m ro li s u e e- es as e as s e es t h e e ch w dg hol , w ll i olat d hol probably practic work

A S u s u ure as ss e en e n s can s be seen . of pr tic ha d , till m ch c lpt po ibl

w as n e in t h e u so as t o n s t h e e be n s e . do q arry , dimi i h w ig ht to tra port d

h e l s d s Transport to t e river w as probably accomplish d by ro ler an rope ,

e e n u e men an d on t h e e t s e work d by a larg mb r of , riv r i lf by At th e presen t time t h e quarryi n g is accomplished part ly by blasting w ith g elig ni te (for t h e breaking down of larg e masses ) and part ly by s n s ee e es u e n t h e n e e plitti g with t l w dg . Tho g h xhibiti g to ordi ary y

e e en e t h e n e has er an e n s in p rf ct homog ity , g ra it c t i dir ctio which it can be S e e e n ess n in e s an d t h e s e plit with g r at r r adi tha oth r , p cial

e g ranite qu arrymen are very skilful in t akin g advantag e of this prop rty . From th e hig hly orn amen tal nature oft h e rock an d it s proximi ty to t h e e u e is e of u n s n n ot riv r , it wo ld app ar that it capabl f r i hi g at too g reat a cost a valu able addi tion to t h e bui lding -ston es O fEg ypt ; it

is to be e now t h e u n e n s t h e es e v hop d , that q arryi g op ratio for r r oir

‘ e reen e th e n u s t h e e n t h e s one hav op d i d try , that xploitatio of t will be con tinu ed for t h e orn amen tation of t h e more importan t bu ilding s

be su se u en e e e in an d e se e e ffe s an ea to b q tly r ct d Cairo l wh r . It O r id l

er n ot n u n s an d s e s bu t s for s ee e s mat ial , o ly for col m pila t r , al o tr t k rb ,

n s e s an d t h e e u ses ui di n s for pavi g tt , for low r co r of b l g , which if of limeston e soon decay n ear t h e g rou n d level ; while t h e refus e chips

of t h e u es u fu ni s e e e u n ot q arri wo ld r h a v ry g ood road m tal , q al if

s u e t h e s n ow u se in p rior to ba alt d Cairo . Th e stren g th of t h e g ranite to resist cru shing is of little practical

n e bu t e en n ill ocks es b e . W c importa c , it may m tio d that Sir W T g iv

O n t he an cien t u arr in of ran ite at s w an see D 1: M O RG AN C at alo ue d es M onu q y g g A , , g

men t s . 1894 also th e a er b D r: R ozn rrur rin te d as endi to th e rst volu me oft he , p p y , p App x ﬁ ’ D escription ( 19 l Eg y pte

' E ian Ir at ion t t ri 2nd E d i ion . 45 1 g yp g , , p 7 . — 76 it s ultimate resistance as to kilog rammes per square centi

n e ed metre . How g reat a marg i this leaves in practice may be g ath r from t h e fact that t h e g reatest pressu re on t h e fou n dation of th e

Aswan dam is computed at 5 kilog ramm es per s qu are centim etre .

h s on e i l n n - 0 n n T e t s practica ly o absorben t in water . N i formatio has een ne t h e u as it s ns e se s en bu t b obtai d by a thor to tra v r tr g th ,

u -in n e s an di n s e u e es s n free b ilt li t l of or ary iz p to two m tr pa , if from

s are e e s e and are in use e t he s u es th e ﬂaw , p rf ctly af , fact d ov r l ic of

ese r rvoir dam . — The ﬁne-g rai ned red g ran ite This rock di ffers from t h e precedi n g

e in e n u ﬁn e is e chi ﬂy b i g of a m ch r g rain . It d void of porphyritic

s s an d t he n u ne n s se o t n e cry tal , i divid al mi ral g rai ld m at ai to mor

n 3 4 m in i It s red t e es . F e e see t e V . ha or milli tr diam t r ( Pla , g colour is m ere pronoun ced and u niform than that of t he coars e

e u e on u n th e di ffe en e n bu t hi e t xt r d rock , partly acco t of r c of g rai , c ﬂy

w n - n o i g to a lower proportion of dark colou red min erals bein g pres e t . Un der t h e microscope it shows a very simi lar appearan ce to t h e

se- n e ni e ea es e e e e e are n o coar g rai d g ra t alr dy d crib d , xc pt that th r porphyritic felspars and all t h e min erals are pu rely allotriomorphic ;

n en e is ene l en e sen and t h e e en e t e hor bl d g ra ly tir ly ab t , p rc tag of bioti

is e s th e fre u en n an s lit s in n e v ry mall , rock q tly approachi g p mi ral

o ical s n e n g compo itio . Acc ss ory apatite and mag n etite are spari g ly

e en pr s t.

u ess u n n n t h e se- n e s ﬁn e- n e Tho g h l ab da t tha coar g rai d rock , thi g rai d

n e s n o ns ni ﬁ n r n n oft he l s es ec g ra it form i ig ca t po tio of ma y hi l , p ially

on Salu and es s n s and on t h e n n e een ja , Awad , El H a i la d , mai la d b tw

th e ese and M es it ot is ls n en on nks r rvoir dam . It a o promi t both ba

- s l os ed Fro. 6 k h t w es t ank o osi A a a So t hi h d ecom . S etc oft he rock on h e te rm . 1 b pp j , f g y p micaceou is ts ard ﬁn e - rained red ne is s ose an i 3 D e r s fschis t s an d n i 2 H r te . i o s sch e sses . g , g g g , b ,

ne is ses a ran o 4 Por h ri te d ke . nd ite at foot ofsl e . g g p , p y y

t h e e u t h e u e es e e s n s of riv r abo t latit d of El H a , wh r it form thick ba d

h e e s e In t e i in t d composed mica schist and g n isses (Fig . he ﬁ ld t g enerally forms less roun ded masses than th e preceding rock ; it is f e u n us e and s n It s r q e tly hig hly cr h d pa ses i to a g n eiss . hig hly acid c c en e s e es s n e e n n u en s e e hara ter r d r it v ry r i ta t to w ath ri g i ﬂ ce . Wh r it has e e ese s s t h e s e s h ne yi ld d to th it how am featu re as t e coarse g rai d rock .

A s e s t h e e e es O f t h e n t es t h e e i en e i s r g ard r lativ ag two g ra i , v d c s e n n t h e s e n u e u and e om what co ﬂicti g , two rock b i g m ch mix d p ach sen n off e ns n t h e e e t h e e es r e di g v i i to oth r , whil lat r dyk of po phyrit an d basalt traverse t h e two rocks tog ether bu t as a g en eral ru le t h e ﬁn e-g rain ed rock shows distin ctly more Sig n s of cru shing than t h e

se one and is t he e t h e t w o coar r , probably Old r of .

A s u n -s n e t h e ﬁn e- n e n e is en e l s me a b ildi g to , g rai d g ra it g ral y o what

e n t h e se e is t en u s e su hard r to work tha coar rock, whil it of cr h d to ch an extent that blocks of larg e size cann ot well be qu arried owing to

s f h e n - n e r s a en es s o t s . on u n nd clo joi t pla Pa tly thi acco t , partly

r ns e n s of e n e t h e se- n e n e i s f om co id ratio app ara c , coar g rai d g ra it n l e n I n t h e t h e ﬁn - n atura ly pref rred to it for exter al work . dam e g rai ed

w n e u e is rock as however very larg ely u sed for i t rior r bbl . It a hard an d e u e s n e v ry d rabl to . — Syen ite I n many part s O ft h e Cataract district t h e coarse-g rain ed g ranite passes by insensible g radation s into a tru e Th e

u r is seen in far es s u n n e e n e e cess q a tz l ab da c , b comi g a m r ly ac ory

ns u en t h e e en e e s i s nl sl e e and co tit t ; p rc tag of f l par o y ig htly alt r d , orthoclase is still t h e predomin ant mineral of this class ; thou g h olig oclas e is seen in g reater relative abu n dance than in t h e g ran ite ; an d t h e e r s e s s e s s n larg porphyritic o thocla cry tal , whil till occa io ally m et are ess n en t h e c u s n on e e en with , far l promi t , ro k th taki g a mor v

e u e . e e ns an n ns u en u ess t xt r Biotit r mai importa t co tit t , tho g h l abu n dan t than t h e horn blen de t he latter is presen t in con siderable

an e t h e Th e s e ﬁ un d s u t h e ss . amo t , g iv dark colo r to ma p ci c g ravity of t h e rock rises from in t h e n ormal g ranite to in t h e tru e

ni e Th e ess e ss e n e s en e as seen in sye t . prog r iv pa ag from g ra it to y it han d specimens is exhibited in th e illustration s on Plate I V .

Thou h rst a lied t o t h e rinci al sw an rock b Plin t h e t erm s enite w as used g ﬁ pp p p A y y, y abou t 1788 by th e Saxon g eolog is t Werner as a n ame for ah ornblen d e-ort h oclase rock qu arried t h e ne i h bou rh ood of D resd en an d h as s in ce bee n ad o t ed in e t ro ra h as a d ist in ct ive in g , p p g p y

c f t his om os ition Th u s in mod ern n omen clat ure t h e rock t o w hi ch th e name n ame for ro ks o c p . syen ite w as ﬁrs t g i ven is called ag ran it e ( h orn blen d e -g rani te in part ) ; t ru e syeni te ( in t h e mod ern

on of t h term d oes oc at A s an as sociated w ith th e ranit e bu t is les s common acceptat i e ) cur w g ,

t h an th e latt er. n I U e t h e m s e see e V . s 3 and 4 an . d P e VII . d r icro cop ( Plat , Fig ; lat ,

and 2 u t se n Fi . l a d se s t h e s e e n e g ) q artz , or hocla , olig ocla how am app ara c as in t h e n e but e n s are e e u t e n g ra it , th ir proportio alt r d , q ar z b i g

s u T e e s only an acce sory cons tit en t . h f l pars frequ en tly contain enormou s n u mbers of mi n u te prisms of apatite ; and fairly larg e c s s t h e s m e n e s in e eﬁn e hi r s ry tal of a mi ral , alway w ll d d idiomorp c fo m ,

r e ed n t h e e ne s e w u i s a e scatt r amo g oth r mi ral . Biotit of bro n colo r

i e e re u en n w n es . n en e i t h e f q t , rath r larg bro ﬂak Hor bl d , which w th

r se es it s s n e h e t h e is e u n n o thocla g iv di ti ctiv c aract r to rock , v ry ab da t in h s s n e een l e u allotriomorp ic form , tro g ly pl ochroic (g r to O iv ) tho g h

c s n u n e i n h e is ene e fres h o ca io ally fo d alt r g to c lorit , it g rally v ry , with

e e Th e e n n - n e ' w ell mark d cl avag e . xti ctio a g l t c averag es about

The e and n en e are e u en n e n hene biotit hor bl d fr q tly i t rg row . Sp is ns n esen in s u n s e es in it s cte s co ta tly pr t mall q a tity, om tim chara ri tic

e e-s e s but e u su in un e ns w dg hap d idiomorphic form , mor ally ro d d g rai . Ilmenit e an d mag netite are als o pres en t in considerable qu antity in

ns a e s h e s ne s mall opaqu e g rai . Part t l a t of t phe appears to be a se n t n u e e n of eni e e ne s co dary forma io prod c d by alt ratio ilm t , for k r l

t h e n e are un u in t h e e of e latt r mi ral fo d to occ r form r .

e e s h e n th e has en e s Wh r lig t alt ratio of rock tak plac , micro copic s es e n s n t h e e s s e t h e e is u n e lid xhibit kaoli i atio of f l par , whil biotit d r

n h n e t o e fre u en se n e es O f g oi g c a g chlorit , q tly with paratio of larg ﬂak iron oxides . Syenit ic variations are specially com mon in t h e g ranite mass es rou n d Jebeltog ok and furt her s ou t h on t h e east side of t h e Aswan

e as e as on m n of t h e s n s e een Sh llal road , w ll a y Cataract i la d b tw

h e ese Th e n e e e s es een t h e Seh el and t r rvoir dam . i t rm diat tag betw

n e an d u e s en e n en r n e u r - s en t e g ra it tr y it (hor bl dic g a it , q a tz mica y i ,

an d SO on are e seen n e ese es . In t h e ﬁe t h e ) w ll at arly all th plac ld , syenitic patches in t h e g ranite are readily distin g uished from a dist ance

e e u . en e n se u en on it s e s n u e by th ir dark r colo r Sy it , co q t mor ba ic at r ,

n n but ssu es t h s e e s e e s t e e m s . weath r mor a ily tha g ra i , it a m am for Th e u pper portion of a larg e mass Of syenit e cu t throu g h in t h e excavation of t he navig ation channel exhibited spheroidal weatherin g in a remarkable mann er ; decomposition had g on e on i n concentric

he s e n e n e s f few en e es u t o e e i n dis s ll , l avi g k r l rom a c tim tr p a m tr

s un u n t h e e se l n and met er of o d rock , ro d which d compo d (kao i ic

e seu - s s e ss h e chloritic) material form d a p do schi to ma . T rock its elf R x as e n I . S Y E N IT N V IG T I N C N L or ort hocl i clud in n u merous cr s tals of a a at ite , A A O A A , 35, , g y , p ;

h h or blen e b bio i e cc o tz m ma ne t i e 5 s h en n d t t a ess r uar t e. ; , ; y q , g ; p , p

- - - 2 . F I N E G R N E D M svs m r s N R T H E ST or S H E L L L x 0 or ort hoclase t h e rock con tains AI ICA , O A A , 4 , ( also a litt le la ioclas e b biot ite alt erin w ith se aration of 1 limon it e h h ornblend e m uch chloritised p g ) ; , , g p , ; , , an d inte r row w i a ss n ith the b otit e cce or uart z a a atite . g ; g , y q ; , p

. D I R IT E N E R M IS H E K x 2 0 . T h e rock is almos t e nt irel com ose d of labrad orite 1 an d 3 O , A , y p , ,

h ornble nd e It . T h is slid e s h ow s also accessor s h ene res ult in at le as t in art from alte rat ion of ilmen it e i , y p , g p , , kerne ls of w h ich re m ain th e re are als o a fe w w is s of ale re n i e m ca m . ; p p g ,

F I N E -G R N E D R T Z - E LS I T E D vx s S O U T H or T e n G A R x 1 fe ls ar mos t l orth oc las e . 0 0 . 4 AI Q UA F , , p , y , in more or less id iom or h ic cr s t al s m uch alte re d es eciall at bord e rs and colou ed b i ron ox id e eve n i n p y , , p y , r y thin sect ion uartz w ith n u me rous acicu lar e nclos ures m mica in mi n ute flakes It h ae matit e ; g , q , ; , , ; , ; - - k r round mass not shar l marked O ff from th e d ecom osi t ion rod u cts of t h e fe l s ars . T h e w h ole roc g , g , p y p p p

l - isse m nat ed f rri c oxid e is strong ly coloured by fi ne y d i e .

n li E n . Be n on , C o n g w as ee s s se s ru u e but had t h e e n e s n t een fr from chi to t ct r , k r l o b

e as e en e n e on t h e e e r n e s l ft vid c of what had g o , alt r d po tio mig ht a ily have been mi staken for a contort ed d ecom posed schist (Fig . 7

er ﬁne- ned e s en e A v y g rai vari ty of y it , evidently of later ag e than t h e rocks j u st des ed is un in es an d n crib , fo d dyk thi sheet s cu tting t h e ordin ary g rani te an d s emt e t h e i s on t h e e s Si e y of h ll a t d _ F . eat n m 7 . W h eﬁ g of syen ite - e I n s e as seen in excav at ion ofn avi at ion of t he Aswan Sh llal road . om g an n ch el . 1, A ll uv iu m . 2, Zone of aes t h e en -u s ee s ca t h e i s pl c brok p h t p h ll d ecompos in g syen ite W amphem id al kernels of u n alte red rock rou nd r e Th e i s . over a conSi d e able ar a . rock w h ich t h e d ecom pos it ion prod uc ts c c m a ed in con cen t ric hells e ns u us n it s u ss . v ry co pic o owi g to black colo r , f , s g i vi n g ri se to a pseu d o-schi st ose a l a e ran ce . 3 U n ate red s en te n e se ea e i n i . sa e e e . v wh r lo g xpo d to w th r g pp , y

is e e e n n en It xtr m ly hard , ri g i g wh

s u n e es em es s in e n h e a d s e . n e t tr ck , om what r bl a ba alt app ara c U d r

m sc e e e is seen t o be s l n e i en icro op , how v r , it a holocry tal i rock , d tical in min eral composition with t h e ordi n ary syen ite of t h e district

al ea es ed t h e s l s n e n e e on u s e r dy d crib , cry tal i atio b i g m r ly a m ch mall r

s a Th e s s of n en e e u en S s s e -u c le. cry tal hor bl d fr q tly how a ma h d p

a and h e has e en s n n ea n e t e us . pp ra c , rock vid tly had om cr hi g Owi g to its occu rring only in thin dykes an d s heet s and to it s in tractable

nau e u n e t h e e s is ofn o e n mi m r n e t r d r hamm r , thi rock co o c i po ta c .

Di or — r e is u e s e t h e t n t h e ite . Dio it m ch mor carc at Cataract ha

u on s e es e e n u n nl few n s pl t ic rock alr ady d crib d , b i g fo d o y at a poi t ,

and n ea s ss n n n en s Th e then rly alway pa i g i to hor bl de chist . typical

roc e e e s e e u s n is se- r n e a re k, wh r l a t alt r d by cr hi g , a fairly coar g ai d g g

a 2 een s - n en n - Fi . e a d e see e V . e g t ( Plat , g ) of g r i h black hor bl d milk whit

e s es e n n s u en s e n esen in u e u f l par , th two pri cipal co tit t b i g pr t abo t q al

am u n s Th e is an d e it s s e ﬁ e n o t . rock hard h avy , p ci c g ravity b i g i h e F . t e n e n e t h e s e . 3 s e U d r micro cop (Plat VII , g ) two mi ral abov

men n e n en e and e s are seen be n e tio d , hor bl d f l par , to accompa i d by a

l e ess e and s n n u es and s ittl acc ory biotit , by occa io al g ra l mall idio

m Th e s is u e hi s as s en e . e s s orp c cry t l of ph f l par of co r plag iocla tic ,

in l r s en e e f es t h e e e e n n n al otriomo phic form , g rally v ry r h , r p at d twi i g

It is in te res t in g to n ote t hat as imilar ph en omen on w as n ot iced in t h e e xcav at ion in g ran ite

for the f d ai n f t h e hee s tor embankmen t in connect ion w it h t h e w ate r s u l of Pl oun t o o S p , pp y y m outh P I 1 1 . 15 i cc. Ins t . 0 . E . C 90 , , XLV , , p d es are ene u e e in w an d ru n f i s h yk g rally abo t a m tr idth , a rly traig t

s n es s u - es e r e h e i s r ns e le s . T fo co id rab di ta c , with a o th w t rly t ik rock a ha e e e se- n e on e e s - n c ur t h e u rd , xtr m ly clo g rai d , of r ddi h brow olo ; colo r cau ses t h e cou rse of t h e dyke to be very clearly seen where n ot t oo f u e e n e e s . t h e ens n s s o m ch cov r d by g ra it d bri With l , ti y cry tal

u and e s can be e e e e e and e e but t h e u oft h e q artz f l par d t ct d h r th r , b lk

- n for ens be of u s e rock is t oo ﬁn e g rai ed a l to m ch ervic .

I I i 4 i in di n e t h e s e e V . F . e s s seen U d r micro cop (Plat , g ) f l par i o m s s is s r se but is u e e es e orphic cry tal it mo tly o thocla , m ch alt r d , p ciall t h e e es an d e en t h e nn es se n s are u e red y at dg , v thi t ctio colo r d by

n u is n n ﬁnely dissemin ated iro oxide . Q artz ot very abu dan t ; it

urs in e e u ans n t h e e s s and n ns occ cl ar irr g lar g r i amo g f l par , co tai

ul n s u es In t h e un - ss is u c n umerous ﬁne acic ar e clo r . g ro d ma m h

mai t e an d n e s n es of Th e u n hw t e . limo it , with occa io al ﬂak biotit g ro d mass is n ot sharply marked O ff from t h e decomposition produ cts

t h e e s s n h e h e n et c . of t e e s e t (kaoli , ) f l par , owi g to hig hly alt r d tat of

an d t h e s n n u n en e s t h e ss di ffi u rock , tro g iro colo ratio r d r ma c lt of

n smi e l exami n ation in tra tt d ig ht .

- r — A ss n u n n h e h e es Syen ite porphy y. bo i tr di g i to t g ranite on t w t s ide oft h e railway abou t midway between Aswan an d Shellal appears

e e s en e- Th is e t o be . e a hig hly alt r d y it porphyry rock , which v ry h an d u is of e s - n u t h e un - ss ard to g h , a r ddi h brow colo r , dark g ro d ma

e n u ﬁn e e rod - e e s s s en er ess n b i g f ll of whit lik f l par cry tal , g ally l tha a

millimetre in len g th .

h s e e . i 1 h n e t e F . t e is seen be e U d r micro cop (Plat VIII , g ) rock to v ry

s n e -s ed e s s n e . s e r arly holocry talli Lath hap f l par cry tal , chi ﬂy o tho

c s e u e se in t h e en es are e un n t h e la m ch d compo d c tr , v ry ab da t ; decomposition -produ cts and t h e borders of t h e crystals are colou red

ﬁn e ss e n e es of n e en fu red by ly di mi at d particl iro oxid . Fairly pl ti l re mains of an altered ferro -mag n esian min eral (biotite or hornblen de) are seen in irreg ul ar ﬂakes which now con sist almost en tirely of i r on oxides ; scattered amon g thes e main con stitu en ts i s a little

s e n u and he e e t o be es e e an d e e ofan co dary q artz , t r app ar trac h r th r

n - altered g rou d mass .

t h e ss e e ru n O ff se e es s n ene e s From bo th r v ral dyk , triki g g rally a t

- e n e s e- e s e e n orth eas t. Som brow f l it lik h ets s een i n t h e g ran ite on t h

es s e t h e - ss are s s n W t id of hill ma probably al o from thi orig i .

e — e en u n P orphyri t . N ar T g ar a compo d dyke abou t a metre i n width is foun d cu tting t he g ranite and schi st s of t h e hills

6 Th e e t h e e s hi e s be the dark r of two dyk rock , w ch app ar to

un e it s es s n e s e te n be sse yo g r from l adva c d tat of al ratio , may cla d

as e is e- n u e ﬁn e in n a porphyrit ; it of a chocolat brow colo r , v ry g rai ,

ee s The mi c with g r n pecks . roscopic

a e Fi 2 s section (Pl t VIII g . ) hows por

h rit ic s e s s s c ea in p y plag iocla cry tal , till l r

es u s u an d n e plac , tho g h mo tly t rbid cha g d to kaolin and calcite i n a mass of dark

- n hl e g reenish brow c oritic matter . Th lat ter is clou ded and full of opaqu e h w ma

F _ e es s o is fficu s . o m. sm e h f t w o dykes tit particl , that it di lt to lling a t w ice-O pened ﬁss ure in ﬁ e e i n e e c i t i s i t see s ran ite an d schis t s Ten ar D e_ d t rm xa tly what m g , g . com osed a-sch 2 mic is t s . R e d p , to be a decomposi ti on produ ct of ferro ran ite man s ion s D ke f . o g 3 , y u art z -d i oritc - c r h ritc h i hl cl nes an n e s n en q P p y , g y mag i mi ral (hor bl de or bio t e d re 60 cm . w id 4 D k o e . e f , , y d iorite- or h it e altered 4 5 m i e bu t no e ei he t es e r c , p p y , , t t ) trac of t r of h M d “ n e s e s e s u n e e mi ral app ar to xi t alt r d .

A s in t h e us es e e e e s e een s l rock j t d crib d , th r app ar to hav b a mal

un u n - ss in t h e n e s es e een t h e e s ls amo t of g ro d ma i t r tic b tw larg r cry ta , bu t this cannot n ow be clearly distin g u ished from t h e alteration

u s t h e e s prod ct of f l pars . Th e lig hter colou red dyke which accompanies th e above is a very

c c ﬁn e- e f an n n red t als n o u . s ompa t , g rai d rock I dia colo r No cry

can be u t h ens is l e e r made o even with t e l . It a hig h y alt r d qu a tz

e- e Th e s e n e eas e en e of rus i n i n h e diorit porphyrit . ctio r v l vid c c h g t

u n u s h e s s se e n n oft h e u s . T e d lo xti ctio q artz cry tal f l par , which form

t h e u t h e is e s e for e s e e e m n n b lk of rock , too d compo d pr ci d t r i atio

’ i i n - u es s e s n S e s n s . Th e e it lo g lath hap d form , a d do btl plag iocla whol

ss is e n e u e es ae e an d n t e ma impr g at d with Opaq particl of h matit limo i , an d n o other orig in al min erals than qu artz and plag ioclase can be

e n e out u e e nn be u u with c rtai ty mad , tho g h th r ca ot m ch do bt that mu ch of t h e haematite res ults from decomposition of biotite or horn

en e h n n e in u n ss . bl d , or bot , co tai d a g ro d ma

- i e -Th e ns e se n n e n n e n t h e E n stati te porphyr t . tra v r cha l co cti g two main branches oft h e river s outh ofSeh el Islan d follows t h e li n e of a

e u n e can be e s een th e e s s e t h e larg compo d dyk , which w ll at a t id of

n Th e e is u 10 e es in s n near d u e n e . cha l dyk abo t m tr width , triki g ly

e s and es and u n e u t h e ni e . is so a t w t , c tti g v rtically thro g h g ra t It hi g hly crushed that t h e extraction of even a hand specimen of S E - R ' i . A LT E R E D Y N l T E PO P I IY R Y R O M B O SS BE i E N A SW N A N D S H E L L L x . fels ar , F A A A , 4 5 f p ,

m ost l orth oclase d ecom osed an d s tain ed b ferric ox id e It I haematit e and limon it e resultin from y , p y ; , , , g d e composition of a fe rro-mag n e sian mineral (h orn ble nd e or biotite ) of w h ich no t race n ow re main s u naltered ;

- r inte rs t i al rou nd mass not abu nd an t second ar uartz . g , g , ; g , y q

L D O D E N E R T E N O A R x f ls ar io l u 2 . A T E R E P R P H Y R T E F R A Y K 8 e la c ase m ch O I , M A , 5. f p ( p g ) ,

com osed t o calcite an d kaoli n an d con t ain i n abu nd an t n ee d les of a at it e c ch lorite w ith includ ed d e p , g p ; , ,

m all ﬂakes O f hae mat ite res ultin from th e d ecom osit ion of aferro-ma ne s ian S i licat e robabl hornble n d e s , g p g , p y ,

f w h ich how eve r no u n alt ered t race re main s m ma n e t i t e r round -mas s n ot cle arl d is t in u ish o ; , g ; g , g , y g able

om th e d ecom os it ion - rod ucts of t h e fe ls ars coloured b ﬁne l -d isse minated fe rric oxid e and con tain in fr p p p , y y g

m uch calcite .

- E N S IT E PO R P H Y R H E F R O M T H E D Y R R SO T H O F S E H E L IS L N D x 0 . Por h rit ic cr s tals 3. TAT , U A , 5 p y y

an a d e sine a in a h olocr stalline roun d -mas s mad e u of bi ot it e b e ns t at ite and o f en st atite (e) d n ( ) , y g p ( ) , ,

s i w i h nu me rous scatt e red rai ns of ma n e t ite . an d e ne , t g g

- l M I D IA RA S E R O N D E R T H E. A S W N D A M x . l la ioc as e and es in e a au i te 4 . CA , F M U A , 35 p , p g ( ) ; , g ;

d e it h nd biot ite alt erin to chlorite w ith se arat ion of iron ox i ; , orn ble e ; u , a at it e. b , , g p p p

- 83

t h e di n s e is m e fﬁ u t h e ss e n e s in or ary iz a att r of di c lty , ma br aki g a ily to

- n es Th e s e e n ure O f prismatic forms bounded by crus h pla . hatt r d at t h e dyke renders it in capable O f O ffer

i n u es s n e e s n and s g m ch r i ta c to ro io , thi accounts for t h e formation Of t h e trans

verse chan nel . In t h e chann el it self at low water num et ons is lets O f th e dyke rock can be

seen and th e e u ess e en s , dyk do btl xt d to t he wes t bank near t h e villag e called

e el e e e e t h e cu N g ar Hag ar ; h r , how v r , ac m ulat ion O fblown san d has covered up t h e

es in e dire n can rocks . Dyk a parall l ctio

be e u he e s t h e e e e trac d f rt r a t , to plac wh r

h n e e h e t h e san ds tone caps t e g ra ite . H r t i p u ou t n u merou s parallel dykes r n from a sg niﬁ foﬂi °f seh el I g lan d “8 see“ {m m th e c ns e e ss O f s t o ' o id rabl ma a rock imilar 6 d ke c narrow channel w est ; , y ; , o ros ion alon d ke d M es : h e d u e t e g y ; . e se es ne . e n t th m lv , probably a ck B yo d d overin rocks t ot Is lan d , m u c g ; s n s n e St l ll fu e e s es O f t h e e N u ian san d s tone ca in ran ite a d to , rth r a t , dyk . b pp g g .

h 'us ' s s e an be seen in t h e n e s ame y t m c g ra it . Th e cen tral part Of t he dyke as exposed on t h e east ban k of t h e

i e n e M esit ot is n e e se- e u e in r v r ar a arly black , h avy , clo t xt r d rock ,

hi th e en s s s s of se and n w ch , with aid of a l , mall cry tal plag iocla ti y

f r ne can be e ou n s o e t . Th e e es t h e e rod py ox mad dg Of dyk , owi g to

e n are u ﬁn er- n e and e e t h e e mor rapid cooli g , m ch g rai d , hav mor app ar

e O f s anc ba alt .

n e th e s e e Fi se n es ne is . . 3 U d r micro cop (Plat VIII , g ) plag iocla (a d i )

seen t o be u n n in e s s n t o ab da t cl ar cry tal , approximati g idiomorphic

s ens e n e O f e e n u is ns n form tatit or bro zit , a v ry pal brow colo r , co ta tly

but ess un n seen i n n ﬁbrou s - n s hese l ab da tly lo g looki g form . T two

ne s are i in a s ne u n - ass mi ral porphyrit c , holocry talli g ro d m with nu merou s s mall ﬂakes O fbiotite and perhaps g ran u les of horn blen de e i m s een sh . e s u e e m n e e in in nu es (g r i ) Th r ch catt r d ag tit t y g ra l .

l A p iti c S er i e s .

i — u e e u en in t h e of es in th e n e A pl te. Tho g h v ry fr q t form dyk g ra it

and n e s s e u e is e se m et i n th e g i of Low r N bia , aplit v ry ldom with

in O f t h e es O f e u t o ee immediate vic ity Cataract . Dyk aplit p thr ’ met es d ere e e cu t u few o n s h in r wi th w , how v r , thro g h at a p i t bot

t h e - un n and in t h e n i t n nn el Th e i s dam fo datio av g a io cha . rock a

ﬁn e- n e n u on e e d n ess is e in u g rai d g ra lar , Of g r at har it v ry rich q artz ,

e u s t o n u in t h e ss and e s su b Of a pal bl i h pi k colo r ma , br ak with a

u e It s s e ﬁ I n e ﬁel conchoidal fract r . p ci c g ravity is to t h d

e mi n n u be e s en for u e bu t mi sc xa atio it wo ld a ily tak q artzit , cro opic sections show it t o consist Of a ﬁn e mosaicOf qu artz and clear fels par

mi n e and se t h e e re u en in nest s un n ( crocli plag iocla ) , latt r f q tly with ab da t

u n u s ns an d few es e e and e e O f n t e . q artz i cl io , a ﬂak h r th r brow bioti

— e e is th e s fre u e m et w P eg matite. P g matit dyke rock mo t q n tly ith

h is en e l e s e- n e in e at t e Cataract . It g ra ly a v ry coar g rai d t rg rowth O f

e u s u r an d red se t h e e e n t h e e un n vitr o q a tz orthocla , latt r b i g mor ab da t

ns u h e s e ﬁ O ft h e is Th e indi u co tit en t . T p ci c g ravity rock vid al

s s are urse re u en e su e 5 cry tal (which Of co allotriomorphic) f q tly m a r ,

n 1 en e es s u u e is a d sometimes 0 c tim tr across . Graphic tr ct r occas ion

i dl un n s u i seen bu t s e e . e e r s m s ally , d cid y commo Som tim q a tz al o t

w e es t O f e I n s en an d e r s . e ab t , hav dyk prac ically o thocla rock oth r

m n a es n es s u e e us c ses u e uar . a q artz pr do i t , g ivi g dyk of almo t p r vitr o q tz TO t h e n ort h Of Aswan at t h e foot O ft h e eastern scarp bou n din g t he

l e an d e e n t h e n r oft h e en e t h e val y , a littl b yo d o th limit g ral map of Cataract (see t h e small addition al map on Plate is a larg e mass

— ion from w es t to eas t O f e a z o h s w an l Sect t h u rt mas s n rt of . l lu F m. 10. viu m of t he ( ) q A , A

eou s sch is ts . 3 P e t V it reou s u art z 2 G re m icac ma ite d kes . 4 m B ile . ass . 5 l N , y , g y , q , ow n t e w n d -s had ow 6 a s n s nd la s at e h i . u b a n c l d N i n an s to e . sa d ac u mu in , d c y

* O fmi - e u n o e s an d nl few nu e es O f lk whit q artz , with f l par o y a mi t ﬂak

t e h e nn e u en e of s ss Fi 1 e bioti . T ma r of occ rr c thi ma ( g . 0) l aves n o

as s as bee n w orked to asmall e x t en t an d s ome ou t s ecimens can be seen at t he Th e m h , p

o h il B u t t he rock is far too brit tle to be ofserv ice in cons t ruct ion . I t is u su all n rt h end ofP ze . y — sh ow n to tou ris ts by t h e local g u id es as t h e alabas ter qu arry n eed less t o say at ot ally faulty appellation .

_ 35 _

d ou bt that it is an intrusion Of t h e extreme acid portion Of th e aplitic

m u sses a e n n e e ag ma . Similar q artz ma r commo alo g with p g matit

hil e h e t h e es on t h e es e e s P se n t l ts . dyk d rt a t Of , b yo d imi Of map

I n t h e a s e e ene u s in es Cat ract di trict , p g matit g rally occ r dyk Of

cu t h e v e r e e n 1 t o 2 e es . es e es t ry va iabl width , av rag i g m tr Th dyk O lder plu tonic and metamorphic rocks in all directions ; they are

ene e s v s e r s n e w n t o e r n u n e g rally a ily i ibl f om a di ta c , o i g th i pro o c d

red u n s n h e s un e Th e colo r co tra ti g with t darker rock aro d th m . rock

e n s e e is en e u en u th e sur e b i g om what brittl , g rally m ch brok p at fac ,

n ns I n a d larg e broken felspar crystals strew t h e slopes n ear t h e vei .

s e t e u t h e u e As n an d es e. . e s h s om plac , g , a t Of railway abo t latit d Of wa

Seh el s n as el as in t h e ll s ne t h e e e is I la d , w l hi ar Mahatta , p g matit encoun tered in irreg ul ar in trusive masses and bosses rather than in

e -d eﬁned e ns t h e sur es ese ss es are e t h e es w ll v i ; fac Of th ma , lik dyk ,

e e en e f en ul e t h e cov r d with brok f lspar rag m ts . It wo d app ar that marked deg ree to which breaking -u p Of t h e e xposed portions O f t h e veins and masses Of peg matite has g one on is main ly t h e cons equ ence

e n Th e ur s e fe u en Of alt r ations of temperatu re . rock s face hav r q tly a °

e e u e 50 . u n t h e e n e n t mp rat r Of C d ri g day , whil at ig ht th y cool dow ° 1 C n n 5 . or e e e . s ee s t h e se r n es to , v low r It m that coar bi ary g a it yield far more readily t o thes e chan g es than t h e n ormal g ranites and

s en s Th e u en i n e sses u t se e . e e s O ff b y it latt r fr q tly plit larg ma , ldom

s an n s e e u n ff n Th e di ffe en e how y co id rabl amo t O rag mentatio . r c may perhaps be d u e partly to t h e coarser texture Of t h e rock an d partly to

t h e u n n e O f t h e e s its r n e ns n ab da c f l par , with hig h va iatio Of xpa io

in ffe en e ns n i - n e t s e s s en e e es . di r t dir ctio , combi d with p r i t t cl avag pla

Th e esu n débri s s se red e s s n t h e en s r lti g form a coar , , f l pathic a d , frag m t Of which show brilliant cleavag e-plan es and are practically free from

s n decompo itio .

Th e e t e es n -e s s n s n s u -s u -eas p g mati dyk orth a t Of A wa , triki g o th o th t

in th e e u s s s s and n e ss es u n e n t h e s n s n e are of micac o chi t g i d rlyi g a d to ,

s e ffe en ea n e se in th e es t h e s om what di r t app ra c to tho r t Of di trict ,

e n e s - e u and n n red n e s b i g Of a pal r , almo t milk whit colo r , co tai g ar t

2 or 3 e es in e e n e t h e e e- es cu t millim tr diam t r . O Of p g matit dyk throug h in t h e n avig ation can al n orth Of t h e dam contain ed small s n s O f en bu t e e e n ot u n t o en e tri g g al a ; th y w r fo d thick with d pth , an d t h e u n ore seen w as n s n ﬁ e ens are total amo t Of i ig i cant . Sp cim

eserve in t h e e i u seu pr d g olog cal m m Of Cairo . — 86

Th e mi croscopic section s show both qu artz and orthoclase to be in e es s e bu t e e is e en e e e as in s t h e ot h e a v ry fr h tat , th r vid c h r , mo t Of r

s are en in hl n e u s s u u s n . Th e st ig o rock , Of m ch cr hi g cry al Oft a hig y

e n n an d en s su un s t h e r e crack d co ditio , a mortar Of frag m t rro d la g r

in e Th e s e i s e u en e n t o . g rain s . orthocla fr q tly alt ri g microcl

n u n it s u n ess as e ni t e O acco t Of lack Of to g h compar d with g ra ,

e e i s no u e as u n s n e e en en p g matit Of practical val a b ildi g to , v wh it o r occu rs in masses su fﬁciently larg e f r qu a rying .

VOLCA N IC ROCKS .

Th e volcanic rocks represen ted at th e Cataract are mica -diabas e

Th e ﬁr st -n e e s it s n n e ur en ce t o and basalt . am d app ar from ma r Of occ r have here more afﬁnity with t h e plu ton ic series than with th e v ol cani c but it is described with t h e latter rocks in accordance with t h e

i es s ﬁ n . h e s u n n usu al clas i catio T ba alt occ rs o ly dyk .

- e — I n t h e e n for th e - un n ac oss t M i cadiabas . xcavatio dam fo datio r

t h e s n Thi rm osia ss mi - se w as cut u i la d Of a ma Of ca diaba thro g h ,

en n 38 0 e es m t h e e s en d t h e an d ex comm ci g at m tr fro a t Of dam ,

r 12 e es A n s e en en en i n fo 0 es . t d g m tr w tward typical ha d p cim , tak

f t h e es e t h e ss s e e es e t h e su e is rom fr h r part Of ma om m tr b low rfac , a

r z: ﬁn e - n e n e in e s . . h avy ( p g g rai d , arly black rock , with t y

s en n es e and s s s u e and n en e g li t i g ﬂak Of biotit , mall cry tal Of a g it hor bl d (these are black in th e mass ) scattered amon g these dark mi n erals

e an d u ess s are whit colo rl fel pars .

s e n e t h e u e is er e n c ur Micro copically xami d , a g it Of a v y pal brow olo ,

s e is un n in r ms and lig htly pl ochroic ; it ab da t , allot iomorphic for

n u es Th e e u n e . e is s een t h e s s s n ro d d g ra l cl avag badly , cry tal howi g

s e u s se e i h s e ss e F . T e e mo tly irr g lar crack ( Plat VIII . , g om what l

en ul e is n e n t o ae e ni e an d e pl tif biotit brow , alt ri g h matit , limo t , chlorit

th e es are e u en n e ﬁ n i es ﬂak fr q tly arly lled by t h e opaqu e iro ox d .

n en e i s n n Hor bl d o ly sparing ly pres en t as an acces s ory constitu e t . It is g reen in colou r an d forms irreg u lar crystals with well -marked

h e e es . T els n u t h e is in e cl avag f par , formi g abo t half rock , cl ar lath

s e r s s e e e n n n an d are f e u en a re hap d fo m , which how r p at d twi i g r q tly g g

e n u s se i l Th e i u ex e e X. F . . g at d i to radial g ro p ( Plat , g ) max m m tin ction an g le in section s perpen dicu lar t o t h e brachypin acoid is about

so t h e e s is an es n e i e e u n n . e s that f l par d i Apatit r lativ ly ab da t,

in ell -d eﬁn ed e n sms w h xag o al pri . R a ial rou in of la ioclase fe ls ar and es ine l i n M -D B S E A s w A N D A M as see n 1 . d g p g p g p ( ) p . ICA IA A , ,

o au it e b biot ite . bet w ee n cr ss ed N icols x . a , 35 , g ; ,

- 2 D s or M i C A D i A s A s s N A V i G A T i O N C N L x . A from th e cent re of th e d ke . vx , A A , 35 , y

l la ioclase a au ite e e nstatite b biot it e alte rin t o chlorit e w it h s e arat i on of o a ue ﬂakes O f p , p g ; , g ; . ; , , g p p q

B fr m th e more lass z one at th e sid e s of t h e d ke sh ow in or h ritic iron ox id e a a ati te . o ; p, p , g y y , g p p y f ls ars a - as s e p in a c ryptocryst lli ne g rou nd m .

v - s 10 1 41 ) r ine formed alon . A LT s R s D O L i i N s S LT R M k N E R 1 for x . r se e n t 3 BA A , F O A A , 35 , p g irre u lar cracks w it h ran u les O f ma ne tit e b alte rat ion O f oliv ine O f w h ich las t -named mine ral no g , g g , y , un alt ered t races now re main t he clear s aces bein ﬁlled w it h calcit e c d d eles s i t e P linin a cavit , p g ( ) ; , ( ) , g y and e nclos i n a sin le cr stal of calcite c 1 labrad orite i n lath -s ha ed forms l in in a rou nd -mass of g g y ( ) ; , , p , y g g

lou i 711 N au i s h i s r o c d ed chlorit ic and calcit c mate rial ma ne tite . O te n ow remai n but t m ine al ss ibl ; , g g , p y

ou - formed orig i nally part of w h at i s now t he ch loritic g r nd mas s .

- A “ u - A in and A LT s R aD O L i V i N s s A s A i . r R O D Y KE T n z S W A N D A M x . r ser en t e 4 . , F M A , 35 , p ( - ili t r s l i n from alt e rat i on O f O livine of w h ich th e cr stal form but none of t he ori inal su bs tance p e e u t g , y , g ,

st ill reserve d l la i oclase fe ls ar in lat h -s ha ed forms i n a round -mass consistin lar e l ofcalcite r p p , p g p p , g g g y ( ) ; g rains of mag ne tit e are scat tered t h roug h t h e g round -mas s and rou nd th e ed g es and cracks of t he alt ere d

_ 37 _

e e ﬁ s e e n e t h e su e th e w as u n be Wh r r t xcavat d ar rfac , rock fo d to

e se n s e e u s and r s s bu t d compo d i to a oft , clay y , micac o chlo itic chi t ,

e n e e es e u s n n n hi n en low r dow it b cam fr h r , tho g h till co tai i g t , g tly

- - an e es u n u n bed e n s of s s s s f d . e d lati g lik ba d mica chi t , o t wat ry Th

f u s e bands were so s oft as to be capable O b eing d g ou t with a pad .

e e e e bu t on mi s e n n ei e s Th y w r clay y , cro copic xami atio th r mor olid portions were fou nd t o consist Of a ﬁn e-g rain ed qu artzose biotite

Th e e seen in t h e e t s t h e n s is e es s chist . biotit hard r par Of ba d v ry fr h

n in n es and ike t h e u is u es s se n looki g , ti y ﬂak , , l q artz , do btl Of co dary

n en th e n s are t h e esul ushi n and s n orig i . Evid tly ba d r t of cr g lidi g

“ W 5 .

F l — d u n ex v t on f n t n n tre of l . tion e ose a f m. Sec xp d ri g ca ai or fou d io o reserv oir d am ; t h e ce sect ion is abou t 450 met res from t h e eas t end oft he am an d t he t ot al len th sh ow n is abou t 200 d , g l llu v iu m 2 F e - a ed B rec ted d w t e icaceou s an d m et . an r . r e a a m res in in r d ran it e . 3 ci , A , g g , y h l m h i t ass s . c orit ic rock . 4 Pe at ite w it m caceou s an d c lorit ic brecciabe w een t he d ifferen t m e , g , h 5 C rush ed mica-d iabas e w it h w at er band s of chlorit ic mica-sch ist alon cont orted sur aces of , , y g f i ld low art s t h s a ox en ic eis 6 B cia c d ke e in in its er i r n s asi . s as es in t o re . rec t ed y g ; p p g y py g , b y li v in i u ar z 8 B l k - e red 7 A t asat d e. ain te e h hl t ose rese m lin u art zi e . r d , p , g y q , b g q , y g ranite g .

n h e h e u se u en e n e of o e part Of t mass over t e oth r . S b q t p rmeatio by wat r has aided t h e kaolin isation Of t h e felspars and t h e chloritis ation Of t h e

- n s u mi n t h e e nd hl ri ic e e n es n e s a c o t . f rro mag ia mi ral , th for g clay y matt r Th e excavation Of t h e tren ch for t h e fou ndation Of t h e dam w as carried u ltimately t o a depth Of 10 metres in thi s rock before it w as

u n t h e O h e e su e th e considered safe to b ild o . At bottom ft xpo r mica diabas e appeared to pass in to a hard g rey pyroxen ic and g arn etiferou s

ne ss N O s e hi s n e ss n een e e n ot et g i . lid Of t g i havi g b pr par d , I am y

er n e e is e e n th e s e or ffe c tai wh th r it m r ly a variatio Of diaba , a rock Of di r

in h e e se t h e s is in f s ee ent orig in ; t latt r ca diaba e th e form O a thick h t .

B u t e e e e n os e n and n n e t o n k t h e th r app ar d harp d marcatio , I am i cli d thi

en se s O f s n e t w o rocks are differ tly metamorpho d portion a i g l mag ma . Mi ca -diabas e also forms a dyke 8 metres wide crossin g t h e n ew n avi

n e 2 1 e es n O ft h e e ens en g ation chan l 5 m tr orth dam . Sp cim tak from t h e cen tre O ft h e dyke show almost exactly t h e same structure as t h e - X Fi 2 . e h di se e s s es e . . t e mi . ca aba d po it la t d crib d (Plat , g , A ) At

e es t h e e e e sses n se- e dg of dyk , how v r , it pa i to a diaba porphyrit ; — 88 porphyritic crystals Of plag ioclase are seen s cattered in a g roun d

ss n s s n ss e s e stas e s and ma co i ti g Of g la y matt r , with mall r cry l Of f l par

is e an d n o u e or enst a e t o be e tan e e t e . biotit , a g it tit with c r i ty d t c d Basalt — Most Of t h e bas alt-like g reenish -black compact rocks occurring as dykes at t h e Cataract are fou n d on micros copic examin a

- n be e ﬁn e n e s en es es ses or t es . tio to r ally g rai d y it , diorit , diaba , porphyri

t w o n s e e e e u r es e e ks w At poi t , how v r , th r occ dyk Of hig hly alt r d roc hich

s e u ul be e e e t o t h e ru e s may om what do btf ly r f rr d t ba alt s . O n e ofthes e occu rren ces is in t h e ﬂoor O f a v ery remarkable n arrow g org e j u st s outh

t h e i e Ku llu t ot an d e e n Of v llag Of , a littl b yo d t h e sou th limit Of t h e g eolog ical map on

a e e c es a e s n Pl t II . Sk t h Of this g u lly r how

in Fi 12 Th e ne ss ms t h e g . . g i which for cou ntry at this place is travers ed by a series Of vertical cru sh -plan es at rig ht-ang les to

t h e n s an d t h e s has n ru e foliatio , ba alt i t d d

s e n t o t h e s e Th e it lf i cracks thu form d . s an dwichin g Of t h e mass h as ren dered it

e s for t h e e cas n u n s a y wat r , which oc io ally r

w n t h e s t o t h e r e e s m s do from hill iv r aft r tor , t o remove th e u pper portions Of t h e basalt

e n s and t h e se n e s ne ss so v i parati g lay r Of g i ,

e e esu s st ee w alled e on that th r r lt a p g org , h t e ﬂoor Of which t h e dykes are visible .

s e n e th e is Micro copically xami d , rock a

een s - on e e ﬁn e n i h g r i h black , Of v ry g rai , w t

12 — C ross sect ion and F m. . reen s s s n e t h e s e g i h pot . U d r micro cop plan s h ow ing d ykes O f alte red bas al t in t ru s ive in ran i te n e iss P i - c a e X. F a s e g g , ( l t , g . l th hap d porphyriti an te r e n ear Kullu tot . 1 G r i g o g , o e re s een ne iss W i t h second ar cru s h s as a c s e a g , y cry t l Of pl g i la (labradorit ) planes perpend icu lar t o t he folia i n a c u e cac e u s u n - ss h Bas alt -d kes aralle l lo d d l ar o g ro d ma whic t ions . 2 , y , p - s on d ar cru s h lan es . w i t h t h e e c y p con tain s also th e remain s Of larg er crystals A ll u v iu i n art l h id in ﬂ oor 3 . , p y g d an ite of or e . 4 . e in s ofre r n e n ow e e e se g g V g , Of Olivi , compl t ly m tamorpho d , u art z O ld er t h an t h e bas alt . 5 , Q h n e eas and ans of a ne e . T e v ein le t als o O ld er t han t he as alt . , b g r i m g tit Olivi app r Total w id th of g or e abou t g t o e e s e in e u n e r ns e sil hav xi t d larg ro d d g ai , a y 8 met res . recog nisable by t h e irreg ular cracks now

e Th e ea marked by s erpen tin e an d string s Of separated mag n etit . cl r

c s are n u e e so a spaces between th e cra k mai ly occ pi d by calcit , th t - 89

oss th e ne w as one t h e e i Th e p ibly Olivi Of vari ties rich n lime . felspars are ns e e e u n and t e and th e s s co id rably alt r d , with m ch kaoli calci , cry tal s how specially s trong alteration along cracks which travers e th e slide in aconstant direction irrespective O ft h e orien tation Of t h e crystals ; thi s

a t e en en n s u shi e e are s l t r ph om o appear to be a result Of cr ng . Th r al o t o be seen in t h e rock a n u mber Of comparatively larg e cavities li ned by a pale-g reen mi neral O f low refractive index w ith a central kern el

ene e s n e s O f Th e e een mi n e g rally form d by a i g l cry tal calcite . pal g r ral i s e e an d s s di n ﬁ es e en in in e v ry cl ar, how ra ati g br v ord ary lig ht , whil be een ss e n tw cro d icols t h e radiating ﬁbrou s character is very marked .

Th e ﬁ es s s e n n but t h e n e e en e u s e br how traig ht xti ctio , i t rf r c colo r app ar h e n se of s e en ne and t h e ne ss be ig h r tha tho rp ti , mi ral may po ibly d eles sit e . N O u e is t o be seen bu t t h e u e us un a g it , clo dy calcar o g ro d mass di fﬁ ul O f e mi n n n c u es s e e n , c t xa atio , probably i l d om alt ratio

u ts u e and e mi ne prod c Of a g it oth r rals . Th e second occu rren ce O faltered basalt is in a dyke which crosses t h e foundation Of t h e reservoir-dam obli qu ely at abou t 6 10 metres

f it s i n ns e F . 4 s en h X. d . T e se n of s e rom a t ctio thi rock (Plat , g ) co tai ps eu domorphs Of six -sided crystals which from their form and irreg u lar

s see s fﬁ u n u ne N O e crack it m di c lt t o ascribe t o anythi g b t Olivi . trac

O ft h e n su s n e e e e ns it s e e n en orig i al b ta c how v r r mai , plac b i g tak by a m ix ture O fﬁbres Of serpentine and an other ﬁbrou s min eral (pilit e O f

e e u e ef n s e ses in e s rath r hig h r do bl r ractio thi latt r polari y llow ,

w e t h e se en n e s s n e s In th e s an d u n t h e hil rp ti how o ly g r y . crack ro d e es t h e s s is ﬁn e n u e s e dg Of cry tal ly g ra lar calcitic mat rial , with om s n s n e e- n s t h e se e n e e is e e tri g Of mag tit g rai ; parat d mag tit , how v r , mu ch smaller in qu antity than is u s u ally seen t o resu lt from alteration of n e so e e n w e are e n an v n e Olivi , that h r ag ai probably d ali g with Oli i

in n an d in e n es es t h e d poor iro rich lim a d mag n esia . B id i iomorphic

s e e are s e u n e n u es O ft h e s e e e n e . form , th r om ro d d g ra l am alt r d mi ral

-s e s e s as u e e are u n n Lath hap d plag iocla tic f l p r , m ch alt r d , ab da t , with c u a e an d u e ne e in e u s un lo dy c lcit opaq mag tit , a hig hly calcar o g ro d m ss Th e e n of t h e n n a . alt ratio rock has been so g reat that othi g

ns f h n remai O t e orig inal mi erals except felspars and iron oxides .

I META MORPH C ROC KS .

has een l e en n e in es n t h e ne u s s It b a r ady m tio d , d cribi g ig o rock , that at many poin ts these rocks have taken on g neiss ose and schist ose

— At m n in s t h e ne ss se e t u e O ft h e c s is Gn ei ss . a y po t g i o t x r acid ro k so m arked in t h e ﬁeld that one is remi n ded O f th e typical g neisses

e e Th e a n is e s n and e e Sa n and e se . of xo y l wh r foli tio v ry di ti ct , y

Bu en s e ens are su e stru ctu re is not in frequ ent . t wh p cim bmitt d

mi croscO ic e mi n n on e ﬁn s e are not u e ne sses to p xa atio , d that th y tr g i i n t h e n es sense O ft h e e for t h e n m e O fcr st alli sa arrow t t rm , or al ord r y

n O f u oni s is s l ese e h u t h e s s are e tio pl t c rock til pr rv d , t o g h cry tal crack d an d en and se n mi n e - n has n e on e brok , co dary ral formatio g o to a larg

Th e ne ss s are u s e nl us e n es and e e e t en . e r x t g i th c rtai y cr h d g ra it , v y

n h e n ni is stag e between them a d t ormal g ra tes can be traced . It n t u to su se e e th e e e ed ns a ral ppo , how v r , that mor hig hly d form portio

e esen e e s t s n t h e e n a nes and t t h e r pr t Old r d po i tha mor orm l o , tha

n es O f t h e are u s n ot s n e e s but seri es g ra it Cataract th a i g l d po it , a

n n hr u ns e e ffe en a e ra g i g t o g h a co id rabl di r ce Of g .

M ica schist — e t h e n e ss m s s is t h e c m n es N xt to g i , ica chi t o mo t

r O f m e t h e s e e su es ae fre fo m tamorphic rock Of di trict . Th xpo r r qu en tly so mu ch weathered that it is difﬁcu lt to g et a specimen which

l ea e n cu h e n wi l b r handling . A s ctio t from t e less decompos d portio O f a mass n ear Teng ar (apparently on e O f t h e Oldest rocks Of t h e Cataract) shows th e qu artz and felspars to still con tain t h e orig in al

nu e en su es O f e an d ne e u mi t clo r idiomorphic apatit mag tit , tho g h t h e e -ﬂakes are n e n t h e n e O f n th e oc biotit arra g d alo g pla foliatio Of r k , and th e qu artz and felspar crystals show cracking and u ndul os e ex t n n as s n s O f e r rus n n n ew s n s e XL s . 1 i ctio ig th i c hi g i to po itio (Plat , Fig and u s t h e s s l e t h e n e ss is e l e rm ed Th mica chi t , ik g i , r a ly a d fo

u t n - - - - u e or u mi s en e . pl o ic rock , q artz mica diorit q artz ca y it Cas es O f transition between mica -schist and horn blen de schist are fre uen met t h e i n es e as es esu n f t h e us n q tly with , rock th c r lti g rom cr hi g

O fs en e n en n Fi e e XL . y it or hor bl dic g ra it (Plat , g — H om blend e schis t Th e rocks which in t h e ﬁeld seem t o be tr ue

horn blende s chi sts likewise prove on micros copic examination . t o be

— u h sket ch of rus h ed laccolite h ill in t F . l 4 . R o c he nort h a of Len m rt E l ess. Island . th g , p H g - fh ill abou t 200 met res . l C oarse rain ed red rani te in charac t icall orms o te ris w eat hered . , g g , y f e hist result in from t h e crushi n ofa 2 H orn lend sc d ioriti c laccoli t e. 3 Sand d une . , b , g g , 92

h s is h e se e le i e e us ed t es . t m r ly cr h diori T i ca , for xamp , w th a lacco

e n F i an d s e u e litic mass in t h orth Of El Hes a is land ( g . with om h g

- re dykes in t he hill side behind t h e villag e Of Bab (Fig . As al ady

— h e . 15 . R ou h sketch show in crush ed bas ic d kes b in t rus ive in ranit e and neiss a in g g y , g g , t he hill beh in d t he v illa e f B b g o a .

en ne u e es are s e in t h e ta e and en m tio d , tr diorit carc Ca ract ar a , wh

u n are en e n e Bu t e en in s es fo d g rally pass ing in to hor bl nde schist . v ca where th e schistos e stru ctu re is most marked in th e mass t h e mi cro . S e e e s t h e n u n n ure t h e t e XL cop r v al orig i al pl to ic at Of rock (Pla , i F g . Th e metamorphic rocks O fth e Cataract dis trict have thus withou t

e e n een n n e u s ss es and e r esen e ure xc ptio b orig i ally ig o ma , th i pr t t xt is d u e su to bsequ ent cru shing .

— IV . GE N E R O N C U S I O N S W IT S P E C I E F E R E N C E T O TH E AL C L , H E AL R

N M I C V I D E N E A N D E O O DY A AL E C S T HE PHYS I C AL G L G Y .

A g e of the oldest C ataract rocks — From what has been already

— s e on . 9 0 9 1 l be seen t h e n e u s an d e a tat d pp , it wi l that ig o m t

s are t h e es in h Th e di ect morphic rock Old t t e Cataract district . r eviden ces which can be g athered in th e locality merely prove that thes e rocks are Of pre -Cretaceou s ag e ; but there are several circu m stan ces whi ch ten d t o t h e con clu sion that they had their orig in in a

e n n e e en h e r F has een s n t e e u s . or as p riod lo g a t c d t to C tac o , b how

o e t h e n e u s and e s e s e es d o not e n ab v , ig o m tamorphic rock th m lv b lo g to any one period ; t h e schists and g n eisses are Older than t h e ﬁne

n e n e in u n e s t o be e n t h e n y g rai d g ra it , which t r app ar Old r tha ordi ar

s e- n e n e an d s en en t h e e n ru s ons coar g rai d g ra it y ite . Th p g matitic i t i are v u s un e n t h e n t es s n e e ene e t h e Ob io ly yo g r tha g ra i , i c th y p trat latter ; t h e peg matite is in tu rn cut by intru sions Of felsite and porphyr it e ; while these last rocks are penetrated by still more recent basalt

nd es An d s n e t o en t h e un es O f ese a diorit e porphyry dyk . i c ev yo g t th - - - is ut i . C R S H E D U A R T z M D R T E P S S N G i N T O M SC H IST T E N G R x . T h e sect ion c U Q ICA IO I , A I ICA , A , 35 ( from th e least -alte red ort ion of t h ro k b w iot f ls ar mos t l la ioclase uartz e c . 5 r n b it e e p ) , o ; f, p , y p g ; g , q ; a a a ir ti t e s z con. , p ; ,

' ‘ - - 2 . C R SH E D u A R i Z M l C A P SS I N G i N T O M i cA S H IST R O L A C C O L l T l C M A SS N E R U Q A C , F M A A

T H E B L K-H S E N R T H O KO N O SO x 6 io i m u ch al t r d w it h a ted ﬂakes of i ron F S . b t te e e se ra OC OU O , 35 , , , p oxid es fe ls ar m os t l ort hoclase m uch d ecom osed uart z a a atite ; f, p , y , p ; g , q ; , p .

- - - ' ‘ . C R U S H E D N E G R I N E D R T Z M S Y E N I E P S S N G N T O H O R N B L E N D E C Sc H l ST W F S l 3 FI A Q UA ICA T , A I I MI A ,

B N K O E T H E N L O ar z b biot ite Ir h orn blend fe ls ar m I E N R T H F T H E D A M x . u t e os tl A O , 4 5 g , q ; , ; , ; f, p , y

h la s ort oc se S h e ne £1 ilme nite a a at ite . ; , p ; , ; , p

- h . C R S H E D D R IT E P S S N G i N T O H R N B L E N D E S c H i s T A l S A N A R T i x . T e sch is tosi t is 4 U IO , A I O , , 4 5 ( y

a ar n t i 11 r n h orn ble nd e i n art aris in from al te rat ion O f or m uch in te r row n w it h not e n t h is slid e . ee pp ) , g , p g , g ,

au ite a fe ls ar la ioclase u a at it e m ma neti t e : accessor uartz . g ( ) ; f, p ( p g ) ; p , p ; , g g . y q

B er/w ore C al la D c) b E n , y , g . ig n eous rocks w e are bou nd to assig n a pre-Cretaceous ag e (for t he dykes at t h e Cataract always stop short Of t h e C ret aceou s sand ston e an d ne e n ru e s w e u s n s e t h e s s s an d v r i t d it) , it follow that m t co id r chi t

n C u s u e is g n eiss es as considerably Older tha retaceo . S ch a vi w stron g ly s u pported by t h e fact that these Older rocks have su ffered a g reat

m u n O f n - e hi s t h e n es e n t he e e t h e a o t dy amo m tamorp m , cha g b i g g r at r

u e w e o in t h e se es u n e e u s t h e n es f rth r g back ri o tli d abov ; th g ra it , for ns an e f e u en S or e s n se s i n i t c , r q tly how two mor di ti ct t Of fol atio

‘ n s 16 and an d cru sh pla es (Fig .

— Fl o. l 7 . Sketch h ori zon t al sect ion of canon , sh ow ing d is plw emen t of th e qu art z porphyri t e dyke on t he t w o sid es b a t y f ul in g . l Gran i te ei ss aa l es , g n p an 6 — k h of d kes in ran ite - neiss nort h Fl o. 1 . 8 et c y g g , of foliation b-b la of ; , p nes s o K ll t ran i - neiss id of can n n e u u . 1 G te e ar to , g , su bse quen t crush in g and - ' formin w alls ofw h en . 2 Q u art z or h ri t e d ke, g , p p y y f ult 1 2 r me w i R ed an t e -veins 4 oun er 1 tre d e . 3 r i . , g , Y g rit e 3 m 5 . fgﬁ g ggi sm ite vein B 4 as alt d k . , y e

Th e es s t h e se es e in e ese nce t o Old t rock Of ri b ar , fact , far mor r mbla t h e ae n s O f e n e e en s Arch a rock North Am rica tha to mor r c t depo it s . It is true that strong metamorphism is also sometimes show n by

s O f e e a e bu t in su s es t h e s u su rock comparativ ly lat g , ch ca rock ally

s l e i st en u n n - ss su as t h e l s e e s form part Of a ti l x t mo tai ma , ch A p wh r a

e e t h e u n ns su e e e een rn n e e h r mo tai , if ch w r form d , had b wo dow b for

su e re e us rs u r hi s they were partially bmerg d by C tac o wate . S ppo t to t view of t h e g reat ag e O fth e bu lk O fth e ig neous and metamorphi c rocks is als o g iven by comparis on s w ith deposits n earer home than North

e Th e e en of t h e e su e in t h e s e n Am rica . r c t work g olog ical rv y Ea t r Desert an d Sin ai has shown t h e ig n eous and metamorphi c rocks in t hese s t s t o e en e si r se t h e ta c di tric hav a g ral mila ity with tho Of Ca ra t, _g 4 _.

“ and t he same sequence among them is traceable) In Sin ai th e sedi mentary rocks overlying t h e ig neous and metamorphic ones are

n e us and u in n few nt rus ns n on erous Carbo if ro , tho g h Si ai a i io i to Carb if

s and in e es e en n us ns nt o e e us nes nu rock , oth r plac v i tr io i Cr tac o o ,

' u e u s es e are so e e n as t o e us t o do bt dly occ r , till , th xc ptio al 1 l ad reg ard them as O ft h e natu re Of small distu rbances after t h e formation O ft h e main masses rather than as in dications that t h e eru ptives and

e are O f e a e n t h e s n met am orphics as a whol a lat r g tha edime t aries . — i ne o the eolo ical hi stor o the C ataract A n rc ae n at O utl f g g y f A h a , or

s ae a e e n u s ss n e to t h e in lea t Pal ozoic , g b i g th a ig d with probability ma

n e u s and e r m sses O f and n and t h e r ion ig o m tamo phic a Eg ypt Si ai , po t O fthese rocks occu rring at t h e Cataract exhibiting characters which justify us in reg arding them as belong ing to th e Older part s O fsuch

sses be e i n us O ane i s n st n ma , it may w ll , hav g th bt i d a prov io al arti g

n O f e a e u n e as as ss e t he e ca poi t g olog ical g , to o tli far po ibl g olog i l history O fth e Cataract di s trict. Th e hi story opens with t h e deposition O f th e ig n eou s rocks which n ow form th e g neisses and schi sts in t h e peripheral portion O f th e

e e not es e e th e n us ns i a areas . Wh th r or th form d orig i al cr t of co ol d tion O f t h e earth is not certain ; but t h e micros copical examin ation

d n t se en n e Th e con proves an ig neous an o a dim tary orig i for th m . ’ f th e ea s u s led an e e t h e com traction O rth cr t , at arly p riod , to

n f es e s u n t h e e s ru u e is now pressio O th rock , prod ci g foliat d t ct r which

s n w as one O f their mos t marked characteristics . Thi foliatio appa

l ll e n u s ns O fth e ne- rai ned ranite in s eet s rent y fo ow d by i tr io ﬁ g g , partly h coursin g along t h e foliation planes (which usu ally strike n orth-north

and s n es e uen n er west dip tro g ly w tward , fr q tly approachi g v ticality) ,

e h h e - and partly in irreg u lar mass es . At a lat r epoc t coarse g rained g ranite w as forced in among thes e older rocks ; from t h e size O fit s cryst als w e in fer that this g ranite consolidated probably at a g reat

e t h e su e an d it s es en - e su e s s depth b low rfac , pr t day xpo r how that

e s e i n g reat den u dation eff ct hav followed t s depositio .

e t h e un ss w as u s e th e n nu n n N xt, compo d ma cr h d by co ti al co tractio

t h e u s n e in u O f s nt n e s s and s ll ur e O f cr t , co v rt g m ch thi rock i o g i , ti f th r

e n t h e su un in sses e es and e ul masses O f alt ri g rro d g ma , whil dyk irr g ar

“ i n and H UM E To o ra h and Geolo of t he E as te rn m mof E t C airo Bu n o , p g p y g y g yp , ,

226 . 1902, p .

l id . 199 . f b , p coarse e matite e e ce n o c s in T p g w r for d i t cra k it . he coarseness oft he

e te s s s s ll s n is e p g mati how a low cry ta i atio , from which it probabl that a larg e su perin cu mbent mass may have still covered t h e rocks now

e se . u e ess n t h e u c n u s and xpo d F rth r compr io , with prod tio of fa lt

ﬁss u es e and el site and or h rite es e e n e e n t r , follow d , f p p y dyk w r i j ct d i o t hes e lat t er ; while at a still later date more basi c dykes and laccoli ti c masses O f s se and r e e e n u e ns are ba alt , diaba porphy it w r i tr d d . Sig n ot n n in t h e ﬁneness s li s n O f ese s es e wa ti g , Of cry tal atio th rock ( p cially at their edg es ) t o show that t h e felsitic and basaltic dykes were in t rud ed at a period when t h e su rrounding mas ses were cool and rela

e n e n enu n e ee t ively u nbu rden ed . W i f r lo g d datio b tw n t h e formation

O f es e and t h e e e e e es and th e t es O f e th Of arli r p g matit dyk , la t th m

e in t h e C e e u s e Th were probably form d r tac o p riod . e movements

i use t h e n ﬁss urin and u n se wh ch ca d all foliatio , g , fa lti g probably rai d ’ t h e e s u s n u n n n es th e e O fth e R ed Sea s arth cr t i to mo tai ra g , cor hill

n h n n u s e n s e en O B u in a d t e Si ai pe ins la till r mai ing a vid ce f these . t th e Cataract district t hese ancient elevations were planed down by

enu n n e e s u s and t h e C e e u s sea es u u d datio i to m r t mp , r tac o or t ary g rad

e co l l s I al e e n omerates sanda nes and st a s . t is l y cov r d th m with g , . y m s t l e t t t h e sea en e u ll s u s so o ik ly ha croach d g rad a y o thward , that w ile su c ess e ee e - e e s s um u e t h e n t h c iv ly d p r wat r d po it acc lat d to or h , t h e shallow-water cong lomerates and g rits were deposited in su cces

l u Th e e th e s n s n es e s ive y lower latit des . mat rial Of a d to may w ll

e een e e t h e enu on m u n i ns t o th e sou t hav b d riv d from d dati Of o ta h , composed O f similar ig n eous rocks t o those which now occupy t h e

Th e esen e e s ore ne t h e n s e Cataract area . pr c Of b d Of oolitic ar mo a t ry

e n n es us ne n ns e e e O fSt . Sim o i dicat that lac tri co ditio may hav pr vail d for a part Of th e time du ring which t h e sandston es and clays were bein g deposited . Su bsiden ce contin uing after t h e deposition O f th e Nu bian sand s t n e t h e e e u s and ene se s e e is n ow t h e o , Cr tac o Eoc a roll d ov r what Cataract area ; t h e thick beds O f clays and limestones which they

e s e e i s e e in su se u en t enu n - e s bu t d po it d hav d app ar d b q d datio p riod , at

Je e G nl 34 e es es th e n ess b l arra , o y kilom tr w t Of Cataract , a thick Of over 300 metres Of these marin e accu mu lations con formably overlies t h e s n s ne and ese e s u s e e t en e e e e th e a d to , th b d m t hav x d d ov r wh r

n w i Cataract o s . ex osu e t h e s t o t h e e t O f t h e u are en el s nd s n e p r ; rock l f fa lt tir y a to ,

os h e e n s e u e t o t e s hi st s . e e es th rig ht b i g g r y c Oth r xampl , almo t q ally e i d en in t h e en ess O ft h e es e can be seen e een s one and v t bar d rt , b tw thi Jeb el Kurt u nos ; th e faul t close t o t h e west face Of Jebel Ku rt un os s t r es n e n and s u w n - h t h e es ik arly orth o th , ith a dow t row to w t Of

bou 6 1 e es see Fi 19 is se n e e e e a t m tr ( g . , which from a ctio l v ll d whil occ u n t h e as n n pyi g hill a trig o ometrical statio ) .

J Kar ran as

— l K t s ale 0 rani t e S N u ian F Ill Sect ion s h a lt at ebe u r un o . Sc m. ow in u g f J , g ; , b - San d stones and cla s A a lit ic d kes one of w hich form s t he au lt lane . y ; , p y , f p

— F aults at the C ataract Several well -d eﬁn ed faults can be traced

w n t h e e n O ft h e s an d ese ithi mapp d portio Cataract di trict , two Of th

are O f s e i n e es as n n e or e s as p c al i t r t havi g probably orig i at d , at l a t h v n een n es urt e e en s n e t h e l e u e it s a i g b pla Of f h r mov m t , i c Ni occ pi d

s n n n e em s s - s h e u s u e pre e t positio . O Of th pas e north ea t up t g lly it at d

a ou 600 e es s u O ft h e e s en d t h e an d e t h e e u b t m tr o th a t Of dam , ov r plat a ( where it can be easily traced in a depression ) in to t h e ancien t Nile

n Th e e cou rse t h e strike oft h e fau lt is n ot qu ite a straig ht li e . oth r

au u ns ne t h e l e s n e n of f lt r from ar vil ag Of Koror, triki g a littl orth

e s u t h e e u e e u s t h e ﬁrs u i n t h e e es s n a t thro g h plat a , wh r it c t t fa lt d pr io

Th e n - in t h e ﬁrs t -n e u i h e above referred to . dow throw am d fa lt s t o t

n o in t h e se n t h e s u so es es t h e in s n rth , co d to o th that b id ma di locatio d u e t o t h e ﬁrst fault there is a wedg e-shaped portion between t h e t w o

n is di ffi u t o e t h e u t s h n s h is let . ss t e s w ich dow It c lt trac fa l acro i la d , ow ing t o t h e absence O f s andston e ; or on t h e west bank ow ing t o

s u n h e s s is n o e blown san d ob c ri g t carp . It t impossibl that a fault O ft h e same period may foll ow t h e pres ent west channel Of t h e river so as to limit this wedg e westward sli ckensides and other evidences Of motion were specially nu merou s in thi s part Of t h e chann el when laid dr for t he e c n th e d am un n and the s i h ness f y x avatio Of fo datio , tra g t o

t h e es nn e for n st an e is su es e as is s t h e ness w t cha l a lo g di c g g tiv , al o low

O ft h e i e een s n s n e an d ni e n t h e es n Bu l mit b tw a d to g ra t alo g w t ba k . t

e e is no s u e e e i ence s s u w as not th r ab ol t ly cl ar v d to how that thi fa lt ,

e t h e s es e s in t h e n t es an d s hi s s u e n lik cor Of oth r g ra i c t , prod c d lo g

e h n n s s e b fore t e sa d st o e w a depo it d . Th e two trans verse faults j u st mention ed have been crossed by t w o carefu lly levell ed sections (AB an d E F on Plate and the

I h e s i n en n t h e e sure . n t e S e e un n of throw m a d hort r ct o , tak ar j ctio

t h e u ts t h e sand st on e in t h e e e has it s sa eds n two fa l , i w dg ba l b throw n 14 e es in t h e n u and 16 e es in th e s u one dow m tr orth fa lt m tr o th , t h e base O ft h e sandston e in th e wedg e being at 126 metres above sea

I n h n e e as e se on s es of . t e e se n t h e se l v l xpo d both id it lo g r ctio , ba

O f t h e s n s n e in t h e ed e it s s u s e is 126 e res a d to w g at o th id at m t ,

l e in t h e en - ss is 150 e res ndi c n a whi adjac t hill ma it at m t , i ati g

25 e es n s e e is n in t h e s e throw Of m tr co id rably mor , that , tha hort r section ; t h e n orth side of t h e wedg e has t h e j un ct ion Of sandstone and n e 11 m e es e sea- e e bu t e e is no s nd s one g ra it at 7 tr abov l v l , th r a t n ear enou g h on t h e u p -throw side for an accu rate measu re t o be here

n h e Th e n e es n n e Obtai ed Of t amoun t Of throw . ar t sa d sto e on th

i n e se n has it s se 135 e es e sea- e so l Of ctio ba at m tr abov lev l , that

w e u e e from s th e is u 18 if may j dg approximat lyi thi , throw abo t e m tres . It is thus clear that t h e reservoir dam is situ ated on a wedg e-shaped mass which has been faulted down on th e averag e abou t 18 metres

e t h e u n n n u n e t b low co try orth a d so th Of it . A g la c at h e map will Show that this in clu des some O fth e lowest-lying lands in t h e Cataract

e n t h e Thirm osia an d th e en s n s The ar a , otably tract Of adjac t i la d . li mi s th e e e e n ot for e s n s u s en n e een ce t Of w dg hav , r a o j t m tio d, b tra d across t h e river t o t h e west ban k bu t if w e assu me them to contin ue in s n es e n u e e s O f sl n and traig ht li , th y i cl d at l a t a part Awad I a d t h e on e s i O f s n s n e of t h e s nds The ol tary patch a d to all Cataract i la . . n e u s s Seh el t o t h e n an d O f es th e s u ise ig o hill Of orth , El H a to o th , r

i e n t h e se i s s n s on e- on far h g h r tha ba of th a d t patch Awad .

es es t h e n au s u s es e e e are s e s e nes B id mai f lt j t d crib d , th r om mall r o , s n t ans e se t o t h e i e and n v n t h e e u i e triki g r v r ly r v r , i vol i g both r pt v

s and t h e s n s n e e se on t h e e s n s t e u rock a d to , xpo d a t ba k oppo i Sal ja

I n h u h n nl few me res hes e ma sl d . a T o g havi g o y a throw Of a t , t y neverth eless have had considerable effect in facili tating th e erosion Of

- h f t h e e nu s l cross chann els by t e river . O v ry merou s ma ler faults

n e t h e ne u s s n e and not th e e n s n which i volv ig o rock alo , ov rlyi g a d s one t h e e e nu e are re- re e u s an d u s u t , g r at r mb r probably p C tac o , th m ch

Older than those j u st des cribed . Since some of t h e faul ts in t h e Cataract district are shown to have

een u e in e ecen e e ds an d s n e b prod c d comparativ ly r t g olog ical p rio , i c

num e u s are c sse th e e t h e u es n be a b r Of fa lt ro d by Nil dam , q tio may a sked wh ether there is n ot a possibility of fu rther earth-movemen ts

n ese e s in n es s e n n i n s t h e s u u e alo g th xi t g pla Of h ari g , i volv g ri k to tr ct r

e Th e ns e is u t h e ss w hi ch pass es over th m . a w r that altho g h po ibility

O f su c e en s nn be en e et e e is n o e en e h mov m t ca ot d i d , y th r vid c that

e are n e in our ow n and e e is no eas n e th y taki g plac day , th r r o to f ar

n u an e u e any continu ous slow moveme t . Sho ld arthq ak Of any m ag n i

u e e e s u u e e s n t h e e i s n t d tak plac , a hift wo ld occ r mor a ily alo g x ti g planes O f weakness than elsewhere ; but it is mos t probable that a s hock powerfu l en oug h t o produ ce su ch movemen t wou ld in any case i e th e s u ure e en d d n o ul s e s . damag tr ct , v fa t xi t Thou g h t h e site O f th e Nile dam w as determin ed on prior t o t h e

e su e O ft h e s be n e s s n g olog ical rv y di trict , it may otic d with ati factio t hat th e result s O ft h e su rvey d o n ot indicate any probability that a

e s e c u e een c sen n t h e e Th e b tter it o ld hav b ho withi Cataract ar a . e n e d s has su ffe e en us u s n and e e tir i trict r d ormo cr hi g , probably v ry c nne O f t h e r e and e e u e n W n t h e ha l iv r , v ry tract Of all vial cov ri g ithi di s r occu ies°t h e s e e e O f u ﬁssu e s c e or n t ict , p it ith r a fa lt, r , ba i dyk , ba d

s an n r O f e se . i e e e s o d compo d rock It follow that y l what v r, traig ht c u e sses th e e n t h e e u s ss rv d , which cro riv r withi Cataract ar a , m t pa t hroug h these lines Of weakn ess ; and contrary to W hat has been * u e t h e ur e ms e e n su es e in e O f rg d , c v d da which w r orig i ally g g t d plac ’ t h e straig ht one ﬁn ally adopted would in t h e writer s opinion have

n e O f d n h e es h ad no bett er cha c avoi i g t weak plac . That more small faults have been n oted along th e lines O f t h e dam and navig ation

n n e se e e is s d ue t h e e e es for e in ca al tha l wh r , imply to b tt r faciliti xam a t ion given by t h e en ormou s excavations and t h e laying dry Of tracts

u er is e e een en f e se w hi ch w o ld oth w hav b hidd rom g olog ical Ob rvation .

W m cocxs Th e N ile Re servoir D am at sw an and ter ond on 1901 . 7 . , A Af , L , , p

101

even an i te e for s u s e n e at a - l approx ma dat ch di app ara c ; W di Ha fa , ” in t h e e e O f t h e e s us su e as g r at b lly rock , wat r r h with ch v locity

t o be able to s ee n e - r en s and are e n w p alo g larg rock f ag m t , divid d i to

c nn e s so nu e us as esen e e su e of ha l m ro to pr t a v ry larg rfac attack , w hile their erosive power is still fu rther in creased by th e very irreg ular

cou ses e so u it s e is n ot ec e th e s su r follow d , that tho g h rat r ord d , mo t ca al O bs ervation leads to t h e conclusion that erosion is there proceedin g

e e u e e is n ee e e n e se r lativ ly q ickly . Th r , i d d , a t mpl ar Halfa who ﬂoor ,

5 e es e t h e es en hi e e e s s s n s O f n m tr abov pr t g h Nil l v l , how ig ﬂoodi g s ince bu t thi s may well have been an exception ally hig h ﬂ f i no en e n u s ns can be n . s n ood rom which g ral co cl io draw It , I thi k ,

on e n s e 70 e es u -s e di - ly at S m a , om kilom tr p tr am Of Wa Halfa , that s u ﬁ ci ent data ex ist for an estimation O f t h e averag e rate Of erosion over a long period at thi s poin t a hard g n eiss barrier has been cu t throu g h at s u ch a rate as t o lower t h e river-level by an averag e of

2 mi e n t h e i llimetres per year durin g years . At S m a river s

s ru e u for e s rt d s n e n it s u se t o Ob t ct d , tho g h a v ry ho i ta c alo g co r , a far g reater exten t than is th e case at any cross -section at either t h e

ﬁ s or t h e se n so t th e e e s n e e ma r t co d cataract , tha v rtical ro io th r y

e l be in e ess is e es bu t n e e e ess an w l xc Of what it at oth r plac , v rth l ,

e s n 2 e es er e in so u t u t n e as ro io Of millim tr p y ar mig ht , ﬂ c a i g a riv r

t h e e an d in s u es e es as t h e t o on for n Nil , ch d olat plac catarac , g a lo g period withou t attracting notice in t h e absen ce Of precise records

and n o su e s e i s e n s n e n so as is ch r cord x t at oth r poi t tha S m a , far

kn n it not een t he en n ee - in s O ft h e e n s ow . Had b that g i r k g tw lfth dy a ty

s u u e n se es - e s on t h e s e n had c lpt r d a lo g ri Of hig h Nil mark rock at S m a ,

t h e e e s n 8 e es in e s w e n n ow t o v rtical ro io Of m tr y ar , which k ow

e e e en e u e e n e u n e an d e a s hav th r tak plac , wo ld hav r mai d prov d p rh p u n us e s p cted . Th e qu estion of a lowering of t h e Halfa Cataract by erosion is of

n e s n e an e n e e e nﬂ u en e t h e n n importa c , i c y low ri g th r may hav i c d i cli a

n and e O f t h e s e and n se u en t h e e s e e tio v locity tr am , co q tly ro iv pow r at t h e Aswan Cataract ; bu t it is important t o remember that t h e

c s are s at t h e t w o t s and if n o u s e o es e ro k imilar catarac , o t id f rc hav s u e en e t h e e si e n O f t h e e t h e e s n t h e ppl m t d ro v actio wat r , ro io at

n s e ee e s es and us t h e n n two poi t will hav proc d d at imilar rat , th i cli a

i i t s . . G . S. V o . 50 . 544 . L m , Q J , l , p 102

n O f th e s e e e e e It is e w se tio tr am will hav r main ed un alt r d . oth r i when w e consider t h e complete disappearance O f a barrier li ke that

us e e s e T e e u n u l s . h which m t hav xi t d at Kalab ha riv r , c tti g g rad a ly

in its e t h e n e u s e e en u cu t h u h backward fall ov r ig o ridg , v t ally rig ht t ro g

and en t h e r e ein e o e t h e e t h e s e m it , th bar i r b g r m v d , v locity Of tr a below w as in creased in t h e same way as that i n a canal is in creased

en i s n e is s a e . e e le th e wh a lock op d It , how v r , probab that Kalab h waterfall w as a thin g Of t h e past at a period s o remote as to j u stify u s in leaving it ou t Of accou n t in discu ssing t h e existing cataract s . Let u s now con sider t h e evidences which exist at a point 60 kilo

n - is e es s e t h e ﬁ s c Silsila. m tr dow tr am Of r t ataract , viz . , at Th * s has n ot u n o u n e et een e sur e e but di trict , f rt at ly , y b g olog ically v y d , en ou g h is known O fit t o form a g en eral idea of what has happen ed

e e and w e ﬁnd s u s n s t o t h e e s n th r , a rpri i g imilarity r cord at A wa ,

w t h e d ffe en e s e t h e s ein ess es stan t h e ith i r c that at Sil il , rock b g l r i t,

- se has een e e ss e and t h e e n ow o s cataract pha b compl t ly pa d , riv r ﬂ w

u s u it s e i s n e se t h e n o witho t rapid , tho g h v locity locally i cr a d by arr w

n es s t h e e u s s es O n t h e e s n h ev e of g org thro g h which it pa . a t ba k , ow r ,

is e u i n h s s t Silsila as s an a wid all v al plai w ich how hat at , at A w , th e Nile formerly occu pied a sort Of loop -chann el to t h e east in stead

O fit s es en bed and t h e e - e e is n ow 20 e es e e w pr t , riv r l v l m tr or mor b lo

it s e e e Sils ila and s n form r l v l . This similarity ofoccu rrences at A wa

e s u s to see for s of u ses e s uns s t l ad k a imilarity ca . It app ar ati fac ory t o dis miss th e qu estion of chang e with t h e easy explan ation that th e river has in t h e cou rse Of it s history simply eroded t h e s oft es t O fa n u mber Of chann els more deeply than t h e res t and then ultimately

u e hi e e s ee e nn e n . s n e s occ pi d t d p r cha l o ly For at A wa at l a t, th r does n ot appear t o be an y g reater resistan ce in t h e rocks O f th e O ld

c n n e n in se oft h e new an d e e t h e O ld nn e con ha l tha tho , mor ov r , cha l — v eyi ng t h e bulk Of t h e water with it s eroding t ools t h e su s pended

— u e t h e s e e n e are r en s eek mat ter wo ld b at Of g reatest rosio . W d iv to

s e e or e st s e on u n u s e in e n n . om oth r , at l a om c trib ti g , ca xpla atio It w ill simplify matters somewhat if w e can ﬁx an approximate

ri od or the cha in n en ess is ff e b pe f ng es . A limit poi t Of lat a ord d y

hi s hu t h e u n n Sehel s s t he torical data . T s c tti g ofa ca al at how that river occupied it s pres ent chann el at t h e Cataract during t h e twelfth

ee oot ote 1 S f n to p. 05 . 103 d yn asty ; while t h e an cient qu arry -roads and t h e ins criptions alon g t h e Aswan -Shellal lan d rou te in dicate that this w as dry land in th e t e th e e e e and can be u u t h e im Of arly mpir , it hardly do btf l that c n e O f u se an e e ha g co r d lev l took place b fore t h e daw n O f history .

T e e is e di fﬁ u in ﬁ n h e mi Th l e e s t e . e h r mor c lty xi g Old r li t Ni app ar , h e e n ot t o e u e it s es en nne e en e ow v r , hav occ pi d pr t cha l till lat Plioc

es and t h e n e u u su as ﬁl s t h e n en n n e s tim , ordi ary Nil all vi m ch l a ci t cha l * at t h e is u e n n I e n es Cataract Of Q at r ary orig i . n arly Qu ater ary tim t h e Nile may have differed larg ely in volu me an d inclination from

t h e esen e bu t t h e en e e s O f t h e e si s pr t riv r , g ral charact r d po t which n ow ﬁll t h e an cient channels at t h e Cataract Show them t o belon g t o

t h e e O ft h e u e n en n ns e e i n latt r part Q at r ary , wh co ditio w r approx mati g

t o s e O f - and en t h e e w as e s n s in th e e tho to day , wh riv r d po iti g ilt mor

ee -e e n ne s O f u e W e us n u e d ply rod d cha l t h e pl vial p riod . th co cl d that

t h e n es s n and Silsila u ro- s not e e e cha g at A wa , tho g h p hi toric , did pr c d

t h e hi s e n e torical p riod by a very long i t rval . It has sometimes been thou g ht that in th e g olden days O fEg yptian history t h e cultivated lands ext en ded over parts Of what is n ow

es e and t h e e w as in e s es e e d rt , that Nil arly hi torical tim a g r at r s e n w is O f u s rue s e e s n ow be tr am tha no . It co r e t that om ar a may u n i e hi e e e ul e bu t ese are in t h e e t ll d w ch w r form rly c tivat d th vall y , and t he hills limi t thi s in su ch a way as to ren der it impossible for u s to thin k that t h e amou n t Of cu ltivation w as very mu ch in excess Of

is t h e e r e h r e s n . e fo ns n t e s what it at pr t day Tak , i ta c , Cataract di t ict its elf w e kn ow that it w as formerly t h e site Of importan t cities like

ene an d e n ne an d has een n e t h e u e Sy El pha ti , it b imag i d that c ltivat d lands Of th e di strict were then larg er than t h e few thou san d acres Of

B u t h e e es e t e n re n e n n . tod ay . vid c a e tir ly ag ai st this su ppositio Wh re

u su n s e een s u e not on t h e s An d on co ld ch la d hav b it at d , if hill if t h e l s h ow e e e e an d e e are t h e e n s hi l , w r th y irrig at d , wh r r mai which they mu st have left had they existed ! Climatic chang es may be s n on and t h e a l e in en e n e lowly g oi g , Cat ract , ik Eg ypt g ral , may o c have been a rainy district ; bu t this w as certainly n ot t h e case in his torical times ; t h e eviden ces Of t h e deserts are overwhelmin g ly opposed t o t h e s u pposition that climate in Eg ypt has chang ed per

’ B B D i hic t e d es N il s t r L A N C KE N H O N e Ges c h oms in d er T o e . , ert iar un d Q u artii rperi d — Zeitech . d er Gesellseh . fii r E rd un d e 1902 . 694 722. k , , pp

— 105

a ei e u t h e th e u e s few e es h g ht q al to throw of fa lt , or p rhap a m tr

e th e e u be urn e n it s old nn e and t h e mor , Nil co ld t d back i to cha l ,

e in Th e C ataract as w e n ow kn ow it would be dry exc pt hig h ﬂoods . fact that if th e motion whi ch has taken place at these fault s could be revers ed so as to bring t h e rocks in to th e same relative posit-ions

as e c u e e e t h e n th e e u e t n th y o c pi d b for foldi g , riv r wo ld c r ai ly follow

it s n ow n en bed ns e ofit s esen ann e e s s dry a ci t i t ad pr t ch l , l ad almo t irres istibly to t h e con clusion that t h e faults mu st have caused t h e ’ a s hi be e e h c n e in t h e e s . s t e h g riv r path It follow , if t acc pt d , that fa ult s belong to th e Qu at ernary and not t o t h e Tertiary period and

e u s n s t h e u n es u s n n ar th amo g t yo g t fa lt k own i Eg ypt . There are no suﬁ cient data for any precise statement as t o th e cause ofth e similar chang e at Sils ila; bu t t h e evidence of low li me stone hills there in th e midst of a sandstone di strict seems to point

t o au n and us e s use as e as of effe is f lti g , th a parall li m of ca , w ll ct ,

e probabl . T ’ O ur belief in t h e faulting as th e cause of th e river s chang e of path

is not ess en e w e e e r t h e ﬁe e en es l d if att mpt to r ad , f om ld vid c , what m ay have been t h e his tory of erosion i n th e Cataract di strict before

u n Th e e e ow - an d after t h e fa lti g . fact that v ry l lying portion of t h e old d ry chann els is full of silt-deposit forbids t h e supposition that th ere w as any violent rapid or g reat incli nation of t h e river-bed

e se n n s t h e i u b u n e u wh en it occu pi d tho cha el . If N le co ld e t r d thro g h

h e old nn e n ow t h e s e n in Fi . 20 se on e e s en t cha l , ctio g , ba d l v l tak by H aw kshaq shows that a rapid fall would take place but this would be d u e partly t o t h e circu mstan ce that t h e ancient deposits have been

e e e en w n s t h e s u and n en s e r mov d by r c t do wa h from o th orth d , whil t h e heig ht of t h e central portion has even been slig htly in creased by recen t detritu s ; and in still g reater part to t h e fact that th e same faul ting which let down t h e wedg e-shaped area near t h e dam also

of e bed Th e rais ed t h e central part th e old Nil . Nile probably ﬂowed

’ an I a on ee h ma on lat e II of Sir . W I LLcocx s E t i rri t i 2n d ed or et S t e . ter p p W g yp g , , b , t h e larg er plan oft h e Sils ilad is trict in t he Atlas ofPlat es t o t h e R e port on Perenn ial I rrig at ion ” n airo 1 t o for E t . C 894 . an d Flood P rote c i g yp , 1' Bead n ell and H ume have lately foun d t h at t h ese appearan ces are d ue t o afau lt ofg reat m a ni t u d e t h e E ocen e and C ret aceous limes tones havin een au lt ed a ains t t h e N u bian sand g , g b f g h e n ort hern bou nd ar of t h e Kom O m o lain has been d etermi n ed b t h is lin of s tone . T y b p y e L I v X . rac t ure . See Bead n ell . J. Geol . Soc. ond on ol . 1905 f ( , Q L , , , p - J 186 115 119 . . G . S . 7 . I Q . , , pp 106 peacefully throug h t h e an cien t chann els for a long time previous t o th e n e an d e th e ul t h e s e e t h e d e e s ern cha g , whil b k of tr am follow d wi a t

— q alon - F 10 . 20 . ect ion th e old N ile bed rom n ear Ph ile t o abou t 8 kilomet res elow s w an g f b A . V i al scale 50 m et r s ert c to 1 cm . oriz on t al scal 1 k e to 1 cm . A ft e r aw haw . H e m . ( H ks )

e is ss e s e s e s e t h e esen -d a vall y , it po ibl that mall r tr am follow d pr t y

h n n e s en s u e e e e c a l , th it at d at a hig h r l v l .

Th e e n n oft h e e e u urs e ndi n th e n e l tti g dow w dg wo ld , of co , co tio cha g only on t h e su pposition that su ﬂi cient ly low pass ag es existed do w n stream oft h e wedg e to permit of t h e waters havin g an ou tlet throu g h

B u t is n ot n e ess su se es e ss es e e cu t them . it c ary to ppo that th pa ag w r ’ previou sly by t h e river its elf ; t h e portion of t h e river s present track between Aswan and Koror may well have been a khor su ch as ar e fou nd ru n ning into t h e Nile valley at many poin ts bot h in this district

The s of su s are e u en e l e and elsewhere. ﬂoor ch khor fr q tly v ry litt

e t h e e - e e n s n es u e u s an d abov Nil l v l for lo g di ta c p from th ir mo th , they often pass round isolated rock -masses su ch as would be formed

h s of Seh el an u r h in t h e presen t case by t e hill d Sal ja . P ior t o t e

u n en it s e s e e e n e t he d am fa lti g , th , a khor or wadi , with h ad om wh r ar ,

e e an n n ow is Th en t ered th e Nile valley near wh r Eleph ti e . e faultin g

n of t h e e e e e e s an d th e e s it s dow w dg b h ad d thi khor , Nil for ook old an d n ow rais ed channel an d ﬂow ed down th e lower path offered by

Th e e s n s e us e een en m s t h e khor . ro io at thi p riod m t hav b or ou ; in th e khor w as doubtless abun dan t broken -down material in larg e

n u sses su as un in e e in t h e s - a g lar ma , ch abo d v ry khor di trict to day t h e rocks on t h e sides of t h e khor would be cracked an d separat ed into blocks ; and t h e access of a mig hty stream woul d be all that ’ w as necess ary t o start thou san ds of n ature s mills g rinding ou t t h e

u s h e s n n e s . Th e e t ul u e e e e y n ﬂu en e cha l act al d tail of c pt r w r larg l i c d ,

in t h e an d in t h e su se u en e - n n e s ff both dry khor b q t riv r cha l , by di er ences in n ess of t h e s an d es e t h e e s n hard rock , p cially by xi ti g basi c dykes and ﬁss u res . 107

N early every on e ofth e deeper chan n els can be t raced as followin g

t h e l n e u s e and e s - e e e u s e an d i of a cr h d a ily r mov d dyk , or a hig hly cr h d

san s of n e s s s Th e se e e e of e s . dwich d ma g ra it , or a oft chi t l ctiv pow r water in choosin g t h e most easily -eroded chann els for its elf has seldom been brou g ht home more forcibly than in t h e excavation s for t h e

N il e- u n n h e e ny u s n s un s e n dam fo datio , w r ma tho a d of po d mor tha

e e n i e t o be s en in s n n in t h e s e s e w r a tic pat d had p t i ki g oft , d compo d

s in t h e r e cu t it s w av e n t h e n e en n rock which iv r had , l avi g i t rv i g

r a o as 18 a ni e an d d . So n 67 s had hard g ra t hig h y lo g g , H wk haw

em e th e i n u en e es si r s on t h e e an n e s r ark d ﬂ c of dyk of ba c ock riv r ch l , an d recen t res earches have only con ﬁrmed an d exten ded ou r kn ow

e of u n u en es l dg e s ch i ﬂ c . Soun din g s of t h e Nile-depth have been conﬁn ed to small port ion

h l e X s s t h e esu n u e of t e Cat aract district . P at III how r lt of m rou s systematic sou n ding s of t h e west chann el b etween t h e Bab H em edai an d t h e n orth en d of t h e n avig ation can al it will be s een that over a comparatively larg e area t h e bottom is over 4 0 met res below t h e

an e -su e T e ee es s un n e t h e e e of h me wat r rfac . h d p t o di g g av l v l t e

o o as m et es h is a u t h e sa e as t h e u n b tt m r , w ich bo t m g ro d - i e e n e n e 65 0 e es n s e . s s e l v l ar Mi ia , ov r kilom tr dow tr am It carc ly thin kable that t hese g reat hollows can have been excavated by such

s as e s t h e esen u t h e u en s are s ll su fﬁ rapid xi t at pr t day , tho g h c rr t ti

e e n s e u B u t e are e s e n cien t t o keep th m from g tti g ilt d p . th y a ily xplai ed

n u n Th n u by t h e history of t h e reg io o tli ed above . e imme se r sh of water in to t h e b eheaded khor wou ld cau se an erosion su fﬁcien t to

h e ca a ser e - n n n accou n t for all t e x v tion ob v d . Pot holi g o a g ig a tic s cale would be th e n atu ral con s equ en ce of a g reat waterfall su ch as

x e e mus t have e isted h r . It will be remarked that t h e theory oft h e fau ltin g down ofa por

n t h e e e e n n th e mi rati on t h e r e tio of cataract vall y, whil xplai i g g of iv r

es es n ot in sel u n for e n s n w tward , do it f acco t mor tha a mall proportio

- u e i n is s en e of t h e low eri ng of t h e river level . S ch low r g almo t tir ly d ue t o erosi on u t h e u se of t h e e s n an d it s n en s , tho g h co r ro io i t ity

h Th e e has u su e su s n were condi tioned by t e faults . riv r p r d b ta tially i r en u se for le s e s an d e e en n t s p es t co r at a t y ar , v ry mom t, ig ht and in e and su e u u s n eri t h e e day , w t r mm r, thro g ho t thi lo g p od , riv r

een n n n it s n n el . en t h e esen t h e h as b g ri di g dow cha Ev at pr t day, erosion mu st remove an en ormou s amou nt of rock each year ; t h e

w an h N avi ai an bet een t he N ort h Lock d t e g t on C al .

S cal e 1

De th 0 7 m l w l w N il l v l R . m. p 6 . be o o e e e ( . L 85 )

I6 26 m.

25 35 m.

over 35 01.

r I . G eatest recorded depth 42. m

109

en ndi v is n t ss e t o e e h n uess at m t of i iduals . It o po ibl g iv mor t a a g

t h e o a nu e - es in ess t h e a c e are t t l mb r of pot hol prog r at Cat ra t, for th y

s n s e en t h e e is e n are u ess mo tly o ly vi ibl wh riv r low , whil ma y do btl

c n n Brunh es s es h e e n e o ti u ally su bmerg ed ; bu t Prof. tat that xami d

u 4 00 and t h e a nu e u s be undre s es e t e abo t , tot l mb r m t h d of tim g r a r

n A n u w e e no n s mi n e se es tha this . d tho g h hav mea of for g a pr ci ti

e ofth e e c e os n is ee n s n e s mat rat at whi h r io proc di g at A wa , it app ar from t h e above considerations that it is by no means imposs ible that t h e averag e rate for t h e last years or so may have been equ al

to t h e e c has c u een e e e n an e e rat whi h a t ally b r cord d at S m a , viz av rag

- lowering of t h e en tire water swept area of 2 millimetres per year .

u e u un in ea s e in 20 e es S ch a rat wo ld acco t y r for a low r g of m tr , which is about t h e actu al fall since th e g reat chang e took place in th e ’ e s u s e us t h e t h e c t h e c en cemen riv r co r . Th fall of Catara t at omm t of t h e historical period may well have been considerably g reater than

it s es en 5 e es and th e s e en s ss e s e n pr t m tr , tat m t of cla ical writ r r g ardi g it may be in reality less exag g erated than they appear fr om a com

s n n be se to- t h e e en D iod oru s pari o with what ca ob rved day . At tim wh Sicul u s visited Eg ypt th e rat e of erosion su pposed above

u e u 9 e es ne u e th e es en one wo ld g iv a fall of abo t m tr , or arly do bl pr t , ifw e assu me t h e erosion to have been mainly conﬁn ed t o t h e cres t of

h e is n o t e rocky barrier . It may be obj ected that th re proof that e s n has en e s n t h e s e e as e n and ro io tak plac at A wa at am rat at S m a , certain ly t h e n arrown ess of th e Semna barrier and t h e eit t raordi nary contraction of t h e river there appear to su pport t h e idea that t h e

e n e n Bu t w e s t off S mn a erosio may b phen ome ally rapid . may e ag ainst thes e differen ces t h e in ferior resisting power of th e dykes and softer rocks of t h e chann els of t h e ﬁrst Cataract as compared with t h e n e ss e n and t h e th e t ec ni c e hard g i of S m a , probability that to mov men ts at Aswan may for a time have considerably accelerated t h e

n A n d in t h e resen t h e un - n i n erosio . if p t dav amo t of pot holi g act o (which I have shown to form an important feature of th e erosion at

e n is es s s n n e n s be d u e t h e S m a) far l at A wa tha at S m a , thi may to di fferent stag es reached in t h e two cases there is eviden ce at Aswan that pot-holi ng has g on e on to a g reater extent in t h e past than is t h e

“ l V l 4 eo X u . u m . . n m s D rononus Srcm ms is t l . i o. 3 S o G C . 9 Pol o , H , , ; , g , , , 5 ; ” “ ” a u t 1. i l u D s t u or is l . i Sm ut ! N t ms v 0 . 2. M . e i b , , , Q , ,

- 111

l e e e - c n t h e e e and ns e u en rapid y r mov d by wat r a tio , g r at h ad co q t hig h velocity renderin g t h e streams issu in g from t h e sluices power

u n t s i n f l e oug h o move ma ses we g hi g many tons . Extensive protection -works were thu s rendered n ecess ary ; all u n sound rock

e n n w as e e and t h e s ﬁ e u s n ce en r mai i g r mov d , hollow ll d p by tro g m t

s n e e e e s s n e n e u so ma o ry laid with xtr m car , thi ma o ry b i g carri d p

as an n su fﬁ en su s n to es s t h e e to form apro , ci tly b ta tial r i t h avy im ac t h e es a n a e s n t h e o n -s ea t h e p t of c pi g w t r , alo g d w tr m foot of ‘ dam . Th e ques tion of t h e poss ible siltin g -up of t h e reservoir is on e w has en s e som e s u ss n . e es t h e hich g iv ri to di c io Lik all lak , res erv oir will cert amly diminis h g radu ally in volu me from t h e accumulation of silt bu t t h e effect is n ot likely to be seriou s for a

e n e Th - . e ﬂood e s n w n t h e ul v ry lo g p riod wat r , which bri g do b k

oft h e e si ss u n s u e u t h e and Nil lt , pa practically ob tr ct d thro g h dam , t h e wat ers are only s tored at t h e tim e of year when they are relatively

e . e s l be e s e u u but t h e ne cl ar Som ilt wi l d po it d , witho t do bt ; xt ﬂood

w s u ou t th e ulk su e s an d e e t h e n n e s ill co r b of ch d po it , probably l av cha l

in e e s n n s u e e practically th ir form r tate. Sa dba k acc mulat to a g r at ext ent in t h e reaches between th e ﬁrst and t h e secon d Cataract s ;

bu t is u u ese ffe t h e u e t h e ese it do btf l if th a ct vol m of r rvoir at all , since erosion of th e banks is g oing on at other places in a way which

su es s n e Th e effec h e s n n s on n vi g g t practically a bala c . t of t a dba k a g at ion is entirely a separate qu estion from t h e capacity of t h e res er voir ; a stretch ofriver a kilometre wide and 3 metres deep may be far more d iﬂi cu lt of n avig ation than on e 500 metres wide of dou ble

t h e e an d s t h e u e i h e d pth ; till vol m s t same . Th e case is otherwi se where t h e dist ribu tion of t h e water is altered

n s s ﬁ s ru on s in t h e s e and in su by ca al or olid arti cial ob t cti tr am , ch cases t h e g reatest cau tion is often n eces sary to preven t an accu mul a

n s in are n u a e n nn e s A n n s an e cu re tio of ilt what at r lly cl a cha l . i t c oc r d

in nn ec n t h e n ew look th e R e e en co tio with at Bab m dai , which , wh

c se ur n t h e 1903 so e t h e e as us e e lo d d i g ﬂood of , block d riv r to ca a larg deposit below it after passin g t h e obstru ction th e silt-laden wat ers

un e e su en e e and in nse u en e d e fo d th ir v locity dd ly low r d , co q c ropp d a part of their burden an d formed at t h e northern mouth oft h e look a

s n n i be e e dr e n a dba k wh ch had to r mov d by dg i g .

800 Sir illia G in ara . m t Public or s Mi nistr R e ort 1905 . 72 W . W k y p , , p — 112

Even near t h e town of Aswan it self a slow chang e is g oin g on in t h e A h e river . comparison of th e result s of t h e recen t survey with t ’ map made by Napoleon s Expedition in 1798 will show that a perceptible erosion oft h e west bank opposite Elephan tin e has taken place within t h e last cen tury and con ﬁrmation of this is apparen t in t h e fact that not only is there a hu g e s andbank on t h e east shore

u n t h e e e t h e e but in low st a es t h e laid dry d ri g g r at r part of y ar , g of

e t h e e e s e n c nn e has een e t so t has een riv r whol a t r ha l b l f dry , hat it b

ss e u n es po ibl to walk across from Aswan t o Elephan tin e . S ch cha g as this are a powerfu l arg u men t in leading u s to prefer actu al discharg e measu remen ts to g au g e-readin g s over long periods in estimatin g t h e

s e ofth e ri di charg ver .

w e urn n ow t h e e t o th e ese w e ﬁn d n o less e an If t from riv r d rt , c rt i

- e en es of s bu t n nu u s an d su e esen n e . vid c low , co ti o r , pr t day cha g ’ E very d ay s variation oft emperature add s it s qu otaofdisin teg rat ing

n on t h e n t e s o s are s su n e and st s of actio g ra i rock ; bl ck plit a d r , cry al felspar and qu art z are broken int o san d an d slowly removed by g ravi t y

n on e t h e n -s s hi u u e l a d win d . Each of rai torm w ch occ r at abo t y ar y intervals contribu tes it s aid in t h e transport of broken -down material

i a n e s s e s n -s es it s r and n t h e solu tion ofalk li alt . Ev ry a d torm do pa t i n n n e se su es of t h e s e en t h e es g ri di g away xpo d rfac rock , v hard t ;

e e are s e es s u t h e on t h e e s n t h e e se th r om aplit o th of dam a t ba k , xpo d

s of s su e ﬁ e e s e e on u block which how p r cially a m r k l t of q artz , from

h e h e s n s e e i s t e e s has een e t . which all f l par b r mov d by a dbla t Th r , in n n is e s n n e in u n e s fact , othi g which mor tro g ly bor po a g olog i t examining t h e des erts ofEg ypt than t h e poten cy ofsmall present -day forces t o produ ce by their lon g -con tinu ed action g reat effect s of eart h

n n ur es sculptu re . Thou g h tectoni c cha g es have condition ed t h e mai feat

t h e es e hi s and u ffe en e e v e n l of d rt ll , tho g h a di r t climat with h a i r rai fal in t h e past appears n ecessary to explain t h e primary formation of

t h e e es et t h e e ofth e e ls t h e su e-s ul u e g r at wadi , y whol d tai of rfac c pt r pres ent n othing more than can be accoun ted for by ag en cies still at

n few u s n or en e u es work acti g for a tho a d t s ofthou sands of years . F at r which at ﬁrst sig ht may appear to require some exception al inﬂu en ce

e e n n in t h e in e r s u t h e for th ir xpla atio , may lig ht g a d f om a t dy of

effe s t h e n - n in u e n ofe e - ces be seen t o be ct of lo g co t d actio v ry day for ,

h n u nse u en e ese e A s an n s n e s bu t t e . at ral co q c of th latt r i ta c of thi ,

n ot en e un c nnect ed t the t ac di s e e ence ma be tir ly o wi h ca ar t trict, r f r y ~ 113 mad e to t h e u e c s on e e G r 34 ki e res es t of t he h g rack J b l ar a , lom t w

see e t h e m e en bi ll w as ﬁ s e m n e Cataract . It m d at ti wh that r t xa i d that t h e opening of these g reat clefts could only be accounted for by earthqu ake action bu t su bsequ ent observation of similar thou g h sm aller disturban ces at other poin ts has inclined t h e writer t o th e belie f that th e diu rn al temperatu re-rang e is a su fﬁcien t explanation

e r -six u s n es in h e for t h e facts obs rved . Thi ty tho a d tim a cen tury t rock has g on e throu g h a cycle of expansion and contraction ; a crack

n ce s e t h e sur e t h e su ess e s en n and s n o tart d at fac , cc iv lig ht op i g clo i g

ul s n ee en an d ul m t e cu t hr u t h e of it wo d oo d p it , ti a ly rig ht t o g h thick

bed e n e e e ss es ne on e ess , l avi g a g r at d tach d ma of lim to a mor or l

s en t h e n nu e e n n slopin g stratu m of clay . Th co ti d op ratio of expansio

an d n n of s e ac e ss u cau se un e th e co tractio thi d t h d ma wo ld it , d r

i n ﬂ u en e a n e s it s en in c of g ravit tio , to mov lowly away from par t rock

t h e di e n e s es s n e in t h e s e as r ctio of l a t r i ta c , am way that by which

n n se e en e u e u n t h e n e s ' Ca o Mo l y d avo r d to acco t for motio of g laci r . 1

Th e c e t ul us s en and t h e sses u en t l f wo d th lowly wid , ma occ py at l g h

re n w se t h e position s in which they a o en . I have calcu lated that a block of limeston e 10 metres in leng th ° su bj ect t o an averag e diu rn al chang e of only 1 would in thi s

nn e ee h u s nce e e in ﬁft -ﬁv e In ma r cr p t ro g h a di ta of a m tr y e y ars .

t h e se of s n s n e- ss es t h e e en u be s e ca a d to ma , mov m t wo ld at la t twic

n e e e cc -eﬂi cie t n as n e s n . u c con rapid , owi g to th ir g r at r of xpa io S h siderations g o a lon g way t o accoun t for t h e peculiarities of certain

s and di es t h e e s t en ea es in khor wa , h ad of which of form amphith tr position s where t h e smallness of t h e area drain ed forbid s t h e su ppos

i u e esen is d u e en e e - n it o that th ir pr t form tir ly to wat r actio .

B L R e ort on ebel Garraand t he O as is ofKu rkur C airo 1 A L 902 . 3 1. , p J , , , p

“ “ " ' l 1 1 w x n lo V o . . 8 1. 1 Pans r c , Geo g y , , p

° Th e d ail te m eratu re-ch an e at th e surface ma be as mu ch as 1 y p g y 50 C . in su mmer ; t h e ° f vera e f is assu med or t he en t ire mass . a g o 1 C .

I N D E X .

’ Ban villa 5 D A nant l . 23 , g e, 3

bat on 4 2 Bab H emedai 29 look at 48 111 A , , ; , ,

A bd ofA sia, 53 Bab el Km 28

aa Kh or 40 aolin d e osits in 36 Bab el Ke ir 28 Ab j i , , ; k p , b , A b art 4 1 Bab el So h air 28 d un i , g .

d ams 67 Bahr villa e 38 53 A . , g , , e al d os i s 56 Bak ri e t ew ell Mr. . N . 21 A p , , W , A kia 50 Ball Sir R 1 g il , , . S . , 1

iman Jebel 42 Balli 4 9 A , , ,

A isanart i, 44 Barron, T . , 94

Ajarma, 53 Basalt , 86, 88

la as t er u arr ao-called 35 84 Baudrand 17 A b q y ( ) , , , AlaSh ema 50 ll Beadn H . 1 . e , J. L. , 05

le and er II . inscri tion of 34 Bela Phile 14 54 A x , p , k ( ) , ,

Ber er D r. u o 9 g , H g , A masis I1 ra men ts oft em les of 5 1 Bessel 12 , f g p , , A b art 2 Bi aIslan m un i , 4 g d, 49, 50

at ue B meno h is menh ot e II . st of 50 ir e Ge el 42 A p (A p) , , b , b . te m le of 34 st at ue of 40 Bisharin ra s 33 p , , A b , r A min at i , 45 Blan ckenh crn, D r. M , 67 , 103

A n arnashe 52 Bloc s i neous in or es 64 g , k , g , g g ,

nt onine Itinerar 14 Bonne Pro . T . G . 19 A y , y, f , nu it 39 43 Boncmi an d Shar e 35 A k . , p , lite 83 Bouriant 36 37 Ap , , , oloni us ofT ana 16 Breccia ormation of in o es 65 App y , , f , g rg ,

A 42 Brow n ir R . H . 46 pt ck, , S ,

ra ic inscri t ion 4 1 Bruce 18 A b p , , ra ic w rite rs on t he cataract 14 16 Bru sch 31 44 A b , , g , , r bi ar i 4 2 Br A a n t , unh es , Prof, 4 1, 73, 106

adul r 38 Bud e D r. allis 20 36 A , g , W . ,

Buerat , Kh or, 4 1

Arch aclo ical remai ns 25 B u a g , g g , 53

Bun ur Sir E . E 9 b y, , Arist otle 9 Bur hard t 14 16 32 54 , k , , , , - Ari inn, 15

rti island 4 1 A ( ) ,

Artin o 52 g , C an n on, 23

sw an ositi on of, 8 eneral d escri t ion of C anal at Seh el ancient 43 A , p g p , , , la 30 o u ti on of 30 histor of 3 1 32 C anne D r. ei h 19 3 ; p p , ; y , , ; y, L g , , 3 relations t o an cien t eo ra h of 9 C at arac t of sw an lit era g g p y , ( A ) , ture referring t o the t ez iret E l es aIsland i , G ( ) , 5 1 14 en eral d es cri tion f A k H ; g p o , 27 ; fall of t he trun Island 34 A , w ad Islan 4 d, 9 C ataracts oft he N ile ener l nature at A . g a , 29

—119

Granite- or h r series ofd e-roc s 80 p p y y yk k ,

Gravels , 57 KA I) ! m. F A D L . 32 ’ Grenfell s tom s 36 b , alabsh a or e of 100 K , g g , G u balnarti 42 , l 4 4 Kasr, E , 1 , 5 Guid e- oo s 20 b k , Kaolin , 36

Kebh u . 5 1

enis eli 4 3 K g ,

Kh amus a 50 ' , H as sm rr, 44

Khashabin art i , 4 1 ad ir E l w at er ools at 40 H , , p , ; Khn u m 39 5 1 Ba , , Had ad in hari , 33 K r villa e 52 h o , g , H aﬁr 53 , i Kh unes i ns cri t ion in tom of 36 a ab 38 53 , p b , H g , , Kh urw an arti , 4 2 al l on s oils 63 H , , Kern , E l , 33 Haruﬁn art i , 44 1 Konosso, 5 H assannart i , 4 1 n ar 9 Koror, 38 , 39 ault e , 7 at sh e s as 4 f u t at u 6 . 74 H p (H ) , Ku d i e el 4 2 , J b , aw ksh aw 19 20 105 H , , , Kullutot 54 basalt -d es near 88 , yk , H eliod oru s, 13 4 Ku ln es ok, 4 erod ot us 15 H , Kurt u nos e el ault s at 97 , J b , f , esa E l Island 49 5 1 ormer H , , , , f Ku ti , 38 c l hape on, 52

e l 1 H y yn , 7

i archus 11 12 H pp , , LA LI T 1 Hirkh u f t om of 36 O O O I , 9 , b , ancret 18 o mann an al ses ofsil t b 62 , H f . y y, L ane-Poole 20 orn lend e-schi s t 9 1 , H b , L i d e of s w an 23 om er on N ile g ilt 6 1 63 at it ud e an d long t u , H , , , L A enz l 7 u me D r. W . F . 94 105 , H , , , L Leo ricanus 16 Af , e sius 18 I L p , e t t onn e 18 L ,

Ian Sm m. A s w an 14 1 , , 6 , 32, 54 Li ou -F oun 12 tc h g , 1 119 0 119 cl ss i 8 a cat ion O f: 68 “ 0 O f 68 rn in t s w an cat aract 14 ﬁ 8 , , Literat ure conce g h e A , - 92 94 u can 15 4 2 L , , “08 119 1118“52 a on t h e lac ken in ofroc s 72 ucas . L , , b g k Inscri tion s hi ero l hic 25 — 9 4 3 p . g yp . . 33 37 . 3 . . u cas Paul 17 L , , 50 1 ' 5 3 rabic, 4 1 101 ons C a t . H . G . 19 23 A Ly , p , , ,

I rons t one, 66

Is anart i, 4 1

Is land s met h od ofma i small 4 , pp ng , 2 Mari an a, 38 , 39

Is mai lnart i , 4 1 Ma n 4 1 g ru ,

mu Ba 34 Mah d y, 0 P . 2 a aff . M h y , J ,

M akrizi 14 16 32 54 u an m. E n 2 , , , , J t e r, 3 Man ure use ofcla s as 66 67 e el Shishi villa e 53 , y , , J b , g , M arcelli nus 16 e belt c ok , J g , 38 343 110 1500 34 ohn son and R ichmond 6 , J , 7 al 15 d oin vill 1 M art i , e J e, 6 1 M as ero, Prof. , 9 , 36 , 37 Jomard , 18 , 33 p ract -d i s trict lar e -scale ani Ma s of the cat a , g , Ju , 53 p

meth od s em lo ed in re arat ion of, 22 ud d Pro . , 6 p y p p J , f J W” 3 Mesitot 44 - , 38 , Phila, 4 9 ; road s from Asw an, to 37 4 0

M etamor hic roc s 69 89 -92 dist ance of from sw an 14 und er inni n p k , , , A , ; p g M eth ods em lo ed in surve in t e catarac oftem les f 4 9 5 1 p y y g h t p o , ,

distri ct , 20 Philostrat us , 16

MicaofAs w an ranite anal sis of 1 Plin 13 15 7 7 g , y , 7 y, , , Mica-di abase 86 Plutonic roc s 68—80 , k , - Mi caschis t , 9 1 Pococke, 13, 17

Microcline chan e oforth oclase in 1 Pom onius Mela 15 109 , g to, 7 p , ,

Miln Pa ulaion ofA w an 30 e . G . 20 32 3 t s , J , , , 3 p ,

k Por h rite 8 1 Mish e , 53 p y ,

D e M or an 19 34 36—4 4 46 Pot holes 4 1 73 108 g , , , 0, 3 , , 75 . , .

w i h r f 11 Moltin ek, 43 Pres t c , P o , 3

M on as te ries ruins of 36 3 Ptolem eo ra h er 12- 15 , , , 7 y (g g p ) , m le of 34 Mosele an on 11 Ptol em I V . t e y, C , 3 y , p ,

M os ues ru ined 54 P ramid s use of ran ite in 3 1 q , , y , g ,

M u d - rick man u fact u re 60 t es t s ofancien t b , , ; ,

M ud d e o it s p s , 58 Q

M ulh u mnarti 42 , s a tone 66 ranite 40 74 75 Q uanmns , nd s , ; g , , ,

uartz els it e 80 Q f , N 84 Q uartz veins,

N A VI G A TI N at t he catarac t 8 29 48 uatremere 16 18 O , , , Q , , l b t el aw a Gebel 36 s and stones an d N evil e 74 u e . , Q H , ;

N e ar h med 45 cla s of 65 66 g A , y , , N e ar e1 a ar 45 g H g , N ew old 18 b , N ew comb 12 , s R u m . M iss , 19 N ice h orus C allis t us 16 p , a m n of tem le of 34 R ameses II . r e t s , f g p , N ile ori in of 96 103 all of at t h e s w an , g , , f , A ilee on Be aIsland of 50 ju b g , C ataract 29 efect ofreservoir on levels and , f R aml el Khad i b 33 , d ischar e of 47 course of at t he cataract g , , , RamlaE l, 33 27 ancient course of 27 40 100 chan es ; , , , ; g l 8 Rashg u , 3 in t he course of 29 100- 107 110 , , , d e s i s 56 R ecent po t , N ile-mud nat ure and ro rt ies of 5 60 , p pe , 9, R evill out , 19 N ile-reservoir 4 6 ° , R ver-channels n ﬂ uence oi d es and ssures i , yk ﬁ N oise ofthe cataracts 29 , 1 on , 99, 07 N ord en 17 , 8 R oberts , 1 N ou et 18 , 4 R omnarti , 1 N u ian d w ellin s 38 b g , 9 Rosenbus ch Pro . 6 , f , N u ian sands t ones and cla s 65 95 b y , , B oth , 7 1

d e R oaiere, 18

' iron ore, 66 , 95 Sas n uarr, 44

O siris , st atues of, 4 1 ru ion ofmon as ter b 36 Saladi n , d es t ct y y, Sali 50 b,

Salter, 67

Sal u aI s land 4 2 PAB TH I Y , 14 , 18 j ,

Pe mat it e 84 eas ra men tation of 85 Salts in ranit ic s and s , 64 g , ; y f g , g - e 9 use of sand rod uced rom 85 traces of alen ain 85 Sand w ind hom , 45 , 56 ; river 5 ; , p f , ; g , , d 20 4 4 in mortar 5 7 64 Pat ric Pro . . M . Flin ers 33 3 7 , , , f W , , , , ’ 5 1 Sand s t on e lateau w es t of sw an 45 Pharaoh s Bed , p A , - 95 ; uerries in, 66 Tcheou Kon 12 q g , , Tem eratu re-chan es in uence on roc s of 112 p g , ﬂ k , Tem les p , 34 , 43

ThirmosiaIsland 45 t , ; po h oles on, 73

Thoth mes III. t em les of 34 , p , ; statue of, 50

Seli m , 7 1 Tichi, 53

Sehia arelli 36 Tit aniu m in roc s oft he cataract district 6 p , , k , 3 Schis t s 9 1 Tin ar roc of 46 , g , k ,

Sect ions levellin and observation of 24 Tom s ancient ra near sw an 35 ancient , g , b , A b, A , ;

Sehel Islan d , 42

Selakia 38 To o ra h of th e C ataract dis ct , p g p y tri , g eneral Salim cast le of sw an re uilt und er 32 ou tline of 26 , A b , ,

Tosorthros , 43 - F Semn a, rat e ofN ile erosion at 101 Toner, H . ., 9, 10

n a 42 Traan tau l Se ec , j , p e of, 5 1

Senaru t Bi aIslan d Trian ulation 21 ( g ) , 50 g ,

Semmut 74 Tro ic d ist ance of sw an S ene rom 11 , p , A ( y ) f , chan e in sition of 11 1 g po , , 2 T r ar i Shash l sland , 50 u g t , 44

Shellal, 53

Shemad ul, 50

Sicard , F ather, 17

Silsila chan es in the ile at 1 2- 104 , g N , 0

ilt anal ses of 62 acc mulation f 111 S , y , ; u o ,

Sma sumlm t ofcatarac t-roc s w i t h th ose of 93 y y k , U n er on t he ossil w ood ofE t 1 g , g yp , 9 22 f

U sertesen III. canal at Sehel d u b 4 , g y, 3 m g; 73

il an al of 2 So s. yses , 6 V

St . Simeon monast er of 37 Vmu cns su mer ed b reservoir 4 9 53 54 , y , , b g y , , , - Stad e len th of 10 olcanic roc s 69 . 86 8 , g , V k , 9 Staﬁ em lo ed in a in 24 p y nn oy g ,

A D ! n W Han a, erosio at , 100, 101 Stra o l 3 14 15 39 109 b s s s s r all anci ent mud - ri c 38 W , b k, Su mer ence oflands b reservoir 49 53 54 b g y , , , W m 52 Sulukoli 52 , 0 ater level vari ati on of d uri n surve 22 W , , g y, Sunnu, 3 1 eatherin of rani t e 2 ofs emte g , g , 7 ; y . 79 urve i m W S y ng eth od s , 20 l ell O fS ene, ossi e at“ of, 35 y p b 4 Sus nd ed matter in th ile 62 W pe e N ,

en e si of lai u f 1 lls o Sy , t e , 35 ; t t d e o , 1 , 13 w e f, I H “ anal m of sw an ramtab 1 S . y g y, 7 1 relati n t anci t ra h f W A 3 ; o o en g eog p y o . g illcoc s Sir 22 75 99 105 W k , W , , , ind -erosion 112 W , S anna- or h r 8 1 av p p y y. ’ W inner bi lio ra h of Pt olem s eo ra h , b g p y y g g p y

z Tu omMa E E , “

Taci t us, 15 m ProL von, 67

LIST O F MAPS AN D PLAN S

P ubli shed b the S ur ve D e artment and on s t s o the S u r ve y y p , ale at he Oﬁ ee f y

D e artment G iz a and t he eolo ical M us m airo. p , , G g eu , C

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