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Sweden a Country Less Ordinary Technology Has Taken Sami Reindeer Herders Into the Future

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Sweden a Country Less Ordinary Technology Has Taken Sami Reindeer Herders Into the Future Sweden A country less ordinary Technology has taken Sami reindeer herders into the future. Drones offer them a way to keep track of their herds that is both less stressful for the reindeer and better for nature. Photo: Per Lundström Sweden A country less ordinary Contents Sweden – key facts ..................................................................... 4 Sweden – from south to north ..................................................... 6 Society: A model where public meets private ............................... 8 Sustainability: For a greener future ............................................. 14 Government: Shaped by democracy ........................................... 24 Equality: Minding the gender gap .............................................. 28 Culture: Bursting with creativity ................................................. 36 History: The road to modern Sweden ......................................... 48 Sami: The natives of Sweden ..................................................... 52 Geography: Where nature abounds ............................................ 58 Sports: Sports the Swedish way .................................................. 66 Traditions: A year of celebrations ............................................... 72 Food: Classics on the table ........................................................ 82 Language: Speaking Swedish .................................................... 90 A timeline of Swedish innovation ................................................ 92 3 Hej! I am Sweden, a country so long that my northern parts are still covered in snow while my southern end is in full bloom. A country so sparsely inhabited that my whole population would fit in a larger city. Some say I punch above my weight. It’s because I’ve made a mark on the tech scene and in the music industry. I’m also the birthplace of many world-leading companies. And I show the way in sustainability and gender equality. I am where ideas fly high, and businesses thrive. I am monarchy and democracy. I am the labour unions and the unicorns. I am individualistic and egalitarian. I am tradition and innovation. I am the midnight sun and the cinnamon bun. I am the northern lights and the Nobel Prize. I am a country, so I am many different things to many different people. I’ll leave it to you to decide what makes me Sweden. 4 Sweden – key facts Location: Population: Population density: Life expectancy: 10.5 25 Women million, or 0.14% of the people per km2*, com- 84 world’s population. pared with the European years Union average of more than 100. About 97% of Northern Europe the country is uninhab- Men Capital: ited. 87% * 2 2 Stockholm 1 km = 0.39 mi of the population live in 81 Time zone: urban areas. years Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) +1, or Central European Time (CET). Form of government: Currency: Language: Religion: Swedish krona, SEK * Swedish is the main The Church of Sweden is Parliamentary democracy Gross domestic product language, and we have Protestant Christian, but and a constitutional (GDP)/capita: five official minority in practice the country is monarchy. SEK 488,000 (2019) languages: Finnish, very secularised. Meänkieli, Romani Chib, * SEK 1 = EUR 0.10 = USD 0.12 Sami and Yiddish. (December 2020) Business sectors: Sweden is primarily a service economy. Percentages based on the number of companies per sector (other: 0.5%): Service: 64.4 % Agriculture, forestry Industry: 14% and fishing: 21.1% 5 Land use in Sweden: 69% Forests 8% Agricultural land 8% Heath land and meadows 7% Open mires 5% Bare rock and other land 3% Built-up land Geography: 410,000 km2 Biggest lake: is the total land area of Sweden, making it the fifth Vänern largest country in Europe. at 5,650 km² If you were to put Sweden in North America, it would stretch from Toronto in the north to Tallahassee in the south. Longest north–south distance: 1,572 km Water area: Highest mountain: In addition to the land area, Kebnekaise lakes and the sea make up at 2,097 m 120,000 km². Daylight hours: Average temperatures: January July January July Kiruna 0 24 −15.6°C* +12.8°C Stockholm 6 18 −2.9°C +17.2°C Malmö 7 17 −0.7°C +16.5°C * °C = degrees Celsius. −20°C = −4°F | 0°C = 32°F | +20°C = +68°F 6 Sweden – from south to north 4. Gothenburg is our second biggest city. It’s the port to the west and the home of Volvo. The city is research-intensive, with collabo- ration between trade and industry, academia and government-owned 8. Borlänge boasts Dalar- businesses. Lindholmen Science na Science Park, focused Park is focused on smart mobility. on sustainability and 6. Strängnäs has an Baltic Sea cooperation. enormous solar cell park able to supply 4,650 flats with elec- 1. Malmö, our third biggest city, is only tricity all year long. a bridge away from the continent. The city has undergone a major transfor- mation, replacing industrial areas with architectural and sustainable living developments. Towering over Malmö is skyscraper Turning Torso. 8 9 4 6 2 7 1 3 5 2. Lund University was founded in 1666. Ideon Science Park in- corporates the European 7. Stockholm is our capital, steeped in history and Spallation Source (ESS), 3. Älmhult is where shaped by innovation. Unicorns Klarna and Spot- which aims to develop global furniture company ify as well as gaming giants like DICE and Mojang the world’s most powerful IKEA was born in 1943. neutron source. have been part of the city’s startup and tech journey. Every year Stockholm basks in the glory 5. Visby on the island of the prestigious Nobel Prize, and Kista Science of Gotland is a Unesco City is a leading ICT cluster in Europe. World Heritage Site. 7 17. Kiruna is a hub for space re- search and the exploration of space 14. Arvidsjaur attracts tourism through Esrange Space Center and Spaceport Sweden. 10. Östersund attracts leading car brands to test students and researchers thousands of cars in ex- to Mid Sweden Univer- treme winter conditions. sity – and to nearby ski resort Åre. 17 16 14 The Arctic Circle 10 15 13 12 11 13. Piteå aims to have one of Europe’s largest onshore wind farms with 11. The High Coast is a Markbygden. Unesco World Heritage Site with Sweden’s long- est suspension bridge. 16. Gällivare’s Aitik copper mine, Sweden’s largest, is electrifying its rock trucks to go greener. 15. Luleå has built the world's first fossil-free 12. Umeå University’s steel plant, Hybrit. research involves everything from AI and robotics to microalgae. 9. Uppsala University, opened in 1477, has been home to eight Nobel Prize winners. 8 – SOCIETY SOCIETY A model where public meets private Sweden is characterised by high taxes and a strong public sector. But it is also a country with a historically strong, internationally competitive economy, where businesses are born and flourish. Photo: Ann-Sofi osenkvist/imagebank.swR eden.se Photo: AstraZeneca ith a small domestic market, we have long been AstraZeneca is a Swed- dependent on international trade. And on the global ish–British biopharma- ceutical company present arena there are disproportionately many large com- in 100 countries and panies with Swedish roots – not all of them quite as with strategic research Wyellow and blue as furniture retailer IKEA, though. The list includes centres in Sweden, the UK and the US. brands like ABB, AstraZeneca, Ericsson, H&M, Sandvik, Scania and Volvo. And several ‘unicorns’, i.e. billion-dollar startups, have been founded here as well: music streaming service Spotify, online payment firm Klarna and gaming companies King and Mojang, to mention but a few. A consensus-based approach So how does booming business and a competitive economy fit together with an extensive welfare system and high average wages? One aspect is our balanced tax system under which corporate taxes n i l u are comparatively low. Another key factor is central wage bargaining, a P n a core feature of the ‘Swedish model’. Trade unions and employers o m i S : – private and public – have a long tradition of negotiating with each to o h other, with an approach based on collaboration and consensus. P Over the years, the predominantly peaceful relationship between IKEA’s flat-packed furni- employers and employees has helped boost the Swedish economy. ture can be found around Fewer conflicts mean more focus on innovation and development. the globe. 10 – SOCIETY SOCIETY – 11 In fact, we invest more in research and development than many other nations, so it’s not so much of a mystery why we rank high in international innovation indexes. Startups are a fixture in Swedish business, with both Swedish and foreign entrepreneurs choosing our country as base. Some reasons quoted are beneficial policies, a deregulated market, acceptable company tax rates, and good technological infrastructure. Progress through education The Swedish welfare system is based on the general principle that everyone contributes, and everyone gets equal access to the same safety net and public services. Among other things, taxes subsi- dise our healthcare system and fully finance our children’s educa- tion. Even when financed by the state, it’s not all state-run – the Swedish solution includes a mix of public and private providers. In schooling, for example, there are quite a few friskolor, privately owned but publicly funded charter schools that follow the same Uppsala University has curriculum as municipally run schools. Private schools funded by moved on since the 15th tuition fees are exceedingly rare, though. century, and around 40,000 students choose Ever since 1842, education has been compulsory in Sweden, and to study there every year. schooling and a high average education level are quoted as key fac- Photo: Magnus Liam Karlsson/imagebank.sweden.se 12 – SOCIETY tors in our transition from a poor agricultural nation to an advanced 0.1% 4.5% Private welfare society. Today, Swedish six-year-olds embark on ten years of Government non- profit compulsory schooling, all fully tax-funded. After that, most choose to go on to three years of upper secondary school, gymnasium – ba- 23.2% Higher sically the equivalent of sixth form in the UK or high school in the US.
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