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Working Paper WORKING PAPER Herbicide Use at Thailand’s Base Perimeters: Base by Base Analysis As documented in the Air Force Historical Research Agency Collection 1964 through 1976 -- A 1969 humorous view of Operation Ranch Hand operations, also known as ‘Trail Dust,’ by the 22nd Tactical Support Squadron, located at Binh Thuy Air Base, Republic of Vietnam. 1 Herbicide Use at Thailand’s Base Perimeters: Base by Base Analysis As documented in the Air Force Historical Research Agency Collection 1964 through 1976 Introduction View From the Top CHECO Report of 18 February 1973 Base-By-Base Analysis: Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, 6234th Combat Support Group; 388th Tactical Fighter Wing (until 24 Dec 1975); 388th Combat Support Group (Dec 1975 -14 March 1976 (date of base closure) Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, 634th Combat Support Group; 56th Air Commando (later Special Operations) Wing; 656th Special Operations Wing (NKP closed in Oct 1975) Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, 355th Tactical Fighter Wing (Sep 1965-Mar 1971; 6235th Air Base Sq (Takhli is closed from Apr 1971 through May 1972); 6499th Combat Support Group (Provisional); 366th Tactical Fighter Wing; 347th Tactical Fighter Wing (until 12 Jul 1974); 6280th Combat Support Group (until 1 Oct 1974, Takhli is closed) Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing (until Sep 1974); 6233rd Air Base Squadron (base closed by Aug 1974) Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, 35th Tactical Control Group (333rd Air Base Squadron, 1964); 6232nd and 6233rd Combat Support Groups; 630th Combat Support Group; 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance (later Fighter) Wing (18 Sep 1966 to 23 Dec 1975); 432 Combat Support Group (24 Dec 1975 to 21Feb 1976; closed 15 Mar 1976) U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Air Field, 635th Combat Support [later, Aerospace Support] Group; 4258th Strategic Wing; 307th Strategic Wing and 310th Strategic Wing Other Bases: Chiang Mai, 1980 Comm Sq, OL-C (1974th Comm Gp) and 621 TCS Det 7 Don Muang Airport, 6236th Combat Support Group; 631st Combat Support Group (9 Apr 1966 to 30 Jun 1971); 6236th Air Base Sq (Jul-Nov 1971); 635th Combat Support Group, Detachment 1 (from 1 Jul 1971) Green Hill (also known as Khao Khieo), 621 Tactical Control Squadron, Det 4 Ko Kha Air Station, 6201st Aerospace Support Squadron (635th CSG) Mukdahan Air Station, 1987 Comm Sq, OL-25 (1974th Comm Gp) and 621 TCS Det 6 Roi-Et, 1982 Comm Sq, OL-A (1974th Comm Gp) Warin, 1982 Comm Sq, OL-B (1974th Comm Gp) Introduction Section 102, Public Law 104-262, the Veterans' Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996, provides that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is required to furnish hospital care and medical services, and may furnish nursing home care to veterans exposed to herbicides in Vietnam. Ever since the Congress of the United States declared that certain illnesses of veterans of the Vietnam War was caused by Agent Orange, veterans of the Southeast Asia conflict have had to prove their exposure to the VA to obtain medical care promised by the 2 Congress. This is known as the “boots on the ground” proof that the VA requires. For those whose official military records (maintained by the National Personnel Records Center, 1 Archives Drive, St. Louis, MO 63138) show that they were stationed in Vietnam or sent to Vietnam for even a short stay (on temporary duty, also known as TDY), the qualification for VA health care is fairly routine and services are available. However, there are numerous veterans who claim to have been exposed to Agent Orange who also acknowledge that they were never in Vietnam. These veterans insist that while they were stationed in Thailand, they were exposed to Agent Orange or other herbicides, such as Agent Blue, White, Pink, Green or Purple. The Congress did acknowledge that there were other areas of the world where Agent Orange was used, and directed that if proof of the presence of this particular herbicide was presented, the VA would also provide medical care for specified illnesses of those veterans who were at those locations. By 2010, with information provided by the Department of Defense, the VA had declared the following areas of Thailand to have been exposed to Agents Orange, Blue and Purple and therefore, if any veteran had been in these areas, would qualify for medical care. These areas are:1 Location: Replacement Training Center of the Royal Thai Army near Pranburi, Thailand Dates: 1964 and 1965 Project Description: An extensive series of tests were conducted by Fort Detrick during 1964 and 1965 in collaboration with the Military Research and Development Center of Thailand. The objective was to perform onsite evaluation of phytotoxic chemicals on vegetation in SE Asia. Agents: Orange, Purple DoD Involvement: Yes Location: Thailand Dates: 1964-65 Project Description: Sponsored by ARPA; ARPA Order 423, Between the mentioned dates, there was a large-scale test program to determine effectiveness of mentioned agents in defoliation of upland forest or jungle vegetation representative of SEA. Agents: Purple, Orange, Others DoD Involvement: Yes Location: Thailand Dates: 1964-65 Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season, and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS and OCONUS locations are provided in tables. Agents: Orange, Blue DoD Involvement: Yes United States Air Force veterans who were stationed in Thailand during the Vietnam War were located, for the most part, at Korat, Ubon, Udorn, Nakhon Phanom, or Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Bases; U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Air Field, Don Muang Airport, Mukdahan Air Station or in the cities of Bangkok, Chiang Mai, or Sattahip. None of these sites qualify for the VA’s medical coverage for Agent Orange exposure. Therefore, Thailand-based veterans in an effort to qualify for VA medical coverage have tried to prove that: 1) they were sent to Vietnam on a TDY while based in Thailand; 2) stopped in Vietnam on their way to or from their duty station in 1 Chart, “Information from Department of Defense (DoD) on Herbicide Tests and Storage Outside of Vietnam,” downloaded 26 March 2010 from www.pubichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/outside_vietnam.asp. 3 Thailand; or 3) that Agent Orange was used in Thailand at the bases where they were stationed. However, a fourth option became known in May 2010. The Department of Veterans Affairs announced that herbicides used on the Thailand base perimeters may have been tactical and procured from Vietnam, or a strong, commercial type resembling tactical herbicides could have been used and therefore, U.S. Air Force Veterans who served on Royal Thai Air Force bases at U-Tapao, Ubon, Nakhon Phanom, Udorn, Takhli, Korat and Don Muang, near the air base perimeter anytime between February 28 1961 and May 7, 1975 could now receive benefits for disease associated with herbicide exposure. The Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA) receives many requests from both veterans and the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide documented proof that support any of the four options that are claimed by the Thailand-based veteran. Since the AFHRA does not collect or maintain any personnel files of veterans, proof of an individual going TDY to Vietnam from his or her unit in Thailand is virtually impossible to prove. The AFHRA is a repository of official USAF unit histories and the supporting document volumes appended to those histories. Therefore, those are the only source of information that the AFHRA can use and vouch for when answering such inquiries. However, the unit histories oftentimes provide circumstantial evidence that could support a veteran’s claim. As an example, let us say that a veteran claims that as a member of the 56th Field Maintenance Squadron’s Jet Engine shop at Nakhon Phanom (also known as NKP) Royal Thai Air Force Base (RTAFB), he was sent to Saigon, South Vietnam, in July 1967 to learn how to implement a new Time Compliance Technical Order (TCTO) on the J-57 engines they used at NKP. The AFHRA’s researchers can review the official April through December 1967 history of the 56th Air Commando Wing, located at NKP (which covers the activities of its subordinate unit, the 56th Field Maintenance Squadron), and they find a passage noting that maintenance personnel were sent to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Vietnam, to undergo a maintenance course on a new type of maintenance procedure for jet engines in July 1967. The history does not say who was sent, but it does acknowledge that the event, as generally described by the veteran, did occur. The second most common assertion by Thailand-based veterans is that on the way to or from their base in Thailand, they had to stop off at Tan Son Nhut Air Base (Saigon International Airport) to pick up or drop off fellow passengers. Recently, these types of requests now also add that everyone had to get off the plane and wait at the passenger terminal, therefore assuring that their “boots were actually on Vietnamese soil” while enroute to or from Thailand. This type of request is equally hard to prove with the documents held by the AFHRA. The AFHRA’s collections of histories are arranged by unit, not by function and destination of a unit’s aircraft. Therefore, to conduct any meaningful research, the veteran would have to know which unit flew him to Vietnam before the correct history could be reviewed to support his claim. This requirement is oftentimes beyond the ability of the veteran to fulfill. Since the Military Airlift Command (MAC) passenger transport aircraft that took the veteran to Vietnam (and subsequently to Thailand, or vice-a-versa) did not belong to the unit the veteran was assigned to, he or she has no way of knowing which MAC unit provided the transportation.
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