Working Paper

WORKING PAPER

Herbicide Use at Thailand’s Base Perimeters: Base by Base Analysis As documented in the Air Force Historical Research Agency Collection 1964 through 1976

-- A 1969 humorous view of Operation Ranch Hand operations, also known as ‘Trail Dust,’ by the 22nd Tactical Support Squadron, located at Binh Thuy Air Base, Republic of Vietnam.

Herbicide Use at Thailand’s Base Perimeters: Base by Base Analysis As documented in the Air Force Historical Research Agency Collection 1964 through 1976

Introduction View From the Top CHECO Report of 18 February 1973 Base-By-Base Analysis: Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, 6234th Combat Support Group; 388th Tactical Fighter Wing (until 24 Dec 1975); 388th Combat Support Group (Dec 1975 -14 March 1976 (date of base closure) Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, 634th Combat Support Group; 56th Air Commando (later Special Operations) Wing; 656th Special Operations Wing (NKP closed in Oct 1975) Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, 355th Tactical Fighter Wing (Sep 1965-Mar 1971; 6235th Air Base Sq (Takhli is closed from Apr 1971 through May 1972); 6499th Combat Support Group (Provisional); 366th Tactical Fighter Wing; 347th Tactical Fighter Wing (until 12 Jul 1974); 6280th Combat Support Group (until 1 Oct 1974, Takhli is closed) Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing (until Sep 1974); 6233rd Air Base Squadron (base closed by Aug 1974) Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, 35th Tactical Control Group (333rd Air Base Squadron, 1964); 6232nd and 6233rd Combat Support Groups; 630th Combat Support Group; 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance (later Fighter) Wing (18 Sep 1966 to 23 Dec 1975); 432 Combat Support Group (24 Dec 1975 to 21Feb 1976; closed 15 Mar 1976) U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Air Field, 635th Combat Support [later, Aerospace Support] Group; 4258th Strategic Wing; 307th Strategic Wing and 310th Strategic Wing Other Bases: Chiang Mai, 1980 Comm Sq, OL-C (1974th Comm Gp) and 621 TCS Det 7 Don Muang Airport, 6236th Combat Support Group; 631st Combat Support Group (9 Apr 1966 to 30 Jun 1971); 6236th Air Base Sq (Jul-Nov 1971); 635th Combat Support Group, Detachment 1 (from 1 Jul 1971) Green Hill (also known as Khao Khieo), 621 Tactical Control Squadron, Det 4 Ko Kha Air Station, 6201st Aerospace Support Squadron (635th CSG) Mukdahan Air Station, 1987 Comm Sq, OL-25 (1974th Comm Gp) and 621 TCS Det 6 Roi-Et, 1982 Comm Sq, OL-A (1974th Comm Gp) Warin, 1982 Comm Sq, OL-B (1974th Comm Gp)

Introduction

Section 102, Public Law 104-262, the Veterans' Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996, provides that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is required to furnish hospital care and medical services, and may furnish nursing home care to veterans exposed to herbicides in Vietnam. Ever since the Congress of the United States declared that certain illnesses of veterans of the Vietnam War was caused by Agent Orange, veterans of the Southeast Asia conflict have had to prove their exposure to the VA to obtain medical care promised by the

Congress. This is known as the “boots on the ground” proof that the VA requires. For those whose official military records (maintained by the National Personnel Records Center, 1 Archives Drive, St. Louis, MO 63138) show that they were stationed in Vietnam or sent to Vietnam for even a short stay (on temporary duty, also known as TDY), the qualification for VA health care is fairly routine and services are available. However, there are numerous veterans who claim to have been exposed to Agent Orange who also acknowledge that they were never in Vietnam. These veterans insist that while they were stationed in Thailand, they were exposed to Agent Orange or other herbicides, such as Agent Blue, White, Pink, Green or Purple.

The Congress did acknowledge that there were other areas of the world where Agent Orange was used, and directed that if proof of the presence of this particular herbicide was presented, the VA would also provide medical care for specified illnesses of those veterans who were at those locations. By 2010, with information provided by the Department of Defense, the VA had declared the following areas of Thailand to have been exposed to Agents Orange, Blue and Purple and therefore, if any veteran had been in these areas, would qualify for medical care. These areas are:1

Location: Replacement Training Center of the Royal Thai Army near Pranburi, Thailand Dates: 1964 and 1965 Project Description: An extensive series of tests were conducted by Fort Detrick during 1964 and 1965 in collaboration with the Military Research and Development Center of Thailand. The objective was to perform onsite evaluation of phytotoxic chemicals on vegetation in SE Asia. Agents: Orange, Purple DoD Involvement: Yes Location: Thailand Dates: 1964-65 Project Description: Sponsored by ARPA; ARPA Order 423, Between the mentioned dates, there was a large-scale test program to determine effectiveness of mentioned agents in defoliation of upland forest or jungle vegetation representative of SEA. Agents: Purple, Orange, Others DoD Involvement: Yes Location: Thailand Dates: 1964-65 Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season, and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS and OCONUS locations are provided in tables. Agents: Orange, Blue DoD Involvement: Yes United States Air Force veterans who were stationed in Thailand during the Vietnam War were located, for the most part, at Korat, Ubon, Udorn, Nakhon Phanom, or Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Bases; U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Air Field, Don Muang Airport, Mukdahan Air Station or in the cities of Bangkok, Chiang Mai, or Sattahip. None of these sites qualify for the VA’s medical coverage for Agent Orange exposure. Therefore, Thailand-based veterans in an effort to qualify for VA medical coverage have tried to prove that: 1) they were sent to Vietnam on a TDY while based in Thailand; 2) stopped in Vietnam on their way to or from their duty station in

1 Chart, “Information from Department of Defense (DoD) on Herbicide Tests and Storage Outside of Vietnam,” downloaded 26 March 2010 from www.pubichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/outside_vietnam.asp.

Thailand; or 3) that Agent Orange was used in Thailand at the bases where they were stationed. However, a fourth option became known in May 2010. The Department of Veterans Affairs announced that herbicides used on the Thailand base perimeters may have been tactical and procured from Vietnam, or a strong, commercial type resembling tactical herbicides could have been used and therefore, U.S. Air Force Veterans who served on Royal Thai Air Force bases at U-Tapao, Ubon, Nakhon Phanom, Udorn, Takhli, Korat and Don Muang, near the air base perimeter anytime between February 28 1961 and May 7, 1975 could now receive benefits for disease associated with herbicide exposure.

The Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA) receives many requests from both veterans and the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide documented proof that support any of the four options that are claimed by the Thailand-based veteran. Since the AFHRA does not collect or maintain any personnel files of veterans, proof of an individual going TDY to Vietnam from his or her unit in Thailand is virtually impossible to prove. The AFHRA is a repository of official USAF unit histories and the supporting document volumes appended to those histories. Therefore, those are the only source of information that the AFHRA can use and vouch for when answering such inquiries. However, the unit histories oftentimes provide circumstantial evidence that could support a veteran’s claim. As an example, let us say that a veteran claims that as a member of the 56th Field Maintenance Squadron’s Jet Engine shop at Nakhon Phanom (also known as NKP) Royal Thai Air Force Base (RTAFB), he was sent to Saigon, South Vietnam, in July 1967 to learn how to implement a new Time Compliance Technical Order (TCTO) on the J-57 engines they used at NKP. The AFHRA’s researchers can review the official April through December 1967 history of the 56th Air Commando Wing, located at NKP (which covers the activities of its subordinate unit, the 56th Field Maintenance Squadron), and they find a passage noting that maintenance personnel were sent to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Vietnam, to undergo a maintenance course on a new type of maintenance procedure for jet engines in July 1967. The history does not say who was sent, but it does acknowledge that the event, as generally described by the veteran, did occur.

The second most common assertion by Thailand-based veterans is that on the way to or from their base in Thailand, they had to stop off at Tan Son Nhut Air Base (Saigon International Airport) to pick up or drop off fellow passengers. Recently, these types of requests now also add that everyone had to get off the plane and wait at the passenger terminal, therefore assuring that their “boots were actually on Vietnamese soil” while enroute to or from Thailand. This type of request is equally hard to prove with the documents held by the AFHRA. The AFHRA’s collections of histories are arranged by unit, not by function and destination of a unit’s aircraft. Therefore, to conduct any meaningful research, the veteran would have to know which unit flew him to Vietnam before the correct history could be reviewed to support his claim. This requirement is oftentimes beyond the ability of the veteran to fulfill. Since the Military Airlift Command (MAC) passenger transport aircraft that took the veteran to Vietnam (and subsequently to Thailand, or vice-a-versa) did not belong to the unit the veteran was assigned to, he or she has no way of knowing which MAC unit provided the transportation. Sometimes the veteran can offer clues, such as the fact that he began his trip from Travis Air Force Base (AFB). Travis was the home of the 60th Military Airlift Wing, and therefore the AFHRA researchers have a starting place to conduct research. These wing histories would be reviewed for any mentions of trips to Thailand with stops in Vietnam, for the date the veteran states the event occurred. The quality of information varies from history to history and from time period to time period. Some of the histories have appendixes that note every mission flown and the route taken, and sometimes, even the number of passengers and the mission number. One veteran retained his MAC ticket that had the date and the mission number on it. The unit history included mission numbers and flight schedules for every flight of that particular month, and proof

4 was provided to the VA that this particular aircraft had stopped in Saigon on its way to Thailand. However, sometimes the opposite occurs. Some histories only note that trips to Vietnam and Thailand were routine, but no other information is available. A review of these histories show that numerous flights that went to Thailand did not stop in Vietnam, as well as many that did. Commercial contract carriers were oftentimes not tracked by the local unit historian, as there was no requirement by the commercial carrier to share its information with an Air Force historian. It should also be noted that oftentimes veterans ask for passenger lists for their particular flight to prove they were on an aircraft that landed in Vietnam. No such lists exist. These passenger manifests were never considered to be permanent records, and were destroyed in a matter of weeks after a successful flight was completed.

The third assertion is that Agent Orange was stored, used, or sprayed at any or all of these USAF Thailand bases or facilities. After years of research within the collection of unit histories maintained by the Air Force Historical Research Agency, nothing has been found to support such an assertion. Not once has any documentation turned up that indicates that any Tactical Herbicide (i.e., Agent Orange) was ever used for vegetation control around any of the USAF installations in Thailand. However, the fourth circumstance, that of common commercial use herbicides were used around the perimeter base fence line, is absolutely true; but not at all installations and not at all times. The following is an installation-by-installation review of all USAF bases in Thailand and how they met the challenges of vegetation control around their perimeter fence.

View from the Top:

Pacific Air Forces

Extract, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, 1 July 1970 through 30 June 1971, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-1781-01 1 Jul 1970-30 Jun 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 1118451):

Page 252, Herbicide Use in Southeast Asia: Seventh Air Force requested permission for the first time to use herbicide on an Air Force installation in Vietnam in November 1969. At this time the III Corps Tactical Zone chemical officer and the Gia Dinh province chief were asked to approve spraying along the perimeter fences at Tan Son Nhut Air Base. [Hist, 7AF, Jul-Dec 1969, pg. 437]

In January 1971 the Joint Chiefs of Staff established the following policies on the use of herbicides in Vietnam:

No use of herbicide orange is authorized, and strict adherence to policy that use of other herbicides will be under conditions which would apply in CONUS is required. Plans for Vietnamization of herbicide operations also required Presidential approval…. Defoliation by fixed wing aircraft was terminated by MACV on 10 July 70, and crop destruction operations are being phased out with an expected termination by 1 May 71…. Any herbicide operation after 1 May 71 will be defoliation by either helicopter or ground-based spray.

In June 1971 PACAF further stipulated that all herbicide applications must be performed by or under the direct supervision of civil engineering personnel certified competent to select, handle, and apply the material. These personnel were certified by Hq PACAF (DEM) upon completion of a training course and successfully passing a written examination. [PACAF supplement 1 to AFR 91-26, 11 Jun 71]

Page 253: In Thailand, Hq PACAF instructed Thirteenth Air force to temporarily suspend the use of herbicides in Novmber 1970. IN addition, Thirteenth was required to advise PACAF on the impact of a permanent stop order, and to name areas where herbicides use was considered absolutely essential. Cost estimates to accomplish vegetation control by other methods were also to be submitted. [Hq PACAF (DEM) Record Summary, Nov 70.]

Spraying of herbicides along perimeter fences appeared to be an essential factor in assuring a clear view for security patrols on Thai air bases, where a definite infiltration threat existed. This was particularly true where several rows of concertina wire precluded manual vegetation control.

The suspension was later lifted by PACAF when it was found that herbicide spraying was essential for vegetation control under difficult conditions, and approval was granted on a case- by-case basis. [Interview, Mr. Tony Koura, PACAF historian, with Mr. Jonathan Kajiwara, PACAF Entomologist, 4 Aug 71.]

Thirteenth Air Force

Extract, Thirteenth Air Force, January through December 1962, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, Jan-Dec 1962, V. 1, IRIS Number 528164):

[NOTE: The below describes the beginning of herbicide spraying in Vietnam. As can be seen, Vietnam was the only area considered and Thailand was not included in any herbicide spraying plans.]

Page II-67, Project Ranch Hand: A Tactical Air Command unit, designated “Tactical Air Squadron, Provisional One,” with 69 personnel and six C-123 aircraft specially equipped with large pressure tanks, was deployed from the ZI [zone of interior] to Clark Air Base, Philippines, on 28 November 1961. The squadron arrived at Clark on 6 December and departed later in the month for Tan Son Nhut, Vietnam on a classified mission, coded “Ranch Hand,” in support of 2nd Air Division and MAAG [military assistance advisory group] missions.

Page II-68: The object of Project Ranch Hand was to deprive the Viet Cong Communist guerrillas of ambush cover along roads and canals by dropping a plant-killing spray, similar to wee- eradicating liquids used in the United States. Specifically, the aim was to defoliate a strip approximately 50 feet wide on either side of enemy transport arteries. A survey flight by USAF observers on 13 April 1962 provided the following information regarding progress of the project:

1. There was ample evidence that the defoliant chemical would turn leaves brown and eventually remove them. 2. Any significant improvement in visibility would involve periodic re-spraying to remove new growth. 3. The unit had four operationally ready (OR) spray aircraft and two qualified spray pilots. Although additional pilots could become qualified in six sorties, minimum altitude restrictions precluded accomplishment of this training. 4. The VNAF had one C-47 modified for spray operations and enough equipment on hand to modify another. Planned utilization of these aircraft could not be determined.

The USAF observers recommended that Project Ranch Hand (defoliation) be continued until all chemicals in South Vietnam were dispensed on approved targets. At the time, there were approximately 112,000 gallons of the spray in South Vietnam. It was estimated that by using three C-123 spray aircraft per day, it would take 41 operational days and 122 sorties to dispense the chemical.

Page II-69: Although the material used was nontoxic and harmless to animals and humans alike, the decision to use defoliant must come from the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The disappointing results of initial experiments were attributed by defoliation experts to the weather and weakness of the spray formula. In fact, until October 1962 operations consisted primarily of proficiency flying and day runs with no expenditure of chemicals. When defoliation missions were approved and flown in November along canals and rivers in the south delta region, the results were sent to the States for evaluation.

Unofficial information that filtered through from the field shortly after the first of the new year indicated that Project Ranch Hand had started to pay off. Officers associated with the program regarded defoliation as particularly effective in some of the most heavily Viet Cong controlled areas in the southern third of Vietnam. Some believed the project had already blocked many ambushes and saved lives as low bushes and scrub timber were stripped of leaves within a few weeks of spraying.

[NOTE: Need fuller citation for the below.]

Extract, Thirteenth Air Force, July 1966 through June 1967, Volume ? (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, Jul 1966-Jun 1967, V. # ?, IRIS Number ?):

Page 57: 11 October 1967, In-country clearance was sought for six C-123 herbicide aircraft and 60 personnel to operate from Nakhon Phanom, Thailand, for a 15 day period. The project involved defoliation of STEEL TIGER (southern Laos) routes.

[NOTE: This passage refers to the following message as the source of this information: Msg (C), 7/13AF (DO 01895 Oct 67) to COMUSMACTHAI, 13AF, et al, “In-Country Clearance for Defoliation Operations (U),” 11 Oct 1967. Unfortunately, this message is not among the supporting documents of this history]

[NOTE: There is no record of this operation being approved, or that it took place. The unit that would be tasked to conduct this spraying, the 12th Air Commando Squadron, does not note this occurring in their official unit history, and a table in the CHECO Report “Ranch Hand: Herbicide Operations in SEA” 13 July 1971, table on page 106, “Herbicide Operations in Laos” shows a gap of spraying in Laos from March 1967 through September 1968. This leads one to believe that the approval was not forthcoming from the Government of Thailand and that no herbicide spraying operations occurred in the August through October 1967 period. In addition, the fact that such a request would have been made, shows that the C-123 units located in Thailand did not have the capability to conduct herbicide spraying operations.]

635th Combat Support Group, April through June 1968 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-SUP- 635-HI, Apr-Jun 1968, IRIS Number 444465):

Headquarters Thirteenth Air Force, on 27 June 1968, published a letter approving mandatory Contractual Services by the Director of Procurement, Lt. Col. J.N. Badgett, Jr. In the attachment to this letter, a listing of bases in Thailand approved to let contracts for vegetation control is made:

Appendix IV, Base Procurement Office historical input, April-June 1968, Tab L: Letter, Thirteenth Air Force/DMP, Director of Procurement, Lt. Col. J.N. Badgett, Jr., 27 June 1968, Subject: Gold Flow Approval – Mandatory Contractual Services, Exhibit A:

1 Jul 68- 30 Jun 69 Brief Statement Organization Time Est Total by Est Cost Using Est Total Of Service & Location Period Contract In-Service Personnel Gold Flow

Vegetation 636 CSG, Clark 48,900 85,100 48,900 Control 467 CSG, Mactan 19,000 187,455 19,000 388 CSG, Korat 38,000 40,000 38,000 631 CSG, Don Muang 26,700 99,856 26,700 56 CSG, Nakhon Phanom 13,000 37,950 13,000

4 May 68- 3 May 69 Time Period

6214 ABG, Tainan 17,600 38,400 17,600

[NOTE: The above shows that local contractors were responsible for vegetation control for Korat, Don Muang and Nakhon Phanom air bases in 1968. The USAF was not spraying any herbicides at this time on the Perimeter fences in 1968.]

[NOTE: Udorn RTAFB was attacked on 26 July 1968, which prompted the below message to be sent to all USAF bases in Thailand:]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 3, IRIS Number 451125):

Supporting Document 67, Message, Deptuy Commander, 7/13 AF, Udorn Afld, Thailand to 8TFW, Ubon; 355TFW, Takhli; 388TFW Korat; 432TRW Udorn; 56ACW, NKP; 6310CSG, Don Muang; 6350CSG, U-Tapao; MACTHAI; 7AF, TSN; 13AF, Clark; HQ PACAF; AMEBM Bangkok, Thailand; American Counsl, Udorn, Subject: Lessons Learned From The Attack on Udorn, 26 Jul 68:

8 b. Lack of perimeter lighting, watch towers, inadequate fencing, weeds, and close perimeter afforded the enemy increased surprise and east of penetration. Selective construction of more bunkers would have enhanced the defense, although care required to avoid making these available to infiltrators.

[NOTE: The rest of the message deals with the need for flare ships, fire discipline, Thai guard and forces support and radio coordination. The final paragraph states:]

Paragraph 3: Commanders will take the following steps:

A. Immediately assess availability of Thai forces to support defense of base. B. Evaluate procedures and communications for coordination of base defense during emergency and make adjustments as possible C. Review training status of USAF and Thai Guards, and initiate retraining on a scheduled basis. D. Take steps to develop a standby flare ship capability at Udorn, Ubon, NKP, and Korat. E. Review base defense plan with an eye to covering critical areas which are adjacent to the perimeter.

[NOTE: In essence, the Deputy Commander of 7/13th Air Force was ordering the base commanders in Thailand the above steps. As can be seen, vegetation or ‘weed’ control would fall under subparagraph E, above, and was the last item mentioned and the least forceful of the ordered steps to take.]

Thirteenth Air Force 1 July 1968 through 30 June 1969 history, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 899069):

I-235, Base Defenses: Shortly after the 26 July 1968 insurgent attack on Udorn Air Base which damaged an F-4D and a C-141 the Deputy Commander 7/13th Air Force appointed a five member ad hoc committee to survey base defense capabilities at the seven major air bases occupied by Thirteenth Air Force. This review from 27 July through 29 August examined eight areas of interest: area defense, command control, base defense command control, equipment, manpower/training, operations/plans, barrier program, tactical support, and defensive measure responsible for external security. According to the findings the overall situation was not good.

Page I-237-238: Effective base defense operations were handicapped by personnel shortages, marginal physical security facilities, insufficient communications (no dual channel radios), and “…virtually non- existent…” vegetation control around base perimeters. Further, the perimeter fencing was “…totally unsatisfactory…” at all bases.

Page I-244: Other beneficial steps were constructing physical security aids such as bunkers, gun emplacements, erecting 368,531 linear feet of fixed fortification fencing, and defoliation of perimeter areas.

[NOTE: The supporting document used for the above, located in Volume 4 of the history as #184, notes in paragraph 6d, “Defoliation is underway and in various stages of completion.” No hint as to what is meant by “defoliation” or what type of herbicide, if any, was used.]

Thirteenth Air Force 1 July 1973 through 30 June 1974 history, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1974, V. 2, IRIS Number 1011933):

Page 579, Logistics Chronology: 13 April 1974 COMUSMACTHAI, in regards to herbicide application, twixed 13th AF ADVON (Message, COMUSMACTHAI to 13AF ADV”ON/Udorn (info 13th AF), Subject: Herbicide Application,” 130520Z April 1974: “Recent claims against the U.S. government for damage caused by use of herbicides have caused a review of herbicide application policies.

“Until further notice, herbicides will not be applied at U.S.-tenanted Thai military installations. Approved alternate methods to be used for vegetation control include cutting, plowing, burning and spraying of fuel oil. Advanced approval by this headquarters is not required if one of these alternate methods is used; however, concurrence of local Thai authorities is required in each case.

“Based on the findings of the on-going review of herbicide application policies, you will be further advised.”

[NOTE: The original copy of this message was not included in the 13th AF history, although it is quoted and appears as above in the chronology.]

Seven/Thirteenth Air Force

Seven/Thirteenth Air Force 1 July through 31 December 1970 (AFHRA Call Number K744.01, Jul-Dec 1970, IRIS Number 528009):

Page 47: Restrictions on the Use of Herbicides. In November [1970], CINCPACAF issued a stop order on the use of herbicides for control of vegetation around base perimeters, stating that the program was under review at that headquarters. On 19 November, this headquarters provided guidance in replying to the original message concerning difficulties in controlling perimeter vegetation without the use of herbicides.

Past problems along this line were cited: perimeter fencing overgrown with grass, vines and weeks which would be impossible to clear by machinery; hand clearing, a time-consuming, expensive process, precluded by in-country manpower limitations; controlled burn-off would require removal of trip flares and replacement following the operation; and burn-off would additionally accelerate oxidation of the fence wire.

Project CHECO (Contemporary Historical Evaluation of Current Operations)

Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report, Base Defense in Thailand, 18 Feb 73, AFHRA Call Number K717.0414-38:

Page 58: To further aid in observation, herbicides were employed to assist in the difficult task of vegetation control. Use of these agents was limited by such factors as the ROE and supply problems.

[NOTE: The term “herbicides” is not defined in the above and does not appear to mean Tactical Herbicides such as Agent Orange, but, in fact, to mean non-tactical, commercial-grade herbicides. There were no sources noted in this report for this passage.]

Page 67: The U.S. Embassy's ROE also provided several imitations on physical defenses. The original 1968 ROE prohibited the use of flareships. This was changed in 1969, and flare drops and the use of 81mm mortars were approved for illumination as long as the "trash" didn't impact outside the base. Soil sterilization and herbicide use was also approved in 1969, but these were subject to extensive coordination with local Royal Thai Government authorities and final permission from the [American] Embassy. They could only be used on areas within the perimeter and under no circumstances could the vegetation control agents be used to clear areas of observation to fire off-base. This lengthy process, and the inability to go beyond the fences, significantly limited the use of those agents at many bases.

Starting with Page 68, each base in Thailand is then reviewed. The following extracts concern only the control of vegetation for each base:

Base-Base Analysis:

Page 68, Korat RTAFB. Vegetation control was a serious problem at this base in 1972, especially in the critical RTAF area near the end of the runway. The dense growth offered opportunity for concealment in the area contiguous to the unrevetted KC-135 parking ramp. Further, vegetation was thick in many sectors of the concertina wire on the perimeter. The base had received Embassy permission to use herbicides and had just begun that program in June [1972].

Korat RTAFB:

[NOTE: Before the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing took over as the host unit of Korat, the 6234th Combat Support Group was the housekeeping organization. Before the 6234th, the 6234th Air Base Squadron was the host at Korat. Prior to the 6234th AB Squadron, Detachment 1 of the 35th Tactical Group, was the host unit at Korat. The 6234th Combat Support Group histories were submitted to the AFHRA as supporting documents to the 35th Tactical Group histories.]

Det 1, 35th Tactical Group, unk-25 Mar 1965 6234th Air Base Squadron, 25 Mar-8 May 1965 6234th Combat Support Group, 8 May 1965-Jan 1967 (The 6234th Combat Support Group histories were submitted to the AFHRA as supporting documents to the 35th Tactical Group histories). 388th Combat Support Group, Jan 1967-1974 CLOSED 1974

35th Tactical Group, 1 January through 30 June 1964 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-35-HI, Jan-Jun 1964, IRIS Number 435558):

Roster of Key Personnel: Det 1, 35th Tactical Group was in charge of USAF interests at Korat.

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

35th Tactical Group, 1 July through 31 December 1964, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-35-HI, Jul-Dec 1964, V. 3, IRIS Number 435561):

Historical Data Record, Det 1, 35th Tactical Group, Jul-Dec 1964:

Page 2, Narrative: This area was hastily built using equipment and personnel on loan from the US Army Logistical Command (B). Construction of base facilities continued throughout the period.

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

35th Tactical Group, 1 January through 30 June 1965 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-35-HI, Jan-Jun 1965, IRIS Number 435562):

Page 1, Mission: To assist the RTAF in the training of personnel of the Royal Thai Air Force. To support USAF units and detachments located in Thailand, which are assigned or attached to the 2nd Air Division. To exercise operational control or command, as directed by competent authority, over those USAF units and detachments located in Thailand in support of the 2nd Air Division.

Page 2, Organization: The 6234th Air Base Squadron was designated and organized at Korat Air Base, Thailand, on 25 March 1965, with assignment to the 35th Tactical Group, was discontinued at Korat Air Base, Thailand, effective 25 March 1965.

Headquarters, 6234th Combat Support Group was designated and organized at Korat Air Base, Thailand, on 8 May 1965, with assignment to the Thirteenth Air Force and attachment to the 2nd Air Division.

Also designated and organized at Korat under the 6234th Combat Support Group on 8 May 1965 were the 6234th Support Squadron and the 6234th Materiel Squadron. The 6234th Air Base Squadron at Korat was discontinued on 8 May 1965.

Historical Data Record, 6234th Combat Support Group, 8 May-30 Jun 1965:

Page 2, Narrative: The major activity of the group for this reporting period is the base construction program which is mainly in the way of permanent facilities with long range plans in mind. Officer and Airmen quarters are planned as permanent facilities. In addition to working and living facilities there are also plans for recreational facilities.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above, perimeter issues are not a priority and there is no hint that herbicides are even on the minds of those at Korat at this time.]

End of Tour Report, Lieutenant Colonel Ira H. Shick, for 18 September 1964 through 1 May 1965 at Korat Air Base, Detachment 1, 35th Tactical Group:

Page 1, Resume of Activities: Det 1, 35th Tac Gp until the first week of August [1964] was comprised of a housekeeping force of 1 officer and 14 airmen on PCS assignments. These people lived in a USAF cantonment area consisting of approximately 35 quarters building and a one wing dining hall. This group subsisted with the US Army at Camp Friendship, one mile south of the USAF area.

On 5 August 1964 personnel and equipment started arriving for support of a tactical fighter squadron to be deployed to Korat. 300 personnel were quartered in the USAF area and 200 at Camp Friendship, US Army. Approximately four days after arrival construction of more quarters, an addition to the dining hall, latrine and shower facilities were started. This construction was accomplished by the US Army.

Page 2: At the end of October 64 the base facilities were well established and all further construction was accomplished by USAF personnel. Construction from this time on consisted improving facilities and roads, refining structures for added comfort and livability, adding security fences, relocation of facilities to permanent locations and adding items needed for mission support. Late in February 1965 the tactical fighter strength was increased from one to two squadrons.

At this time an emergency construction program for quarters was undertaken, additional direct mission support equipment was requisitioned and received. The accelerated buildup program was completed in approximately three weeks after which work on projects for continued base improvement and preparation for permanent occupancy was resumed. At this time a TAC ROTE squadron from CONUS began to arrive to replace one of the PACAF squadrons. The TAC squadron increased the base population further and another crash building program was started. At one peak period there were over 800 personnel on base due to overlap of TAC ROTE personnel and PACAF personnel.

Favorable Conditions: Several factors which were of immense value in establishing the base were the facilities of US Army 9th Logistical Command (B), material available in the city of Korat and the cooperative attitude of the local Thai officials, military and civil. It was very fortunate that a US Army command was located in the very near vicinity. Most of their initial building effort, lumber, labor, tools, heavy equipment, potable water, rations and many other items were furnished which speeded operations far beyond what would have been possible had it not been for this source.

Page 4, Recommendations: Equipment: The major problem in equipment was in the area of heavy equipment such as Civil Engineer Construction type and Munitions handling types. Because of the need for constructing a base from practically a bare strip, the one D-6 Bulldozer, one road grader, one 5-8 ton roller and one tractor with back hoe and blade

13 attachments were inadequate. No insect control fumigation equipment of any kind was available.

Page 5, Security: A Thai-JUSMAG policy of 1950 prohibited the carrying of firearms in Thailand. Consequently security personnel could not be armed.

Airfield Maintenance: Airfield maintenance was the responsibility of the local Thai base. They, however, had extremely limited equipment and capability for maintaining the airfield. Also, for their operation, training, they were satisfied with the status of the field. USAF equipment and personnel were not on hand to assume the responsibility for airfield maintenance except to a limited degree.

Late in February a decision was made by PACAF that USAF units using Thai bases would take over airfield maintenance functions. Steps were then taken to obtain equipment and personnel.

Page 6, Construction: The absence of any definite knowledge as to size, mission and organization programmed for the base made it difficult to plan for facilities and location of facilities.

No master plan was formulated nor could be formulated because of lack of information. Other US agencies had designs on the use of space at the airfield further complicating master planning since none knew of the other’s plans or needs. Land rights was another problem as all land was owned by the Thai government; no area had been set aside for use by the USAF. The local Thai Commander would not approve or disapprove land use as he had no master plan knowledge for the area referring all site approvals to his government.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above, perimeter fence issues and vegetation control was the last thing on the minds of those first USAF personnel at Korat. There is no evidence that any herbicides were used at this time at Korat.]

[NOTE: The period of July 1965 through December 1966 is considered to be a “Dark Age” concerning the documentary evidence of the activities at that base. The 6234th Combat Support Group, which took over the housekeeping duties at Korat during this time, failed to submit any unit histories to the Air Force Historical Research Agency. In addition, its immediate higher headquarters, the 6234th Tactical Fighter Wing, also located at Korat, did not document its activities either. Not until the activation of the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing at Korat (and the subsequent submittal of their official unit history), replacing the 6234th, is any of the activities at Korat are now known. However, by reviewing the 388th unit histories, and other Thailand based unit’s histories for the same time frame (below), it does not appear that the diplomatic situation had improved to allow security measures such as vegetation control via the use of herbicides had improved during the period of July 1965 through December 1966. Therefore, it is assumed that no herbicides were used at Korat during that period.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1967 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1967, IRIS Number 457263):

Historical Data Record for the 388th Security Police Squadron, Jan-Mar 1967, Page 2, Major Problem Areas:

The flight line area, POL area, and Ammo Storage area are not fenced or properly lighted.

[NOTE: No mention in the 388th Civil Engineering Squadron history of any use of herbicide use on Korat. Please note there were no fences to spray.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through December 1967, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Dec 1967, V. 2, IRIS Number 457266):

Document 15, Historical Data Record of the 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Dec 1967:

[NOTE: No mention is made of constructing any perimeter fencing, nor the use of any herbicides around the base’s perimeter.]

Document 16, Historical Data Record of the 388th Security Police Squadron, Apr- Dec 1967:

Preparation for sentry dogs at Korat RTAFB has proceeded at a rapid pace. Kennel facilities are programmed and sentry dog supplies and equipment were placed on order. Projected date of arrival of initial shipment is 1 September 1967.

[NOTE: No mention is made concerning the perimeter fence, and as can be seen above, dog handlers were not expected to arrive at Korat until September 1967.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1968 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1968, IRIS Number 457267):

Page 72: January [1968] also marked the completion of the $1.9 million munitions storage area construction effort. In use since September 1965, the munitions area was completed with the addition of revetted hardstand, an inert spares storage location, electric power lines, roads and vehicle parking lots, and fencing and security guard towers.

[NOTE: No mention is made of any perimeter fence construction or maintenance, nor is there any discussion concerning the use of herbicides.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1968 history, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 457268):

Page 77, Facilities, Construction: With almost all major facilities necessary to support the missions of the wing and the 553rd Reconnaissance Wing, and the attached units at Korat RTAFB, completed, emphasis shifted to construction of troop service/comfort facilities during the reporting period.

[NOTE: No mention is made of any perimeter fence construction or maintenance, nor is there any discussion concerning the use of herbicides.]

Page 82, Security: Base Security: Approximately 131 U.S. security guards and 300 Thai nationals were engaged in the protection of weapons systems and supporting resources this reporting period. This force was further augmented following the late June arrival of 12 sentry dog teams—first ever to be assigned here—which is expected to attain full authorized strength of 60 teams in September.

[NOTE: the above reveals the viewpoint of the base security leadership— physical barriers, more troops, and dogs. No mention is made of perimeter fence issues or vegetation control.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1968 history, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 457269):

Document 15, Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1968:

Page 2: The following projects have been completed since the last report:

Project KRT 94-7, Boundary Fence, 7,850 LF at a cost of $23,500.

[NOTE: Besides the remark that a boundary fence for some building or section of the base was completed, there is no hint of perimeter fence issues or vegetation control found in this history.]

Document 16, Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Apr-Jun 1968:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence security issues or vegetation control in this history. Emphasis is on physical barriers, manpower, sentry dogs and the destruction wrought by a storm.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1968 history, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 457270):

Page 73, Facilities, Actions Taken or Proposed to Eliminate Deficiencies: Budgeting in the first revision to the FY 1969 plan, dated 15 September, included (round-figure) listings of $181,000 for maintenance; $227,000 for repairs;

$297,400 for new minor construction; $90,000 for service contracts; $24,000 for vegetation control and soil erosion prevention projects;…

Page 80, [report to 7/13th Air Force to improve security facilities]:

[NOTE: In response to the 27 July attack on Udorn, Korat leadership reviewed their base defense plans and reported their findings to Headquarters, Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force 5 August 1968.]

The report listed two critical items needing command assistance: vegetation control, although the U.S. Army was giving some assistance and (2) need for more security policemen and Thai guards.

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1968 history, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 457271):

Supporting Document 61, Message, 388 Combat Support Group to 7/13AF/DSP, Subject: Base Security Council, 16 September 1968:

[NOTE: Only vegetation control issues are transcribed, below. The rest of the message dwells on physical construction and policies with the local Thai officials regarding guards.]

2. Critical Action Items Requiring Command Assistance: a. Vegetation control needs immediate attention. US Army is giving some assistance in this area.

[NOTE: No further discussion concerning vegetation control is found in the supporting documents. All perimeter security issues were viewed with an eye towards stiffening defenses such as fencing, roads, bunkers, lights, guard towers, increased patrols and more personnel.]

Appendix VI, Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Sep 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control is made in this history.]

Appendix VI, Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Sep 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control around the perimeter fence is made in this history.]

[NOTE: Udorn RTAFB was attacked on 26 July 1968, which prompted the below message to be sent to all USAF bases in Thailand:]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 3, IRIS Number 451125):

Paragraph 2: Lessons Learned. Following is a discussion of lessons learned. Conclusions are very preliminary and are forwarded without further documentation for the benefit of commanders in Thailand. a. Thai guards performed well as members of joint UJSAF/Thai Teams. It is probably well to maintain the feeling of joint responsibility. b. Lack of perimeter lighting, watch towers, inadequate fencing, weeds, and close perimeter afforded the enemy increased surprise and east of penetration. Selective construction of more bunkers would have enhanced the defense, although care required to avoid making these available to infiltrators.

[NOTE: The rest of the message deals with the need for flare ships, fire discipline, Thai guard and forces support and radio coordination. The final paragraph states:]

Paragraph 3: Commanders will take the following steps:

388th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, October through December 1968, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 457272):

[NOTE: No mention is made of any perimeter fence construction or maintenance, nor is there any discussion concerning the use of herbicides.]

388th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, October through December 1968, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 457273):

Supporting Document 27, Security Police Status Report for October-December 1968:

[NOTE: Fencing, lighting, towers and bunkers are noted for the base perimeter, but no mention of any vegetation control. However, on a table of Work Order Status, there appears the following notation:

Date Submitted: 20 Jan 68 Subject Matter: Letter, Soil Sterilization Follow-Up Date: 25 Dec 68 Remarks: Under Study by CES (civil engineering squadron)

Unfortunately, the letter itself was not included in the history so it is unknown what the ‘soil sterilization’ (which probably means the use of herbicides) was in regards to the perimeter fence. Whatever it was, the subject was only studied and no action appears to have been taken at this time.]

Appendix VI, Number 14, History of the 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct- Dec 1968:

[NOTE: No mention is made of any perimeter fence construction or maintenance, nor is there any discussion concerning the use of herbicides.]

Appendix VI, Number 15, History of the 388th Security Police Squadron, Oct-Dec 1968:

Page 3, Security Police Operations: Base communication is in the process of running land lines to all perimeter posts. The completion date of this project has not been established. A Security Facility Package Program, consisting of the construction of an all weather perimeter road, perimeter lighting, additional towers, and fencing was approved for Korat RTAFB and the plans have been forwarded for final approval.

[NOTE: No mention is made of the use of herbicides or vegetation control.]

388th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, January through March 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 457274):

[NOTE: No mention is made of the use of herbicides or vegetation control.]

388th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, January through March 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 457275):

Supporting Document 67, Table, New Construction Projects, January through March 1969: Construct Security Fence: Estimated Cost: $6,902 Project Number: KRT 107-8 (O&M) Date Begun: 21 November 1968

Completion Date: 22 January 1969

[NOTE: It is not noted where on base this security fence was erected.]

Supporting Document 70, Security Police Status Reports, Status of Security Facilities and Physical Protection Aids (MCP): Get Well Section I, Fencing: Required In-Place Deficit Date A. Base Perimeter: 1. Double Apron 39,300 LF None 39,300 LF Sep 69 2. Triple Row Concertina 39,300 LF 3,181.6 LF 36,118.4 LF Sep 69 3. Other – Chain Link None 13,940 LF None N/A

Section II, Lighting: A. Base Perimeter (# of lights) 154 None 154 Aug 69

Section III, Observation Towers A. Base Perimeter: 7 4 3 Aug 69

Section IV, Bunkers: A. Base Perimeter 50 25 25 1 May 69

Section V, Gun Emplacements: A. Base Perimeter 12 12 none N/A

Section VII, Facilities: Fencing, lighting, comm & towers programmed for FY 1970. 3 towers in place, 8 towers programmed for base perimeter.

Supporting Document 71, Message from Major Thomas J. Murphy, Jr., Base Chief Security Police, 388CSG, Korat RTAFB, Thai to 7/13AF, Udorn RTAFB, Thai, 10 Jan 69, 0120Z, Subj: Base Security Council.

[NOTE: This message outlines to higher headquarters the enhancing of the security of Korat RTAFB. Machine gun emplacements, perimeter road, concertina wire and bunkers are all discussed, but vegetation control is not mentioned.]

Supporting Document 74, Minutes of the Resources Protection Committee Meeting, of 28 February 1969, dated 21 March 1969, under Old Business, states:

The vegetation control program is maintaining control of growth on the perimeter. An increased workload is anticipated with the expected seasonal rains.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, this is the first time in the 388th TFW’s historical program that the Minutes of the Resources Protection Committee Meetings was obtained. Evidently, due to the wording of the vegetation control program, there had been one for a while at Korat. However, again due to the wording, there is some worry that their efforts will have to be amplified in response to the expected increase in rain, due to the on-coming monsoon season. Since herbicides are thwarted by rainfall, and vegetation increases its growth during the monsoon season, the

20 wording of this suggests that more work would have to be done due to the quick growing of the vegetation. This leads one to believe that the increased workload would be from having to mow or cut the vegetation more often. Using herbicides as a means to retard growth during a monsoon season would be fruitless, as it would be quickly diluted and washed away and therefore become ineffective.]

Appendix VI, Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-Mar 1969:

[NOTE: No mention is made of the use of herbicides or vegetation control.]

Appendix VI, Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Jan-Mar 1969:

Page 2, Security Police Operations: Approximately 1 mile of jungle and high vegetation has been cleared around the perimeter.

[NOTE: Unfortunately it is not stated how this was done; however, due to the wording found elsewhere in the history, and the terminology ‘cleared,’ it appears that cutting and mowing were the primary ways to remove vegetation.]

Thirteenth Air Force, 1 July 1968 through 30 June 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1969 (1 Jul 68-30 Jun 69), Vol 1, IRIS Number 899069):

[NOTE: After the attack on Udorn in July 1968, efforts were made to improve base defense in Thailand. The below entry concerns Thailand as a whole as of 28 April 1969:]

Page I-244, Base Defense: Other improvements in the defense posture were authorization for 303 sentry dogs, steps toward a complete conversion of the commercial vehicle fleet to M- Series vehicles; conversion from a single-channel non-tactical network to a dual- channel system; improved weapons inventory including arming all Thai guards with M-16 rifles. Other beneficial steps were constructing physical security aids such as bunkers, gun emplacements, erecting 368,531 linear feet of fixed fortification fencing, and defoliation of perimeter areas.

Thirteenth Air Force, 1 July 1968 through 30 June 1969, Volume 4 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1969 (1 Jul 68-30 Jun 69), Vol 4, IRIS Number 899072):

Supporting Document 184, Message, HQ 13AF to CINCPACAF/Commander, 281130Z April 1969, Subject: Base Defense/Security – Thailand:

Page 4 of 5, paragraph 6 d: Defoliation is underway and in various stages of completion.

[NOTE: As can be seen, with only one sentence out of five pages of this message, vegetation control did not merit much discussion. To clear the areas

21 near the perimeter fences quickly to afford a defensive advantage, the foliage would have to be removed quickly. Herbicides do not do this as the debris is still required to be removed. Initial vegetation control was most likely conducted by mowing, cutting, burning, bull-dozing or use of other heavy equipment like road graders.]

388th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April through June 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-338-HI, Apr-Jun 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 457276):

Page 96, Actions Taken or Proposed to Eliminate Deficiencies: Procurement office contract actions were taken on…Vegetation Control ($39,000) (Figures were rounded to lower thousand.)

[NOTE: This contract was awarded to the S&P Pacific Ltd., based in Bangkok. For more details, see Volume 3, below.]

Page 107, Security: Security facilities and physical aids status reporting indicated two shortages of basic items – deterrent wire and of lighting – which were undergoing corrective action. There were no deficiencies in other requirements – for gun emplacements, bunkers, observation towers and restricted area fencing.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control.]

388th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April through June 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 457277):

Supporting Document 88, Security Police Status Reports, Status of Security Facilities and Physical Protection Aids (MCP): Get Well Section I, Fencing: Required In-Place Deficit Date A. Base Perimeter: 1. Double Apron 39,300 LF None 39,300 LF Sep 69 2. Triple Row Concertina 39,300 LF 3,181.6 LF 36,118.4 LF Sep 69 3. Other – Chain Link None 13,940 LF None N/A

Section II, Lighting: A. Base Perimeter (# of lights) 154 None 154 Aug 69

Section III, Observation Towers A. Base Perimeter: 8 8 None N/A

Section IV, Bunkers: A. Base Perimeter 50 57 None N/A (17 Day Posts, 33 Night Posts)

Section V, Gun Emplacements: A. Base Perimeter 12 14 None N/A (Machine Gun Bunkers)

Section VII, Facilities: Fencing, lighting, comm & towers programmed for FY 1970. 3 towers in place, 8 towers programmed for base perimeter.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control.]

388th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April through June 1969, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-338-HI, Apr-Jun 1969, V. 3, IRIS Number 457278):

Appendix VI, Document 15, Historical Data Report, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1969:

[NOTE: No mention is made of the use of herbicides or vegetation control.]

Appendix VI, Document 16, Historical Data Report, 388th Security Police Squadron, Apr-Jun 1969:

Page 2, Security Police Operations: Approximately one (1) mile of jungle has been cleared around the base perimeter.

[NOTE: Due to the use of the word ‘cleared’ instead of ‘sprayed,’ ‘poisoned’ or ‘sterilized,’ it is believed that the vegetation was cut in an expeditious manner to quickly clear the area.]

Appendix VI, Document 24, Historical Data Report, 388th Combat Support Group/BPR, Base Procurement Office, Apr-Jun 1969:

Attachment 2, Construction & Services Contracts Awarded During the 2nd Quarter:

Name of Contractor: S&P Pacific Ltd. Address: 120/24 Rajparop Road, Bangkok, Thailand Issuing Agency: Korat Base, Procurement Office, 13AF, APO 96288 Date of Contract: 14 June 1969 Duration of Contract: 1 July 1969-30 June 1970 Nature of Work: Vegetation Control (Estimated) Baht Amount: B 808,920.00 Dollar Amount: $39,040.00

[NOTE: This is the first time the Base Procurement Office makes mention of any contracts awarded for vegetation control. Unfortunately, it is not stated where the vegetation control was supposed to occur, normal roads and grounds within the base, or at the perimeter fence. With the comments by the Security Police historical report, it appears that perhaps S&P worked quickly, clearing a mile of jungle away from the perimeter fence (note that S&P had the contract for one year). However, the very next quarterly report states that the U.S. Army was clearing vegetation growth immediately outside the base perimeter, so it may

23 have been the U.S. Army that cleared a mile of jungle growth and that S&P worked inside the base.]

[NOTE: Also, in late June, the Thirteenth Air Force Security Defense Survey Team arrived on base and reviewed the base defense and issued the following report, which also emphasized vegetation control:]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 457279):

Page 162, Facilities For Base Security: The base perimeter was fenced by triple wire concertina and chain link. However, new fencing for the base perimeter was projected in the forthcoming authorized security package. The type of fencing would be double-apron and additional triple wire concertina. The estimated date of completion was January 1970. In addition, U.S. Army forces were clearing vegetation growth immediately outside the base perimeter. The completion of this project, together with fortification with trip flares, was expected to enhance perimeter defense greatly.

Page 167, Improvements in Base Security: The completion of the all-weather perimeter road previously mentioned, coupled with clearing of dense vegetation and the permanent erection of perimeter fencing supported by lighting, was expected to be the greatest contributing factor to the overall improvement of base security at Korat.

[NOTE: Since the U.S. Army was conducting vegetation control at Korat, the USAF unit history does not go into details as to how it was done. However, in the previous history of the April through June 1969 period, it was noted that a mile of jungle vegetation had been removed from the perimeter fence area and that S&P Pacific Ltd. had been awarded a contract to clear vegetation. The use of the word ‘cleared’ implies cutting and mowing, as herbicides does not clear an area of vegetation, but instead, kills it, leaving the dead refuse in place.]

Appendix IV, Document 8, Historical Data Record of the 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, July-September 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in this unit history.]

Appendix IV, Document 10, Historical Data Record of the 388th Security Police Squadron, July-September 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in this unit history.]

432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-432-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 457857):

Supporting Document 88, Thirteenth Air Force Security Defense Survey, signed by Colonel T.L. Simpson, dated 19 September 1969, to 8, 56, 355, 388, 432, and 635 Combat Support Groups:

Page 1, paragraph 1: A defense survey was conducted at Ubon RTAFB, NKP TRAFB, Udorn RTAFB, Takhli RTAFB, U-Tapao RTNB, and Korat RTAFB, Thailand during the period 23-30 June 1969. Survey team members were Major D.E. Clemente, Civil Engineering Officer, AFRCE Thai, and Captain F. Capone, Security Police Officer, 13AF (IGS). The purpose of the survey was to reassess the 1968 security package, identify additional requirements for perimeter defense security facilities, and to assess the impact of Red Horse withdrawal on security construction programs.

Page 2, General comments on base defense security facilities, paragraph d: A continuing vegetation control program is required for cleared areas under and between perimeter security fences. The area between the fences is intended to be used as a no-man’s land with additional detection and deterrent devices such as trip flares, TSSE, tangle-foot, etc. being employed within. In view of the above, a mowing operation for vegetation control will be impossible. As a result, a conscientiously controlled program of vegetation control through the use of herbicides must be applied. Application of herbicides must be directed toward retarding growth to provide a cleared area, but under no circumstances should the type or quantity applied result in destruction of root structure so as to create a serious erosion problem. Additionally, remaining growth should be of sufficient height so as to provide camouflage for detection and deterrent devices planted in the cleared area.

[NOTE: according to the above, it appears that cutting and mowing was the normal method of vegetation control at Thailand bases, but, the above is a generic message to all Thailand bases and does not address Korat in particular. The other information in the Korat histories support the cutting and mowing concept of vegetation control at Korat and the defense survey noted above was trying to encourage the use of herbicides. This would mean that herbicides were not being used at Korat at this time.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 3, IRIS Number 457281):

Supporting Document 292, Security and Law Enforcement Activities Report, Status of Security Facilities and Physical Protection Aids (MCP): Get Well Section I, Fencing: Required In-Place Deficit Date A. Base Perimeter: 1. Double Apron 39,300 LF None 39,300 LF Jan 1970 2. Triple Row Concertina 39,300 LF 3,181.6 LF 36,118.4 LF Jan 1970 3. Other – Chain Link None 13,940 LF None N/A

Section II, Lighting: A. Base Perimeter (# of lights) 154 None 154 Jan 1970

Section III, Observation Towers A. Base Perimeter: 8 8 None N/A

Section IV, Bunkers: A. Base Perimeter 57 57 None N/A (17 Day Posts, 33 Night Posts)

Section V, Gun Emplacements: A. Base Perimeter 14 14 None N/A (Machine Gun Bunkers)

Section VII, Roads: 19,000 LM 10,100 LM 8,900 LM Jan 1970 Remarks: Project under construction to improve 10,100 linear meters of existing dirt road and construct 8,900 linear meters of new roadway.

[NOTE: No vegetation control is mentioned.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1969, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 457282):

Page 138, Facilities for Base Security: Facilities for base security continued to improve during this quarter. Approximately 15,627 linear feet of double apron fencing were installed on the perimeter, leaving a deficit of 23,673 linear feet. About 22,070 linear feet of triple row concertina wire were added to the perimeter fencing, making a total of 25,252 linear feet installed and leaving a deficit of 14,048 linear footage. The estimated date of eliminating the deficit for both the double apron and triple row concertina wire fencing was 28 February 1970. In addition, 13,940 linear feet of chain link fence were in place on the perimeter. Also, a road surface providing an all-weather capability was undergoing construction. By 31 December 1969, 14,900 linear meters of the road had been completed, and the estimated date of completion for 4,100 additional linear meters required was 28 February 1970. In addition, a project to improve 10,100 linear meters of existing dirt road and to construct 8,900 linear meters of new roadway for feeder roads to the perimeter road was due for completion by 28 February 1970. The security police also completely refortified and re-strengthened their existing 14 machine gun emplacements, 16 drive-in bunkers and personnel defensive position bunkers on the base perimeter, secondary defense positions, the munitions operating area, and the munitions storage area. A total of 36 observation towers were in use around the base perimeter, munitions operating area, and munitions storage area. In addition, seven new perimeter towers were undergoing construction to replace those that had deteriorated. Through a self-help program, the security policemen “hardened” all their ammunition storage Conexes in the immediate area of central security control. The lack of perimeter lighting and lighting around several restricted areas continued to be a problem during this quarter. However, this portion of the security package had been turned over to the Regional office in charge of construction for redesign and contract award. The estimated date of completion was 28 February 1970.

Page 142, Improvements in Base Security: The security policemen placed three XM-706 armored personnel carriers into use during the quarter. These vehicles increased the mobility of the security alert

26 and quick reaction teams by enabling them to move over terrain that could not be traversed in commercial-type vehicles.

On 1 December 1969, the base defense plan was published. This plan improved base security by eliminating unnecessary and ineffective foot patrol posts on the base perimeter, and it realigned emergency posting for more mobility and random posting as the situation dictated.

The all-weather road scheduled for completion by 28 February 1970 was expected to improve base security considerably. The use of this road by security alert and quick reaction teams would greatly reduce their time of response to any incident that might occur on the perimeter. The road would also eliminate the possibility of the team vehicle becoming struck when responding, and it would reduce the wear and tear on the vehicles.

The chief of the Wing’s security police postulated that, with the completion of projects under construction and the installation of lighting around the base perimeter and restricted areas, Korat’s base security would be the best in Thailand.

[NOTE: Although a number of improvements are being made at this time, it is evident that the base still is not completely contained within a perimeter fence (many places still do not have any fence) and there is no mention of any attempted vegetation control by the USAF.]

Appendix IV, Unit Data Section:

Document 7, Historical Data Report, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct-Dec 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control is found in this report.]

Document 9, Historical Data Report, 388th Security Police Squadron, Oct-Dec 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control is found in this report.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1969, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, V. 3, IRIS Number 457284):

Supporting Document 288, Security and Law Enforcement Activities Report, Status of Security Facilities and Physical Protection Aids (MCP): Get Well Section I, Fencing: Required In-Place Deficit Date A. Base Perimeter: 1. Double Apron 39,300 LF 15,627 LF 23,673 LF Feb 1970 2. Triple Row Concertina 39,300 LF 25,252 LF 14,048 LF Feb 1970 3. Other – Chain Link None 13,940 LF None N/A

Section II, Lighting:

A. Base Perimeter (# of lights) 154 None 154 28 Feb 70

Section III, Observation Towers A. Base Perimeter: 8 8 None N/A

Section IV, Bunkers: A. Base Perimeter 57 57 None N/A (17 Day Posts, 33 Night Posts)

Section V, Gun Emplacements: A. Base Perimeter 14 14 None N/A (Machine Gun Bunkers)

Section VII, Roads: 19,000 LM 14,900 LM 4,100 LM Feb 1970 Remarks: Project under construction to improve 10,100 linear meters of existing dirt road and construct 8,900 linear meters of new roadway is due for completion in Feb 1970.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above, vegetation control at the perimeter fence is not considered to be a significant issue by the Korat base authorities. This is probably due to the work that was being conducted by either the S&P Pacific Ltd. contractor or the U.S. Army, or a combination of both. There does not appear to be any proof that herbicides were used at Korat up to this time, despite the directions sent by Thirteenth Air Force in its Security Defense Survey on 19 September 1969. Evidently implementing this direction took time, and by the end of 1969 it had not yet occurred.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1970, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 457285):

Pages 159-160, Facilities, Actions Taken or Proposed to Eliminate Deficiencies: In another area, the multi-faceted project to increase the perimeter security of the Korat continued this quarter. As reported in the history for the preceding period, the project provided for the construction of perimeter roads, fencing, lighting, guard towers, and for security fences around the POL bladder farm and liquid oxygen (LOX) plant. The internal security fences at the bladder farm and LOX plant were completed this quarter at a cost of $7,250. Also, seven guard towers, constructed at a cost of $18,536, were turned over to the Civil Engineer.

Page 177, Facilities for Base Security: The Wing’s facilities for base security, required by PACAF Manual 207-25, continued to improve during this quarter. In one action, 19,473 linear feet of double apron fencing were installed on the perimeter, leaving a deficit of only 4,200 linear feet of the required 39,300 footage. The estimated date for correcting this deficit was April, 1970. Also, 14,048 linear feet of triple concertina wire were added to the perimeter fencing, completing the 39,300 footage required. In addition, the base had 13,940 linear feet of chain link fence in place on the perimeter. This quarter also brought the completion of 62,255 linear feet of new and improved all-weather feeder and perimeter roadway. The security policemen continued to refortify and re-strengthen their existing 14 machine gun

28 bunkers, six drive-in bunkers and personal bunkers situated on the base perimeter, in secondary defense positions, and in the munitions storage area. A total of 28 observation towers were in place in the munitions operations area and munitions storage area, while 15 such towers were in place on the base perimeter. Seven of these were built and put into use this quarter. The lack of perimeter lighting and also that around several restricted areas continued to be a problem. However, work on installing these lights was progressing and the estimated completion date was July, 1970.

[NOTE: Although a number of improvements are being made at this time, it is evident that the base still is not completely contained within a perimeter fence (the perimeter is now completely enclosed with concertina wire, however) and there is no mention of any attempted vegetation control.]

Page 182, Improvements in Base Security: In February, as indicated previously, 62,255 linear feet of all-weather roadway were completed around the base perimeter and feeder roads to the base perimeter. Use of this road by security alert and quick reaction teams greatly reduced their response time to any incident on the base perimeter. By using this road, the security police lessened the possibility of the teams’ vehicle being struck when responding to an emergency and also reduced the normal wear and tear on vehicles.

Construction began in March to install 154 lights around the perimeter. The installation of these lights would be a great asset to preventive security forces in permitting them to observe approaches to the perimeter fence.

Page 183: The completion of 39,300 linear feet of triple row concertina wire and 31,200 linear feet of double apron fencing greatly reduced the possibility of unauthorized persons infiltrating the base through the perimeter.

In final summary, the security police chief of the 388th Combat Support Group felt that completion of the projects underway this quarter would give Korat the best base security in Thailand.

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control.]

Appendix IV, Unit Data Section:

Document 7, Historical Data Report, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-Mar 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control.]

Document 9, Historical Data Report, 388th Security Police Squadron, Oct-Dec 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control is found in this report.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1970, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1970, V. 3, IRIS Number 457287):

Supporting Document 226, Report, Major Edward N. Garcia, Base Chief Security Police to CINCPACAF (IGS) [Commander in Chief, Pacific Air Forces, Inspector General, Security], “Status of Security Facilities and Physical Protection Aids (MCP),” 2 April 1970:

[NOTE: This report is a four page table, “Status of Security Facilities and Physical Protection Aids (MCP) for Korat RTAFB, Thailand, as of 31 March 1970, with the following categories: Fencing, Lighting, Security Police Facilities, Roads, Observation Towers, Bunkers, and Gun Emplacements. Each category has columns for What was Required, What is In Place, What is the Deficit for this category, and a Get Well Date. There is no mention of any herbicide or vegetation control in this report, insinuating that there was no vegetation control program for the base perimeter at this time.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1970, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 457288):

Page 157, Facilities for Base Security: The 388th Wing’s facilities for base security, required by PACAF Manual 207-25, continued to improve this quarter. The quarter brought the installation of 3,400 linear feet of double apron fencing on the perimeter, leaving a deficit of only 800 linear feet of the required 39,300. The estimated date for eliminating this deficit was 31 July 1970. The base also had 13,940 linear feet of chain link fence on the perimeter. The lack of perimeter lighting and lighting around several restricted areas continued to be a problem. However, work on installing lights was progressing, and the estimated date of completion was 31 July 1970.

Page 158: The U.S. Air Force inspector general had expressed concern over attacks on bases in Thailand during which the enemy used the foliage cover bordering the bases to their advantage. Consequently, vegetation control along the base perimeter continued through the squadron self-help program. The security police also submitted work requests to the civil engineers for help in spraying the entire base perimeter with a combination of diesel oil and wood preservative to retard vegetation growth.

[NOTE: Here it is revealed how vegetation control was hoped to be conducted at Korat—through the security police squadron, probably using mowing techniques and the use of a ‘home-brew’ of diesel oil and wood preservative mixture, sprayed on the foliage. Herbicides are not mentioned, and in this case, not even requested, but instead, help from the 388th Civil Engineering Squadron for manpower to assist in spraying the combination of diesel oil and wood preservative around the perimeter fence. The 388th Civil Engineering Squadron conducted a test of the fuel and preservative, and it was deemed successful, but it was not utilized—see the July through September 1970 history entries, below, for further details.]

Page 161, Improvements in Base Security: In another real improvement, security-wise, 3,400 linear feet of double apron fencing were installed on the perimeter, leaving a deficit of only 800 feet.

Appendix IV, Unit Data Section:

Document 7, Historical Data Report, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control.]

Document 9, Historical Data Report, 388th Security Police Squadron, Apr-Jun 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control is found in this report.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1970, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1970, V. 3, IRIS Number 457290):

Supporting Document 358, Letter, Major Richard Geisler, Director of Security Police, Office of Inspector General, Headquarters Thirteenth Air Force (IGS), to 8 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP); 56 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP), 355 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP), 388 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP), 432 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP), 631 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP), and 635 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP), “Vegetation Control,” 15 Jun 1970:

Department of the Air Force Headquarters Thirteenth Air Force (PACAF) APO SAN FRANCISCO 96274 15 Jun 1970 REPLY TO ATTN OF: IGS

SUBJECT: Vegetation Control

TO: 8 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 432 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 56 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 631 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 355 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 635 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 388 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP)

1. The attached correspondence is forwarded for your information and appropriate action.

2. The USAF Inspector General has expressed concern over attacks on bases in Thailand during which the enemy used the foliage cover bordering the bases to their advantage and has directed that emphasis be placed on the clearing and control of vegetation.

3. Although the maintenance and control of vegetation in and around the base is the responsibility of Base Civil Engineers, continuous emphasis must be

given this program by the Chief of Security Police. When necessary, viz, to provide clear fields of fire, observation of approaches to resource areas, etc., consideration must be given to self-help programs as the only practical expedient. After all, our security force personnel lives are at stake as well as adversely affecting base defense operations. Therefore, vegetation must be controlled to assure that surveillance of the fence line and surrounding areas is not impeded.

4. This subject will continue to be an item of special interest during staff visits and general inspections.

FOR THE COMMANDER

RICHARD E. GIESLER, Maj, USAF 1 Atch Director of Security Police PACAF (IGSS) (C) Ltr, Office of Inspector General subj as above, 18 May 70, w/2 Atch n/c

Cy to: 7/13AF (BSP)

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1970, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 457291):

Page 206, New Facilities Completed: A security package costing $50,000 was completed at Korat in early September under the military construction program, with perimeter lighting and vegetation control requirements being monitored by the officer in charge of construction (OICC).

Page 207, New Facilities Started: Work on a security package add-on under the military construction program began in September. This project, costing $378,000, included perimeter vegetation control, construction of a perimeter road for the munitions storage area, relocation of guard towers, additional drainage, road repairs, and a gate relocation. It was scheduled for completion in May 1971.

Page 225, Facilities for Base Security: The USAF inspector general had expressed concern over attacks on bases in Thailand during which the enemy had used the foliage cover bordering the bases to their advantage. As a result, vegetation control along the base perimeter continued through a self-help program. Civil Engineers’ assistance was solicited in spraying the entire base perimeter with a combination of diesel oil and wood preservative to retard vegetation growth, and higher headquarters was kept informed on the status of this program. IN addition, the security police submitted a request asking for a contract to expand the civil engineers’ responsibility for base mowing requirements. Once approved and added to the current airfield maintenance contract, this would permit workers with the proper equipment to maintain a cleared base perimeter.

Page 228, Improvements in Base Security: In another upcoming improvement, work was planned to “grub and clear” the base perimeter and munitions storage area, using civilian contractors. The estimated date of completion was 31 October 1970.

[NOTE: To Grub or to be Grubbing, according to Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition (1942), defines the word Grub or Grubbing as: “To remove roots, etc., from land; to clear or break up the surface of land by digging; to dig up by the roots; to root out by digging.”]

Page 233, Problems in Security: The security police chief also complained to the civil engineer on 5 October that “the control of vegetation along and on the base perimeter fence line is a matter that also required immediate attention if some degree of security surveillance of the boundary is to be maintained. The brush, vines and high grasses, he added, offered considerable concealment to hostile forces. The security police chief emphasized that an approved work order to correct this situation had been submitted on 25 June 1970 and that the civil engineers had conducted a successful test of contaminated JP4 and wood preservative. However, he wrote, no further action had been taken.

Appendix IV, Unit Data Section:

Document 8, Historical Data Report, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Sep 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control.]

Document 10, Historical Data Report, 388th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Sep 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control is found in this report.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1970, Volume 4, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1970, V. 4, IRIS Number 457294):

Supporting Document 496, Monthly Construction Status Report, as of 10 Oct 1970, for Korat RTAFB, Thailand, Section IV, MCR Accomplished By Contract: 675 SMCP; Security Package (Add-On); CSD: 8 Sep 70; 20% completed; Estimated BOD: 2 May 71:

On Base – The contractor is working on the base roads and parking lots. Clearing and grubbing on base is continuing. New section of base perimeter road being constructed.

MSA – Clearing and grubbing complete. Perimeter road being constructed. Drainage now being repaired.

Supporting Document 529, Message, 388th Combat Support Group/BSP (Major Edward N. Garcia, Base Chief Security Police), Korat RTAFB, Thailand, to 7/13 Air Force/DSP, Udorn Airfield, Thailand, Subject, “Vegetation Control.” 4 July 1970; Reference, 7/13AF/DSP Message of 3 July 1970:

1. Date of work order subject as stated: 25 June 70. 2. Type of vegetation control requested: Sprayed chemicals or diesel fuel mixed with pentaclorophenel (wood preservation) or decontaminated JP4 or approved soil sterilant over the entire base perimeter was requested. 3. Approval of the work request/contract is pending. 4. Currently, thru the use of borrowed bull-dozers, tractors, and the XM113 (APC), security police personnel are detailed to perform vegetation control projects thru the self help program. 5. All areas of the base perimeter require vegetation control.

Supporting Document 530, Letter, Major Denver E. Crislip Jr., Base Chief Security Police, to 388th DE (Chief Civil Engineer), Subject, “Additional Mowing Requirement,” 30 September 1970:

1. Recommend your unit contract additional mowing requirements for those areas presently being “Grubbed and Cleared” under OICC contract #N63008- 70-00497.

2. Previous discussions with personnel within your office established that the best method of maintaining a cleared base perimeter would be to add the additional mowing requirement to the present airfield maintenance contract. Also discussed was the advisability of doing so sufficiently in advice as to be included in the mowing contract shortly after the “one time” leveling and clearing is accomplished under the soon to be effected add-on security package. This mowing should be accomplished on a frequent basis and this office’s recommendation is a minimum of once per month.

SIGNED

DENVER E. CRISLIP JR., Major, USAF Base Chief Security Police

Supporting Document 541, Letter, Major Denver E. Crislip Jr., Base Chief Security Police, to 388th DE (Chief Civil Engineer), Subject, “Air Base Defense Discrepancies,” 5 October 1970:

1. Facilities and equipment supporting security forces are critical factors in base defense operations. This is true anywhere, but especially so here in an insurgency area. Recent Intelligence reports indicate a strong probability that in the near future Korat RTAFB may be subjected to overt action directed against the Combat resources of this base.

2. On the evening of 28 Sept 19790 at approximately 2100 hours a K-9 sentry posted adjacent to the runway had a strong alert on someone or something. This alert centered on the storm drainage system that passes beneath the

runway near the BAK-12 on the 06 end of the runway. The K-9 alert was so strong that this unit considered going into an advanced alert condition, until the situation was resolved. What is most disturbing about the entire situation is that an approved work order (#02868, Serial #554-70), was submitted on 10 April 1970 to install grates over these same culverts and drains. As of this date no action has been taken.

3. The control of vegetation along and on the base perimeter fenceline is a matter that also required immediate attention if some degree of Security surveillance of the boundary is to be maintained. The brush, vines and high grasses along and actually in the fence line offers considerable concealment to hostile-forces. An approved work order to correct this situation was submitted on 25 June 19780. A successful test of contaminated JP4 and wood preservative was conducted by your personnel but no further action has been taken to date.

4. Request this office be advised of the planned action to correct these two serious air base defense discrepancies.

SIGNED

DENVER E. CRISLIP JR., Major, USAF Base Chief Security Police

[NOTE: It is obvious that pressure from higher headquarters to Korat’s Chief of Security Police to do something about the unacceptable vegetation along the base’s perimeter fence was getting the urgency it deserved; unfortunately, it does not appear that this sense of urgency was felt by other agencies on the base. The Civil Engineering Squadron did use the contaminated JP4 fuel and wood preservative mixture discussed in the previous quarter (April through June 1970), but the successful test at one spot along the fence line did not translate into a full blown spraying operation. The Security Police Squadron was on its own, mowing and cutting the vegetation with borrowed equipment. No mention or hint that any herbicides were used, besides the ‘home brew’ of JP4 jet fuel mixed with wood preservative.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1970, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 457296):

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence vegetation control in Volume 1.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1970, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1970, V. 3, IRIS Number 457298):

Appendix VI, Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct-Dec 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence or vegetation control in this history.]

Appendix VI, Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Oct-Dec 1970:

Page 7, Security Operations Section: This section is presently revising all post operating instructions and recently completed a massive perimeter clearing program. All bunkers, towers, and mortar positions have been repaired or rebuilt as required.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, the above does not explain what the perimeter clearing program entailed. It is not clear if this refers to a vegetation control issue, or if it refers to ‘clearing’ all the problems of sites listed (bunkers, towers, mortar pits) of maintenance issues.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1971, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 457299):

Page 119, Security: The USAF Inspector General expressed concern over attacks on bases in Thailand during which the enemy used the foliage cover bordering the bases to their tactical advantage. To keep this problem to a minimum, vegetation control along the base perimeter was contracted out to a labor force which cleared some of the vegetation away. However, with the rain adding growth to existing vegetation this procedure is useless.

[NOTE: Vegetation control around the perimeter was a local civilian contractor job. The term “cleared” denotes quick cutting and removal instead of the slower poisoning of vegetation that would still need to be removed after it died. The remark about the rain also reminds one that herbicides were useless during the rainy season as it would be quickly diluted to the point where it would not do the job as intended.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1971, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1971, V. 2, IRIS Number 457300):

Appendix VI, Unit Histories:

Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-Mar 1971:

[Note: No mention of vegetation control or herbicides in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Jan-Mar 1971:

Page 5, Law Enforcement Section: With the beginning of phase-out for Camp Friendship, the Law Enforcement Section assumed control of the common boundary gate separating Korat RTAFB

36 from Camp Friendship. A work order also has been initiated to install a physical gate at this location.

Page 6: USAF prisoners in the Camp Friendship Confinement facility averaged five per day and these five, an average of 1.5 were transient prisoners. One individual was placed in Correctional custody during this quarter for a thirty day period.

[NOTE: The above is included to show that when the U.S. Army released Camp Friendship to the USAF, it expanded USAF perimeter fence responsibilities.]

Page 15, Facilities for Base Security: The USAF Inspector General has expressed concern over attacks on bases in Thailand during which the enemy used the foliage cover bordering the bases to their advantage. Vegetation control was contracted out to a labor force which cleared some of the vegetation away from the perimeter however, with the rain adding growth to existing vegetation this procedure is useless.

[NOTE: It does not appear that herbicides were used by the local Thai labor force, as the term “clearing” denotes cutting and removing the vegetation in a quick manner, as opposed to herbicides that take a while to kill the foliage and would still have to have the debris removed from the fence area.]

Historical Data Record, Comptroller Division, Jan-Mar 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or vegetation control in this history.]

Historical Data Record, Procurement Support, Jan-Mar 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or vegetation control in this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1971, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 457301):

Page 81, Base Security: Due to the US Army withdrawal from Camp Friendship our southern boundary is open to penetration and possible attack by hostile forces. In an effort to afford early detection the security police have relocated several guard towers so that a more complete surveillance of the area may be accomplished. Bunkers are being built and relocated to give better coverage of the southern boundary. Four new machine gun bunkers and seven new rifle bunkers are being situated on the southern boundary of the base. One mortar position is also being added. Vegetation control is also being continued in order to provide for the best possible field of view.

[NOTE: It is assumed that the vegetation control was the continuation of using local Thai labor to remove foliage.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1971, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1971, V. 2, IRIS Number 457302):

Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or vegetation control in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Apr-Jun 1971:

[NOTE: There are two versions of the 388th SPS Apr-Jun 1971 historical report. The below is from version 1.]

Page 5, Law Enforcement Section: As reported last quarter, the common bound gate separating Korat RTAFB from Camp Friendship was awaiting the installation of a physical gate at that location. During this quarter the work order was completed and we now have permanent gates installed.

[NOTE: Version 2 of the 388th SPS Apr-Jun 1971 historical report has the following entry.]

Page 8, Facilities for Base Security: Vegetation control without the use of a herbicide is virtually impossible. We are continually assisting vegetation control contractor personnel in clearing vegetation from our perimeter fencing.

[NOTE: The above appears to be a cry for help in getting herbicides. This reinforces the perception that the local Thai contractors did not have access to herbicides, and that the base supply system at Korat could not get it either. This forced security police personnel to assist the contractor in removing foliage from the perimeter fence of Korat.]

Historical Data Record, Procurement, Apr-Jun 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use or vegetation control.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1971, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 457303):

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, herbicide or vegetation control in this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1971, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1971, V. 2, IRIS Number 457304):

Historical Data Record, Comptroller Division, Jul-Sep 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use or vegetation control.]

Historical Data Record, Procurement, Jul-Sep 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use or vegetation control.]

Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Sep 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use or vegetation control.]

Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Sep 1971:

[Note: There are two versions of this report. Version 1 does not address perimeter fence issues, herbicides or vegetation control. The extracts transcribed below are from Version 2.]

Page 4, Facilities for Base Security: Vegetation control without the use of a herbicide is virtually impossible. We are continually assisting vegetation control contractor personnel in clearing vegetation from our perimeter fencing.

[NOTE: The above is the second quarter in a row where it is specifically stated that no herbicides were available to those at Korat. Instead, security police personnel were actively assisting the local Thai contractor in physically removing the vegetation around the perimeter fence. This shows the local Thai contractor did not have herbicides either.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1971, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 902645):

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence vegetation control in Volume 1.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1971, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1971, V. 2, IRIS Number 902646):

Historical Data Record, Procurement Office, Oct-Dec 1971: [NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, such as vegetation control or herbicides, in this quarterly report.]

Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct-Dec 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, such as vegetation control, in this quarterly report.]

Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Oct-Dec 1971:

Page 5, Facilities for Base Security: We are continually assisting vegetation control contractor personnel in clearing vegetation from our perimeter fencing, however the present contractor is doing an outstanding job keeping vegetation under control.

[NOTE: Evidently a new contractor was now in place whose job it was to clear vegetation from the perimeter base fence, and although security police personnel were still assisting from time to time, this contractor was doing a better job than the predecessor. It does not appear that herbicides were available to either the security police or the contractor.]

Historical Data Record, Comptroller Division, Oct-Dec 1971:

NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, such as vegetation control, in this quarterly report.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1972, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902647):

Page 73, Security, Base Defense: There was no change in the threat assessment for Korat RTAFB which was considered to be the safest base in Thailand; however, following a sapper attack on U-Tapao RTAFB on 10 January, the need was pointed out for increased vigilance and the elimination of blind spots in the perimeter defenses.

Supporting Document 53, Message, 7/13AF to 388TFW/CC, no subject, 10 January 1972:

There have been no exercises of the Joint Defense Plan during calendar year 1971. Internal defense is adequate on the USAF side; however, defense from the Thai side appears to be less than satisfactory. This may be attributed to the fact that the Thai consider Korat to be totally safe from enemy attack. Little effort has been expended by USAF personnel to upgrade base defense until the arrival of the present USAF base commander [Colonel Billy B. Sifford, in place since September 1971], who is trying to get all personnel more actively engaged in base defense planning.

[NOTE: The above is transcribed to show how low a priority vegetation control really was at Korat. While steps were obviously taken, the general attitude was that there was really no pressure to elevate the need for foliage control due to Korat being the ‘safest base in Thailand.’]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1972, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1972, V. 2, IRIS Number 902648):

Historical Data Record, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-Mar 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, herbicide or vegetation control in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 388th Security Police Squadron, Jan-Mar 1972:

Page 4, Facilities for Base Security: We are continually assisting vegetation control contractor personnel in cleaning vegetation from our perimeter fencing.

Historical Data Record, comptroller Division, Jan-Mar 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, herbicide or vegetation control in this history.]

Historical Data Record, Procurement Office, Jan-Mar 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, herbicide or vegetation control in this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1972, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902649):

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control issues in this volume of the history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1972, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1972, V. 2, IRIS Number 902650):

Tab 10, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or perimeter fence vegetation control issues in this history.]

Tab 11, 388th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1972:

Page 7, Facilities for Base Security: We are continually assisting vegetation control contractor personnel in cleaning vegetation from our perimeter fencing. Herbicide was used as a means of vegetation control during this period.

[NOTE: This is the first time herbicides are mentioned as being used on the perimeter fence at Korat.]

[NOTE: There was no historical data record submitted for the Comptroller Office in this history.]

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides in the Procurement Office historical data record.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1972, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902651):

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in this volume of the history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1972, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1972, V. 2, IRIS Number 902652):

Tab 11, 388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or perimeter fence vegetation control issues in this history.]

Tab 12, 388th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1972:

Page 6, Facilities for Base Security: We are continually assisting vegetation control contractor personnel in cleaning vegetation from our perimeter fencing. Herbicide was used as a means of vegetation control during this period.

[NOTE: This is the Second time herbicides are mentioned as being used on the perimeter fence at Korat.]

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides in the Comptroller Office historical data record.]

[NOTE: There was no historical data record submitted for the Procurement Office for this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1972, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902653):

Page 59, Supply: Also unique was the requirement to begin disposition of chemicals stored at Camp Friendship, the adjacent army installation that now functions primarily to house USAF personnel TDY to this area and to contain U.S. Army Stratcom facilities.

Page 78, Security: Related to the improved fields of fire and also to improve observation was the application of herbicide for vegetation control. However, considerable external heavy brush remained near much of the perimeter fence.

[NOTE: Herbicides were still being used in this quarter. The Third time this has now been mentioned.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1972, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1972, V. 2, IRIS Number 902654):

388th Supply Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1972:

Page 13, Storage and Issue Section: All chemicals stored at Camp Friendship are in the process of being disposed. The Bio-Environmental Engineer from Takhli visited us for 2 days and gave helpful instructions as to the disposition of the chemicals. These instructions are being complied with on a scheduled basis.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, it is not stated exactly what type of chemicals were stored and ultimately disposed.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicides in this history.]

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1972:

Page 6, Facilities for Base Security: We are continually assisting vegetation control contractor personnel in cleaning vegetation from our perimeter fencing. Herbicides was used as a means of vegetation control during this period.

[NOTE: This is the Third time herbicides is mentioned.]

Comptroller Office Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides in the Comptroller Office historical data record.]

[NOTE: There was no historical data record submitted for the Procurement Office for this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1973, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902655):

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or perimeter fence issues in this volume of the history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1973, Volume 2, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1973, V. 2, IRIS Number 902656):

388th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control or herbicide use.]

388th Comptroller Division, Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control or herbicide program spending or budget or contracts.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control or herbicide use.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1973, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1973, V. 1, IRIS Number 902657):

Page 143, Security Police Problems: Vegetation control and the maintenance/repair of base defense towers and bunkers and the Thai guard’s facilities were problems during the period. Inadequate support was received in these areas from base civil engineering, resulting in the Security Police accomplishing these projects through self-help.

Page 144: Coordination with the RTA [Royal Thai Army] was completed in May for assistance in vegetation control, with approximately 15 percent of the perimeter cleared prior to the period’s close.

[NOTE: It appears that this vegetation control is clearing the overgrown foliage as opposed to using herbicides to keep the already cut and cleared areas from becoming a problem. The Royal Thai Army had to be coordinated with to assure no misunderstandings arose when the Security Police mowed and cut the grass around the perimeter.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1973, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1973, V. 3, IRIS Number 902659):

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1973:

Page 1, Chief, Security Police: Problems existed with utilization of security police and Thai Security Guards and vegetation control. We had been using our personnel to correct discrepancies noted in vegetation control, maintenance/repair of base defense towers, bunkers, and Thai Guard facilities which are all responsibilities of the civil engineer.

Page 8, Air Base Defense Section: Coordination was made in May 1973 with the RTA [Royal Thai Army] for assistance in removing vegetation from outside of the US Air Force boundary fence. This project is still in progress with approximately 15 percent of the perimeter being accomplished.

[NOTE: Here the historical record is more specific—the Royal Thai Army was actually helping remove vegetation from the perimeter fence line. This indicates that this vegetation control was cutting and mowing and not herbicide spraying as spraying would leave debris.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

388th Comptroller Division Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control or herbicide program spending or budget or contracts.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1973, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1973, V. 1, IRIS Number 902660):

Page 139, Vegetation Control, MOA and MSA: Continued unsatisfactory progress was noted this period in the battle against vegetation growth in Munitions Operations Areas (MOAs) and Munitions Storage Areas (MSAs). Grass from two to three feet in height was observed growing adjacent to several munitions stacks. The 388th Chief of Maintenance, Colonel Charles E. Funderburg, called for immediate action to correct the deplorable situation, and preliminary efforts for development of a priority system to handle vegetation problems began as the quarter ended.

[NOTE: Again, a lot of talk but no action.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1973, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Sep 1973, V. 3, IRIS Number 902662):

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1973:

Page 9, Air Base Defense Section: Vegetation control is progressing steadily and with complete coordination and cooperation with Thai Army and USAF personnel, although there is no foreseeable end.

[NOTE: No mention of how the vegetation control is being conducted.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or use of herbicides in this history.]

388th Comptroller Division Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control contracts or purchase of herbicides in this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1973, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1973, V. 1, IRIS Number 902663):

Page 115, Base Security: During the first week of Nov 73, the 388 CSG received a “Security Enhancement Visit” from PACAF. Results of this informal staff assistance unit pointed out certain deficiencies in areas of vegetation control at the base perimeters, weapon security, and weapons management, among others. Items critiqued on this informal inspection were immediately corrected at all level involved.

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1973, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1973, V. 3, IRIS Number 902665):

388th Supply Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1973:

Page 12, Maintenance and Supply: Chemicals in Warehouse 15A Camp Friendship were moved to 11E, and plywood was moved from Camp Friendship and re-warehoused in 11F.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, no explanation of what type of chemicals is provided in this history.]

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1973:

Page 5, Operations: The base perimeter fence, all gun bunkers and fighting positions were sprayed with herbicide to control vegetation growth.

[NOTE: This is the Fourth time herbicides is mentioned for Korat RTAFB. The last (and third) time was in the October through December 1972 quarter. Evidently, vegetation control was something not enforced for quite a while, until the Inspector General’s informal inspection took place in November 1973.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or use of herbicides in this history.]

388th Comptroller Division Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any contracts or payments for vegetation control or herbicides.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1973, Volume 4 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Oct-Dec 1973, V. 4, IRIS Number 902666):

Supporting Document 115, Letter, LtCol Larry J. Runge, Chief, Resources Management Division, Directorate of Security Police, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, to Major Frederick C. Marcks, Chief of Security Police, 388th Combat Support Group, dated 20 December 1973:

Attachment 1, Item 1, 388 Security Police Squadron, Korat RTAFB, Thailand, Base Defense:

Discussion: Vegetation control on much of the installation perimeter was very poor. In some instances, the grass was taller than the perimeter fencing.

Recommendations: Improve vegetation control between the perimeter fences and remove debris that affords cover and concealment.

[NOTE: Again, acknowledging the problem, but no action recorded of solving the problem.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1974, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1974, V. 1, IRIS Number 1000690):

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1974, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jan-Mar 1974, V. 3, IRIS Number 1000692):

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1974:

Page 5, Operations: A security enhancement projects was initiated through CES [civil engineering squadron] Road and Grounds to clear a belt of terrain 100 feet outward from the perimeter fence.

[NOTE: This implies a quick fix to the vegetation problem, as opposed to the use of herbicides. Roads and Grounds had the bulldozers and road graders, so perhaps that is why this particular civil engineering squadron section was chosen to assist the security police. However, after the area was “clear”, the use of herbicides to keep the foliage down to a manageable level cannot be ruled out. It should be pointed out that the previous quarter also noted poor vegetation control, so it appears that the base was slow in responding to vegetation problems and spent more time talking about it than doing anything about it.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1974:

Page 10: The following work orders were completed during the past quarter via service contracts: Cleaning of vegetation from the oxidation ponds of the sanitary sewage system and increasing depth of each.

[NOTE: This would entail a digging and scooping out—herbicides would not have been used for this operation.]

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use for security issues like the perimeter fence in this history.]

388th Comptroller Division Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of funding for vegetation control contracts or herbicide purchases in this history.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1974, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1974, V. 1, IRIS Number 1001285):

Page 66, Security, Vegetation Control: A serious problem of vegetation control on the base perimeter and gun emplacements was noted during the last month of this quarter. The slide presentation was shown to the Base Defense Council pointing out the seriousness of the problem. Corrective action had begun as the quarter ended.

[NOTE: The past two quarters (Oct-Dec 1973 and Jan-Mar 1974) had also pointed out problems with vegetation. Plans were made, but not documented that they were carried out.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1974, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1974, V. 3, IRIS Number 1001287):

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1974:

Page 5, Operations: Vegetation control on the base perimeter and gun emplacements became a serious problem during the last month of this quarter. A color slide briefing identifying this problem was developed and presented to the Base Defense Council. As a result, immediate action was taken to eliminate this problem.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, exactly what actions that were taken were not explained. Also, since there was a vegetation clearance program during the January through March 1974 period, but now the foliage had returned, it appears that large wholesale attempts to curb the vegetation were onetime events that were not followed up on, but left alone until the foliage became an eyesore or security issue once again.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1974:

Chronology: May Grass cutter defaulted on contract.

[NOTE: Other than the one mention of the contractor whose job was to cut the grass on the base, no mention is made of any other vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

388th Comptroller Division Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of any contracts concerning vegetation control or purchasing of herbicides.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through December 1974, Volume 1, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Dec 1974, V. 1, IRIS Number 1005587):

Page 81, Security Area of Responsibility: ON the first of August 1974, the 388th Security Police became responsible for the security of Camp Friendship and Jones Park which together with Korat and the Thai Air Force area make up the total military complex of the Korat area. In assuming this responsibility, the 388SPS relieved the U.S. Army of the task. The 388SPS posted 11 towers, assigned a two-man Security Alert Team and a switch board operator to fulfill this task. A Thai Security Guard force of 58 men was transferred to the air base defense section of the 388SPS to help in manning these security posts.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history; however, with the transfer of Camp Friendship and Jones Park to Korat, vegetation control for these two areas would naturally be taken on by the USAF. However, it appears both areas were more in a caretaker status than actual operation, supported by the fact that only a two man security team from the 388th Security Police Squadron was responsible for both new areas. It appears that the Thai Air Force took the security burden (and consequently the vegetation control issue) for these two areas more than the USAF.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through December 1974, Volume 4, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Dec 1974, V. 4, IRIS Number 1005590):

388th Comptroller Division Historical Data Record for Jul-Sep 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of any contracts concerning vegetation control or purchasing of herbicides.]

388th Comptroller Division Historical Data Record for Oct-Dec 1974: [NOTE: No mention of any contracts concerning vegetation control or purchasing of herbicides.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for Jul-Sep 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control programs or work, or any mention of herbicides in this history.]

388th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for Oct-Dec 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control programs or work, or any mention of herbicides in this history.]

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for Jul-Sep 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control programs or work, or any mention of herbicides in this history.]

388th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for Oct-Dec 1974:

Page 5, Air Base Defense: During November and December a rash of barrier fence concertina wire thefts were experienced in the areas of Tower #19, Tower #12, Tower #9, Tower #6, and MSA [munitions storage area] area. Corrective action included permanent USAF sentries posted in affected Towers, additional patrol coverage, increased vegetation control, and installation of trip flares on outer base barriers.

Page 6: Vegetation control improved immensely from the last reporting period. The entire MSA area fence was cleared by contract workers and a 50 ft. clear zone was provided by civil engineering personnel and heavy equipment.

[NOTE: Vegetation control appeared to be applied around the munitions area using contract workers and heavy equipment to clear the foliage away. No mention of herbicides for this type of clearing work.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through December 1974, Volume 6, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Jul-Dec 1974, V. 6, IRIS Number 1005592):

Supporting Document 193, Korat AB, Thailand Base Facilities Inspection, 17-10 October 1974:

Tab CC, 388th Civil Engineering: The lawn mower repair area was dirty.

[NOTE: The above is only included to show that grass cutting, also known as vegetation control, was also accomplished with the use of lawn mowers.]

Supporting Document 225, Letter, 388th TFW/RU (Colonel Richard D. Hayes Jr., Deputy Commander for Resources) to 388TFW/CC (Colonel John J. Glossbrenner), Special Working Group Recommendations to Resolve Pilferage of Brass Case Ammunitions, dated 26 November 1974:

Page 2: Problem: Vegetation control inside the MSA, under and outside the fence was overgrown and hindered effective surveillance/detection of penetrators.

Solution: Base Civil Engineers have coordinated with the contractor to expedite vegetation control. Additionally, Base Civil Engineers will bulldoze the area from the MSA fence out to a point 100 feet away. This will provide a clear area for much improved surveillance/observation of penetrators.

Page 3: Problem: Lack of formal approval to utilize herbicide is hindering vegetation control.

Solution: Coordination has been affected with Base Civil Engineers to obtain approval to utilize a herbicide. They reported that they have an adequate supply on hand, plus personnel, equipment and technical know how to apply however, require American Embassy approval. When obtained, the liquid will be applied and trip flares installed in the area outside the fence.

[NOTE: Well, there it is—bulldozers and lawn mowers, not herbicides were used at Korat. The use of herbicides required the approval through the American Embassy.]

Supporting Document 227, Message, 388 CSG/SP (Major Frank K. Martin, Chief, Security Police Squadron) to CINCPACAF/IGS, “Corona Lock, HAF/IGS(W) 7406, 300445Z Nov 1974, Part II, Nonnuclear Munitions:

Page 5 of 6: Base CE has coordinated with the grass cutting contractor to expedite vegetation control within the munitions storage area. The vegetation within the area is now at an acceptable level. Additionally, CE will bulldoze the area from the munitions storage area fence out to a point of 50 feet. This will provide a clear zone for much improved surveillance/observation of penetrators.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above, only the American Embassy could approve of the use of herbicides on the USAF bases in Thailand. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that herbicides are not mentioned since the October through December 1973 quarter, probably because the American Embassy had not approved herbicides spraying since that time for Korat.]

Need More Research January through June 1975, when the base closed.

Page 69, Nakhon Phanom RTAFB: NKP also had the usual rainy season vegetation problems, but heavy use of herbicides kept the growth under control in the fenced areas. Interior vegetation was usually kept closely cut.

Page 65, Nakhon Phanom RTAFB, aerial view, 1966:

Nakhon Phanom RTAFB:

[NOTE: Before the 634th Combat Support Group Wing took over as the host unit of Nakhon Phanom, the 6235th Air Base Squadron was the housekeeping organization. The 6235th Air Base Squadron histories were submitted to the AFHRA both as separate histories and as supporting documents to the 35th Tactical Group histories.]

35th Tactical Group, 1 January through 30 June 1965 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-35-HI, Jan-Jun 1965, IRIS Number 435562):

Historical Data Record, 6235th Air Base Squadron, 21 Apr-1 Jul 1965:

Page 2, Narrative: Security was and is still one of the major problems of support. About twelve (12) TDY air police were on hand in May 65. By 30 June 65 all TDY air police had departed and air police operations are now carried out by one supervisor and five (5) air police personnel.

The Civil Engineering section is making a superhuman effort to keep the base in physical operating condition. Ground power requirements are going up causing a strain on the equipment. The roads and grounds people are very busy with erosion control and repair of roads during this rainy season. The building and repair work for carpenters is enormous. It is an endless task.

[NOTE: As with other Thai bases that were just starting up, NKP’s priority at this time was not perimeter fence and vegetation control issues. There is no hint of any use of herbicides at NKP at this time.]

635th Air Base Squadron, July through December 1965 (AFHRA Call Number K-SQ-AB-6235-HI, Jul-Dec 1965, IRIS Number 411864):

[NOTE: No mention of any vegetation control, in fact, there is complaints that during the rainy season the vegetation and bad roads with ruts were so bad around the perimeter of the base that only foot patrols could get through—no vehicles.]

634th Combat Support Group, April through December 1966 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-SUP-634-HI, Apr-Dec 1966, IRIS Number 444457):

[NOTE: The 634th CSG initially opened NKP in April 1966 and was responsible for the construction of the base in preparation for the 56th Air Commando (later Special Operations) Wing, which arrived in April 1967.]

Page 32, New Facilities: The construction of new facilities resulted in the clearance of 700 acres of land by the 634th Civil Engineers. Prior to 1 July 1966, all trees which had been felled were merely pushed aside from actual construction sites. Beginning in July and Early August, the felled trees (estimated in the thousands), in addition to others that were felled later, were carried to scattered safe areas and destroyed by fire.

When clearing started for the increased building, a policy was immediately implemented to prevent any trees from being felled, unless it was to make room for a structure. The anticipated results of this continuing program was that Nakhon Phanom RTAFB would always retain a park-like appearance. Soil conservation was emphasized at all times.

Clearing of NKP in April 1966 for new construction.

NKP, April 1966, felled trees pushed aside from actual construction sites.

NKP, July and August 1966, felled trees by new construction are moved to a safe area…and prepared for burning. Above, fuel is added to the pile, below, the trees are burned.

606th Air Commando Squadron, Weekly Activity Reports, 28 March through 25 December 1966 (AFHRA Call Number K-SQ-A-CMDO-606-SU-RE-W, 28 Mar-25 Dec 1966, IRIS Number 410604):

606 ACS Weekly Activities Report, 21 December 1966, from 606 Air Commando Squadron Commander, Colonel Harry C. Aderholt to CINCPACAF (DPLAN), for the period of 0001 hours, 12 December through 2400 hours 18 December 1966, paragraph 3c, UC-123, subparagraph (3):

“A new and significant training sortie was flown, when for the first time 606th personnel flew a low-level spray training mission. First set of “B” components for spray capability is expected 5 Jan 1967.”

[NOTE: The unit does not state what type of spraying this could be—insecticide or herbicide. However, the 11 January 1967 weekly report makes it very clear what the intent was—defoliation. See below.]

606th Air Commando Squadron, Weekly Activity Reports, 26 December 1966 through 16 April 1967 (AFHRA Call Number K-SQ-A-CMDO-606-SU-RE-W, 26 Dec 1966-16 Apr 1967, IRIS Number 410605):

606 ACS Weekly Activities Report, 21 December 1966, from 606 Air Commando Squadron Commander, Colonel Harry C. Aderholt to CINCPACAF (DPLAN), for the period of 0001 hours, 2 January through 2400 hours 8 January 1967, paragraph 3c, UC- 123, subparagraph (3):

“Practice defoliation missions were flown again giving training in low-level procedures as well as defoliation techniques.”

[NOTE: This is the last time spray missions for 606th Air Command Squadron UC-123s is mentioned in the weekly reports (the reports ended 16 April 1967). Besides the airlifting support of equipment and personnel within Thailand, the emphasis for the 606th’s UC- 123s shifted to the idea of using these aircraft to drop flares at night over discovered enemy truck convoys in Laos, on their way to Vietnam, and the accompanying fighter aircraft could then attack the trucks. This mission became known as Candlestick, and such was the positive results that this became the primary combat mission for the UC- 123s of the 606th Air Commando Squadron. So what about the practice spray missions? With the information provided, it apparently did not go any further than a few practice missions. Herbicide spraying did not become a mission of the 606th Air Commando Squadron. All of the weekly activity reports listed out the munitions expended, and it would be reasonable to expect the number of gallons of defoliant sprayed, if it had been sprayed, would have been listed. However, there is no indication in these reports either of any spraying. What did they spray in the practice missions? That is unknown. It could have been commercial-grade herbicides, Agent Orange, Agent Blue, Agent White, or, it could have been harmless water as the whole point of the practice flights were for the aircrew to learn the flying techniques of how to spray herbicides. There is no mention of any actual herbicide spray missions being undertaken. Since the weekly reports cover all combat missions in detail, the omission of spray missions indicate that none took place. Without any further information, nothing concrete about herbicides being used at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, can be gained by this 12 December 1966 through 8 January 1967 practice training that never resulted in any combat operations.]

634th Combat Support Group, January through 8 April 1967, (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-SUP-634-HI, Jan-8 Apr 1967, IRIS Number 444458):

Page 12, Security: The major problem in the area of base security was theft or pilferage of both government and personal property. Virtually overnight, during base guild-up, tons of vital equipment were transported into the base without adequate storage facilities.

The quantity of equipment and material was so great that it became necessary to store equipment in open storage areas. The only available site for open storage was the north end of the base which at that time, surrounded by dense jungle and foliage.

The base was being penetrated nightly by persons believed to be living in the small villages surrounding the base. The pilferers began taking only small portable items, but by late winter and early spring of 1967, the base was experiencing pilferage from groups as large as 20 or 30 persons who were

58 directing their efforts toward such valuable items as electrical equipment, copper wire and large quantities of building material.

In an effort to stoop the thefts, by February much of the jungle had been cleared around the storage areas which fenced with concertina wire, lighted and guarded by both Thai and US Forces. Roving patrol teams of Security Policemen and Thai Security Guards were placed to cover the most susceptible spots for thefts along the perimeter. But, security forces were too small to cover the many entry and escape routes which the surrounding jungle area provided the thieves. When one point was secure, the thieves merely changed or moved to another area such as smaller construction sites.

Page 26, Facilities: Construction of a new perimeter road was in progress. It was estimated that it would take 12 miles of laterite road. A 150 foot wide perimeter clearing had been completed. Sixty guard towers were to be construction on the cleared section close to the roadway to increase the security of the base.

Supporting Document 10, Historical Data Record of the 56th Security Police Squadron, Jan-8 Apr 1967:

Page 2: However, by late winter and spring of 1967, we were experiencing pilferage from groups as large as twenty or thirty person who were directing their efforts toward those more valuable items, such as electrical equipment, copper wire and large quantities of building material. By February of 1967, much of the jungle had been cleared and our storage areas were fenced with concertina wire, lighted and guarded by both Thai and US Forces.

Supporting Document 11, Historical Data Record of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-8 April 1967:

Page 1, Mission:

Maintains all structures, roads, ditches, side walks, airfields, fences and surrounding wooded areas.

Responsible for all general purpose janitorial services.

Responsible for all insect and rodent control.

Page 2, Narrative: Work continued on the perimeter road.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above entries, herbicides were not the choice of getting rid of foliage. The use of the words “cleared” and “clearing” insinuates the use of removing vegetation with road graders and bulldozers instead of spraying with herbicides, waiting for the vegetation to die, then having to clear it with heavy equipment anyway. The above does not indicate that any herbicides were used at this time at NKP’s perimeter fence area.]

56th Air Commando Wing, 8 April through 30 June 1967, (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, 8 Apr-Jun 1967, IRIS Number 451110):

Page 27, Facilities: The first phase of the runway construction project was completed on 3 May 1967 when the new 6,200 foot by 96 foot M8AI steel matted taxiway was officially opened.

The actual work on the taxiway began in September 1966 with the stripping off of top soil. In December, work was commenced on the taxiway. A total of 600,000 square feet of steel matting was used on the taxiway.

Completion of the taxiway brought Nakhon Phanom RTAFB into the “Jet Age.” Shortly after the official opening, a T-39 landed to become the first jet to land at NKP.

The new taxiway opening and use as the runway, marked the end of the Pierced Steel Planking (PSP) era at NKP. The PSP runway was being removed and replaced by the aluminum matting.

NKP, May 1967, new runway and taxiway are completed. Note the distance to the trees.

56th Air Commando Wing July through September 1967 history, (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1967, IRIS Number 451111):

[NOTE: No mention is made of any vegetation control in the narrative of the history.]

Supporting Document 17, History of the 56th Supply Squadron, Jul-Sep 1967:

[NOTE: No mention is made of any vegetation control in this history.]

Supporting Document 18, History of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Sep 1967:

[NOTE: No mention is made of any vegetation control in this history.]

Supporting Document 21, History of the 56th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Sep 1967:

[NOTE: No mention is made of any vegetation control in this history.]

Supporting Document 23, History of the Comptroller, Jul-Sep 1967:

[NOTE: No mention is made of any vegetation control in this history.]

Supporting Document 24, History of the Base Procurement Office, Jul-Sep 1967:

[NOTE: No mention is made of any vegetation control in this history.]

Extract, Chronology of Thirteenth Air Force, 1 January through 31 December 1967, Volume I (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, Jan-Dec 1967, V. 1, IRIS Number 1114989):

Page 57, 11 October 1967 entry: In-country clearance was sought for six C-123 herbicide aircraft and 60 personnel to operate from NKP for a 15-day period. The project involved defoliation of Steel Tiger [southern Laos] routes.

[NOTE: This planned herbicide use was not for the base, but instead, NKP would be used as a forward operating location for a 15 day period to spray tactical herbicides in southern Laos. The tactical herbicides would be brought in and sprayed in Laos by the Ranch Hand unit.]

56th Air Commando Wing October through December 1967 history, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1967, V. 1, IRIS Number 451112):

Page 56, Facilities: Most of the actual construction on the base was done by Det 3, 556th Civil Engineering Squadron (RED HORESE—(Rapid Engineer Deployment – Heavy Overseas Repair Squadron Engineers), base at U-Tapao RTAFB, Thailand.

The mission of the 56th civil Engineering Squadron was to maintain all structures, roads, ditches, sidewalks, airfields, fences and surrounding wooded areas, water lines nan sewage disposal systems. In addition, the squadron produced all the water and electrical energy and was responsible for such things as insect and rodent control, fire protection, trash and garbage disposal and general purpose janitorial services.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control in Security Police, Comptroller or Procurement in this volume of the history.]

56th Air Commando Wing October through December 1967 history, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1967, V. 2, IRIS Number 451113):

Supporting Document 44, History, 56th Supply Squadron, Oct-Dec 1967:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

Supporting Document 62, History, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct-Dec 1967:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

Supporting Document 64, History, 56th Security Police Squadron, Oct-Dec 1967:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

Supporting Document 68, History, Base Procurement Office, Oct-Dec 1967:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

Supporting Document 70, History, Comptroller, Oct-Dec 1967:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

56th Air Commando Wing, January through March 1968, Volume 4 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1968, V. 4, IRIS Number 451117):

Supporting Document 125, Historical Data Report, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-Mar 1968:

Page 1, Mission: Maintains all structures, roads, ditches, sidewalks, airfields, fences and surrounding wooded areas.

Responsible for all insect and rodent control.

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues such as construction, vegetation control or herbicide use.]

Supporting Document 132, Historical Data Report, 56th Security Police Squadron, Jan-Mar 1968:

Page 1, Mission: The primary mission of the 56th Security Police Squadron is security of the combat capability of the 56th Air Commando Wing, protection of USAF resources within the confines of Nakhon Phanom RTAFB, enforcement of law and order among persons subject to the [uniform] code [of military justice].

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues such as construction, vegetation control or herbicide use.]

56th Air Commando Wing, April through June 1968, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 451118):

Tab M, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1968:

Page 1, Mission: Maintains all structures, roads, ditches, sidewalks, airfields, fences, and surrounding wooded areas.

Responsible for all insect and rodent control.

Page 3, Base Civil Engineer Equipment: Type Vehicle Quantity Sprayer & Duster 2

Page 4, Facility Construction Status, as of 30 June 1968:

Const % Est. Qtr Facility Scope CWE ($000) Compl Compl Calendar

Perimeter Security Road LS 573 3% 4/68

Perimeter Security Lighting LS Incl in Above 4% 4/68

Perimeter Security Fence LS Incl in Above 5% 4/68

Page 10, Land Management: A land management plan is currently in the programs development stage. Because of the instantaneous development of this installation and its rapid growth a plan is late in coming, however, as-built drawings are being updated and future development plans are currently in use. Complete compliance with AFR 126-4, Soil and Water Management is projected in the very near future. Contractor’s service is used to control the rapid jungle vegetation growth and maintain the appearance of the base. Grass and vegetation is cut to a height of not less than two inches and not more than four inches. Grassed areas are mowed weekly. Ditches and streams are trimmed weekly by hand labor to prevent clogging of drainage culverts. Cost for this service is approximately $13,000 per year.

Page 29, Entomology: One of the 13th AF I.G. team write ups for Civil Engineering during their visit in January 68, was that the entomology section had not developed a pest control

63 plan. It was later discovered that all 13th AF bases lacked a suitable plan, and a suspense was levied on all bases by higher headquarters.

The plan, the first and only one ever prepared for this base, was completed and forwarded in advance of the 15 April 68 suspense. Not only was the plan the first one for this base, it was judged one of the best plans in PACAF according to a letter of commendation from Brigadier General Archie S. Mayes, Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Engineering PACAF [dated 7 May 1968].

Supporting Document 2, Memo, RAFRCE- Nakhon Phanom to AFRCE-Thai, Subject: Narrative Construction Progress Report for Week Ending Wednesday, 12 June 1968, dated 12 June 1968:

Page 5, Paragraphs 22 through 24: Road, Perimeter/Security; 67/851-147; LW; 3%; November 68: Grubbing is complete for the southeast corner of base and west perimeter, and approximately 50% complete for the north perimeter. There was no further progress since the last report. Anticipate very little or no progress during this monsoon season.

Lighting, Perimeter/Security; 67/872-84A; LS; 4%; December 68: Grubbing is complete for the southeast corner of the base and west perimeter, and approximately 50% complete for the north perimeter. There was no further progress since the last report. Anticipate very little or no progress during this monsoon season.

Fence, Perimeter/Security; 67/872-247; LS; December 68: Grubbing is complete for the southeast corner of the base and west perimeter, and approximately 50% complete for the north perimeter. There was no further progress since the last report. Anticipate very little or no progress during this monsoon season.

Page 11, Special Remarks: This will be the final Narrative Construction Progress Report due to the temporary deactivation of the Resident AFRCE office at Nakhon Phanom RTAB.

Tab N, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Apr-Jun 68:

Page 1, Mission: To prevent close-in enemy reconnaissance, infiltration, raids, ambushes, and attacks by guerrilla or other groups; to contain enemy forces which have penetrated the airbase areas and to destroy the enemy by counterattack.

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter issues or vegetation control issues in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 451123):

[NOTE: The 56th Air Commando Wing was redesignated as the 56th Special Operations Wing as of 1 August 1968.]

Page 99, Facilities: On 11 September almost three inches of rain fell between 0001 and 0300 hours local. Two feet of water covered the runway’s centerline, swirling drainage flow ripped the matting loose from the base, damaging runway light cables and causing the lights to fail. Starting at 1490 feet from the south end 132 feet of matting floated six feet to the west; the next 232 feet moved 28 feet; and the last 72 feet were displaced 24 feet.

Page 100: Concern for base security was heavily emphasized during the quarter, following the overt attack by hostile forces against Udorn RTAFB. Several programs were started to improve NKP’s security perimeter.

Page 101: One of the first projects was clearing jungle vegetation from the base perimeter. This work started with in-house labor and was continued by a contractor.

Another project was to develop a security fence, lights, and access road around the perimeter. Although the final design had not been approved by PACAF at the close of the quarter, $555,000 in construction funds had been budgeted.

Page 105, Security Police: Base security received renewed emphasis following the 26 July attack on Udorn RTAFB. This attack marked the first time a Thailand base came under an open assault.

NKP, although not experiencing an attack this quarter, maintained a constant vigil. Colonel Roland K. McCoskrie, wing commander, outlined the attack threat to the base in his end of tour report:

Our specific vulnerability stems from the fact that an enemy force can infiltrate to within an extremely close range of the base. Having accomplished this, a high trajectory rocket or mortar attack can be directed against the installation…

Page 108: A Special Forces officer, Maj. William D. Patton, later replaced by Captain Blair, was assigned to the base, 1 August, as Ground Defense Liaison Officer.

Initial ground defense problems observed by Major Patton were (1) observation and fields of fire were restricted because of the poor positioning of weapons, absence of observation towers, lack of defoliation and poor illumination; Concertina wire was not staked down and as a result it was removed by indigenous personnel on a daily basis. Patrols from the security police were dispatched daily to replace the stolen wire. It was obvious if the local villagers could remove concertina wire without being detected, an enemy force could penetrate the perimeter without being detected.

Page 112: On 1 August all USAF commanders in Thailand were requested to evaluate and submit to 13th AF IGS their requirements for fencing and lighting of base perimeter and resources area boundaries plus an all weather base perimeter and feeder access roads. In addition, multiple fencing was planned to be placed around base perimeters where appropriate.

Page 113: The base responded to 13th’s request for a jungle clearance plan, 21 August. The local plan estimated 120 days to clear 850 acres of jungle inside the base perimeter. It would involve 750 local nationals and 40 USAF NCOs.

Appendix VII, Tab O, Historical Data Record of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, 1 July to 30 September 1968:

Page 3, Base Civil Engineer Equipment: Type Vehicle Quantity Sprayer & Duster 2

Page 4, Facility Construction Status, as of 30 Sept 1968:

Const % Est. Qtr Facility Scope CWE ($000) Compl Compl Calendar

Perimeter Security Road LS 573 3% unk

Perimeter Security Lighting LS Incl in Above 4% unk

Perimeter Security Fence LS Incl in Above 5% ink

Page 20, Security: The concern for base security has been heavily emphasized during this quarter especially after the overt attack by hostile forces against another Thai military installation. Several programs were initiated to provide a better security perimeter for NKP. One of the projects under way included jungle clearance along the base perimeter (see photo, below).

Photo extract from 56th Civil Engineering Squadron history for July-September 1968, “During cleaning operations on the east perimeter. Vegetation control and disposal being accomplished by service contract.”

[NOTE: The following comments, while transcripted from the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron history, also on page 20, are originally from the daily history documents, “The Daily Dairy” and are those of the Base Civil Engineer (BCE), Lt Col John G. Rice.]

“Some labor force will be cutting vegetation on the east perimeter today. I have pulled my cutting crew from the airfield areas and intend to use the Red Horse laborers from the sandbagging operation in the old ammo storage area. All necessary paper work will be in procurement today and Col Ward (Lt Col Robert W. Ward, Procurement Officer) plans to have a meeting of prospective bidders in his office today at 1600 hours. The in- house labor force will perform for the few days required to get a contractor on base and then they will return to their previously assigned tasks.” --dated 6 August 1968.

“I dispatched an answer to 7/13AF on action I am taking to accomplish vegetation control by service contract. I have cleared this with 13AF DCEM and we are preparing necessary specifications to get PACAF approval. 13AF DCEM says it should almost be automatic. We will clean up the internal areas similarly

to the perimeter clean up except we will not remove large or desirable trees.” –dated 13 September 1968.

Another project is underway to develop a security fence, lights, and access road around the perimeter. One proposal was similar to drawing, below. A finalized design was not completed as of the end of this quarter, but is anticipated shortly from PACAF. The required funding of $550,000 has been accomplished.

NKP proposed perimeter fence security plan drawing, July-September 1968. Note that at the time, there was no fence completely surrounding NKP, so there was no place to spray herbicides. Up to this time, the topic of herbicide use is not mentioned in any NKP unit histories.

Page 26, Commander’s Conclusions: This period should have been enough to dampen one’s spirits. It seemed that all our problems were caused by and/or the solution hindered by, the rains and it’s consequences. Although receiving slightly below normal rainfall, we did receive a daily average of over ½ inch. Whoever before heard of waking up in the morning and finding that your runway had floated away? It really did! And the reaction of our clearly superior non-commissioned officers was to quickly handle it as a new challenge.

Supporting Document 7, Memo from 56SOW/BCEE to 56SOW/BC, Subject:” Findings and Determination for Vegetation Control project, Dated 16 August 1968:

1. Request the attached Findings and Determination for Vegetation Control on the perimeter be approved.

2. This service is considered essential to mission support and is necessary for the security of the base. In-service personnel are not available to perform this service. The dense bush vegetation growth prevents the Security Police from fully providing the protection that is required.

Signed JOHN G. RICE, Lt Col, USAF Base Civil Engineer

Tab P, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Sep 1968:

[NOTE: No mention of base perimeter issues, such as fencing, lighting or vegetation control is made in this history.]

Nakhon Phanom RTAFB Ammo Storage Area, July 1968.

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 897603):

Supporting Document 35, Colonel Roland K. McCoskrie, 56th Special Operations Wing Commander’s End of Tour Report:

Page 27, Security Assessment: Our specific vulnerability stems from the fact that an enemy force can infiltrate to within an extremely close range of the base. Having accomplished this, a high trajectory rocket or mortar attack can be directed against the installation. The enemy is aided in this respect by jungle approaches and natural growth on the perimeter of the base. Some clearing of these approaches has been accomplished, but from a standpoint of security and defense, a great deal more is needed.

Once we install the fences, lighting, and all-weather roads which security reviews and inspections say we need, we will increase the observation/detection capability of the in-place security force.

[NOTE: Notice that the wing commander has set the priority system for perimeter defense: 1) Fences, 2) lighting, 3) roads, and finally then foliage control.]

[NOTE: Udorn RTAFB was attacked on 26 July 1968, which prompted the below message to be sent to all USAF bases in Thailand:]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 3, IRIS Number 451125):

[NOTE: After the attack on Udorn RTAFB on 26 July 1968, a flurry of messages outlining base defense measures to be taken, along with groups of inspectors and study groups from higher headquarters descended on various bases to provide review each base’s security needs and provide assistance where they could. See below:]

Supporting Document 67, Message, 27 July 1968, Deptuy Commander, 7/13 AF, Udorn Afld, Thailand to 8TFW, Ubon; 355TFW, Takhli; 388TFW Korat; 432TRW Udorn; 56ACW, NKP; 6310CSG, Don Muang; 6350CSG, U-Tapao; MACTHAI; 7AF, TSN; 13AF, Clark; HQ PACAF; AMEBM Bangkok, Thailand; American Counsl, Udorn, Subject: Lessons Learned From The Attack on Udorn, 26 Jul 68:

[NOTE: The rest of the message deals with the need for flare ships, fire discipline, Thai guard and forces support and radio coordination. The final paragraph states:]

Paragraph 3: Commanders will take the following steps:

Extract, Supporting Document 88, Message, (written 2 August, sent 3 August 1968), 56CSG, Lt Col Rochelle, NKP to 13AF/IGS, Clark AFB, Phil, Subject: Thailand Base Defense Survey:

From Lt Col Rochelle to 13 AF (IGS. As outlined in my previous msg the objective of this current survey is to study and come up with recommendations, if any, concerning the overall air base defense posture of all Thailand bases.

This survey was requested by Deputy Commander 7/13AF.

Present team composition consist of Lt Col Rochelle, MSgt Adkin and TSgt Nadeau, 13AF IGS and special invited members Lt Col Garred, U.S. Army Ground Defense Advisor 7AF IGS and MSgt Ryan USAF 7AF IGS.

Survey of Base Defensive Posture is to include but not necessarily limit to: A. Area Defense Command Control B. Base Defense Command Control C. Base Defense Equipment D. Base Defense Manpower E. Base Defense Operations/Plans F. Base Defense Physical Barrier Program G. Base Defense Tactical Support H. Base Defense Passive Defense Measures

[Administrative concerns of this team is omitted.]

So far survey at Udorn and NKP has brought forth three major problem areas which require action by 13AF staff. Number One—[ammunition issues, and attempts to correct are omitted]. Second problem encountered at both bases is shortages of security police and Thai guard personnel. Third problem is an almost total lack of adequate physical aids i.e. fence, perimeter lights, towers, perimeter roads etc.

[The rest of the message deals with manning corrections and are omitted here.]

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control was made in this message of this survey team.]

Extract, Supporting Document 74, Message, 56 Combat Support Group (BSP), Major William D. Patton, US Army to Commanding Officer, Detachment 2, ARAG/JUSMAGT, Korat, 4 August 1968:

1. A USAF Security Team from 7/13 AF visited the NKP Air Base during the period 2 through 4 August. Team was composed of Lt Col Garred (US Army), Lt Col Rochelle and three NCO’s (USAF). The purpose of their visit was to conduct an inspection of the internal security system of the base and to report their findings and recommendations to the Deputy Commanding General, 7/13 AF (Udorn).

2. Omitted.

3. During the above mentioned visit, CO Det II directed me to conduct a study and forward him my recommendations as to what assistance should be provided by 2D Army (FWD). I am presently unable to provide a realistic evaluation or recommendation for the following Reasons:

A. Omitted.

B. The basic problem as pertains to the defense of the base is one of internal defense. The following reasons are cited:

1. Observation and fields of fire are restricted because of the poor positioning of weapons, absence of observation towers, lack of defoliation and poor illumination.

Supporting Document 84, Message, Deputy Commander, 7/13AF Udorn to AIG 7296, 1 August 1968, Subject: Thailand Security Program:

For: Senior Commanders all 7/13AF Bases in Thailand. Insure that immediate action is taken to evaluate and submit in one package to 13AF (DCE) with information copies to this HQ’s and 13AF IGS requirements for fencing and lighting of base perimeter and resource area boundaries, and all weather base perimeter and feeder access roads. Where appropriate, multiple fencing will be programmed around base perimeters. These packages will in effect consolidate all previous requests for physical aids and include any new requirements of PACAFM 207-25. Forward packages so as to arrive HQ 13AF NLT 15 Aug 68.

[NOTE: Again the Deputy Commander for 7/13th Air Force is spelling out the priorities for air base defense in Thailand. Note that there is no mention of vegetation control. However, just a couple of weeks later, the Deputy Commander for 7/13th Air Force notified Nakhon Phanom of a Thai General Officer visiting NKP for the express purpose of reviewing foliage control at NKP, see below:]

Supporting Document 86, Message, Deputy Commander for 7/13AF, Udorn, to 56th Combat Support Group NKP, Subject: Visit of Lt Gen Kriangsak, 14 August 1968:

Lt Gen Kriangsak is visiting your base Friday 16 Aug 68. He favors clearing heavy wooded areas around base. Request you be prepared to brief Gen Kriangsak and Gen Seith on requirements, specifically:

(1) Prepare a map designating those areas you desired cleared of woods or brush. (2) Designate clear zones or restricted areas where night curfew is to be imposed. (3) Take action to surround curfew zone and cleared zone with concertina. (4) Be prepared to discuss defense facilities and base defenses plan. (5) Plan helicopter tour for Lt Gen Kriangsak and Maj Gen Seith so areas can be reviewed from air and correlated with map.

[NOTE: In addition to the above visitors, a Base Defense Study Group composed of both Thai and US members were coming to Nakhon Phanom along with Lt Gen Kriansak (or Krigsad, depending upon which message you review). 7/13th Air Force Information Office informed NKP of this additional group with the following:]

Supporting Document 87, Message, 7/13th Air Force Information Office, Bangkok Thailand to 56 Special Operations Wing, Nakhon Phanom Airport, Thailand, Subject: Base Defense Study Groups, 17 August 1968:

For: Command & Protocol at 56 Special Operations Wg, Deputy Commander Protocol and MDC at 7/13 AF.

Subject group will be visiting your base in two groups. First group consisting of Col Sonsak, Supreme Command Headquarters Forward J3, Capt Puchong, Supreme Command Headquarters, Forward J2, Lt Col Kirkwood, MACTAHI J3, Maj Halleburton, MACTAHI J2, and Capt Cary, MACTAHI J2. Will arrive 19 Aug at 1430 via C-130. Will Stay for six days.

Second group consisting of Lt Gen Krisad, Deputy Chairman, Joint Chief of Staff, National Security Command, Supreme Command Headquarters, Lt Gen Kamjon, Supreme Command Headquarters Forward Attached, Mr. Stokes, American Embassy SA/C1, Brig Gen Baer, Dep COMUSMACTHAI, Col Vibul, Supreme Command Headquarters Forward J3, Col Pradas, Supreme Command Headquarters Forward J2, Lt Col Adams, American Embassy, Pomil, and MAF Edgenaisson MACTHAI SJS will arrive 20 Aug at 0930 via U-21.

Departure time unknown.

[NOTE: The anticipated visit came, and the Wing Commander provided the 1/13th Air Force Deputy Commander a report on how it went. See below:]

Supporting Document 85, Message, 56th Special Operations Wing Commander, Colonel Roland K. McCoskrie to Deputy Commander, 7/13th Air Force, Subject: Jungle Clearance NKP RTAFB, 21 August 1968:

Reference conversations Lieutenant General Kriangsak, Major General Seith and Colonel McCoskrie, 20 August 1968, following is local estimate of scope of project for clearing of jungle inside the fence at NKP RTAFB.

A. There are approximately 850 acres to be cleared. B. Based on a 120 day performance time: 750 local nationals including 30 working leaders. 40 NCOs, grounds maintenance and equipment operators (if rental equipment is furnished with operators, can be reduced to 30). 20 Dump Trucks. 6 Dozers with discs and drags (D-6 size). C. This force could clear all scrub, underbrush, and small trees including disposal by burning of all removed debris. D. Cost estimate: 750 LNS $72,000, 40 NCOs $76,800, 20 trucks $48,000, 6 D-6 Dozers $45,000, supplies, tools and equipment $11,000, for a total of $252,800. Adding 10 per cent contingency of $25,280, the Grand Total is $278,080.

This project would be over and above present construction and maintenance programs. Subject to your concurrence we are preparing a priority O&M project for submission to 13AF for overhire authority and funds to perform this work. The 30-40 NCO supervisors and equipment operators are additive to our present BCE and/or Red Horse strength. In the meantime we will initiate the project using Red Horse labor and equipment on days when weather prohibits other work.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above messages, the attack on Udorn was a ‘wake-up call’ to all Thai bases to strengthen the physical barriers around their bases. Higher Headquarters emphasized the fences, lighting, road systems and bunkers as the most immediate needs, and foliage control seems to be a distant last in this order of precedence. However, a service contract was let for local nationals to cut and clear away vegetation. The de-emphasis on vegetation control may stem from the fact that it was under contract to clear and a visiting Red Horse Rapid Engineering Deployment, Heavy Operational [or overseas] Repair Squadron, Engineer; team of civil engineer specialists deployed to work at an air base on large construction projects. Therefore the uniformed personnel of the 56th Special Operations Wing did not appear to pay it much attention as someone else (Red Horse and local contractors) appeared to be taking care of that particular aspect of the base security situation.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1968, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 451126):

Page 94, Facilities: The vegetation control project which was started last quarter as a security measure continued throughout this quarter.

By the end of December the clearing for security fence around the base was 80 per cent complete. Red Horse reported that three per cent of the work had been

74 completed for the roads, five per cent for the fence and four per cent for the lights.

[NOTE: A Rapid Engineering Deployment, Heavy Operational [or overseas] Repair Squadron, Engineer; team of civil engineer specialists deployed to work at an air base on large construction projects, and a local contract had been let and local nationals were cutting and clearing away the vegetation. See the July through September 1968 history, above for more details. However, Red Horse was clearing the jungle away to erect a perimeter fence, since none was present at this time, not to remove vegetation from a fence. Therefore, cutting and grading were the means to accomplish this, not using herbicides.]

Tab K, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct-Dec 1968:

Page 3, Base Civil Engineer Equipment:

Type Vehicle Quantity Sprayer & Duster 2

Page 5, Facility Construction Status: Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Security Package (Perimeter) LS See Below Security Lights, Perimeter LS 0% 2/69 Security Roads, Perimeter LS 10% 1/69 Security Fence, Perimeter LS 0% 1/69

Page 14, Narrative: In the area of security a vegetation control plan to clear the base perimeter is being accomplished. Work is by Red Horse and contract.

Tab L, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Oct-Dec 1968:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter issues in this unit history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 451128):

Page 99, Facilities: A jungle clearance project was started 7 March. The project encompassed 885 acres and included clearing vegetation inside the base perimeter. Chemical treatment to the cleared area was planned to help control future growth. The work was contracted.

Page 100: The overall base security project was approximately 40 per cent completed by the end of the reporting period. The project included roads, guard towers, fencing and lights. The road was approximately 45 per cent completed at the end of the quarter. Half of the prefabricated guard towers were in position. Completion of the project was not expected before the end of the rainy season.

Page 102, Security: The primary mission of the 56th Security Police Squadron was to prevent close-in enemy reconnaissance, infiltration, raids, ambushes, and attacks by guerrilla or other insurgent groups. The squadron was also responsible for containing enemy forces which might penetrate the base areas and to destroy the enemy by counterattack.

Page 103: During January, security police erected an additional 16 hardened bunkers on the north perimeter. The north, south and east perimeters were cleared of jungle vegetation a minimum distance of 300 feet to effect optimum fields of fire for bunker positions. Also overlapping K-9 patrols were utilized in resources protection.

A review of base perimeter defenses was made in February to include evaluation of additional land acquisition for in-depth defense of Task Force Alpha. This project was funded and approved by Thirteenth Air Force and incorporated into existing perimeter physical security.

[NOTE: As seen from the above, the jungle was ‘cleared’ so weapons located in bunkers near the perimeter could have a clear view to acquire enemy targets. This would require a quick removal of foliage, not the slow process and dead debris that herbicides would leave. Since a Red Horse unit was involved (a unit with large equipment), the quick way to solve the problem would have been through the use of bulldozers and graders.]

Page 105: A total of 129 bunkers were constructed by security police personnel during this quarter on the base perimeter. Four more were projected. Also five perimeter towers were built by Red Horse. Three more were planned.

Tab K, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-Mar 1969:

Page 2, Mission: The primary mission of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron is to acquire, construct, maintain, and operate real property facilities at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB and Mukdahan Air Station and provide related management, engineering, and other support work and services. The most significant examples which are included in the mission are to: a. Maintain all structures, roads, ditches, sidewalks, airfields, fences, and surrounding wooded areas. i. Provide for insect and rodent control.

Page 6, Base Civil Engineer Equipment:

Type Vehicle Quantity Sprayer & Duster 2

Page 11, Facility Construction Status: Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Security Package (Perimeter) LS See Below Security Lights, Perimeter LS 0% Unk Security Fence, Perimeter LS 0% Unk Security Roads, Perimeter LS 10% 2/69

Page 29, Jungle Clearance: This project was started on 7 March 69; estimated completion date is 6 July 69. This project encompasses 885 acres and will clear vegetation inside the base perimeter; Trees with a diameter of eight inches or more will be left standing. A chemical treatment to the cleared area will help control future growth. This project is being accomplished by contract.

[NOTE: No mention of Red Horse in the above.]

Page 30, Security Package: The base security project is approximately 40 per cent complete. This project includes roads, guard towers, fencing, and lights. The road is approximately 45 per cent complete and half of the prefabricated guard towers are in position. The Road and Guard towers will be completed before the rain but the leveling and installation of the fence lines may be deferred until the next construction season.

Tab L, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron:

Page 3, Narrative: A total of 129 bunkers were constructed by Security Police personnel on the Base perimeter. Four more are projected.

Five perimeter Towers were built by Red Horse. Three more are projected.

[NOTE: No mention in the Security Police Squadron unit history of vegetation control.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 451129):

Supporting Document 42, Message, 56 CMBT SPT GP, Nakhon Phanom RTAFB Thai to 7/13AF, Udorn RTAFB, Thai, Subject: Base Security Council, drafted 13 January 1970, sent 14 January 1970:

1. OPLAN207-69 approved by 13th AF (IGS). Received 60 rounds of 90 mm recoilless rifle ammunition. Security police erected an additional 16 hardened bunkers on the north perimeter. The north, south and east perimeter has been cleared of jungle vegetation a minimum distance of 300 feet to effect optimum fields of fire for bunker positions. Overlapping K-9 patrols are being utilized in resource protection. Base commander and chief of security police are coordinating joint defense plans with Thai military authorities. Security police

77 trained 83 Royal Thai AF infantry personnel in tactics and weapons qualification on M-16 and M-60 (Completed 21 Dec 68).

[Rest of message omitted as it does not address perimeter foliage issues.]

Supporting Document 43, Message, 56 CMBT SPT GP, Nakhon Phanom RTAFB Thai to 7/13AF, Udorn RTAFB, Thai, Subject: Base Security Council, 11 February 1970:

1. A review of base perimeter defenses was made to include evaluation of additional land acquisition for in-depth defense of Task Force Alpha. This project funded and approved by 13AF and incorporated into existing perimeter physical security aids package previously approved. Perimeter road construction is progressing satisfactorily. Fencing and lighting installation is not presently underway due to lack of material. Red Horse commander is attempting to expedite materials thru DCM channels.

[Rest of message omitted as it does not address perimeter foliage issues.]

[NOTE: At various times in this history it is noted that ‘chemicals’ is being put down by the Thai contractors to control vegetation growth. Unfortunately, it does not state what type of chemicals, but since it is a contract with a Thai company, it would have been something that they could procure on their own, which points to commercially available in Thailand type of vegetation control. Also note that construction around the perimeter fence has slowed down due to lack of materials.]

Thirteenth Air Force, 1 July 1968 through 30 June 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1969 (1 Jul 68-30 Jun 69), Vol 1, IRIS Number 899069):

[NOTE: After the attack on Udorn in July 1968, efforts were made to improve base defense in Thailand. The below entry concerns Thailand as a whole as of 28 April 1969:]

Thirteenth Air Force, 1 July 1968 through 30 June 1969, Volume 4 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1969 (1 Jul 68-30 Jun 69), Vol 4, IRIS Number 899072):

Supporting Document 184, Message, HQ 13AF to CINCPACAF/Commander, 281130Z April 1969, Subject: Base Defense/Security – Thailand:

Page 4 of 5, paragraph 6 d: Defoliation is underway and in various stages of completion.

[NOTE: As can be seen, with only one sentence out of five pages of this message, vegetation control did not merit much discussion. To clear the areas near the perimeter fences quickly to afford a defensive advantage, the foliage would have to be removed quickly. Herbicides do not do this as the debris is still required to be removed. Initial vegetation control was most likely conducted by mowing, cutting, burning, bull-dozing or use of other heavy equipment like road graders.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 451130):

Page 104, Facilities: The monsoon season which began in May brought problems involving airfield drainage and erosion. These problems were expected to continue throughout the monsoon season and continued efforts were made to identify work to be accomplished during the upcoming dry season [starting in the fall].

Page 109, Security: Six more perimeter towers were built during this quarter making a total of eleven.

Page 110: On 2 June a Thai guard [Par San Korta] was accidentally killed when a bunker [A-34] collapsed on him during heavy rains. Both Thai guards and security police personnel attended the cremation ceremonies held in Khon Kean.

Following this accident, base civil engineers inspected remaining bunkers. As a result all existing roofs were removed. All bunkers scheduled for modification were to be inspected by civil engineers prior to security police acceptances. Daily inspections by security supervisors of all existing bunkers was conducted. Modifications were expected to be completed early next quarter.

[NOTE: The above is included to illustrate the arrival of the monsoon rains and that herbicide treatment would not have been utilized as it would have been ineffective in such rainy weather.]

Tab K, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1969:

Page 6, Base Civil Engineer Equipment:

Type Vehicle Quantity Sprayer & Duster 2

Page 11, Facility Construction Status: Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Security Package (Perimeter) LS See Below Security Lights, Perimeter LS 0% 4/69

Security Fence, Perimeter LS 0% 3/69 Security Roads, Perimeter LS 10% 3/69

Page 20, Narrative: This quarter marked the end of the fiscal year.

Page 22, Perimeter Guard Towers 67 SMCP: Eleven guard towers have been completed as of the end of June The security guards have moved in and are using these facilities.

[NOTE: No mention of the vegetation control around the perimeter fence area in this history. Notice that the construction season starts around October and ends around May, stopped by heavy monsoon rains.]

Tab L, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Apr-Jun 1969:

Page 4, Narrative: Six (6) more perimeter towers were built during this quarter making the total, eleven (11).

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 451132):

Page 110, Security: Also during this quarter, a system of setting up trip flares and a daily check by the SAT in the area was initiated on the base perimeter fence.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control in this history.]

Tab K, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Aug 1969:

Mission: The primary mission of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron is to acquire, construct, maintain, and operate real property facilities at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB and Mukdahan Air Station and provide related management, engineering, and other support work and services. The most significant examples which are included in the mission are to: a. Maintain all structures, roads, ditches, sidewalks, airfields, fences, and surrounding wooded areas. i. Provide for insect and rodent control.

Base Civil Engineer Equipment:

Type Vehicle Quantity Sprayer & Duster 2

Facility Construction Status: Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Security Package (Perimeter) LS See Below Security Lights, Perimeter LS 8 4/69 Security Roads, Perimeter LS 92 3/69 Security Fence, Perimeter LS 80 3/69

O&M Projects Accomplished by Contract:

Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Const Storage Bldg, Toxic Chemical 450 SF 55 3/69

Major Projects Under Construction: Perimeter security road, lights & fence, FY 67 SMCP, by Red Horse estimated completion Nov 69.

During the period of July-August 1969, progress on all exterior work was hampered due to unusually high amounts of rain. The adequacy of the airfield drainage was severely tested and proved capable of handling a large quantity of water in a short period of time (Approximately four inches in less than an hour). There was considerable erosion in some of the drainage structures and sand bagging was required. The large quantities of rain did take their toll on the base streets. Base course failure was extensive and major repairs are required.

While the rains did have a devastating effect in many areas, they aided in base beautification. Barren areas were seeded and fertilized which will eliminate dust during the next dry season and mud during the monsoons. In addition, contracts were let to sod many areas where erosion was a continuing problem and shrubs and trees were planted to make the base more attractive.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Sep 1969:

Mission: No change.

Facility Construction Status: Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Security Package (Perimeter) LS See Below Security Lights, Perimeter LS 15 4/69 Security Roads, Perimeter LS 94 4/69 Security Fence, Perimeter LS 98 4/69

O&M Projects Accomplished by Contract:

Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Const Storage Bldg, Toxic Chemical 450 SF 100 3/69

Completed Projects: Toxic Chemical Storage Building: The 450 SF [square foot] building was completed on 20 Sep 69. It will aid the Civil Engineering Entomology Shop by allowing additional storage space for chemicals.

Commander’s Conclusions: The monsoon rains tapered off during the month of September permitting a resumption of horizontal work. The projects designed to enhance the beauty of the base progressed rapidly. NKP shall soon forget the rather unpleasant days of old when everywhere one looked, he saw only red dust or red mud. The sodding and shrubbery works and the painting of numerous buildings have given the base a new face.

Tab L, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Aug 1969:

Mission: To prevent close in enemy reconnaissance, infiltration, raids, ambushes, and attacks by guerrilla or other insurgent groups; to contain enemy forces which have penetrated the airbase areas and to destroy the enemy by counter attack.

Page 2, Narrative: A system of setting up trip flares and a daily check sheet by the SAT in the area was initiated on the base perimeter fence. In conjunction with the modification of the perimeter bunkers, discarded ammo boxes were dismantled and the wood was used to put roof on the modified bunkers.

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Sep 1969:

Mission: no change.

Page 2, Narrative: During the month of Sep 69, the following physical security aids were constructed through Self-Help projects by the Security Police. All materials used for these projects was salvage material, therefore keeping all costs to an absolute minimum.

a. A total of nine bunkers were built on the outside perimeter of the MMS area as close-in-defenses. b. A total of six guard shacks were constructed for the Entry Control Points to the Flight Line as close-in-defenses.

432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-432-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 457857):

Supporting Document 88, Thirteenth Air Force Security Defense Survey, signed by Colonel T.L. Simpson, dated 19 September 1969, to 8, 56, 355, 388, 432, and 635 Combat Support Groups:

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 451134):

Page 209, Facilities: October saw the completion of a perimeter security fence on 1 October. The double fence runs around the entire base, a distance of approximately 10 miles, and will aid the security police in the protection of the installation.

Page 212: Assistance was requested from Thirteenth Air Force to procure the services of RANCH-HAND to defoliate the ordnance drop area. Herbicides available here were of a sterilant type and could not be used. Application must be by air because the area is overgrown and ground application would be extremely dangerous due to live munitions in the area.

[NOTE: See text of complete message in Volume 4, below.]

Page 213: During November, it was requested that two TD-20 dozers be provided to the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron [Nakhon Phanom] by the 355th Civil Engineering Squadron [Takhli] for a period of six months staring on 1 December. These dozers were required to grade the perimeter area of the base for security purposes. Work would require four dozers for a period of six months. Two rental dozers were required in addition to these two TD-20s to permit completion of the perimeter security area and other essential earth work on the airfield and adjoining areas.

[NOTE: The above shows the primary means of vegetation control—the removal of vegetation by bull dozers from around the perimeter fence area for security purposes. See below for the full text of the message in Volume 4.]

International Harvester TD-20 Bulldozer during construction at Phu Cat Air Base, Vietnam in April 1967, operated by member of the 819th Civil Engineering Squadron (RED HORSE). This was the type of bulldozer the 56th CES was requesting at NKP for vegetation control.

Page 219, Security: Lt. Col. O.D. Steffey from PACAF (IGS) conducted a staff assistance visit between 20 and 21 October. He made several recommendations to improve the security posture of the base to include (a) modification of guard towers to better protect the sentry; (b) additional vegetation control to provide sentries clear line of vision by removing obstructions in addition to denying hostile forces any concealment; and (c) installation of additional concertina wire safeguards along the perimeter and bunker line to provide additional physical safeguards for both the base and sentries alike.

[NOTE: The above entry shows that vegetation control is still not being done, or not being done very well, as higher headquarters keeps bringing the topic to the base’s attention. The staff assistance visit is in late October, and by 26 November 1969, the base is asking for bulldozers to clear the perimeter area for security purposes. The following message is included in the 56th SOW history:

Supporting Document 117, Message, 56th combat Support Group [Civil Engineering] to 13AF/DCEM/Clark AB Philippines [Civil Engineering], and 355th

Combat Support Group/BCE [Civil Engineering], Takhli RTAFB, Thailand, 26 November 1969:

Subject: TD-20 Dozers for NKP

1. Request two TC-20 dozers be provided to 56 CES by the 355 CES for a period of six months staring on 1 Dec 69. 2. These dozers are required to grade the perimeter a4rea of the base for security purposes. Work will require four dozers for a period of six months. 3. Two rental dozers will be required in addition to the two TD-20’s to permit completion of the perimeter security area and other essential earth work on the airfield and adjoining areas. 4. Paragraphs 1 and 2 above confirm telecom between your Captain Delph and our Sgt Leslie, 24 Nov 69.

Signed

Harry H. Magazu, Lt Col, USAF Chief, Programs Division

And

George R. Grube, Lt Col, USAF Base Civil Engineer

NOTE: The above entries for the October through December 1969 time period show that cutting and scraping the vegetation was the method used in controlling the foliage around the base perimeter fence. Although Agent Orange was discussed as a means to clear a bomb drop area, there is no evidence that the request was honored and clearly shows that Tactical Herbicides were not available to Nakhon Phanom.]

[NOTE: The above request for bulldozers was honored, as can be seen from the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing’s October through December 1969 history, which includes all of the message traffic the Dozers generated:

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, October through December 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-335-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 456443):

Historical Data Record, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct-Dec 1969:

Page 11: On 25 Nov 69 a message was received from the 56th CSG at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB requesting the loan of two TD-20 dozers to be used on the perimeter security project at that base. On 2 Dec 69 a message was received from 13AF directing that these dozers be shipped to NKP as soon as possible. The dozers were shipped approximately 13 Dec 69.

Attachment 24, Message, 251034Z Nov 69

From 56 CMBTSPTGP Nakhon Phanom Aprt Thai To RUMMWKA/13AF/DCEM/Clark Subject: TD-20 Dozers for NKP

1. Request two TD-20 dozers be provided to 56 CES by the 355 CES for a period of six months staring on 1 Dec 69.

2. These dozers are required to grade the perimeter area of the base for security purposes. Work will required four dozers for a period of six months.

3. Two rental dozers will be required in addition to the two TD-20’s to permit completion of the perimeter security area and other essential earth work on the airfield and adjoining areas.

4. Paragraph 1 and 2 above confirm TELECON between your Captain Delph and our Sgt Leslie, 24 Nov 69. BT #3596

Attachment 25, Message, 280540Z Nov 69 From 355 CMBATSPTGP Takhli AB Thailand To 13AF/DCEM/Clark AB Phil Subject: TD-20 Dozers for NKP (56 CSG, BCEP Msg, 2510342Z Nov 69)

Two (2) each TD-20 Dozers will be available for loan/shipment on 29 Nov 69.

Attachment 26, Message, 020705Z Dec 69 From 13AF, Clark AB Phil To RUMOREA/56CSG BCE NKP Aprt Thai Subject: TD 20 Dozers for NKP

Ref. A. 56/BCE/MSG 251034Z Nov 69 Same Subj. B. 355/BCE/MSG 281100Z Nov 69 Same Subj.

Ref (B) indicates that Ref (A) req for loan of 2 EA TD-20 Dozers for 6 months can be provided. Upon completion of hand receipt action transportation should be arranged by 56/BCE. Req this HQ (DCEM) be advised when Dozers arrive NKP. BT #0485]

[NOTE: Again, the above shows that NKP did not have any herbicides available and for quick action, relied on bulldozers to clear the vegetation from around the base.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 451135):

Tab K, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, October 1969:

The primary mission of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron is to acquire, construct, maintain, and operate real property facilities at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB and Mukdahan Air Station and provide related management,

86 engineering, and other support work and services. The most significant examples which are included in the mission are to: a. Maintain all structures, roads, ditches, sidewalks, airfields, fences, and surrounding wooded areas. i. Provide for insect and rodent control.

Facility Construction Status: Cons % Est. Qtr. Facility Scope Compl Compl Calendar

Security Package (Perimeter) LS See Below Security Lights, Perimeter LS 15 4/69 Security Roads, Perimeter LS 94 4/69 Security Fence, Perimeter LS 100 4/69

Completed Projects: FY 67 SMCP Project: A perimeter security fence was completed 1 Oct 69. It is a double fence that runs around the entire base, a distance of approximately 10 miles. The fence will aid the Security Police in protecting the base.

Commander’s Conclusion: A considerable effort was expended this past month in getting ready for the turnover of Red Horse construction projects to the Army (Company B, 809 Engineering Battalion) and a Red Horse Detachment from RVN.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, November 1969:

Commander’s Conclusions: During this past month our efforts were concentrated on the finalization of transferring construction projects from Red Horse to the Army (Company B, 809 Engineering Battalion) and PACAF Prime Beef Team #5 from RVN.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, December 1969:

Commander’s Conclusions: Work was started on the perimeter security package, water and sewage mains, an aircraft maintenance facility and the primary power distribution system.

Complete clearing of the area between the perimeter security fences was started this month and the [Civil Engineering Squadron] shops have worked in an outstanding manner. The efforts are paying off and when completed any intruder will have to expose himself if entry is to be made.

[NOTE: It appears that vegetation control at the perimeter fence at Nakhon Phanom was the use of the TD-20 Bulldozers that effected a “complete clearing” near the perimeter fences. No hint of herbicide use is found in this history.]

Tab L, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, October 1969:

Page 6, Air Base Defense: On 7 Oct 69, the grass cutting on the perimeter was started.

Page 7, Chief Security Police: Lt Col O.D. Steffey from PACAF (IGS) Office conducted a staff Assistance Visit of the 56th Security Police Squadron between 20 and 21 Oct 69. He made several recommendations to improve the security posture of the base to include (i) modification of guard towers to better protect the sentry; (ii) additional vegetation control to provide sentries clear line of vision by removing obstructions in addition to denying hostile forces any concealment; and (iii) installation of additional concertina wire safeguards along the perimeter and bunker line top provide additional physical safeguards for both the base and sentries alike.

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, November 1969:

Page 2, Narrative: Concertina wire was strung from the main gate up to the south end of the flight line thus closing a vulnerable area at the entrance to the base.

Page 3: A civilian contract for cutting the tall grass along the perimeter was completed. This improved the observation of the external portion of the base and insures better security of the internal area.

[NOTE: Coupled with the use of bulldozers, this civilian contract to mow the grass around the perimeter adds to the evidence that herbicides were not used at Nakhon Phanom at this time.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, December 1969:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence or vegetation control issues in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1969, Volume 4 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, V. 4, IRIS Number 451137):

Supporting Document 116:

Message, 1022Z hours, 7 November 1969 (Originally Classified Confidential, now declassified) From: 56th Combat Support Group, Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand To: Thirteenth Air Force/ DCEM (Deputy Chief of Staff, Civil Engineering, M), Clark Air Force Base, Philippines Information Copies to: 7/13th Air Forces, Udorn Air Force Base, Thailand and AFRCE-Thai, Bangkok Thailand

Subject: Jungle Clearance of Ordnance Drop Area (Unclassified Title) Previous Messages This Message is in Reference to: 56th Combat Support Group/Base Civil Engineer/456 MMS-E (originally classified Confidential), 0755Z hours, 30 October 1969; and 13th Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff, Civil Engineering M, Message of 0235Z hours, 6 November 1969.

Request assistance to procure services of Ranch-Hand to defoliate the ordnance drop area. Herbicides available are of sterilant type and cannot be used. Application must be by air because area is overgrown and ground application would be extremely dangerous due to live munitions in the area.

(Downgrade this message in accordance with Group 4 declassification procedures—downgrade at three year intervals until declassified after 12 years).

Signed by George R. Grube, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Base Civil Engineer

[NOTE: The above proves that NKP did not have any Tactical Herbicides, but when they believed they needed them, they had to ask for them from the only USAF organization that had Tactical Herbicides—Ranch Hand in Vietnam. Following the 56th Special Operations Wing histories through September 1970, the topic of spraying the ordnance drop area by Ranch Hand operations is not brought up again. This would insinuate a denial of the request.

Thirteenth Air Force Chain of Command Summary: A review of the Thirteenth Air Force histories for the July 1969 through June 1971 period failed to find any mention of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron commander’s request for aerial spraying of defoliant. In fact, there is no mention of any herbicide plans or operations in the histories. Consequently, there is no copy of any response to the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron’s request contained within these histories.

Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force Chain of Command: A courtesy copy of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Commander’s request for aerial spraying of herbicides on the ordnance drop area was sent to 7/13 Air Force at Udorn, so a review of that combined organization’s histories was also conducted.

Summary of Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force Chain of Command Research: There is no discussion in the histories, nor any supporting documents, concerned with the proposed plan to use Ranch Hand aerial spraying of herbicides for vegetation control at the ordnance drop area of Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. There is no doubt that the request was made, but it does not appear that it was followed up, and therefore insinuates that the request was not acted upon. A review of all of the 1969 and 1970 Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force histories do not reveal any undertakings to clear Nakhon Phonom’s ordnance drop zone area with aerial spraying of herbicides.

Seventh Air Force Chain of Command: Since the Thirteenth Air Force did not have Agent Orange, Orange II, White, Blue, Pink, Green, Purple, Pink-Green, or Trinoxol or Dinoxol available, that organization would have to turn to the Seventh Air Force to obtain and conduct the aerial spraying in Thailand. Therefore, research was conducted in the following Seventh Air Force organizational histories for any clues of conducting Herbicide spraying in Thailand.

12th Special Operations Squadron: A review of the 12th Special Operations Squadron histories, appended to the 315th Special Operations Wing history for the October through December 1969 period (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-315-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, IRIS Number 455449), does not mention any missions to Thailand. This would insinuate that the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron’s request was never received by the one organization that actually conducted aerial herbicide spraying.

A review of all 12th Special Operations Squadron histories, from October 1969 through June 1970, failed to find any mention of any aerial spraying of herbicides in Thailand. On 19 April 1970, the order was issued to cease all defoliation missions using Agent Orange. Since orange was no longer available, all defoliation missions previous planned for this herbicide mixture had to be shifted to Agent White. On 9 May 1970 the squadron suspended all defoliation missions. On 7 January 1971, all crop destruction aerial spraying was stopped.—See “Operation Ranch Hand, The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971” by William A. Buckingham, JR., Page 167 and 175.

Since the 12th SOS, 315th Special Operations Wing were subordinate to the Seventh Air Force, a review of the Seventh Air Force Civil Engineering histories for the January through December 1969 time period (AFHRA Call Number K740.07, Jan- Dec 1969, Vol. 1, IRIS Number 524230, CE Section) was undertaken. It does not make any mention of the plan to spray an ordnance drop area by Ranch Hand operations.

A review of the Seventh Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans historical reports for the January through December 1969 period failed to uncover any mention of Ranch Hand operations in Thailand (AFHRA Call Number K740.07, Jan-Dec 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 898774).

A review of the Seventh Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations historical reports for the January through December 1969 period failed to uncover any mention of Ranch Hand operations in Thailand (AFHRA Call Number K740.07, Jan-Dec 1969, V. 3, IRIS Number 524231).

A review of the Seventh Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations historical reports for the January through June 1970 period failed to uncover any mention of Ranch Hand operations in Thailand (AFHRA Call Number K740.07, Jan-Jun 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 524233).

A review of Seventh Air Force Intelligence Section’s reports on Ground Fire Threat Analysis for MACV Designated Herbicide Targets, Herbicide Mission Threat Studies, and Herbicide Target Area Threat Summary for the July through December 1969 period failed to include any analysis of any threats for Ranch Hand aircraft for any herbicide missions in Thailand. This would indicate that herbicides missions in Thailand were not taking place (History of Seventh Air Force, 1 July – 31 December 1969, Volume 3, Part 2; AFHRA Call Number K740.01-25, Jul-Dec 1969, V. 3, Pt. 2, supporting documents C-79 through C-81, IRIS Number 523996).

A review of the Seventh Air Force Plans Section’s documents concerning Ranch Hand operations during the latter half of 1969 revealed that the Commander-in-Chief Pacific (CINCPAC) had directed that the Commander United States Military Assistance Command-Vietnam (COMUSMACV) to phase down defoliation operations. CINCPAC pointed out that the annual program cost was now approaching $40,000,000; continued alleged destruction and loss to the Government of Vietnam economy of thousands of acres of marketable timber; continued alleged accidental defoliation and damage to tens of thousands of acres of rubber trees, orchards and crops, with resultant indemnity costs and inequities; continued high propaganda value of the program to Viet Cong organizers at the local level as well as to the National Liberation Front at the Paris meetings; and continued misgivings by segments of the scientific community, both U.S. and Government of Vietnam, regarding unknown long range ecological consequences of continued massive use of herbicides, had convinced him to start the process to eventually stop Ranch Hand operations. In light of these circumstances, expanding the Ranch Hand operations into Thailand appears to run contrary to the desires of the CINCPAC (History of Seventh Air Force, 1 July – 31 December 1969, Volume 1, Part 2, Narrative, Chapters IV – VIII; AFHRA Call Number K740.01-25, Jul-Dec 1969, V. 1, Pt. 2, Page 232 through 234, IRIS Number 523985).

Summary of Seventh Air Force Chain of Command Research: Since the Thirteenth Air Force did not have Agent Orange, Orange II, White, Blue, Pink, Green, Purple, Pink-Green, or Trinoxol or Dinoxol available, that organization would have to turn to the Seventh Air Force to obtain and conduct the aerial spraying in Thailand. As can be seen from the above research notes, there is no indication in the official Seventh Air Force organizational histories, at any level, of any request from Thirteenth Air Force to

conduct any aerial herbicide spraying in Thailand in regards to spraying an ordnance drop area of Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand.

Therefore, although the request was made, it was never honored and Tactical Herbicides were not used to clear out the vegetation at Nakhon Phanom’s munitions drop area.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1970, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 451138):

Page 132, Facilities: Another major accomplishment during January was the clearing of the perimeter security area and north runway overrun. Both these projects were completed by in house forces. The completion of this project has resulted in a much safer airfield from both security and flying operations viewpoints.

Page 136, Security: The primary mission of the 56th Security Police Squadron was to prevent close-in enemy reconnaissance, infiltration, raids, ambushes, and attacks by guerrilla or other insurgent groups. The squadron was also responsible for containing enemy force which might penetrate the base areas and to destroy the enemy by counterattack.

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1970, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1970, V. 2, IRIS Number 451139):

Tab J, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan 1970:

Page 13, Programming Actions: During January, Programs Development programmed eleven projects, developed the February 13th AF RPRRB folders and updated the C.1.1. and F.1.1. Master Plan Tabs. A few of the more significant projects developed this month are as follows:

NKP 14-1 Maintain unimproved grounds. This project will prevent erosion of topsoil, and provide sight clearance for security guards around the perimeter of the base.

Page 18, Commander’s Conclusions: Clearing of the perimeter security area and North runway overrun was completed by in-house forces. The professional completion of this project has resulted in a much safer airfield both from the security and flying operations’ viewpoints.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Feb 1970: Page 2, Mission: No change.

Page 15, The following projects were under construction by the Army during February:

MCP Line Item 67S/012. Install lights on perimeter of base. Project is 17% complete.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Mar 1970:

Page 2, Mission: No change.

Page 14, Engineering & Construction Actions: The following projects were under construction by the Army during February: MCP Line Item 67S/012. Install lights on perimeter of base. Project is 35% complete.

Page 15, BCE Work Accomplishments with In-House Personnel: Re-graded the area between the two perimeter security fences to remove vegetation.

[NOTE: The above again reinforces the fact that the primary means of vegetation control was the use of a bulldozer, not herbicides. No mention of herbicides is made in the January through March 1970 histories.]

Tab K, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Jan 1970:

Page 1, Mission: To prevent close in enemy reconnaissance, infiltration, raids, ambushes, and attacks by guerrilla or other insurgent groups, to contain enemy forces which have penetrated the airbase areas and to destroy the enemy by counterattack.

Page 2, Narrative: A communications project was initiated which will result in installing 50 direct line phones in the perimeter bunkers and towers.

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Feb 1970:

[NOTE: No perimeter fence issues raised in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Mar 1970:

[NOTE: No perimeter fence issues raised in this history.]

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides in the Jan-Mar 1970 edition of the history; only the use of bulldozers to remove foliage.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1970, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 451142):

Page 103, Facilities: The primary mission of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron was to acquire, construct, maintain, and operate real property facilities at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB and provide related management, engineering, and other support work and services. The most significant examples which are included in the mission are to maintain all structures, roads, ditches, sidewalks, airfields, fences, and surrounding wooded areas. Provide for insect and rodent control.

Overview: Weather conditions during this quarter were a deciding factor in construction progress. Rainfall during May of this quarter exceeded the previous record high (20.43 vs. 19.1 inches) and measurable rain occurred 22 days during the month. The normal fifteen year average rainfall of 8.5 inches was far exceeded and pavement repair was seriously hampered during this period.

Page 104: June again had close to a record rainfall with the same results.

Problem areas: Excessive rainfall.

Failure to receive oil switches and constant current regulators of the perimeter security lights.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues in the Security portion of the 56th Special Operations Wing history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1970, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1970, V. 2, IRIS Number 451143):

Tab N, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr 1970:

Page 1, Mission: No change.

Page 15, Engineering & Construction Actions: The following Service Contracts were written and forwarded to Procurement during the month of April:

Vegetation Control

Page 16, The following projects were under construction by the Army during April:

MCP Line Item 67S/012. Install Lights on Perimeter of Base. Project is 95% complete.

Page 17, BCE Work Accomplishments with In-House Personnel: Some of the major items completed this month are as follows:

Graded a fire break around the Thai Ammo Storage Area.

Page 20, Commander’s Conclusions: April reminded us all that the monsoon season was approaching and to be prepared for many days of rain, thunderstorms and inherent damage to facilities and utility systems.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, May 1970:

Page 1, Mission: No change.

Page 11, Programs Division: In addition to the O&M Projects prepared, 5 MCP projects were prepared for 3rd Quarter 71 Urgent Milcon and forwarded to 13AF. The project list follows:

Ordnance Drop Area – Provides an area for aircraft with in-flight emergencies to drop their ordnance prior to landing.

[NOTE: One has to wonder if this new ordnance drop area replaced or added to the one that had been suggested earlier to have sprayed with Agent Orange to defoliate and reveal the unexploded ordnance in November 1969.]

Base Security Facility – This project will entail emergency access roads for security police vehicles and intrusion prevention fencing in several areas.

Page 17, Engineering & Construction Actions: The following projects were under construction by the Army during May: MCP Line Item 67S/012. Install Lights on Perimeter of Base. Project is 95% complete.

Page 21, Commander’s Conclusion: Weather conditions during May 1970 were a deciding factor concerning construction progress. Rainfall during this month exceeded the previous record high and measurable rain occurred 22 days during the month. The previous record rainfall of 19.1 inches was displaced by a rainfall of 20.43 inches. The normal fifteen year average rainfall of 8.5 inches was far exceeded and pavement repair was seriously hampered during the period.

The major problems faced during May were: Excessive rainfall.

Failure to receive the oil switches and constant voltage regulators for the perimeter security lights.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jun 1970:

Page 2, Mission. No change.

Page 13, Engineering & Construction Actions: Design on the following projects was completed during the month of June: NKP 65-1, Maintain Perimeter Security.

The following projects were awarded for construction during the month of June: NKP 65-1, Maintain Perimeter Security.

Page 14: The following projects were under construction by the Army during June: MCP Line Item 67S/012. Install Lights on Perimeter of Base. Project is 99% complete.

Page 18, Commander’s Conclusions: Weather conditions again during June 1970 were a deciding factor concerning construction progress. Rainfall during the month was 33.4 inches, only .03 inches less than the previous record high. Pavement work was seriously curtailed as the work on water mains and other horizontal type construction.

Major problems were: Excessive rainfall.

Failure to receive oil switches and constant current regulators for the perimeter security lights.

Tab O, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Apr 1970:

Page 1, Mission: No change.

Equipment Status: Perimeter lighting was completed and turned on from Alpha-1 to Bravo-7 and in all of Delta sector.

[NOTE: The SPS historian must have meant the lighting was completed in the Delta sector only, as the 56th CES histories note that the complete lighting project was not complete.]

[NOTE: No other mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, May 1970:

Page 1, Mission: No change.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Jun 1970:

Page 1, Mission: No change.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

[NOTE: While the perimeter received scant attention during the April through June 1970 period at NKP, Higher Headquarters at Thirteenth Air Force was still very much concerned with the vegetation control around it’s Thailand bases. See below.]

388th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1970, Volume 3, history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-388-HI, Apr-Jun 1970, V. 3, IRIS Number 457290):

Department of the Air Force Headquarters Thirteenth Air Force (PACAF) APO SAN FRANCISCO 96274 15 Jun 1970 REPLY TO ATTN OF: IGS

SUBJECT: Vegetation Control

TO: 8 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 432 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 56 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 631 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 355 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 635 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP) 388 Cmbt Spt Gp (BSP)

1. The attached correspondence is forwarded for your information and appropriate action.

3. Although the maintenance and control of vegetation in and around the base is the responsibility of Base Civil Engineers, continuous emphasis must be given this program by the Chief of Security Police. When necessary, viz, to provide clear fields of fire, observation of approaches to resource areas, etc., consideration must be given to self-help programs as the only practical expedient. After all, our security force personnel lives are at stake as well as

adversely affecting base defense operations. Therefore, vegetation must be controlled to assure that surveillance of the fence line and surrounding areas is not impeded.

4. This subject will continue to be an item of special interest during staff visits and general inspections.

FOR THE COMMANDER

RICHARD E. GIESLER, Maj, USAF 1 Atch Director of Security Police PACAF (IGSS) (C) Ltr, Office of Inspector General subj as above, 18 May 70, w/2 Atch n/c

Cy to: 7/13AF (BSP)

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1970, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 451145):

Page 105, Facilities: One major effect of the heavy rain fall at NKP was a rapid deterioration of paved and unpaved vehicle access surfaces, as well as, serious erosion of slopes and drainage provisions.

Page 106: The prime construction time at NKP reasonably was October through March…

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1970, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1970, V. 2, IRIS Number 451146):

Tab J, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul 1970:

Page 14, Engineering & Construction Actions: The following projects were under construction by the Army during the month of July:

MCP Line Item 67S/012. Install Lights on Perimeter of Base. Project is 100% complete.

Page 16, BCE Work Accomplishments with In-house Personnel: Sprayed revetments in the Munitions Maintenance Squadron area.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, it is not noted what was sprayed on these revetments and the 456th Munitions Maintenance Squadron histories do not mention this event at all. Without further information, speculation as to what was sprayed on the revetments (diesel fuel to keep grass from growing, grass seed to keep the

98 revetment from eroding, insecticide to keep insects from the area, or herbicides to keep the weeds down but allows the grass to grow) remains unfounded.]

Page 18, Weather conditions and many visitors during July were deciding factors concerning construction progress. Rainfall for the month was 26.7 inches well above the average yet far below the record of 47.2 inches. Horizontal construction was seriously curtailed by the weather.

Major Problems were: Heavy rainfall.

Failure to receive the oil switches and constant current transformer for the perimeter security lights.

Army progress continues to lag because of insufficient materials, equipment and lack of a desire to complete the work in a timely manner. This problem has persisted since the Army started work on the assigned projects.

Page 19: It appears as though we will be able to energize the entire perimeter security lighting system during August providing the constant current transformers are received.

The first month of the new fiscal year was hectic. Change in personnel, monitoring of the numerous contacts awarded last fiscal year, supporting the Army, rain and a few other conditions contributed to the turmoil.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Aug 1970:

Page 13, Operations and Maintenance Division: Some of the major items completed by BCE In-house forces during the month of August: Installed concrete pads and fenced in all perimeter road transformers.

Installed street lights south side main street to perimeter road.

Page 20, Commander’s Conclusion: The Southwesterly monsoon continued to be the principal factor affecting construction progress. Rainfall for the month totaled 46.4 inches, more than twice the average of 20.5 inches for August. This seriously hampered outside construction efforts.

Major Problems were: Heavy rainfall.

Army construction progress continued to lag because of a decided lack of resolute action, as well as poor weather conditions. Job sites have been continually left in a state of disarray with long periods of inactivity. Many hours of over-time type work have been expended by the BCE Plumbing Shop making

99 emergency repairs to sewer lines which have become stopped because of poor workmanship, improper installation, or combinations thereof.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Sep 1970:

Page 23, Commander’s Conclusion: With the coming of the dry season and the ending of the monsoons repairs and new construction work picked up. Rainfall for the month totaled 28.6 inches. This was about 5 inches above previous record for the month of September but the clear weather we did have allowed major efforts to be concentrated on laying matting in unpaved areas.

There was a back-log of plumbing job orders and service calls. Contributing causes have been low water pressure, lack of bench stock items for repair service, and poor construction of water and sewage lines by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Company. Corrective measures were taken by temporarily assigning three Local National laborers from Roads and Grounds to the Plumbing Shop.

Co B, 809 Engineer Battalion, US Army has officially departed NKP. A small number of personnel remain attempting to complete the water line project acceptance by Civil Engineering. Grave doubt exists that this can be accomplished and CE is resigned to making required repairs and modifications to place the utility system in operation.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

Tab K, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Jul 1970:

Page 1, Mission: To prevent close in enemy reconnaissance, infiltration, raids, ambushes and attacks by guerilla or other insurgent groups; to contain enemy forces which have penetrated the air base areas; and to destroy the enemy by counterattack.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Aug 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Sep 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter issues in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1970, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1970, V. 1, IRIS Number 451148):

Page 204, Facilities:

100

The road structure within the 8.8 mile perimeter consisted of 12 miles of paved surface roads and several miles of well graded dirt and gravel access roads. All were adequate for mission requirements.

Page 207, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron: Extensive jungle clearing operations were planned for the quarter, but a lack of heavy equipment and qualified operators caused a postponement until the following quarter. This represented the largest area of complaint for the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron. The age and general condition of heavy construction equipment led to long periods of maintenance and parts down times and delayed scheduled projects.

Page 208: The Operations and Maintenance Section completed 2,186 work orders during the quarter. Some of the major items were:

Cut and cleared a 50 foot fire break in MMS area.

[NOTE: Again it appears that bulldozers were the primary means of clearing vegetation away from the base boundary.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1970, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1970, V. 2, IRIS Number 451149):

Tab L, Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct 1970:

Page 14, Operations and Maintenance: Some of the major items completed this month are: Cut grass on flight line and throughout base; also removed approximately 12 dead trees.

Page 15: This organization continues to operate with only two pieces of earth moving equipment and will continue to do so but to complete all tasks required for the coming month with this equipment is virtually impossible. The high VDP [vehicle down for parts] rate of our heavy construction equipment is impairing our ability to effectively complete our required jobs.

Page 21, Commander’s Conclusions: The dry season has begun with rainfall for October totaling only 2.65 inches. The clear weather allowed contractors and our organization to start many construction projects and continue with the necessary repairs. This month we also did much clean-up and grading of areas on the base.

With the dry season here we still do not have enough equipment operators.

Other problems we have encountered are that our equipment is old and requires constant maintenance and repair. We do not have enough graders to complete the required work. We have requested assistance to borrow equipment from other BCE units in Thailand.

101

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Nov 1970:

Page 14, Operations and Maintenance: Some of the accomplishments and major items completed: Cut and cleared 50’ fire break inside and outside security fences MMS area.

Page 23, Commander’s Conclusions: The weather for the month was dry which enabled our construction and repair program to continue at full speed.

On Sunday, 15 November, an F-105 crashed on final approach after the pilot ejected safely. The plane demolished the guard tower at the Northwest corner of the perimeter road and seriously injured a Thai guard. The Fire Department rescued the guard and extinguished the fire. Other Civil Engineering personnel supported EOD in recovery of munitions.

Page 24: The old construction equipment continues to be a problem. However, motor grades were obtained from Udorn and Ubon RTAFB on a loan basis. In addition, the DZK grader was made operational; therefore, the rental grader will be returned 28 November.

Historical Data Record, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Dec 1970:

Page 17, Operations and Maintenance: Some of the major items completed during the month of December: Removed 55 dead trees from various locations on station. Received one grader and D-6 from contract maintenance. Cut grass base wide; contact has expired.

Page 24, Commander’s Conclusion: A D-6 bulldozer was borrowed from Udorn RTAFB. Additionally, the NKP D-6 was returned from Contract Maintenance and the TD-20 was returned to service by Heavy Equipment Maintenance. All three pieces of equipment have been utilized on projects which were stopped awaiting equipment availability. As soon as they complete projects of stockpiling sand, sanitary fill operation, and filling a ravine for Project Have Levy-Save Look, the equipment will be used for clearing operations.

Page 25: Lt Col John P. Thomas and Sgt John J. Black were TDY during the period 28 December 1970 to 1 January 1971. They visited Don Muang RTAFB AFRCE- THAI, and Takhli RTAFB. Through these visits they were able to borrow construction equipment for jungle clearing, expedite the review of NKP design projects, and investigate the feasibility of a service contract for dismantling prefabricated buildings at Takhli.

[NOTE: No herbicide use is mentioned in this history, but the emphasis on heavy equipment in conjunction with ‘jungle clearing’ lends support that the vegetation clearance issues were planned to be solved with the use or heavy construction equipment and their grading capability.]

102

Tab M, Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Oct 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Nov 1970:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues in this history.]

Historical Data Record, 56th Security Police Squadron, Dec 1970:

Page 2, Significant Statistics: Old concertina wire was replaced by new concertina wire on perimeter in areas where needed.

[NOTE: No mention of any herbicide use near the perimeter fence in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1971, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 451151):

Page 183, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron: Another security related project, termed “Jungle Clearance,” was started and will serve an equally important function of corrosion control. The plan was to clear and level acres of dense vegetation to prevent erosion and to allow better surveillance by security teams. The Thai Nationals who take a great deal of pride in “their” base willingly worked over-time and seven days per week on the project. By the end of the quarter the on-base portion was largely completed but clearing of a 100 yard strip beyond the perimeter fence remained to be done.

Page 188, Security and Law Enforcement: As part of the new concept the 56th Security Police Squadron was instrumental in completing the on-base portion of the Jungle Clearance Project.

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1971, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1971, V. 2, IRIS Number 451152):

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Historical Data Record for January 1971:

Page 17, Other work accomplished included: Remove dead trees and thin where too dense.

Continued grading around the base perimeter road and cleaning and reshaping of open drainage ditches.

Page 18: Mow grass base wide, as required, due to expiration of contract.

Commander’s Conclusions: The new year began with a big push to get outside work and projects designed, funded, and completed before the rainy season.

103

Work started on clearing and leveling the jettison range. Together CE and EOD removed and disposed of 20 bombs.

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Historical Data Record for February 1971:

Page 16, Other Work Accomplished Included: Removed and graded trees and removed brush in areas in NE portion of base.

Made concentrated removal of debris and trees and grading of jettison range (ordnance drop) area located north of the runway, west of the dump road and bounded on the north and west by Perimeter Road.

Page 17: Mowed grass Base wide.

Page 23, Commander’s Conclusions: The jettison range has been cleared of trees and jungle vegetation and we are presently working on clearing thinning the area with in the perimeter fence. Approval has been received from MAC-TAHI to clear property that is Air Force owned north of the perimeter and a section east of the fence. The dry weather has enabled this project to go full speed ahead.

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Historical Data Record for March 1971:

Page 12, Programs Development: Capt Dickerson went TDY to Hq 13th AF to obtain approval for projects NKP 32-1, 50-0 (R-1), 15-2 and 16-2, totaling $50,050. He and the Base Comptroller, who accompanied him, discussed funding for equipment rental and the actual contract cost of the jungle clearing project, NKP 13-2.

Page 19, Other work accomplished or in progress included: Removed and burned dead trees.

Thinned stands of trees and graded NE sector and East side of the base from perimeter road back.

Continued removal of debris and trees and grading of jettison range (ordnance drop area) north of runway.

Page 24, Commander’s Conclusion: There was a big push in March to get projects approved and to begin projects during the dry season as the start of the monsoon season at NKP hampers Civil Engineering work.

One of the main projects we concentrated on was the jungle clearance program. Capt Warren C. Dickerson went to 13 Air Force and obtained equipment and funding approval for the project. Work progressed satisfactorily during the month with the help of rental and borrowed equipment plus many extra hours of work. Crews worked seven days a week. We initiated drainage improvement and erosion control in the areas cleared of trees and jungle growth. One problem

104 which hampered our progress was the high equipment VDP [vehicle down for parts] rate. Through this project base security will be increased.

105

106

Jungle Clearance project, March 1971 at NKP at the perimeter fence area. Note that this was a major clearing project, as opposed to simple vegetation control. No herbicide use is in evidence for this project.

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, January 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, February 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, March 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1971, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 451154):

Page 207, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron: Heavy rains curtailed construction efforts and created work in other areas. The Jungle Clearance project, discussed in the previous history, was delayed until the dry season while it took emphasis to keep the perimeter grass mowed, to clear draining ditches and grade numerous areas to allow for better drainage.

Page 212, Security and Law Enforcement: The Director of Security Police, 7th Air Force/13th Air Force, conducted a staff assistance visit from 26 to 28 April and reported what was termed “a serious lack of compliance with current directives.” The chief of the inspection team pointed out that the Jungle Clearance project, bunker construction and overall knowledge and enthusiasm of the personnel were deserving of the highest praise.

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1971, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1971, V. 2, IRIS Number 451155):

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for April 1971:

Page 15, Engineering & Construction Division” Design of the following projects was completed during the month of April:

NKP 25-2 Stabilize Perimeter Road Drainage. This project consist of reshaping and sodding of drainage ditches on Perimeter Road which was not included on the OICC MCP Project.

Page 17, Operations and Maintenance: Other work accomplished or in progress included: Continued removal and burning/disposal of trees and debris from North and NE sectors inside perimeter road and jettison range beyond perimeter; grading and erosion control of these areas.

Page 18:

107

Cleared, cleaned, graded, and continued erosion control of perimeter road drainage ditches.

Page 23, Commander’s Conclusion: We had a gradual break into the rainy season with 2.41 inches of rain for April.

Progress on the perimeter clearing and airfield erosion control projects continued satisfactorily and continued to receive a high priority. Major concentration was directed toward clearing drainage ditches and seeding cleared areas. Bulldozers cleared and shaped the main drainage ditches along the east perimeter and the old dump area.

Page 24: Major Castillo hand-carried projects to AFRCE-THAI and 13 AF on 1 April. His trip also included a conference with MACTHAI on the disposition of DZK vehicles and permission to use herbicides on fence lines.

[NOTE: Major Mel Castillo, Chief, Operations & Maintenance of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, while on a trip to take proposed civil engineering projects to Air Force Regional Civil Engineer-Thailand for approval, also met with Military Assistance Command/Thailand to expressly obtain approval to use herbicides on the perimeter fence at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB. This supports the contention that herbicides, up to April 1971, were NOT used at NKP. Also, it appears that there was a lot of planting vegetation, as opposed to destroying it, for erosion concerns near the perimeter.]

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for May 1971:

Page 14, Engineering & Construction Division: The following projects were awarded during the month of May: NKP 58-1, Maint. Perimeter Road NKP 66-1, Erosion Control

Page 16, Operations and Maintenance: Significant work accomplished or in progress included: Concentrated on grounds maintenance and grass mowing with all available operational equipment.

Page 17: Fabricated ordnance disposal warning signs to post around perimeter of recently cleared and graded munitions disposal area north of Perimeter Road.

Page 23, Commander’s Conclusion: The monsoon season began with 15.04 inches of rain for May. This was five inches greater than the mean. Some outside work, such as the pouring of concrete and perimeter clearing, was delayed right after heavy storms, but then continued.

Ground crews seeded several areas along the perimeter and removed debris obstructing several airfield and perimeter culverts. The work on perimeter

108 clearance has been completed until the end of the rainy season. The problem facing us now is keeping the grass mowed to insure base security.

[NOTE: Once again the planting of grass is mentioned, and the fact that mowing was the preferred method of vegetation control at the perimeter fence. At this point, May 1971, approval had NOT been obtained to use herbicides at the perimeter fence at NKP.]

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for June 1971:

Page 15, Engineering and Construction Division: Design of the following projects was completed during the month of June:

NKP 13-2, Clear Base Perimeter. This project consists of the removal of all undergrowth and trees 8” in diameter or less for a distance of 300’ on the East and West boundaries.

The following projects were awarded during the month of June: NKP 25-2, Stabilize Perimeter Road Drainage.

Page 18, Operations and Maintenance: Significant work accomplished or progress:

Concentrated effort on grass cutting, policing of the base and surface drainage correction.

Page 21, Commander’s Conclusion: As the end of the fiscal year approached stringent control s were placed on utilization of civil engineering supply monies. Only fuels, bench stock, priority I work orders, and work stoppage materials were purchased.

June ended with a total accumulation of 16.47 inches of rain. The Pavement and Grounds Section concentrated on grass mowing throughout the base. Particular emphasis was given to mowing along the perimeter fence and airfield areas. The Equipment Section cleaned drainage ditches and graded numerous areas to allow for better drainage during the monsoon rains.

Page 22: In preparation for the functions of Power Projection, Exterior Electrical Distribution, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Water and Waste, Entomology, Heating, and Liquid Fuels Maintenance being performed by contact effective 1 July, 62 Local Nationals were given RIF notices on 24 June so that they may accept positions offered by the contractor.

[NOTE: It does not appear that permission has been granted by higher headquarters to allow the use of herbicides at NKP by this time. Emphasis is still on mowing along the perimeter fence. The amount of rain also precludes the use of herbicides, since the heavy rains would dilute the mixture into impotency. The spending constraints, noted above, would also preclude obtaining herbicides, since this commodity did not fall into the categories listed as being ‘mission essential.’ Finally, starting with the new fiscal year 1972 (which started on 1 July

109

1971), routine base maintenance is now being contracted out. It is not clear, at this point, whether this includes grounds maintenance at the perimeter fence.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for April 1971:

Page 2, Significant Statistics: Twenty-four (24) Pressure Sensitive Intrusion Detectors were installed on the perimeter.

Captain Paduck, United States Marine Corps, MAC/V was briefed on the Balance Pressure System and the Pressure Sensitive Intrusion Detectors.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, such as herbicide use. Instead, attention is focused on the new Pressure Sensitive Intrusion Detectors in hopes that this new system will reveal attempted penetrations into the base.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for May 1971:

Page 2, Significant Statistics: Stand-off wire was constructed on three (3) drive-in bunkers and two (2) machine gun bunkers, and grass seed was planted on all drive-in and perimeter bunkers.

A large ridge n the off base perimeter between tower 6 and 7 was leveled and the fence was replaced at this location

[NOTE: No mention of any herbicide use. Just the opposite, grass was planted on and around the perimeter bunkers.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for June 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record for April 1971:

Page 2, Commander’s Conclusions: Timely response on equipment rental enabled the jungle clearance project to continue on schedule with the best possible results.

[NOTE: The above shows that the bulldozers used to clear away the jungle from the perimeter fence was rented from local Thai companies.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record for May 1971:

Page 2, Narrative: Work was completed on two projects of command interest for which the Procurement Division rented all the heavy equipment utilized. The projects were the repair of Ram Raj Dam, under the Civic Action program and perimeter jungle clearance.

Commander’s Conclusions:

110

Completion of the jungle clearance project should provide additional security on the perimeter at night and greatly increase the field of visibility in that area.

[NOTE: Again it is shown that the perimeter jungle clearance project was undertaken by rented heavy equipment (bulldozers) from local Thai contractors and herbicides were not used in this project.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record for June 1971:

[NOTE: No perimeter fence issues are discussed in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1971, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 451157):

Page 159, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron: A major program during the quarter was the cutting of grass and vegetation and the placing of sod on areas where there was no grass. The heavy rainfall and warm climate caused rapid growth and large crews of Thai Nationals were used extensively to keep the base looking neat and well-trimmed, especially prior to the arrival of the many VIPs who visited NKP during the quarter.

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1971, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1971, V. 2, IRIS Number 451158):

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for July 1971:

Page 18, Operations and Maintenance Division: Significant work accomplished or in progress: Concentrated on in-house effort of grass cutting and application of herbicide to control vegetation growth.

Supervised grass cutting by contract resumed 9 July 1971 after long delay and rental mower equipment.

[NOTE: This is the First Time Herbicides are mentioned for use at NKP. Evidently, permission was finally granted to use herbicides. While it is unclear if the use of herbicides was for internal vegetation control (i.e., the on-base baseball field), or for use around the perimeter fence from the above, it is made clear on Page 17 of the August 1971 edition of the 56th CES history that this herbicide was used for the Base Perimeter Fence.]

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for August 1971:

Page 14, Engineering and Construction Division: The following projects were awarded during the month of August: NKP 13-2 Clear Base Perimeter.

Page 17, Operations and Maintenance: Significant work accomplished or in progress: Continued effort on grass cutting and monitoring of contract grass mowing.

111

Application of herbicide to retard vegetation growth around perimeter.

[NOTE: Finally, a specific statement about herbicide use for the perimeter fence at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB. It appears that this herbicide use started in July 1971. However, it appears that it was a onetime use, over the months of July and August 1971.]

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record for September 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues, including herbicide use or any other means of vegetation control in this history.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for July 1971:

Page 2, Significant Statistics: CE is approximately three fourths completed in clearing the vegetation around the base perimeter.

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for August 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues, including herbicide use or any other means of vegetation control in this history.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record for September 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues, including herbicide use or any other means of vegetation control in this history.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, July 1971:

Page 2, Narrative: During the month of July, no new construction projects were awarded by Base Procurement. Construction in the future will be handled by the Thailand Procurement Center. Base Procurement no longer monitors Civil engineer and routine base supply purchase requests which are forwarded to Thailand Procurement Center. Contract Maintenance is gathering estimates to forward as purchase requests to TPC for yearly maintenance service contracts in areas such as copying machine maintenance.

[NOTICE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, August 1971:

[NOTICE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, September 1971:

[NOTICE: No mention of vegetation control issues in this history.]

112

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1971, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1971, V. 1, IRIS Number 902025):

Pages 173-174, Security and Law Enforcement: The following improvements were made in base defense in the last quarter of 1971 (Interview, Wing Historian with CMSgt. C.B. Millard, Chief of Perimeter Defense, 28 Feb 72).

The jungle was cleared back from the base perimeter for an additional 100 yards by a Thai contractor. Areas inside the perimeter on the northeast side were also cleared so that any infiltrators would have no cover to hide under.

[NOTE: From the above, it appears that a Thai contractor with heavy equipment was used to clear the vegetation outside of the perimeter fence, as well as some portions inside of the perimeter fence. The use of the word “cleared” denotes a large scale and quick solution to the vegetation problem, such as bulldozer use. It does not appear that herbicides were used in this particular operation.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1971, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1971, V. 3, IRIS Number 902027):

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, October 1971:

Page 15, Engineering and Construction Division: Design of the following projects was completed during the month of October:

NKP 54-2, Install Perimeter Security Fencing. This project consists of installing new concertina wire around most of the base perimeter.

The following project was awarded during the month of October:

NKP 35-2, Install Security Fence.

Page 17, Operations and Maintenance Division: The following facts and work accomplishments are submitted for possible inclusion in the NKP RTAFB Historical Data Record, RCS: AU-DS for the period 01 thru 31 Oct 17:

Significant work accomplished or in progress (in addition to the normal day-today maintenance and operation work consisting essentially of minor road and airfield pavement repairs, erosion control, tree removal, vegetation control, storm drainage clearance, airfield sweeping, operation of sanitary fill, dumpster box refuse collection, continual base policing and clean up, septic tank pumping, sewage and water line repairs):

Page 19: Grading of dirt road around perimeter of POL Bulk storage area and the access road to nearby security guard bunker for surveillance and fire protection.

Removal of numerous dead trees in the northeast sector of the base and other areas.

113

Page 20: Erection of gate on access road to EOD area north of perimeter road.

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, November 1971:

Page 15, Operations and Maintenance Division: Significant work accomplished or in progress in addition to the normal day-to-day maintenance and operation work consisting essentially of minor pavement repairs, erosion control, tree removal and disposal, vegetation control, storm drainage clearance, airfield sweeping, dumping of Dumpster refuse containers, operation of sanitary fill, water and sewage line repair and clearing, septic tank pumping, and policing/clean-up of primary base streets and areas of high pedestrian traffic:

Page 17: Perimeter Road – Grading of areas at North end of base, north east sector and east side of base approx. 200 yards inside of road line to eliminate rough spots and control vegetation growth in the interest of infiltration protection and surveillance.

[NOTE: This specifically states that vegetation control was conducted by grading. No herbicides were used for this project.]

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, December 1971:

Page 14, Programs Division: Projects approved by 13AF: NKP 5-3, Clear Base Perimeter

[NOTE: It is not sure what is meant by “Clear Base Perimeter”. It is assumed that it has something to do with vegetation control, but it is not clearly stated.]

Page 16, Engineering and Construction Division: During the month of December there were 8 O&M contracts under construction. The following were completed during this month:

NKP 13-2, Clearing Base Perimeter – 13 Dec 71.

[NOTE: This may be the clearing of vegetation along the perimeter road noted in the previous month’s squadron history.]

Page 17, Operations and Maintenance Division: Significant work accomplished or in progress in addition to the normal day-to-day maintenance and operation work consisting essentially of minor pavement repairs, erosion control, tree removal and disposal, vegetation control, storm drainage clearance, airfield sweeping, dumping of Dumpster refuse containers, operation of sanitary fill, water and sewage line repair and clearing, septic tank pumping, and policing/clean-up of primary base streets and areas of high pedestrian traffic:

114

[NOTE: No perimeter fence issues are noted.]

Page 24, Commander’s Conclusion: Continuation on perimeter clearing took considerable time during the month as did cleanup of “Contractor’s Row.”

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use in these histories, only heavy equipment connotations such as ‘clearing’ is used in connection of vegetation control.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, October 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, November 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, December 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, October 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, November 1971:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, December 1971:

Page 2, Commander’s Conclusions: With the winding down of the base level construction program the Base Procurement Office is becoming increasingly involved with emergency purchases and contractual maintenance. This office is also involved with coordinating purchase between the Thailand Procurement Center and various on-base activities.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use in this history, nor is it expected to be noted in future histories since the contracts are now handled by the Thailand Procurement Center in Bangkok. In addition, there is a number of references to cost cutting and that a lot of projects were cancelled due to no funding. Perhaps vegetation control was affected by funding cuts.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1972, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902028):

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1972, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1972, V. 3, IRIS Number 902030):

115

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, January 1972:

Page J-10, Programs Division: Program Development: Projects that were prepared and sent forth to 13th AF for approval:

PROJECT # DESCRIPTION COST

NKP 18-3 Replace Security Fences 22.6

Page J-15, Operations and Maintenance Division: Significant work accomplished or in progress in addition to the normal day-to-day maintenance and operation work consisting essentially of minor pavement repairs, erosion control, tree removal and disposal, vegetation control, storm drainage clearance, airfield sweeping, dumping of Dumpster refuse containers, operation of sanitary fill, water and sewage line repair, clearing septic tank pumping, and policing/clean-up of primary base streets and areas of high pedestrian traffic:

North perimeter – haul, pile and burn downed trees.

Page J-22, Commander’s Conclusions: Many work orders and requests were disapproved due to the lack of CE supply funds. The BCE, Comptroller and Supply have had many meeting in an effort to solve our funding problem.

[NOTE: Since so little attention has been paid in the histories concerning herbicide use since August 1971, it may have been a casualty to the funding crises experienced by civil engineering.]

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, February 1972:

Page J-34, Programs Division: February saw some drastic changes made in supply funds management in view of austere funds available for the remainder of the fiscal year. Changes in supply procedures were made in the coordination with the Chief of Supply and the Comptroller which will allow better control of issued and due-out releases. Experience with these procedures during the latter part of February has proved favorable due to less funds expended and less fluctuation in the amount expensed.

Program Development: Six projects were approved and transferred to Engineering for design:

NKP 54-2, Install Security Fencing. NKP 18-3, Replace Security Fences.

Page J-39, Operations and Maintenance Division: Significant work accomplished or in progress in addition to the normal day-to-day maintenance and operation work consisting essentially of minor pavement

116 repairs, erosion control, tree removal and disposal, vegetation control, storm drainage clearance, airfield sweeping, dumping of Dumpster refuse containers, operation of sanitary fill, water and sewage line repair, clearing septic tank pumping, and policing/clean-up of primary base streets and areas of high pedestrian traffic:

Page J-40: MMS [munitions maintenance squadron] Grade and level fire break road around perimeter. [It appears that this is for the ammo dump area, since it is for the MMS.]

Page J-44, Commander’s Conclusions: Mr. Lau and Mr. Fung, PACAF/DE visited NKP on 11-12 Feb 1972 to assist the base on any environmental problems. They were pleased with our environmental program.

[NOTE: No specific mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide in this history.]

Tab J, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, March 1972:

Page J-58, Operations and Maintenance Division: Significant work accomplished or in progress in addition to the normal day-to-day maintenance and operation work consisting essentially of minor pavement repairs, erosion control, tree removal and disposal, vegetation control, storm drainage clearance, airfield sweeping, dumping of Dumpster refuse containers, operation of sanitary fill, water and sewage line repair, clearing septic tank pumping, and policing/clean-up of primary base streets and areas of high pedestrian traffic:

Page J-59: Bldg. 2801, Repair perimeter towers.

Page J-66, Commander’s Conclusions: The shortage of supply money has severely hampered work in the shops. Where we would normally be spending $20,000.00 a week we are now restricted to only $3,000.00 a week. We have been forced to curtail even minimum essential maintenance requirements. We are still getting the job done, but it is becoming increasingly more difficult to scrape up enough supplies to keep the shops working. By reducing our order of long lead time items now, the required supplies will not be here when needed next fiscal year.

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, January 1972:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, February 1972:

Page K-19, Problem Areas: Concertina wire is not available within 13AF for issue as requested for further reinforcement of the perimeter fence line.

117

Special Unit Accomplishments: One new perimeter bunker was constructed at the Northeast corner of the base to provide for greater coverage of the Klong and the perimeter fence line at this location.

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use in this history.]

Tab K, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, March 1972:

Page K-43, Narrative: Concertina wire was not available within 13AF for issue as requested to reinforce the perimeter fence.

New reveted bunkers on southeast corner of base in the vicinity of Tower 16 and Tower 5 constructed and filled.

Chain-link fencing secured over culverts between F-4 Aircraft parking area outside flightline in the vicinity of old Thai Guard area. Also, light reflectors for klong lights made from discarded K-9 food cans to direct light towards the klong and prevent the light from shining on the road and sentry positions.

Page K-44, Commanders Conclusion: Tightening of funds at this time of the fiscal year has not provided for adequate vegetation control on the exterior perimeter.

[NOTE: As suspected, a lack of funds impacted the vegetation control program for the perimeter fence area. It appears that herbicide use was contained only in the months of July and August 1971.]

Tab Q, Base Comptroller Historical Data Record, January 1972:

Page Q-2, Budget: Because of our current austere funding in Base Operating Support supplies, Civil Engineering has had to cancel minor construction work orders and establish a priority system through the Real Property Resource Review Board for approval of repair and maintenance work orders. Supply purchases have been restricted to recurring fuels, electrical generator parts and supply for mission supportive repair and maintenance work orders.

Tab Q, Base Comptroller Historical Data Record, February 1972:

Page Q-4, Budget: $212,300 increase in our annual budget was received. The Revised Annual Budget is now $8,397,800. Major areas of increase were TDY, facility projects and supplies.

Tab Q, Base Comptroller Historical Data Record, March 1972:

Page Q-6, Budget:

118

A $300,000 increase in the Base’s annual operating budget for supplies was received. A $47,100 decrease in facility projects was also received. The current annual program is $8,648,700.

The Budget Working Group and the Budget Advisory Committee were briefed on the financial program and the fact that we are approximately $700,000 short in supply funding. It was emphasized that all organizations are funded through mid or late May and that control should be initiated within the organizations to restrict purchases to mission essential requirements.

[NOTE: A lack of funding would impact any contractor-based vegetation control.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1972, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902031):

Aerial photograph of NKP is provided as page xxii:

NKP aerial view, July through September 1972.

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1972, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1972, V. 3, IRIS Number 902033),

119

Document L, 56th Security Police Squadron history, 1-31 May 1972, page 5, Commander Conclusion, also paginated as DOC L 28:

Vegetation control on the north, east, and west sides of the outside perimeter was accomplished. Civil Engineers employed a disc harrow in order to prevent foliage from growing rapidly during the rainy season.

[NOTE: The above makes no mention of herbicides being used, possible because it is referring to inside the perimeter fence, which is noted in the CHECO report as being “closely cut.”]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1972, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1972, V. 3, IRIS Number 902033), Document L, 56th Security Police Squadron history, 1-30 June 1972, page 4, Narrative, also paginated as DOC L 48:

Due to heavy rains, vegetation control has become a daily task around the base perimeter.

Page 5, Commander’s Conclusion: Vegetation control has become difficult due to the heavy rains that occurred. Bunker detail worked every day they could in trying to keep the foliage from growing on the outer and inner perimeter.

[NOTE: The above makes no mention of herbicide use. Instead, a daily detail is cited as having to keep the foliage from growing, due to the heavy rains. Since rain would dilute and make any herbicide mixture impotent, it is most likely that this would be a cutting detail as opposed to a herbicide spraying detail.]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through December 1972, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Dec 1972, V. 1, IRIS Number 902034):

Aerial photograph of NKP is provided as page xiv:

120

56th Special Operations Wing, July through December 1972, Volume 4 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Dec 1972, V. 4, IRIS Number 902037), Document N, 56th Security Police Squadron history, 1-31 July 1972, page 5, Commander’s Conclusion, also paginated as DOC N 6:

[NOTE: The above makes no mention of herbicide use.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1973, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1973, V. 1, IRIS Number 902038):

Page 117, Security and Law Enforcement: Concertina wire was placed in the vicinity of the main gate for reinforcement of the perimeter fence line. Preventive perimeter post bunkers were repaired on the northeast portion of the base perimeter in order to increase the capability of full fire power in the event of hostile penetration.

[NOTE: Again the priority to secure the base’s security was through the means of physical barriers. No mention of vegetation control is made.]

121

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1973, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1973, V. 3, IRIS Number 902040):

Tab L, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Report, Jan-Mar 1973:

Page L-9, Construction Management (for January 1973): Services on contracts for butane bottle gas, custodial services, septic tanks, intrusion alarm systems and vegetation control were performed as specified.

Page L-19, Construction Management (for February 1973): Services on Contracts for butane bottle gas, custodial [service,] septic tanks, intrusion alarm systems and vegetation control were performed as specified. Contracts were transferred from TSgt Zavarelli to SSgt Miller who will act as TRCO. New technical specifications were prepared for FY 74 contracts based upon PACAF Procurement Center standard statements of work.

[NOTE: The contract for vegetation control appears to be more in line with base beautification standards, such as grass cutting, shrub trimmings, sodding and flower planting than with foliage removal around the perimeter fence. But this is not specified. The March 1973 report does not mention vegetation control.]

Tab M, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Report, Jan-Mar 1973:

Page M-4, Narrative (for January 1973): Concertina wire is still not available within 13AF for issue as requested for further reinforcement, of the perimeter fenceline.

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in this history; instead, the emphasis is still on physical barriers.]

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in the February 1973 report.]

Page M-43, Narrative (for March 1973): Concertina wire was placed in the vicinity of the Main Gate for reinforcement of the perimeter fence.

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in this history; instead, the emphasis is still on physical barriers.]

Tab R, Accounting and Finance Historical Data Report, Jan-Mar 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in these reports.]

Tab S, Base Procurement Office Historical Data Report, Jan-Mar 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in these reports.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1973, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1973, V. 1, IRIS Number 902040):

122

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1973, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1973, V. 3, IRIS Number 902043):

Tab L, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Report, Apr-Jun 1973:

Page L-6, Pavements and Grounds (April 1973): Continued effort, drainage ditch cleaning & repair, road patching, dead tree removal and burning.

Page L-11, Engineering Design (April 1973): Final design revisions were completed for all of the following projects and preparation are being made for submission to the PACAF Procurement Center for advanced procurement:

NKP 54-2, Install Perimeter Security Fencing.

[NOTE: Even as the war has finished, the base still did not have a complete perimeter fence.]

Page L-23, Engineering and Construction (May 1973): Candidates for preparation of Military Interdepartmental Purchase Requests were proposed and are awaiting approval on:

NKP 12-4, Clear Base Perimeter, $95,100.00

[NOTE: The base civil engineer was preparing to spend money if any was made available at the end of the fiscal year to apply towards projects that he believed to be of significant value. Clearing the base perimeter of vegetation apparently was finally going to be addressed.]

Page L-31, Programs Division (June 1973): With the end of the fiscal year, NKP received $509,213.00 in FY 73 52X fallout funds, plus $38,800 in 53210 funds. With these funds, thirteen projects were awarded for $548,736. Some of the major projects included: … Clear Base Perimeter…

[NOTE: Although the way the base perimeter was to be cleared is not stated, it is interesting to note that clearing the base perimeter was not a USAF undertaken, but instead, a contractor who did the work and was paid by the USAF. This would reduce the likelihood that herbicides provided by the USAF would have been used in this clearing operation.]

Page L-32, Engineering and Construction: Funds were obligated to OICC for the following projects on 30 June 1973 with FY 73 fallout money:

Project Amount NKP 54-2, Install perimeter Security Fence $46,900.00 NKP 12-4, Perimeter Jungle Clearing $95,200.00

123

Page L-35, Commander’s Conclusions: The unexpected “windfall” of over $500,000 in FY 73 fallout monies will provide urgently needed repairs to our fire station, hootches, and roads. Security will be enhanced with extended clearing of the jungle outward from the perimeter and additional security fencing.

[NOTE: Although jungle clearance had not taken place by the end of June 1973, funding was in place to start a contract and have the problem tackled by a Thai company starting in July 1973. No hint of herbicides in use for this quarter’s historical report.]

Tab M, 56th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Report, Apr-Jun 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues, vegetation control or herbicide use.]

Tab E, History of Base Operations and Training, Apr 1973:

Page P-2, Disaster Preparedness: Supply picked up our decontamination chemicals to maintain in their warehouse. Supply is maintaining the following levels in their warehouse: Monoethanolamine – 5 [five] 55 gallon cans; Isopropyl Alcohol – 150 [one hundred and fifty] 5 gallon cans; DS-2 - 13 [thirteen] 5 gallon cans.

[NOTE: Although not a herbicide, the above may have confused some veterans as to what was contained in the barrels.]

May 1973:

Page P-5: Six of our five gallon cans of DS-2 that were leaking were repacked in 55 gallon drum and vermiculite for shipment to Pine Buff Arsenal, Arkansas, for disposal.

[NOTE: Although not a herbicide, the above may have confused some veterans as to what was contained in the barrels.]

Jun 1973:

Page P-8: We had difficulty with Supply in maintaining our isopropanol alcohol. The six pallets of cans (each pallet with 24 (twenty-four) 5 gallon cans) were marked with stock number 6505-299-8095, which is a medical supply number and cannot be stored in warehouses by regulation. Lt Col Turner, Chief of Supply, and Lt Col Ring straightened the situation out to allow us to store isopropanol alcohol in the base warehouse.

[NOTE: Although not a herbicide, the above may have confused some veterans as to what was contained in the barrels.]

Tab R, 56th Comptroller’s Office, Historical Data Report, Apr-Jun 1973:

124

Page R-27, Budget: Especially noteworthy is our final Facility Project Program. During the last two weeks of June, the following projects were funded with Command fallout funds:

Nakhon Phanom RTAFB Project Amount 12-4 Clear Base Perimeter $95,200

[NOTE: Another confirmation that end of year funding financed a contract for a Thai company to clear the vegetation away from the perimeter fence.]

Tab S, 56th Procurement Office, Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter fence issues, vegetation control or herbicide use.]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1973, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1973, V. 1, IRIS Number 902044):

Page 133, Base Security: NKP’s perimeter measures about 9.05 miles in a near perfect rectangle. It is enclosed with an inner fence of tanglefoot wire and an outer fence of triple standard concertina wire. Trip flares are attached to both fences.

Several klongs (sewage drainage ditches) intersects the perimeter at uneven intervals. All klongs are presently being equipped with Variable Frequency Processors (VFP) to detect movement, expected to be complete near 30 October 73.

[NOTE: No mention of herbicides or vegetation control in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1973, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1973, V. 3, IRIS Number 902046):

Tab L, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1973:

Page L-5, Programs Division: Funds were provided to Civil Engineering for 1st quarter FY 74, but were then withdrawn. This action left Civil Engineering in a critical situation.

Page L-8, Operations and Maintenance: The Operations and Maintenance Branch devoted the majority of its time to monitoring the Trans-Asia Contract Work Force. Responsibility for all service contracts was shifted from the Engineering and Construction Division to the Operations and Maintenance Division on 21 Sept. These contracts include: vegetation control, bottled propane gas supply, trash removal, septic tank cleaning, custodial, and intrusion alarm maintenance services. This transfer of responsibility also included the transfer of one inspector and one vehicle authorization.

125

[NOTE: The sudden pulling of funds undoubtedly affected which projects NKP wished to pursue, including the jungle clearance program planned from the previous quarter (April through June 1973, NKP 12-4 project); however, the service contract for vegetation control (most probably the grass cutting and hedge trimming type of service) was not affected. It is not noted if the jungle clearance program, funded from fall out funds from the previous fiscal year, was affected by the sudden withdraw of funding in this first quarter of the new fiscal year. It is not talked about at all in this history.]

Tab M, 56th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter issues, vegetation control, or use of herbicides in this history.]

Tab R, 56th Comptroller’s Office, Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any contracts or spending concerning vegetation control or the use of herbicides in this history.]

Tab S, 56th Procurement Office, Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any contracts or procurement issues concerning vegetation control or the use of herbicides in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1973, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1973, V. 1, IRIS Number 902047):

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter, vegetation control issues or herbicide use in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1973, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1973, V. 2, IRIS Number 902048):

Tab 9, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron, Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter, vegetation control issues or herbicide use in this history. Project NKP 12-4, jungle clearance, is not mentioned.]

Tab 10, 56th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter, vegetation control issues or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab 18, 56th Base Procurement Office, Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1973:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter, vegetation control issues or herbicide use in this history.]

126

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1974, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1974, V. 1, IRIS Number 1002572):

Page 61: Project NKP 54-2, originally designed in 1971, had been revised three times. Completion of this project would give NKP two completed perimeter fences with an additional portion utilized in conjunction with the pressure balance system. The project called for the clearing of the area of vegetation and installing a three tier concertina wire security fence along the perimeter boundaries. The 15 gauge wire was to be strung between 2.4 inch posts, 15 feet apart. A total of $46,800 was funded for the commercial contract. The start construction had been delayed several times because American officials have consistently revised the number of rolls of concertina wire to be supplied to reduce costs.

[NOTE: Evidently, Project NKP 12-4, jungle clearing from the perimeter area, and Project NKP 54-2 were combined and given the new project number Project NKP 54-2. According to Supporting Document 93, contained in Volume 3 of this January through March 1974 history, Project Number 54-2, Work Order Number 24340, Install Perimeter Second Fence, was contracted to United Commercial and Industrial Corporation, for $43,234, and was awarded to that contractor on 12 April 1974 with a start construction date of 30 April 1974. The Estimated Completion Date was 25 August 1974, and as of 11 May 1974, the project was 3.33 percent completed.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1974, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1974, V. 2, IRIS Number 1002573):

Tab 8, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1974:

Page 7, Facilities: During this reporting the following project designs were started and/or completed: q. NKP 54-2, Install Perimeter Security Fence. Design was completed by OICC and advertised for bids in March with a 2 Apr 74 estimated award date. Some of the required concertina wire will be provided by the base.

[NOTE: Although NKP 54-2 project required the clearing of vegetation by the contractor to install the additional fencing, no mention of vegetation control is made in this history.]

Tab 9, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter area issues, vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab 14, 56th Base Comptroller Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter area issues, vegetation control or herbicide contracts or use in this history.]

127

Tab 20, 56th Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1974:

Page 1, Significant Statistics: During this quarter a total of $297,052.00 were expended. Approximately 70% of expenditures were for various types of services such as Custodial Services, Mess Attendants, Non-Tactical Radio Maintenance, Vehicle Wash, Aircraft Wash, Xerox Copying Service, Vegetation Control and other various services.

[NOTE: The above vegetation control probably means lawn cutting, hedge trimming and weed control and not the perimeter fence foliage control.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1974, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1974, V. 1, IRIS Number 1000943):

[NOTE: No mention of any perimeter issues, vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1974, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1974, V. 2, IRIS Number 1000944):

Tab 8, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1974:

Page 7, Facilities: The following projects are under construction: i. NKP 54-2: Install Security Perimeter Fence. Project started on 17 Jun 74, and is at 25% completed.

Page 12, Operations and Maintenance: The Operations and Maintenance Branch devoted the majority of its time monitoring the Trans-Asia work force and all service contracts. All service contracts were either extended or new ones signed for FY75.

[NOTE: No specific mentions of any vegetation control items in this history.]

Tab 9, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter area issues, vegetation control or the use of herbicide in this history.]

Tab 19, 56th Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1974:

Page 1, Significant Statistics: During this quarter a total of $273,957.00 were expended. Approximately 64% of expenditures were for various types of services such as Custodial Services, Mess Attendants, Non-Tactical Radio Maintenance, Vehicle Wash, Aircraft Wash, Xerox Copying Service, Vegetation Control and other various services.

[NOTE: The above vegetation control probably means lawn cutting, hedge trimming and weed control and not the perimeter fence foliage control.]

128

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1974, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1974, V. 1, IRIS Number 1002898):

Page 70, Current Construction Projects: Construction work under Project NKP 54-2 [Install Security Perimeter Fence and clear vegetation away from perimeter fence] was behind schedule because the contractor waited too long to start work before the rainy season began. Civil Engineering personnel said the contractor also had not located the extra coils of concertina wire. Project 54-2 was designed to provide additional perimeter security fencing around the base.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter area issues (besides the fact that work around the perimeter had slowed down), vegetation control or the use of herbicide in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1974, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1974, V. 2, IRIS Number 1002899):

Tab E, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1974:

Page 13, Engineering and Construction: f. Project NKP 54-2, Install Perimeter Security Fence. Contract was let at pre- construction conference held on 22 April 74. The contractor did not start work until late June. The contractor received all government furnished materials. Since the contractor waited so long to start, the rainy season stopped him from paving in the Ammo Area. Also the contractor is having problems finding the additional 350 coils of concertina wire required to complete the project. The contractor has been on liquidated damages since 25 August 74 at $30.00/day with no scheduled completion date. OICC, Lt Morrison stated that the contractor has been notified but has not responded to correct the situation.

[NOTE: Although not stated, the contractor’s problem, probably due to it now being the rainy season, does not include the vegetation control that was also a part of this project. As soon as the rain stopped, the foliage issue would certainly be a rapidly growing problem. Otherwise, there is no mention of any vegetation control or use of herbicides in this history.]

Tab F, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter area issues, vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab P, 56th Comptroller Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter area issues, vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab R, 56th Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1974:

129

[NOTE: Normally, in this section under “Significant Statistics,” a laundry list of expenditures for various types of services are listed, including “vegetation control;” however, in this history, this service is left out. It could be part of the “and other various services,” that is in this paragraph, or, it could mean that the contract had run out and was not being pursued at this time.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1974, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1974, V. 1, IRIS Number 1005783):

Page 40, Current Projects: Th4ree construction projects were underway or completed during the quarter. Foremost was the installation of a perimeter security fence. This project, using government furnished concertina wire was completed in December 1974.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, there is no mention of the vegetation clearing around the perimeter fence that the above project also contained. No mention of any vegetation control or use of herbicides in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, October through December 1974, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Oct-Dec 1974, V. 2, IRIS Number 1005784):

Tab E, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1974:

Page 4, Facilities: 12. NKP 54-2, Install Perimeter Security Fence – project is 100% completed in December. All concertina wire was government furnished material.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, there is no mention of the vegetation clearing around the perimeter fence that the above project also contained.]

Page 9, Engineering and Construction: c. Project NKP 54-2, install perimeter security fence – all work completed and accepted as of December.

[NOTE: Unfortunately, there is no mention of the vegetation clearing around the perimeter fence that the above project also contained.]

Tab F, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab P, 56th Comptroller’s Office Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1974:

[NOTE: No mention of expenditures on vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab R, 56th Procurement Office Historical Data Record, Oct-Dec 1974:

130

[NOTE: For a second quarter in a row, this section normally states under “Significant Statistics,” a laundry list of expenditures for various types of services are listed, including “vegetation control;” however, in this history, this service is left out. It could be part of the “and various other services,” that is in this paragraph, or, it could mean that the contract had run out and was not being pursued at this time.]

[NOTE: No funding is noted for vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1975, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1975, V. 1, IRIS Number 1006661):

Page 43, New Construction: There were no new construction projects started during this quarter, primarily due to uncertainties of base tenure. Three FY76 projects were canceled in January 1975.

[NOTE: No mention of perimeter fence issues, vegetation control or herbicide use in this history. It is now obvious that the base was probably going to close and all but the most required maintenance was stopped.]

56th Special Operations Wing, January through March 1975, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jan-Mar 1975, V. 2, IRIS Number 1006662):

Tab E, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab F, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab P, 56th Comptroller’s Office Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab Q, 56th Procurement Office Historical Data Record, Jan-Mar 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

[NOTE: It is not surprising that such housekeeping items such as vegetation control ceased to be reported as the base was starting to close at this time. Funding was tight and numerous projects were cancelled in preparation of getting the order to close the base.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1975, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1975, V. 1, IRIS Number 1009064):

Page 50, Retrograde Activities:

131

Effective 30 June 1975, the Thailand-wide U.S. Air Force contract with Trans- Asia Engineering Incorporated expired. This resulted in moving the facility support/upkeep base Civil Engineering Office. Due to the increased CE functions, 362 local nationals relieved as well as three U.S. civilians who filled management positions. The increased workload was also relieved with the arrival of 22 NCO’s under the Prime Beef Program. All this has allowed the CE shop to keep abreast of the most current developments.

[NOTE: With the imminent closure of Nakhon Phanom, some housekeeping contracts were cancelled, which included, no doubt, the mowing, trimming, and vegetation control at the base. It was now the responsibility of the 56th Civil Engineering Squadron.]

56th Special Operations Wing, April through June 1975, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Apr-Jun 1975, V. 2, IRIS Number 1009065):

Tab E, 56th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Report, Apr-Jun 1975: Page 2, Personnel Status: Effective 30 June, the civilian maintenance contractor, Trans-Asia, was officially terminated at the Civil Engineering organization has taken up the total responsibility for the operation of base utilities and performing base maintenance.

Page 10, Commander’s Conclusions: The contract between Trans-Asia Engineering Incorporated and the U.S. Air Force on all Thailand bases was terminated effective 30 June 1975. Extensive pre-planning was required to transfer all BCE functions from contract to USAF in- house operation. The combined work of all personnel, contactor included, resulted in an orderly and in a mass wage board rehire of 362 Local National former Trans-Asia employees.

[NOTE: Although Trans-Asia lost the contract, its employees were hired by the base to continue their duties (vegetation control included) under the base civil engineer.]

Tab F, 56th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab P, 656th Comptroller Division History, Apr-Jun 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab Q, 656th Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1975:

Page 1, Significant Statistics: During this quarter, a total of $239,168.00 were expended. Approximately 60% of expenditures were for various types of recurring services such as Custodial Services, Mess Attendants, Non-Tactical Radio Maintenance, Vehicle Wash, Aircraft Wash and various other services.

132

[NOTE: It is assumed that part of the Custodial Services noted above were for vegetation control.]

[NOTE: The 56th Special Operations Wing transferred from NKP to MacDill AFB, FL as of 1 July 1975, replaced by the 656th Special Operations Wing. NKP was closed in October 1975.]

656th Special Operations Wing, July through October 1975, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-656-HI, Jul-Oct 1975, V. 1, IRIS Number 1009402):

Chronology: July 1975 1 Following reassignment of the 56th Special Operations Wing (without personnel and equipment) to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida on 30 June 1975, the residual personnel remaining at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand were assigned to the 656th Special Operations Wing.

September 4 A Joint Chiefs of Staff directive established 31 October 1975 as the Nakhon Phanom RTAFB closure date, and directed inactivation of the wing. The 656 SOW immediately executed standdown and began preparation for aircraft functional check flights.

22 The 656th Special Operations Wing officially inactivated at 2400 hours local.

Page 1: Following inactivation of the wing, the 656th Combat Support Group remained in place to accomplish complete closure of Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base by 31 October 1975.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

656th Special Operations Wing, July through October 1975, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-656-HI, Jul-Oct 1975, V. 2, IRIS Number 1009403):

Tab D, 656th Supply Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jul-Oct 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab E, 656th Civil Engineering Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jul-Oct 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab F, 656th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Record, Jul-Sep 1975:

133

Page 3, Narrative: On 28 July 1975, contacts were negotiated with civilian concerns to have garbage picked up at each security post at least once a week. A contract was also negotiated to insure that he grass growing in and around each security post was cut on a continuing basis.

Page 7: The removal/turn-in of sensors on the perimeter was completed on 18 September.

Tab F, 656th Security Police Squadron, Historical Data Record, Oct 1975:

Page 6, Narrative: The Air Base Defense mission was gradulally7 turned over to the Royal Thai Air Force throughout the closure period. The perimeter towers and bunkers were turned over to them one month before closure. Security Police withdrew to a secondary line of defensive bunkers nearer the cantonment area. Security Alert Teams and Quick Reaction Force response to the perimeter was retained. The entire security function was turned over to the Royal Thai Air Force six days before closure [17 October 1975].

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above, responsibility for base defense was transferred to the Royal Thai Air Force, so vegetation control along the perimeter would be their responsibility.]

Tab O, 656th Comptroller Division History, Jul-Oct 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

Tab P, 656th Base Procurement Office Historical Data Record, Jul-Oct 1975:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or herbicide use in this history.]

[NOTE: As of 31 October 1975, Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base no longer had any USAF forces present.]

Pages 70-72, Takhli RTAFB: [No mention of vegetation control is made. Vehicle, communications and lighting take up the security concerns devoted to this installation and therefore leads one to assume that vegetation in 1972, when the report was written, was not a problem at this base.]

Takhli RTAFB:

[NOTE: Before the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing took over as the host unit of Takhli, the 6235th Combat Support Group was the housekeeping organization. Before the 6235th was the 331st Air Base Squadron. The 6235th Combat Support Group histories were submitted to the AFHRA as supporting documents to the 35th Tactical Group histories.]

6011th Air Base Squadron, unk-8 Jul 1963 331st Air Base Squadron, 8 Jul 1963-7 May 1965

134

6235th Combat Support Group 8 May-8 Nov 1965 355th Combat Support Group, 8 Nov 1965-10 Dec 1970 6235th Air Base Squadron, 11 Dec 1970-Apr 1971 CLOSED, April 1971-May 1972 366th Combat Support Group, 13 Jun-31 Oct 1972 6280th Combat Support Group, 1 Nov 1972-29 Jul 1973 347th Tactical Fighter Wing, 30 Jul 1973-14 Jul 1974 6280th Combat Support Group, 15 Jul-12 Sep 1974 CLOSED, 13 Sep 1974

35th Tactical Group, 1 January through 30 June 1964 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-35-HI, Jan-Jun 1964, IRIS Number 435558):

Roster of Key Personnel:

Takhli, Thailand: 331st Air Base Sq Det 1, 401st Tactical Fighter Wing Det 12, 30th Weather Squadron

Historical Data Record, 331st Air Base Squadron:

Page 1, Mission: The mission of the 331st Air Base Squadron is to provide administrative, logistical and housekeeping support for all USAF units assigned, attached, or deployed to Takhli Air Base Thailand; to include rotational and contingency forces required to fulfill US commitments to Thailand.

Page 4, Operations: Detachment #1, 27 TFW from Cannon AFB, New Mexico continued to man our F-100 commitment at Takhli until April, 1964.

The fighter contingent at Takhli consisted of six (6) F-100 aircraft with the primary mission of training. During SEATO exercise Air Boon Choo, which was conducted from 20 to 30 April, the pilots of Det #1, 27 TFW, were supplemented with an additional 3 F-100’s from the 612th TFW of Clark AFB, Phil Islands.

On 29 April, 1964, Det #1, 27 TFW was relieved by Det #1, 401st TFW, of England AFB, Louisiana.

On 4 June 1964, Det #1, 401st TFW was relieved by Det #1, 3rd Fighter Wing, also of England AFB arrived at Takhli.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above, Takhli was a semi-permanent base that primarily served small rotational fighter units. Air base defense was still the responsibility of the Royal Thai Air Force and not the USAF. Therefore, there is no call for vegetation control along the perimeter of the base and no herbicides were used by USAF forces at this time.]

35th Tactical Group, 1 July through 31 December 1964, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-35-HI, Jul-Dec 1964, V. 3, IRIS Number 435561):

135

Historical Data Record, 331st Air Base Squadron, Jul-Dec 1964:

[NOTE: There is no mention of any security issues in this history. The civil engineering section concerns itself with altering and maintaining various buildings and new construction in regards to shops, recreation facilities and swimming pool, runway overruns and power distribution systems. No vegetation control or herbicide use mentioned in this history.]

35th Tactical Group, 1 January through 30 June 1965 (AFHRA Call Number K-GP-35-HI, Jan-Jun 1965, IRIS Number 435562):

Page 3, Organization: The 6235th Combat Support Group was designated and organized at Takhli Air Base, Thailand, on 8 May 1965, with assignment to Thirteenth Air Force and attachment to the 2nd Air Division.

Also designated and organized at Takhli under the 6235th Combat Support Group on 8 May 1965 were the 6235th Support Squadron and the 6235th Materiel Squadron. The 331st Air Base Squadron at Takhli was discontinued on 8 May 1965, being inactivated and reverting to control of the Department of the Air Force.

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through December 1965 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jul-Dec 1965, IRIS Number 456395):

Page 2, Addition of Facilities: Despite problems, several gains were made during this period, mostly in facilities. The general appearance of the airfield improved and a greater safety factor achieved by cutting of tall grass throughout the area. Runway approaches were improved by cutting tall trees and filling in of a ditch beyond the southern overrun.

Page 17, Air Police Squadron: On November 8, the Air Police Section of the 6235th Combat Support Group was inactivated and the 355th Air Police Squadron activated.

Page 18: The Royal Thailand Air Force (RTAF) security provided one of their air police to accompany the off base patrol; one at the entrance gate and two for the Security Alert Team. In addition, nine to twelve basic trainee security guards were provided during the hours of darkness. They were used in the munitions storage are and along the flightline. However, this use of basic trainees proved useless for the troops were unreliable since they were untrained—tired from training all

136

day and equipped with old weapons, consequently several were caught sleeping on duty.

Page 20, Civil Engineering Squadron: Conditions of Base Streets. The streets of the base have deteriorated rapidly due to the increase use and excessive loads. All streets were laterite base which gives way under excessive use and wet weather. Maintenance of the streets has been limited since Civil Engineers did not have the proper equipment and manhours to accomplish it.

Takhli RTAFB Main Gate, September 1965. No paved roads, no perimeter fence.

Supporting Document 16, Historical Data Report, 355th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Dec 1965:

Page 2, Facilities: During the period 1 Jul thru 20 Sep 65, the only air police facility was a temporary building located on the flightline. This building was completely renovated by off duty air policemen and divided into three rooms.

Physical Safeguards: Air Police personnel fabricated 300 portable stanchions, 200 restricted area signs, all traffic control signs and erected flight line barricades.

[NOTE: While trying to open a bare base, it should be kept in mind that the Air Police do not have authority over the entire complex and are barely able to conduct minimum security for the base. There is no perimeter fence at this time and vegetation control is not on their ‘to do’ list.]

137

Supporting Document 16, Historical Data Report, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Dec 1965:

Page 1: Roads have deteriorated rapidly due to the increased use and excessive loads. All roads have a laterite base which gives way under excessive use and wet weather. Maintenance of roads has been limited since CE does not have proper equipment and available manhours to accomplish it. There is a request for approval of a $120,000.00 Road Maintenance contract at 13th Air Force which was submitted during December 1965.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control. At this time the CE squadron was more concerned about getting passable roads than foliage control.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through June 1966, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Jun 1966, V. 1, IRIS Number 456396):

Page 68, U.S. Property: Even with the huge construction program going on at this base, it was reiterated by the Deputy Commander, 7/13AF that the United States did not own property in Thailand but was merely a guest of the Royal Thai Government. Therefore, the facilities being constructed were for American usage, butyl with American money, but in all sincerity belonged to the Thai Government. This hampered the construction program at various times, because no new projects or alterations to existing facilities could be made without prior approval of the Royal Thai Government.

Page 69: This meant that the facility would be drawn up locally by the Engineering and Construction Division with a cost estimate, then sent to higher headquarters for approval, then back to COMUSMACTHAI for them to send to the RTG for their siting approval and authority for construction. However, with the arrival of PRIME BEEF [or RED HORSE] teams from the CONUS for short period of time, it was requested of the RTG to let the RTAF commander at each particular installation give the siting and construction approval on critical projects to be accomplished by the teams. There was no answer as to the RTG position by the end of the period. So in the interim each base civil engineer would identify the projects and hand carry six copies of the site plans, narrative work scope, including justification and cost and type funding, through COMUSMACTHAI for RTAF approval/construction authority.

[NOTE: I include the above to show how complicated it was at this time to get any approval by the Thai government for construction at USAF bases. The use of herbicides, if desired, would have to go through the same process.]

Page 77, 355th Air Police Squadron: The AP squadron was to provide security for combat capability of the 355th TFW, protect all USAF resources, and enforce law and order on Takhli RTAFB. The Air Police squadron was augmented in March by Thai Security personnel. There were a total of 225 Thai reservists called back to active duty by the RTAF. The unit was the 4th Thai Security Guard Company, 1st Battalion. These personnel

138 were assigned to security duties in areas where armed guards were considered essential.

[NOTE: At this time USAF personnel were not allowed to carry weapons, so any armed sentries along the perimeter area would have been Thai Security personnel, not USAF members. Since the RTAF provided the security, the notion that there would be a sense of urgency for vegetation control during this time is a misunderstanding of the Thai attitude concerning security. The Thai’s believed that their bases were secure and that there was no security threat against them. Therefore, Thai officials would treat something like vegetation control around the base perimeter, to allow sentries to sound the alarm by observing enemy forces getting close to the base, as a foolish and unnecessary idea and precaution.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through June 1966, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Jun 1966, V. 1, IRIS Number 456396); and Volume 3, Supporting Document 56, “Strange Story of How AF Got Rid of Its Goats,” Pacific Stars and Stripes Edition, Vol 22, No. 238, Saturday, August 27, 1966:

Pages 85-86: In mid-1965, certain areas of the base were becoming over grown with jungle growth. It was suggested that a heard of natural brush eaters, goats, be acquired. So First Lieutenant Michael K. Lusey, Air Police Squadron, purchased a herd of 44 goats on behalf of the Air Force to aid in disposing of the intense undergrowth.

Once the build-up started at Takhli sufficient machinery was sent in to accomplish grass and brush cutting, so the goats were no longer needed. But getting rid of them was easier said than done. The problem was: How does the base get rid of a herd of Air Force goats? Before a solution was reached they had become a problem of grave concern. The herd was bucked from one squadron or section to another because of being a nuisance and finally ended up on the fuel storage area. But still nobody wanted them as they stank and needed milking. They would pounce atop cars and trucks and the fuel tanks; get hung up in fences and bleat during the night, shattering nerves. And on top of this, they had grown dissatisfied with the brush they were supposed to be eating and starting eating the choice grass that base personnel had planted for beautification.

Base officials wanted to “Get rid of those goats!” But the salvage personnel determined that there was no officially legal way of destroying a herd of Air Force goats. The regulations tell all about how to get rid of working horses, mules, and dogs. Nothing about goats. Base salvage officer, Master Sergeant Richard J. Kaptiz, ruled that “You may not harm one hair on the goats. They are Air Force livestock and must be treated accordingly.” Kaptiz took the problem to the MACTHAI (Military Assistance Command-Thailand) salvage agent for an answer. A year after the goats were purchased came the final answer from Department of Defense and State Department officials located in Bangkok. They stated:

139

“We will transfer the goats to the Department of State. Just a paper transaction. No goat homicides. No funds involved. Regulations permit transfer of property between U.S. Government agencies.”

Arrangements were made by base salvage section and the State Department to transfer the herd (now 49 strong) to a 2,000 acre farm in Northern Thailand under the guidance of the U.S. Operations Mission for Thailand. They were given to the Border Patrol Police of the Public Safety Department to bolster milk supplies. The area they were taken to was the mountain country of Chiang Mai, about 325 miles from Takhli.

Sergeant Kaptiz enlisted the aid of the 355th Transportation Squadron to move the herd north. The squadron assigned Senior Master Sergeant Arzie Templeton of Nashville, Tennessee, Airman First Class Donnie L. Duval of Danville, Virginia, and Airman First Class George S. Riley of Duluth, Minnesota, to assist Kapitz in the transfer. The foursome was given two one and a half ton trucks to accomplish the mission.

Elaborate plans were made to feed and water the goats and to bed them down overnight. The trucks rolled through the gate at 5 a.m. and headed north. The goats became irritated. They wouldn’t eat or drink at the way stations. Tumults were created as the trucks, loaded with the noisiest cargo on earth, passed through villages. Kapitz tried to console the herd. For an answer, two of the nannys kidded, or lambed or foaled or whatever it is goats do when they sprout offspring. “I am,” growled Kapitz, “supposed to be getting rid of goats—not getting more.”

At several points, drivers Duval and Riley were confronted with wild elephants. They skidded the trucks to a stop. The elephants trumpeted and the goats baaa- a-ed. The jungle was turned into bedlam. Finally the elephants turned up their noses and wandered off into the jungle. And so the caravan arrived at the American Consulate in Chiang Mai at 2 a.m. the following day. They roused the Consul General from his slumber. “Here, sir, are your goats,” Kaptiz announced.

Unbelievably unimpressed, the consul general yawned. “Put them in the compound and let’s get some sleep.”

So the goats were impounded in the compound for the rest of the night. Next morning, with the aid of native boys, they were reloaded into the trucks and the caravan made its way up through the mountain country to the Border Police Patrol ranch. As each of the goats scampered away to the freedom of their new home on the range, Kaptiz’s smile became broader. “Being a salvage officer has both its terrifying and rewarding moments,” he said.

[NOTE: As can be seen from the above, herbicides were not the primary means of vegetation control, but goats, at first, followed up by mowing.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through June 1966, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Jun 1966, V. 3, IRIS Number 456398):

140

Tab 46, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Report, 1 Jan through 20 June 1966:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or any construction projects for the perimeter fence.]

Tab 49, 355th Security Police Squadron Historical Report, 1 Jan through 30 Jun 1966:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control or any construction projects for the perimeter defense.]

Supporting Document 56, “Strange Story of How AF Got Rid of Its Goats,” Pacific Stars and Stripes Edition, Vol 22, No. 238, Saturday, August 27, 1966 (see above in Volume 1 transcript for full article).

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through December 1966, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jul-Dec 1966, V. 1, IRIS Number 456399):

Page 108, Base Civil Engineer Projects in Progress Dec 66: 39-7 Perimeter Road – AMMO, 13,100 feet Under Contract

Page 110, Follow-Up Inspection: In August a follow-up inspection of the 13AF General Inspection of 21-26 February 1966 was conducted. During this inspection 45 of the closed discrepancies were reopened. Although most discrepancies had been corrected, there were still areas where improvement was needed.

Page 112: Open items in the Security Police Squadron included discrepancies in the munitions area. It was found that he munitions area was still not properly cleared of undergrowth and there were no perimeter lights around the area. There was still no perimeter road around the inside of the munitions storage dump and the team noted that the area could not be properly safeguarded without access to the fence at all points. A project for a perimeter fence and lighting was being proposed for submission to 13AF. The lack of a perimeter road or fence around the U.S. portion of the base was also expected to be corrected by a project submission to 13AF.

Page 114, Problem Areas: The lack of physical security safeguards, i.e., perimeter fence and lighting, with appropriate controlled entry points was considered a major security problem area which hopefully will be corrected in future programming plans.

141

Takhli RTAFB’s main gate, late 1966. Original photo caption read: The main gate is the only authorized entry point to USAF facilities at Takhli RTAFB but because there is no fence on the perimeter of the base; thieves and other unauthorized persons can get on and off the base without going through the check point.

142

Takhli’s Ammo Dump perimeter fence, 1966. Original caption read: The Takhli Ammo Dump, used for the storage of armament used by USAF aircraft, is watched over from towers situated on its perimeter. Only Thai guards are allowed to bear arms. All towers have not as yet been supplied with lights to better implement night-time security.

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through December 1966, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jul-Dec 1966, V. 3, IRIS Number 456401):

Supporting Document 26, Follow-Up To General Inspection of 355th Tactical Fighter Wing, Takhli, Thailand, 9 August 1966, by the Thirteenth Air Force Inspector General:

143

Page 1, Cover letter of 24 August 1966 from 13AF/IGIN (Colonel Robert W. Gates) to 355th TFW, Subject: Report of Follow-Up Inspection of the General Inspection:

This is a Report of Follow-Up of the General Inspection conducted 21-26 February 1966. The Follow-Up Inspection was conducted 9 August 1966. During this inspection 45 of the closed discrepancies were reopened. Attached is the status of all discrepancies noted in the General Inspection.

Tab C, 355th Air Police Squadron: Operations: Findings: OPEN – The munitions area was not properly cleared of undergrowth. This constituted a security hazard as well as a potential fire hazard.

STATUS: The munitions area was not properly cleared of undergrowth, and there were no perimeter lights around area.

OPEN – There was neither perimeter road nor complete fencing around the U.S. portion of the base.

STATUS: Project Takhli 42-7 to build a perimeter road and fence was being proposed for submission to 13AF.

OPEN – There was a lack of physical safeguards around the flight line/aircraft parking area. Work orders had been submitted for fencing and lighting, but it appeared that too low a priority, combined with a lack of aggressive follow-up, had produced little results.

STATUS: Flight line parking areas were not fenced. Some fixed and some portable lights were insufficient.

Supporting Document 30, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron History, July- December 1966:

[NOTE: There is no mention of vegetation control in this unit’s history.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through June 1967, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Jun 1967, V. 1, IRIS Number 456403):

Page 168, Facilities: During this six-month period, many acres of jungle on the base at Takhli were cleared for construction sites and to improve security for specific and general areas. As the jungle was pushed back, the base assumed a new face, with the appearance of organization and inhabitation as opposed to that of an outpost. This was particularly true in the new south cantonment area where the major portion of construction was in progress.

Page 184, Security Problem Areas:

144

The lack of physical security safeguards (i.e., perimeter fence and lighting), with appropriate controlled entry points, was considered a major security problem area that hopefully would be corrected in the future.

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through June 1967, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Jun 1967, V. 2, IRIS Number 456404):

Supporting Document 21, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron 1 January through 30 June 1967 history:

Page 2: Many acres of jungle on the base were cleared for construction sites and to improve security for specific and general areas. As the jungle was pushed back, the base assumed a new face, organized and inhabited, as opposed to that of an outpost appearance. This was particularly true in the new south cantonment area where the major portion of construction was in progress.

[NOTE: Clearing of jungle would denote bulldozing to immediately remove jungle growth for construction, not the use of slow acting and debris leaving herbicides.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through June 1967, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Jun 1967, V. 3, IRIS Number 456405):

Supporting Document 33, 355th Security Police Squadron 1 January through 30 June 1967 history:

[NOTE: No mention of herbicide use or vegetation control along the perimeter fence line in this unit history.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1967, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jul-Sep 1967, V. 1, IRIS Number 456406):

Page 209, Security: The lack of physical security safeguards (i.e., perimeter fence and lighting), with appropriate controlled entry points, continued during this quarter as a major security problem that hopefully might be corrected in the future.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control is made in this history.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1967, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jul-Sep 1967, V. 3, IRIS Number 456408):

Supporting Document 31, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, 1 July through 30 September 1967 history:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control is made in this history.]

145

Supporting Document 35, 355th Security Police Squadron, 1 July through 30 September 1967 history:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control is made in this history.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1967, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Oct-Dec 1967, V. 1, IRIS Number 456409):

Page 98, Security: One security problem that carried over from the preceding quarter was the lack of physical security safeguards (i.e. perimeter fence and lighting), with appropriate controlled entry points. This was a major security problem that hopefully might be corrected in the future.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control is made in this history.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, January through March 1968, Volume 2 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Mar 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 456412):

Appendix IV, 355th Combat Support Group Historical Data Report, Jan-Mar 1968:

Page 13, Security Police Squadron: Very few of the restricted areas have security fencing or lighting installed. Around the perimeter, most of these areas have been projected for fencing, lights and communication in MCP 70 [military construction program fiscal year 1970].

Page 14: [The narrative is concerned about the amount of theft on base]:

Several acts of improvements could be instituted on base such as fencing the base proper, installation of fences and lights around restricted areas.

[This insinuates that there wasn’t even a perimeter fence around Takhli in 1968.]

Attachment 3, 355th CES, Jan-Mar 1968:

Page 7: As a result of a USAF requirement for a bombing range in Thailand, the 355th Civil Engineering Squadron was directed to program the necessary support facilities to allow joint usage of the Royal Thai Air Force Scorable Bomb Range at Muan Kom (Chandi). Two (2) projects for construction by contract were initiated in February 19668. The work under project TAK 150-8 included the construction of a Helicopter Pad, Vehicle Shed, Water Tower and enclosing a Flank Tower. Project TAK 159-8 consisted of clearing approximately thirty seven (37) acres of dense vegetation on the range. These projects were under design by late March 1968.

Attachment 2 to Attachment 3, In-House Projects, 1 Jan 68-31 Mar 68:

146

Work Order Number: 893-67

Clear all jungle obstruction and level area for a 1,000 foot radius around TACAN facility, 27 Mar 68, $19,328.32.

[NOTE: The above appears to be new construction clearing where a bulldozer would have been used to clear the jungle, not slow acting and debris leaving herbicides.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1968, Volume 1 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Apr-Jun 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 456414):

Page 118, Adequacy of Facilities: An important new wing facility became operational during this quarter with the opening of the Chandy Bombing Range on 25 June 1968. This facility was expected to be vital in the orientation and continuing training of aircrews of the 355th TFW and other U.S. Air Force elements based in Thailand.

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control is made in this history. The opening of Chandy Bombing Range, noted above, shows how fast the jungle was cleared and the range put into operational use—something that herbicides would not have allowed—from the previous quarter’s order to come up with a plan for a bombing range.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1968, Volume 2 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Apr-Jun 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 456415):

Historical Data Record, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1968:

Attachment 1, Page 2, Minor Construction Projects Cont’d.:

Project No.: TAK 159-8 Title: Clearing at Chandy Range Cost ($000): 2.8 Started: 5-8 Completed: 6-8

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, April through June 1968, Volume 2 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Apr-Jun 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 456415):

Appendix IV, 355th Combat Support Group Historical Data Report, Jan-Mar 1968:

Page 15, Security: On 11 June 1968, this unit received a message from 13AF directing that the security protective measures outlined in PACAF Manual 207-25, Security Police Guidance for Guerilla/Insurgency/Limited War Environments, be

147 implemented immediately. The PACAFM represented a compilation of Air Force experience in the defense of Air Bases in Vietnam. Basically, the changes that are, or will be required concern additional availability of personnel for immediate response to hostile acts and the attainment of combat designed equipment. Although austere manpower precludes full compliance, immediate steps have been taken to implement the manual within our capacity. Equipment now being authorized for Security Police usage has been ordered. This transition, especially to the use of combat designed equipment, will take time and is not expected to be immediate.

[NOTE: The emphasizes on people and equipment illustrates the mind-set of those in charge of the base’s defense and that such steps as vegetation control around the perimeter fence, when there was a perimeter fence, was not very high on the list of base defense preparations.]

History of the 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Apr-Jun 1968: Page 5: Service contracts were prepared for services to be performed in FY69. These included custodial services, grounds maintenance, power plant maintenance and operation, refuse collection, water hauling and septic tank cleaning. Approval for the grounds maintenance contract has not been received from higher headquarters as of 30 June 1968.

[NOTE: Evidently the normal grass mowing, tree trimming and hedge clipping type duties within the base itself was contracted out to local national Thai companies whenever possible. Otherwise, there is no mention of vegetation control made in this history.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 1 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 456418):

Page 94, Adequacy of Facilities: In an action designed to enhance security at Takhli RTAFB, the Wing submitted a program request to Thirteenth Air Force in August, 1968, for perimeter roads, double perimeter fencing around the base, and perimeter security lighting. This action was directed by Seventh Air Force/Thirteenth Air Force. However, Thirteenth Air Force informed Wing officials on 10 August 1968 that there was a known shortage of construction funds and that commanders would have to evaluate each requirement carefully. Thirteenth Air Force acknowledged that great emphasis was being given to the security program, but said there was no evidence that there would be “blank check” funding. That headquarters aid that projects for security facility requirements, both O&M and MCP [operations and maintenance; military construction program], would be submitted to PACAF as a complete package for approval. Thirteenth Air Force also reminded the Wing that siting approval by the Royal Thai Air Force was required for all projects, including types of fencing.

[NOTE: Despite the attention for security for the base, vegetation control is not mentioned in this history.]

148

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 3 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 3, IRIS Number 456420):

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record of the 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Sep 1968:

Page 6: In order to increase the security of the base, a program was submitted to 13AF, for perimeter roads, double perimeter fencing around the base and perimeter security lighting. These projects were directed by 7/13AF message.

The first revision of the FY-69 financial plan as accomplished during August and September. A subsequent review by 13AF reduced the minor construction program from $240,000 to $150,000, and also reduced our funds for rental equipment from $44,800 to $11,000. This cut in rental equipment funds will virtually eliminate the resources to perform clearing of jungle areas on base for increasing security.

[NOTE: The above clearly shows that any on-going vegetation control, at least on base, that had been in being was dependent upon equipment (i.e., mowers, bulldozers, etc.) to clear vegetation—not herbicides. Now it appears that on- base vegetation control would cease, due to lack of funds. It is not clear how this affected any perimeter vegetation control, if any existed at this time (so far no hint that there was any vegetation control at the perimeter fence at this time).]

Page 7: After much revision, and through considerable communication with higher headquarters, service contracts were finally approved and awarded for Ground Maintenance and Custodial Services. This releases military and other in-house personnel for other work necessary to the wing mission.

[NOTE: This appears to refer to the on base ground maintenance and vegetation control (grass mowing, shrub clipping, tree trimming), as opposed to foliage control on the perimeter fence.]

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record of the 355th Security Police Squadron, Jul- Sep 1968:

[NOTE: No mention of vegetation control is made in this history.]

[NOTE: Udorn RTAFB was attacked on 26 July 1968, which prompted the below message to be sent to all USAF bases in Thailand:]

56th Special Operations Wing, July through September 1968, Volume 3 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-56-HI, Jul-Sep 1968, V. 3, IRIS Number 451125):

Supporting Document 67, Message, Deptuy Commander, 7/13 AF, Udorn Afld, Thailand to 8TFW, Ubon; 355TFW, Takhli; 388TFW Korat; 432TRW Udorn;

149

56ACW, NKP; 6310CSG, Don Muang; 6350CSG, U-Tapao; MACTHAI; 7AF, TSN; 13AF, Clark; HQ PACAF; AMEBM Bangkok, Thailand; American Counsl, Udorn, Subject: Lessons Learned From The Attack on Udorn, 26 Jul 68:

[NOTE: The rest of the message deals with the need for flare ships, fire discipline, Thai guard and forces support and radio coordination. The final paragraph states:]

Paragraph 3: Commanders will take the following steps:

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1968, Volume 1 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Oct-Dec 1968, V. 1, IRIS Number 456423):

Page 126, Adequacy of Facilities: As the quarter ended, requirements continued to exist for perimeter roads, double perimeter fencing, perimeter lighting, and further clearing of jungle areas for improving base security. Lack of funds caused this program to be slipped.

[NOTE: Note that a lack of money still caused the prevention of clearing vegetation away from the perimeter fence. See the 355th Security Police Squadron history, below, for more information as to the limited amount of

150 vegetation control conducted in this quarter. It does not appear that herbicides were used.]

355th Tactical Fighter Wing, October through December 1968, Volume 2 history (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Oct-Dec 1968, V. 2, IRIS Number 456424):

355th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Report, Oct-Dec 1968:

Page 11: As attention upon security requirements for base defense increases, the Civil Engineers are establishing a program for the construction of personnel security bunkers throughout the base. As a trial model, this squadron constructed one 65 man bunker near the flight line. Future bunkers will be constructed on an organizational basis using troop labor with Civil Engineering forces providing materials and technical assistance.

[NOTE: The emphasis is upon bunkers, not vegetation control.]

355th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Report, Oct-Dec 1968:

Page 5, Security: A large shipment of Concertina Wire arrived on base and a mile and a quarter of Triple Strand Concertina Wire was placed on the North and East side of the perimeter before it was discovered that this wire belonged to another unit for a required commitment. Concertina Wire to continue around the base perimeter and restricted areas was ordered on 21 August 1968 and is back ordered in Base Supply. Other physical security safe guards such as fencing around restricted areas and perimeter has been ordered but is awaiting appropriated funds.

[NOTE: This insinuates that by the end of 1968, there still was no perimeter fence around Takhli.]

Page 8: Another problem area is the heavy jungle growth over the perimeter and various areas of the installation. A monthly contract by Civil Engineers is in being and approximately forty percent of this growth on the USAF portion of the base has been removed. Recommend that vegetation control be continued in these areas or this problem will occur again in about three months.

[NOTE: Evidently, a commercial Thai contractor cleared the vegetation away from the perimeter areas of the base—not the USAF. No mention of herbicide is made, and the use of the word “removed” implies cutting or mowing, as opposed to the slow killing via herbicides.]

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, January through March 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Mar 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 456428):

Page 111-112, Adequacy of Facilities:

151

Continuing emphasis has been placed on improvement of the base security and defense posture at Takhli RTAFB this quarter. The lack of funds which consistently plagued this program and caused it to “slip” each Fiscal Year, was finally overcome this reporting period when Red Horse construction teams began work on the perimeter road, for an estimated cost of $548,000. As part of the construction of the base security fence, Red Horse began work on guard towers and security lighting, the only funded portion of the project which has been estimated at $60,000.

Related to these base defense improvements was the construction and repair of new and old bunkers, machine gun emplacements, and other security protection measures which continued during the quarter. A bunker designed to offer adequate protection, yet present a good appearance, was constructed around the Security Control Center. Also, three “drive in” type bunkers were completed at likely avenues of approach to the base; they were designed to afford protection to personnel, their weapons and vehicles.

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, January through March 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Jan-Mar 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 456429):

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jan-Mar 1969:

Page 12, Significant Civil Engineering Accomplishments: As continuing emphasis has been placed on improving base security and defense posture, the construction of the Perimeter Road has been started by Red Horse for an estimated cost of $548,000. Also, as part of the construction of the Base Security Fence, Red Horse has begun construction of guard towers and security lights, the only funded portion of the project, at an estimated cost of $60,000.

Page 13 [Herbicide Training]: From 17 through 21 March 1969, the 355th Civil Engineering Squadron sponsored and hosted a class in the use and application of Herbicides. Personnel from all Thailand Bases attended this training including both Grounds Maintenance, AFSC 551X1, and Environmental Engineering, AFSC 907X0, personnel. The PACAF Command Agronomist, DAFC [Department of the Air Force Civilian] Mr. Gross, conducted the class assisted by TSgt Pless, 13th AF Entomologist.

[NOTE: This is the first mention of herbicides at Takhli RTAFB. It appears that this is the first step in introducing herbicides to the USAF bases in Thailand, and evidently it was an orientation class. The fact that representatives from every USAF base in Thailand attended this class insinuates that this is a new initiative and Mr. Gross wanted to brief everyone at once. Unfortunately, the contents of the class is not described so that it cannot be ascertained if this was a class concerning herbicides for the inside of the base on routine roads and grounds uses, or if this was the beginning of orienting Thailand-based personnel on the use of herbicides on the Perimeter Fence area.]

152

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record, 355th Security Police Squadron, Jan-Mar 1969:

Page 2, Security (Base Defense): Construction and rehabilitation of new and old bunkers, and machine gun emplacements continued during this reporting period. Among these were three “drive in” type bunkers which were placed at likely avenues of approach to the base and are designed to afford protection of personnel, their weapons and their vehicles. In addition, in order to give added protection to the Security Control Center, bunkers were also constructed around the outer wall of this facility. This bunker was designed not only to offer protection of personnel and equipment but was also designed to present a good appearance.

Page 3: Concertina wire to continue the base perimeter fence has not yet arrived on base. Once available, erection of this fencing will continue.

Construction of observation towers by “Red Horse” is underway. Once completed, these towers will be erected along the base perimeter.

Page 4: Actions taken during this quarter to enhance base security have shown a marked improvement over previous quarters, primarily due to approval and receipt of partial funds and having received siting approval for many of the Base Security Package projects. The present status of projects under the Base Security Package are as follows:

Page 6: The jungle clearance project is approximately 95% complete and this has added immeasurably to the effective perimeter coverage by security forces. By eliminating this foliage, concealment is now very difficult for any would be intruder. Furthermore, perimeter defense sentries are now afforded a wider and more distant range of unobstructed perimeter surveillance.

[NOTE: As noted above, and can be seen in the photo below, heavy machinery was used in vegetation control at Takhli at this time. The terminology used by the writers of the above reports refer to “clearance” and “eliminating” which denotes the physical removal of the foliage, as opposed to the use of herbicides which would only reduce the density and would still leave the debris of the dead vegetation that would obstruct the view.]

153

Vegetation Control, Takhli style. A road grader scraped the outside of the perimeter fence line to remove as much vegetation as possible. Note that foliage is still growing around the base of the fence posts, showing that herbicides were not used. The disturbed earth is clearly visible from where the grader’s blade transited over the earth, leaving a furrow close to the fence. Photo taken in March 1969.

[NOTE: Such steps as grading the vegetation down to bare earth would probably be the first step in foliage control. As the grass, weeds and bushes replenished itself, mowing would have made a logical second step. However, with the increased security measures that would occur later, such as the installation of trip flares, mowing would be hindered by the presence of such measures, and the third step, the use of herbicides, would have made more sense at that point.]

Thirteenth Air Force, 1 July 1968 through 30 June 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1969 (1 Jul 68-30 Jun 69), Vol 1, IRIS Number 899069):

[NOTE: After the attack on Udorn in July 1968, efforts were made to improve base defense in Thailand. The below entry concerns Thailand as a whole as of 28 April 1969:]

154 channel system; improved weapons inventory including arming all Thai guards with M-16 rifles. Other beneficial steps were constructing physical security aids such as bunkers, gun emplacements, erecting 368,531 linear feet of fixed fortification fencing, and defoliation of perimeter areas.

Thirteenth Air Force, 1 July 1968 through 30 June 1969, Volume 4 (AFHRA Call Number K750.01, FY 1969 (1 Jul 68-30 Jun 69), Vol 4, IRIS Number 899072):

Supporting Document 184, Message, HQ 13AF to CINCPACAF/Commander, 281130Z April 1969, Subject: Base Defense/Security – Thailand:

Page 4 of 5, paragraph 6 d: Defoliation is underway and in various stages of completion.

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April through June 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-355-HI, Apr-Jun 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 897688):

Page 134, Adequacy of Facilities: The emphasis which had been placed on base security and defense facilities took on added meaning this quarter, when construction began. Previous historical reports presented the specific reasons for delay in these projects, but it was primarily money. During the previous quarter initial funding was made available for portions of the base perimeter defense program, and work began on jungle clearing, guard towers and security lighting.

Construction of the 16 guard towers and security lighting was completed by 30 June. Also approximately 200 acres of jungle had been cleared in preparation of construction of the base security fence. A strip, 150 feet wide cleared completely around the base had been approved by higher headquarters for erection of triple-concertina wire and a barbed wire fence. The inherent urgency to effective secure base property, its equipment, and offer protection to assigned personnel was recognized by the Wing commander who, directed that unit assistance be given this project.

Page 135: His letter stated in part: The security of Takhli RTAFB is of paramount importance and every means available to improve our security status must be exploited. The most effective physical barrier we can provide is a perimeter fence. …The guard towers are fabricated and will be

155

erected shortly. However, the fences must be constructed using “Troop Labor”…

Page 138, Security: The quarter was very active for projects and programs related to security. Chapter V [Facilities] discussed construction of the perimeter defense (see page 134), with reference to the fence, towers, road, security lighting and jungle clearing.

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April through June 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-335-HI, Apr-Jun 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 456433):

Appendix 4, Unit Data Section, 355th Combat Support Group Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1969:

Page 21, Facilities: In June, Red Horse (OLAB, 556 Civil Engineering Squadron) received notification of their reassignment from Takhli. The detachment had worked on the Base Security package, Base Laundry, and NCO dormitories and had completed a security fence around the POL [petroleum, oil and lubricant] area during this quarter. The remainder of the security project was assigned to ROICC [Resident Officer In Charge of Construction] (Naval Facilities Officer in Charge) for completion by contract.

Page 31, Security: Base Defense. The security package, including such items as perimeter fence, double apron, perimeter road, was refunded and the package projects were allocated to ROICC (Navy) for construction under the military construction program (MCP). Actual project initiation is contingent upon receipt of funds.

Thirteen of the sixteen towers scheduled for the base perimeter were completed during this period.

Appendix 4, Unit Data Section, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1969:

Page 6: OLAB, 556 Civil Engineering Squadron (Red Horse) worked on the Base Security Package, Base Laundry, NCO Hootches and completed the security fence around the POL area during this period. Red Horse received word in June that they would be leaving Takhli on the 15th of July 1969. The remainder of the security project has been assigned to ROICC for accomplishment by contact. The Naval Facilities Officer in Charge of Construction (OICC) continued working on eighteen (18) Military Construction Program projects all having completion dates between July thru December 1969.

Page 19: Continued emphasis has been placed on Perimeter Security during this reporting period and the construction of guard towers and security lights has been completed. Approximately 200 acres of jungle have been cleared in

156 preparation for the construction of the Base Security Fence. A cleared area approximately 150’ wide completely surrounding this base has been approved by Higher Headquarters in preparation for a triple concertina wire fence and a barbed wire fence which will be located in the cleared area. This fence will be constructed as in in-house project using “Troop Labor.”

Appendix 4, Unit Data Section, 355th Security Police Squadron Historical Data Record, Apr-Jun 1969:

Page 3, Security (Base Defense), Base Security Package: The Base Civil Engineer reported that the Security Package was gain funded (it was previously reported that portions of the package had been deferred due to funds) and that the projects for the package had been allocated to the Navy for construction under the Military Construction Program (MCP). Project start dates were to depend on receipt of actual funds. BCE has stopped all soil sterilization of the perimeter due to the rainy weather. Materials for the perimeter fence (concertina wire, double apron, etc.) have been ordered and it was anticipated these materials would arrive next quarter. “Troop labor” was assigned to do the work immediately upon receipt of materials. The all weather perimeter road project was also allocated to the Navy.

Actions taken during this quarter to enhance base security progressed extremely well. Thirteen of the sixteen towers sited were erected and operational. Vegetation clearance and soil sterilization of the perimeter was continued in preparation of the construction of a perimeter fence upon receipt of necessary materials.

[NOTE: This is the first time in Takhli unit histories where the term “soil sterilization,” a euphemism for herbicides, is used. It also notes that it was stopped, due to the rainy weather. This terminology and the worry about weather would imply that something was sprayed on the vegetation and soil where the new perimeter fence was to be constructed. Unfortunately, it is not stated as to what was being used to sterilize the soil—a commercially available herbicide or a home brew of diesel fuel and wood preservative mixture, which would be used at Korat RTAFB a year later. Regardless of what was used to sterilize the soil, it most likely started in the April through June 1969 period when funding for the Security Package was received and work could begin.]

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April through June 1969, Volume 6 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-335-HI, Apr-Jun 1969, V. 6, IRIS Number 456436):

Supporting Document 120, Letter, Colonel Michael C. Horgan, 355th Wing Commander, to All Assigned and Attached Units, Subject: Base Defense Construction, Takhli RTAFB, 12 May 1969:

1. The security of Takhli RTAFB is of paramount importance and every means available to improve our security status must be exploited. The most effective physical barrier we can provide is a perimeter fence.

157

2. Higher Headquarters has approved the construction of a cleared area approximately 150’ wide completely surrounding the base, a triple concertina wire fence and a barbed wire fence which will be located in the cleared area. Also, 16 guard towers are authorized for erection.

3. The Base Civil Engineer has started clearing the area and will sterilize to retard regrowth of vegetation. The guard towers are fabricated and will be erected shortly. However, the fences must be constructed using “Troop Labor.” This entire project is truly an in-house proposition. The Civil Engineer will provide all supervision and accomplish all specialty or skilled work, such as surveying and equipment operation.

4. This is a base wide project and every organization may be required to assist. Assistance will be required in such areas as tools, vehicles and later, when materials are received, personnel to aid in construction.

5. I expect every unit to take a positive attitude toward this program and to provide expeditious assistance when required.

MICHAEL C. HORGAN, COLONEL, USAF Commander

[NOTE: Once again the soil sterilization is mentioned, but once again the means to do so is not provided. Also, in late June, the Thirteenth Air Force Security Defense Survey Team arrived on base and reviewed the base defense and issued the following report, which also emphasized vegetation control:]

432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-432-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 457857):

Supporting Document 88, Thirteenth Air Force Security Defense Survey, signed by Colonel T.L. Simpson, dated 19 September 1969, to 8, 56, 355, 388, 432, and 635 Combat Support Groups:

158 above, a mowing operation for vegetation control will be impossible. As a result, a conscientiously controlled program of vegetation control through the use of herbicides must be applied. Application of herbicides must be directed toward retarding growth to provide a cleared area, but under no circumstances should the type or quantity applied result in destruction of root structure so as to create a serious erosion problem. Additionally, remaining growth should be of sufficient height so as to provide camouflage for detection and deterrent devices planted in the cleared area.

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 1 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-335-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 1, IRIS Number 456437):

Page 125, Adequacy of Facilities: Emphasis continued on base and perimeter security construction during the quarter. Herbicide was applied to the fenced-in area around the ammo storage facility, around all perimeter guard towers, and the areas around runway overrun lights. Triple concertina wire fence approximately 7,920 feet long was placed on the northwest side of the base. It was estimated that the base perimeter fence would require another five months to complete.

[NOTE: This is the first time that the term ‘herbicide’ is used in a Takhli history, and it is gratifying that the exact locations of where it was sprayed are listed. What is also noticeable is that the perimeter is not listed as being sprayed. It is believed that the ‘soil sterilization’ that was noted in the previous quarterly history was probably through the use of commercial grade herbicides, and it was obviously effective as herbicides were not required in the July through September 1969 period to be sprayed along what perimeter fence that was erected around the base at this time.]

Page 130, Security: This quarter proved active for projects and programs related to security. Chapter V reported construction of perimeter defense, with reference to the fence, lighting, road and soil sterilization. All estimated dates for these related engineering projects were set for the first quarter, 1970.

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, July through September 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-335-HI, Jul-Sep 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 456438):

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record, 355th Combat Support Group, Jul-Sep 1969:

Page 24, Significant Civil Engineering Accomplishments: Continued emphasis was placed on base and perimeter security during this reporting period. Herbicide was applied to the completely fenced-in area around the ammo storage area, both inside and out, and around all the perimeter guard towers. Herbicide was also applied to the area around the north and south overrun lights. A triple concertina wire perimeter fence approximately 7,920 feet long was installed on the northwest side of the base. It is estimated that the base perimeter fence will be completed approximately 1 March 1970.

159

Page 34, Security: Actions taken during this quarter to enhance base security have progressed well. Vegetation clearance and soil sterilization of the base perimeter was started by the Base Civil Engineer. There is no estimated completion date for this project due to temporary work stoppages resulting from heavy rains. Fencing around the munitions maintenance and refueling areas was completed on 21 September 1969, materially aiding the security of these resources.

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Jul-Sep 1969:

Pages 3-4, Manning: On 28 June 1969 a message was received from 13th Air Force directing the 355th Civil Engineering Squadron to place one (1) Lieutenant, AFSC 5525C, on 29 days TDY to Ubon RTAFB , Thailand to supervise that base’s Security Construction Program. At that time 355th Civil Engineering Squadron was not fully manned, as only five (5) officers were assigned against six (6) authorized. A message was sent to 13th Air Force on 1 July 1969 stating the reasons why this squadron could not meet the TDY requirements and requested release from the levy. On 3 July 13th Air Force relieved this station from the TDY requirements; however, the assignment was again levied on 355th CES on 5 July 1969. Lt Page, who was finally chosen for this TDY, departed this station on 6 July for temporary duty to Ubon RTAFB. A message received on 11 July relieved this squadron of the TDY requirements. This was contingent upon the arrival at Ubon of another lieutenant from Clark AB, P.I. Lt Page returned from TDY on 16 July 1969.

160

Thirteenth Air Force relented, and tasked U-Tapao (635th Civil Engineering Squadron) with the TDY to Ubon. However, the 635th also pleads to be released from the tasking, and so, it went back to the 355th. So Lt Page does go, but since he does not know much about the Security Package, and probably because of some telephone calls to Thirteenth Air Force from the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing, Lt Jonathan Spector, Thirteenth Air Force headquarters, ends up traveling from Clark Air Base, Philippine Islands, and relieves Lt Page (who returns to Takhli) and oversees the perimeter fence Security Package for Ubon (8th Civil Engineering Squadron). I only include all of this to show that the Thailand bases were feeling their way in beefing up their base security and when one base appears to have chosen well, that expertise was sought after for the other Thailand bases. Thirteenth Air Force probably wanted to utilize expertise from within Thailand, instead of spending the money by sending someone from the Philippines to Thailand, but, in the end, that is exactly what they ended up doing.]

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record, 355th Security Police Squadron, Jul-Sep 1969:

Page 5, Security: Actions taken during this quarter to enhance base security have progressed well. Vegetation clearance and soil sterilization of the base perimeter was started by the Base Civil Engineer. There is no estimated completion date for this project due to temporary work stoppages resulting from heavy rains.

Page 6: The all weather perimeter road is being refunded and has an estimated start date of 1 November 1969.

The base perimeter lighting is being refunded and has an estimated start date of 1 February 1970.

355th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, October through December 1969, Volume 2 (AFHRA Call Number K-WG-335-HI, Oct-Dec 1969, V. 2, IRIS Number 456443):

Appendix 4, Historical Data Record, 355th Civil Engineering Squadron, Oct-Dec 1969:

Page 10, Significant Civil Engineering Accomplishments: Work has continued at a rapid pace on the Base and Perimeter Security during this reporting period. The triple concertina wire perimeter fence has been completed well ahead of schedule and the project is now in the clean up stage.

Attachment 24, Message, 251034Z Nov 69

161