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Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 10.09.2019

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Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 10.09.2019 OSC REFERENCE COLLECTION Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 10.09.2019 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 2 OSC REFERENCE COLLECTION The “OSC Reference collection” is published by The Olympic Studies Centre, your centre of reference for Olympic knowledge. It gathers a series of documents providing key historical facts and figures related to different aspects of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Movement and the IOC. In the same collection: Demonstration sports: history at the Olympic Winter Games Elections of the Presidents of the IOC: candidates and voting results History of the sports at the Summer Olympic Games History of the sports at the Winter Olympic Games Olympic Summer Games Villages Olympic Winter Games Villages Olympic Summer Games medals Olympic Winter Games medals Olympic Winter Games posters Olympic Summer Games posters Olympic Summer Games mascots Olympic Winter Games mascots The IOC, the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games The Olympic programme evolution The Olympic stadiums of the Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Winter Games Torches and torch relays of the Olympic Summer Games Torches and torch relays of the Olympic Winter Games Youth Olympic Games medals Youth Olympic Games mascots All reference documents, as well as the full collection of digital and printed publications of The Olympic Studies Centre are available on The Olympic World Library (OWL), our library catalogue entirely devoted to Olympic knowledge: www.olympic.org/library This content (the “Content”) is made available to you (“You”) by the International Olympic Committee (the “IOC”) for non-commercial, educational, research, analysis, review or reporting purposes only. The Content shall not be re- distributed, as made available to you by the IOC, in part or in whole, except to the extent that such content is a derivative work created by You. Re-distribution of compilations of the Content made available to you is expressly excluded. You must give appropriate credit, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the IOC and its affiliated entities including The Olympic Studies Centre (“OSC”) endorses you or your use. The IOC by means of the OSC endeavours to provide you with accurate and up-to- date information. The IOC and the OSC make no warranties or representations about and assumes no liability for the information included in the Content, neither its accuracy nor completeness. © 2019 International Olympic Committee The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 3 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 CONTENT Introduction 6 Athens 1896 7 Paris 1900 8 St. Louis 1904 9 London 1908 11 Stockholm 1912 12 Antwerp 1920 13 Paris 1924 15 Amsterdam 1928 16 Los Angeles 1932 17 Berlin 1936 18 London 1948 19 Helsinki 1952 20 Melbourne 1956 21 Stockholm 1956 22 Rome 1960 23 Tokyo 1964 25 Mexico 1968 26 Munich 1972 28 Montreal 1976 30 Moscow 1980 31 Los Angeles 1984 32 The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 4 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 Seoul 1988 33 Barcelona 1992 35 Atlanta 1996 36 Sydney 2000 38 Athens 2004 39 Beijing 2008 41 London 2012 43 Rio 2016 44 Tokyo 2020 46 Credits 48 The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 5 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 INTRODUCTION This document traces the evolution of the Olympic Summer Games medals, from the first Games in Athens in 1896 to those in Rio in 2016. Each medal is presented with a photo of its obverse and reverse, with a description of the design and the technical details available. Taking a journey from the first modern Olympic Games into the 21st century using the emblematic Olympic medals is a fascinating artistic and cultural experience. THE OLYMPIC SUMMER GAMES MEDALS At the first Olympic Games of the modern era in Athens in 1896, the winner received an olive branch and a silver medal. James B. Connolly of Massachusetts was the first modern Olympic champion to be rewarded thus. The Olympic Games St Louis 1904 were the first at which gold, silver and bronze medals were awarded for first, second, and third place. With the exception of the medals for the 1956 equestrian events, the medals for the Games of the Olympiad became standardized starting in 1928. On one side, there was the traditional design of the goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner’s crown in her right hand. On the other, an Olympic champion was carried triumphantly by the crowd, with an Olympic stadium in the background. For the Olympic Games Munich 1972, the Organising Committee started a new trend, with a reverse designed by an artist from the Bauhaus school, Gerhard Marcks. A further design adaptation was introduced for the Olympic Games Athens 2004 when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved the Organising Committee’s (OCOG) proposal for an updated version of the goddess of victory and the stadium. In St Louis in 1904, the medal was attached to a coloured ribbon with a pin to fix it to the athlete’s chest. It was not until 1960, in Rome however, that the medals were first designed to be placed around the winners’ necks. On this occasion, a laurel leaf chain was designed for the purpose. At subsequent Games editions, however, it has most often been a coloured ribbon that was used. Today, the design of the Summer Games medals must take into account certain visual elements defined by the IOC and the OCOG, with the IOC having the final approval. The medals must show the Greek goddess of victory, the Olympic emblem, the full name of the Games in question, the name of the sport or discipline concerned and the OCOG’s emblem. Additionally, they should reflect the visual look, plus cultural and aesthetic elements selected by the OCOG. For example, the medals for the Olympic Games Beijing 2008 meld metal with jade. The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 6 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 ATHENS 1896 Obverse / Reverse First place winners were awarded a silver medal, an olive branch and a diploma. Those in second place were given a bronze/copper* medal, a branch of laurel and a diploma. The obverse side of the Athens medal has Zeus' face along with his hand holding a globe with the winged victory on it, with the inscription “ΟΛΥΜΓΙΑ". The reverse side had the Acropolis site with the inscription “ΔΙΕΘΝΕΙΣ · ΟΛΥΜΓΙΑΚΟΙ · ΑΓΩΝΕΣ ΕΝ · ΑΘΗΝΑΙΣ · 1896." 1ST PLACE 2ND PLACE 3RD PLACE Designer: Jules Clément Jules Clément - CHAPLAIN CHAPLAIN Composition: Silver Bronze, Copper * - Diameter: 48 mm 50 mm - Manufacturer: Monnaie de Paris Monnaie de Paris - * Jim Greensfelder, Oleg Vorontsov and Jim Lally, Olympic Medals: a reference guide, Cincinnati: GVL Enterprises, 1998, p. 6. The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 7 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 PARIS 1900 Obverse / Reverse On the obverse, a winged goddess holding laurel branches in both hands, arms raised. In the background, underneath, a view of the city of Paris and the monuments of the Universal Exhibition. On the reverse, a victorious athlete standing on a podium, holding a laurel branch in his right hand, arm raised. In the background, a stadium and the Acropolis of Athens. 1ST PLACE 2ND PLACE 3RD PLACE Designer: Frédéric VERNON Frédéric VERNON Frédéric VERNON Composition: Gilt silver Silver Bronze Diameter: 42x60 mm * 42x60 mm * 42x60 mm * Manufacturer: Monnaie de Paris Monnaie de Paris Monnaie de Paris * Jim Greensfelder, Oleg Vorontsov and Jim Lally, Olympic Medals: a reference guide, Cincinnati: GVL Enterprises, 1998, pp. 9-10. The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 8 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 ST. LOUIS 1904 Obverse / Reverse On the obverse, an athlete standing on some steps, holding in his right hand a laurel crown, symbol of victory, and raising his left arm. In the background, a bas relief illustrating the sports disciplines from Antiquity. Behind, a Greek temple. Above the figure of the athlete, the inscription "OLYMPIAD" and on the rock bottom right "1904". On the reverse, the goddess Nike, goddess of victory, standing on a globe. She is holding a laurel crown in her left hand and a palm leaf in her right hand. In front of her, a great crown, with in the centre a space for putting the name of the sports discipline. Behind Nike, the bust of Zeus on a plinth. The inscription “UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION ST. LOUIS U.S.A”. The design of these two sides was inspired by the medal of the Olympic Games Athens 1896 and Paris 1900. For the first and only time, the medal was attached to a coloured ribbon with a pin to fix it to the athlete’s chest. The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 9 Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020 1ST PLACE 2ND PLACE 3RD PLACE Designer: Dièges & Clust Dièges & Clust Dièges & Clust Composition: Gold * Silver * Bronze * Diameter: 39 mm * 39 mm * 38 mm * Manufacturer: Dièges & Clust Dièges & Clust Dièges & Clust * Jim Greensfelder, Oleg Vorontsov and Jim Lally, Olympic Medals: a reference guide, Cincinnati: GVL Enterprises, 1998, pp. 11-13.
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