InternationalInternational Multidisciplinary Multidisciplinary e-Journal e – Journal / Dilip Khemji Jani, A.R.V. Murthy ISSN (95-104) 2277 - 4262

An Ayurvedic Medicinal Survey In New Vallabh Vidyanagr, Anand, ,

Dr. Dilip Khemji Jani Associate Professor & Head, Department of Dravyaguna, G. J. Patel Ayurveda College and Research Centre, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India Dr. A.R.V. Murthy Dean & Superintendent, G. J. Patel Ayurveda College and Research Centre, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India

Paper Received on: 11/07/2012 Paper Reviewed on: 15/07/2012 Paper Accepted on: 22/07/2012 Abstract Being an everlasting science, 'Ayurveda', the 'Science of life', deals with physical, psychological as well as spiritual well being of an individual. Ayurveda adopted natural materials to make equilibrium of various mechanisms in body. Out of them one is medicinal . The Rigveda the oldest among traditional texts, contains many concepts of Ayurvedic fundamentals like Tridosh or Tridhatu, several diseases and their treatment through medicinal plants. An ideal Vaidya (Ayurvedic physician and academician) must know available of medicinal flora in and around him. The application of fresh (juice/powder/bolus) medicinal plant instead of prepared and stored medicine can give faster and effective relief in the individuals. An effort made here to know about the available flora of medicinal plants in New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat. Total 237 medicinal plants were identified which are further classified as per availability in abundance. The species are abundant (17), most common (32), common (72), less common (26), less (37), occasional (17) and rare (40) plants. Keywords: Survey, Medicinal Plants, Ayurveda

INTRODUCTION Ayurveda the science of life was preached by sears like Atreya Punarvasu, Agnivesha, Charaka, Susruta, Madhava, Kashyapa, Bhavaprakasha, etc. [1] Ayurvedic science is expected to play significant role in future healthcare system. Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 75–80% of the world population, mainly in the developing countries, for primary health care because of its better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with the human body and lesser side effects [2]. However,

www.shreeprakashan.com Vol-I, Issue-VII, July -2012 Page - 95 International Multidisciplinary e – Journal / Dilip Khemji Jani, A.R.V. Murthy (95-104) the last few years have seen a major increase in the use of herbs in the developed world [3]. The use of natural products with healing properties is as old as human civilization and for a long time, minerals, animal and plant products were the main sources of drugs [4]. A medicinal plant is any plant, which in one or more of its organs contains active ingredients which can be used for therapeutic purposes or contain foundation compounds that can be used for the synthesis of useful drugs [5]. The present survey was undertaken with the following Aims:  To find out the availability of medicinal plants in New Vallabh Vidyanagar  To study the abundance of medicinal plants in New Vallabh Vidyanagar  To identify the plants for various academic and research activities on medicinal plants  To compile and analyze the data generated including photographs  To develop a database on Medicinal Plants of New Vallabh Vidyanagar The study was carried out at New Vallabh Vidhyanagar, a town in Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat. The town founded by Shri Bhaikaka and Shri Bhikhabhai Saheb of Karamsad with the blessings of the iron-man Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a leader of the Indian Independence movement and the first home minister of India. New Vallabh Vidyanagar falls between latitude 22.5333 (22° 31' 60N) and between longitudes 72.9000 (72° 54' 0E) [6] as shown in figure (1.1 & 1.2). Anand district especially Vidyanagar is famous for academic and research activities. It is one of the educational hubs in the state and has national and international reorganization. Here, the diverse academic institutions carry research work on various medicinal plants through Ayurvedic, Biotechnological, Pharmacy, Nutritional Values, Food Processing, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, etc. The survey will helpful for the researchers / scholars to collect the authentic samples in nearby area. It will also helpful to validate various claims made in Ayurvedic texts through modern gadgets. The database will be supportive to develop the medicinal plant garden or small kitchen garden for various clinical / research applications The Soils of Anand district, Gujarat varies from shallow to deep soil depth class. The soils are fine to coarser and well to moderately drain in general and observed somewhat excessive drained also. The Soils are slight to moderate saline having slight sodicity. It is fine to coarser in general and dominantly medium textured (Loamy) followed by fine textured (clayey). The Soil drainage is well to moderately drain. The soils of western parts of Anand districts are medium saline in nature and towards north slightly saline in nature [7]. The Agro-ecological Zone is Central Highlands, Gujarat Plain and Kathiawar Peninsula, Mean Annual Rainfall is 870 mm, Major Soil Types Medium and deep clayey black soil and loamy sand (Goradu) soils, Forest Types- Tropical Dry Deciduous, Major Habitats Wetlands, Agricultural Lands, Saline-Mudflats, Mangroves and Ravines. The Percentage of Common Lands including Forest-33% [8].

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MATERIAL AND METHODS Expert from Ayurvedic field having specialty in Dravyaguna (Identification of medicinal plants / Pharmacognosy and Pharmacolgy of Ayurved Drugs) were the main resource persons for this study. The guidelines and criteria of Ayurvedic method for identification of medicinal plants along with the taxonomical identification by the flora of the state were utilized [9]. The method includes availability of the species in the selected area. The whole survey was categorized into 18 zones of the surrounding the area. At last all zonal data was collected and prepared the final report. Availability of the medicinal plant flora is greatest after rainy season hence October to December months was selected to conduct the survey. The photographs of medicinal plants were preserved for cross reference along with zonal data. Flora of the state and Ayurvedic guidelines for the identification of medicinal plants were referred in the present study. The scale i.e. rare, occasional, common etc was decided by availability of medicinal plant in per 100 square feet area. No specific survey observed to be conducted in this area; however Database on Ethnomedicinal Plants of was referred whenever necessary. LITERATURE REVIEW & SURVEY PERIOD: Medicinal plants described in the Ayurvedic texts. The text includes various Ayurvedic traditional texts as well as recent available books. The survey period was October to December 2007 for the survey where high flora available just after the rainy season in India. PHOTOGRAPHS: NOKIA Mobile 6600 and KODAK Digital Camera of 6.2 mgpx was used for Photography DATA COLLECTION Information mentioned in Ayurvedic texts for the identification of Ayurvedic Medicinal plants is the main source in the survey. This information will the primary source of documentation o f medicinal plants where as the taxonomical identification was the secondary source of information. The traditional texts like Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Madanpal Nighantu, Nighantu Adarsha, etc along with recent books on Ayurveda and commentaries were selected for identification and documentation purpose. Data on the local names of the plants, Ayurvedic identification and availability and photography were done in the field. RESULTS The survey identified and recorded 237 Ayurvedic medicinal plants (See Table). The climber possesses 14.34%, Herbs 42.61%, Shrubs are 11.39% and threes are 30.37%. The result data also divided into availability of medicinal plants. It is observed that 7.17 % plants are abundant, 13.50% are most common, 30.37% are common, 10.97% are less common, 15.61% are less, 7.17% are occasional and 16.87% are rare medicinal plants. The type of propagation of medicinal plants is also noted. It is

www.shreeprakashan.com Vol-I, Issue-VII, July -2012 Page - 97 International Multidisciplinary e – Journal / Dilip Khemji Jani, A.R.V. Murthy (95-104) found that 69.19% Ayurvedic medicinal plants are wildly available, 26.16% are planted species where as 4.64% are cultivated verities. Total 76 families of medicinal plants are observed. The most common family is Papilionaceae 25%, followed by Euphorbiaceae are 19.73%. the flora of this region is abundant with 17 species viz. Agnimantha (Clerodendron phlomoides), Ankola ( salviifolium), Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera), Atibala (Abutilon indicum), Bala Bheda (Sida acuta), Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus fraternus), Bruhad Dugdhika (Euphorbia dracunculoides), Chakramarda (Cassia tora), Doorva (Cynodon dectylon), Eranda (Ricinus communis), Kasamarda (Cassia occidentalis), Katuveera (Capsicum annum), Sahadevi (Vernonia cineria), Shakhotaka (Streblus asper), Sharapunkha (Tephrosia purpurea), Souvarchala (Cleome icosandra), Tandooliya (Amaranthus hybridus). The very rare families are Alangiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Aristolochiaceae, Burseraceae, Caricaceae, Celastraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Ebanaceae, Ficoidaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Gentianaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Martynaceae, Meliaceae, Moringaceae, Muscaeae, Pandanaceae, Papaveraceae, Pedaliaceae, Punicaceae, Rosaceae, Salvadoraceae, Santalaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrofulariaceae, Simarubaceae, Sopotaceae, Ulmaceae, Zygophyllaceae (each one) The survey also highlights the medicinal plants which were used as adulterant as well as substitute of the drugs mentioned in the Ayurvedic texts. Ultimately the survey is learning and has given a satisfaction and will be useful for future documentation and Research. DISCUSSION: In olden days Ayurvedic physicians try to use the medicinal plants preferably in fresh form through Swaras, Kalka, Putapaka Swarasa, etc. These procedures not only give authenticated herbs but also most potent form and high bio-available materials. The medicinal values of such forms are considered to be very effective. Although, there are some diseases where Swaras, Kalka, etc in application form are specifically recommended in therapeutics. This area is full of some species like Ankola, Shakhotaka, etc. which seems to be very less in other part of country. The effects of Ankola seeds are well-known to every Ayurvedic physicians. CONCLUSION: In the nutshell 237 Ayurvedic medicinal plants were identified which covers approximate 10% of plants described in various Ayurvedic texts. The climber possesses 14.34%, Herbs 42.61%, Shrubs are 11.39% and threes are 30.37%. The result data also divided into availability of medicinal plants. It is observed that 7.17 % plants are abundant, 13.50% are most common, 30.37% are common, 10.97% are less common, 15.61% are less, 7.17% are occasional and 16.87% are rare medicinal plants. The

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type of propagation of medicinal plants is also noted. It is found that 69.19% Ayurvedic medicinal plants are wildly available, 26.16% are planted species where as 4.64% are cultivated verities. Total 76 families of medicinal plants are observed. The physician who knows application of all these drugs can serve the society with the use of this data. All photographic and zonal data recorded for future reference. The study is purely based on Ayurvedic medicinal plants and its identifications. Though it is a primitive study but gives first-hand information to users. The detailed survey may be conducted by expanding larger area, professional team of various fields with high documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are grateful for the contribution made by Vaidya Madanmohan B. Patel, Ex-Reader and Head department of Dravyaguna, G. J. Patel Ayurveda College and Research Centre, New Vallabh Vidyanagar. We also thankful to the management of Charutar Viidya Mandal (CVM) for continuous support and encouragement. REFERENCES

1. Sharma P V, Ayurved Ka Vagyanik Itihas, Reprint 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, pp-392 2. S.M.K. Rates, Plants as source of drugs, Toxicon 39 (2001) 603–613 3. Jani D. K., Nesari T. M., Vijayakumar D., Review: present state of affairs of herb standardization and ayurveda background with special reference to Solanum nigrum linn in diabetes, Life sciences Leaflets 2:32 – 40, 2010. 4. S.M.K. Rates, Plants as source of drugs, Toxicon 39 (2001) 603–613 5. Sofowora A: Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum books limited: Ibadan; 1993. PubMed Abstract 6. http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Vallabh Vidyanagar.html 7. http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1455&lang=English 8. http://fes.org.in/includeAll.php?pId=Mi0xMS0z 9. Jani D. K., Nesari T. M., Vijayakumar D. “Blueprint of Traditional Approach for Plant Identification: Kakamachi”, Shodha Samagya, June 2008

ABBREVIATIONS:

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O -Occasional, W-Wild, C- Common, LC- Less Common, A- Abundance, P- Planted, MC- Most Common, L-Less, CL- Cultivated, R- Rare

Total Species found in the Survey

No Sanskrit Name Latin Name Family Gujarati Name Habit Occurrence Incidence 1 Agastya Sesbania grandiflora Papilionaceae Agathiyo Tree Wild O 2 Agnimantha Clerodendron phlomoides Verbenaceae Arani Shrub Wild A 3 Ajamoda Carum copticum Umbelliferae Ajamo Herb Planted O 4 Akashavalli Cascuta reflexa Convolvulaceae Amarvel Climber Wild C 5 Akhukarni Merremia emarginata Convolvulaceae Undarkani Climber Wild MC 6 Amalaki Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Amari Tree Cultivated LC 7 Amra Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Ambo Tree Planted LC 8 Ankola Alangium salviifolium Alangiaceae Ankola Shrub Wild A 9 Apamarga Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Aghedi Herb Wild A 10 Aparajeeta Clitoria ternatea Papilionaceae Garani Climber Wild L 11 Aragvadha Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Garmalo Tree Wild L 12 Aralu Ailanthus excelsa Simarubaceae Arlavo Tree Wild L 13 Ardraka Zinziber officinale Zinziberaceae Aadu Herb Planted C 14 Arishtaka Sapindus laurifolia Sapindaceae Aritha Tree Wild R 15 Arjuna Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Sadado Tree Wild C 16 Arka Calotropis gigentia Asclepidaceae Aakado Shrub Wild MC 17 Arka bheda Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Akado Shrub Wild L 18 Arkapushpi Holostemma annularium Asclepiadaceae Khirvel Climber Wild L 19 Ashmantaka Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Asotaro Tree Wild L 20 Ashoka Saraca indica Caesalpiniaceae Ashoka Tree Planted R 21 Ashwagandha Withenia somnifera Solanaceae Ghodakun Herb Planted O 22 Ashwattha Ficus religiosa Moraceae Pipalo Tree Wild L 23 Asopalava Polyalthia longiofolia Anonaceae Asopalava Tree Wild C 24 Asthishrunkhala Cissus quandrangularis Vitaceae Hadasankal Climber Planted L 25 Atibala Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Kansaki Herb Wild A 26 Avartani Helicteris isora Sterculiaceae Maradasingi Herb Wild LC 27 Babbula Acasia nilotica Mimosaceae Baval Tree Wild C 28 Badara Zizyphus mauritiana Rhmnaceae Bor Tree Wild C 29 Bakula Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Borasalli Tree Planted LC 30 Bala Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Khareti Herb Wild R 31 Bala Bheda Sida cordata Malvaceae Bhoinbal Herb Wild L 32 Bala Bheda Sida acuta Malvaceaea Khapat Herb Wild A 33 Beejapuraka Citrus medica Rutaceae Beejoru Shrub Planted L 34 Bhrungaraj Eclipta alba Compositeae Bhangaro Herb Wild MC 35 Bhumyamalaki Phyllanthus fraternus Euphorbiaceae Bhoyambali Herb Wild A 36 Bibhitaka Terminalia bellerica Combretaceae Baheda Tree Planted L 37 Bilva Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Bili Tree Wild C 38 Bimbi Coccinia indica Cucurbitaceae Kadavi Ghilodi Climber Wild MC 39 Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Scrofulariaceae - Herb Wild MC 40 Brihad Phyllanthus scindica Euphorbiaceae Bhoiamadi Herb Wild R Bhumyamlaki 41 Brihad Ela Annomum sublatum Zinziberaceae Elcho Herb Planted R 42 Brihad Pilu Salvadora persica Salvadoraceae Pilvo Tree Wild MC 43 Brihati Solanum suratense Solanaceae - Shrub Wild C 44 Bruhad Euphorbia dracunculoides Euphorbiaceae Ubhidudheli Herb Wild A Dugdhika 45 Chakramarda Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Kunvadiyo Herb Wild A 46 Champaka Michelia champaka Magnoliaceae - Tree Planted R 47 Champaka Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae Khada Champo Tree Wild L

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Bheda 48 Chanchu Corchorus olitorius Tiliaceae Bahuphali Herb Wild C 49 Chanchu Bheda Corchorus acutangulus Tiliaceae Chhunchh Herb Wild C 50 Chanchu Bheda Corchorus acutangulus Tiliaceae Chhunchha Herb Wild C 51 Chandana Santalum album Santalaceae Sukhad Tree Planted L 52 Chatushpatri Blepharis maderaspatensis Acanthaceae Utingana Herb Wild R 53 Chincha Tamarindus indicus Caesalpiniaceae Ambali Tree Wild C 54 Chirabilva Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Kanazi Tree Wild LC 55 Dadima Punica granatum Punicaceae Dadam Tree Wild C 56 Dalchini Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae Taj Tree Planted R 57 Danti Baliospermm montanum Euphorbiaceae - Herb Wild C 58 Dhataki Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae - Shrub Planted R 59 Dhattura Datura innoxia Solanaceae Dhaturo Herb Wild C 60 Doorva Cynodon dectylon Poaceae Dharo Herb Wild A 61 Dravanti Jatropa gossipifolia Euphorbiaceae Ratanjot Shrub Wild MC 62 Dronapushpi Lucas aspera Labiateae Kubi Herb Wild C 63 Eranda Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Divelo Shrub Cultivated A 64 Eranda Karkati Carica papaya Caricaceae Papaiyu Tree Wild C 65 Gajapippali Piper sp. Piperaceae Gajapippar Climber Planted R 66 Gambhari Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Sivan Tree Wild C 67 Gorakshaganja Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Gorakhaganjo Herb Wild MC 68 Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Galo Climber Wild LC 69 Guggulu Commiphora mukul Burseraceae Gugal Shrub Planted L 70 Gunja Abrus precatorius Papilionaceae Chanothi Climber Wild L 71 Hareetaki Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Harad Tree Planted O 72 Hastishundi Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae Hathisundha Herb Cultivated C 73 Jamboo Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Jambu Tree Wild C 74 Japa Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Jasud Shrub Wild MC 75 Jayanti Sesbania eagyptiaca Papilionaceae Ikadio Herb Wild C 76 Jeevanti Leptadenia reticulata Asclepiadaceae Dodi Climber Wild C 77 Jyotishmati Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae Malakanganino Climber Wild O Velo 78 Kadali Musa paradisica Muscaeae Kela Shrub Cultivated C 79 Kaidairya Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Kadhi Limdo Tree Planted LC 80 Kajutaka Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Kaju Tree Planted R 81 Kakadani/ Capparis sepiaria Capparidaceae Kalo Kanthar Shrub Wild MC Kanthari 82 Kakajangha Peristrophe bicalyculata Acanthaceae Aghedi Herb Wild MC 83 Kakamachi Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Piludi Herb Wild MC 84 Kakodumbara Ficus hispida Moraceae Dhed Umarado Tree Wild C 85 Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Lilu Kariyatu Herb Wild C 86 Kanchanara Bauhinia variegata Caesalpiniaceae Kanchanara Tree Wild C 87 Kantakari Solanum surattense Solanaceae Bethi Herb Wild C Bhoringani 88 Kantaki Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Kantalo Dabho Herb Wild MC Tandooliya 89 Kantaki Caesalpinia crista Caesalpiniaceae Kachaki Climber Wild L Karanja 90 Kapikachchhu Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae Kouncha Climber Wild C 91 Kapittha Feronia elephantum Rutaceae Konthu Tree Wild O 92 Karamarda Carissa carandas Apocynaceae Karamada Shrub Planted O 93 Karanja Pongamia pinnata Papilionaceae Kanazi Tree Wild C 94 Karaveera Nerium odorum Apocynaceae Kanera Shrub Wild MC 95 Karavellaka Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Karelan Climber Cultivated C 96 Karchura Curcuma zedoaria Zingiberaceae Kachuri Herb Planted R 97 Kasamarda Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Kasundari Herb Wild A 98 Katuveera Capsicum annum Solanaceae Marchi Herb Cultivated A 99 Ketaki Pandanus tectoritus Pandanaceae Kevado Herb Plnated R

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100 Khadeera Acacia catechu Caesalpiniaceae Khairiyo Baval Tree Planted R 101 Khadeera Accasia polycantha Leguminoceae - Tree Planted R Bheda 102 Kharjuri Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Khajuri Tree Wild O 103 Kitmari Aristolochia bracteata Aristolochiaceae Kidamari Herb Planted L 104 Krishna Beej Ipomaea nil Convolvulaceae Kaladana Climber Wild LC 105 Krishna Kirganelia reticulata Euphorbiaceae Kali Kamboi Shrub Wild MC Kamboji 106 Krishna Curculigo orchioides Amaryllidaceae Kali Mushali Herb Planted R Mushali 107 Krishna Tulasi Ocimum sanctum Labiateae Tulasi Herb Wild C 108 Kukurandha Blumia lacera Compositeae Kapurio Herb Wild MC 109 Kumari Aloe barbadensis Liliaceae Kuvanpathu Herb Planted C 110 Kusha Desmostachya bipinnata Poaceae Dabhado Herb Wild MC 111 Kushmanda Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Bhurukolu Climber Wild C 112 Kutaja Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae Kado Tree Wild LC 113 Kutashalmali Ciba pentranda Bombacaceae - Tree Wild O 114 Laghu Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Dudheli Tree Wild LC Dugdhika 115 Laghu Ela Ellatoria cardemomom Zingiberaceae - Herb Planted R 116 Laghu- Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Gokharu Herb Wild C Gokshura 117 Laghu Cucumis callosus Cucurbitaceae Kothimadu Herb Wild R Indravaruni 118 Lakshmana Ipomaea sepiaria Convolvulaceae Hanuman Vel Climber Wild O 119 Latabadara Zizipus oenoplea Rhmnaceae Kanthar Shrub Wild C 120 Lavanga Syzigium aromaticum Myrtaceae - Tree Planted R 121 Madanphala Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Mindhal Shrub Planted LC 122 Madayantika Lawsonia alba Lythraceae Mendi Shrub Wild C 123 Madhooka Bassia latifolia Sopotaceae Mahudo Tree Wild R 124 Madhunashini Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae Gudmar Climber Planted O 125 Mahabala Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Motibala Herb Wild MC 126 Mahanimba Melia azadirach Meliaceae Bakan Limbado Tree Wild LC 127 Mallika Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Mogaro Shrub Wild O 128 Mamajjaka Enicostema littorale Gentianaceae Mamejavo Herb Wild O 129 Mandooka Centelia asiatica Umbiliferae Khadbrahmi Herb Wild C Parni 130 Manjarika Ocimum basilicum Labiateae Damaro Herb Planted R 131 Mashaparni Taramnus labialis Papilionaceae Jangali Adada Climber Wild LC 132 Matsyakshi Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Jalajambo Herb Wild MC 133 Mousambi Citrus sinensis Rutaceae - Tree Planted O 134 Muchukunda Pterospermum suberifolium Sterculiaceae Muchakand Tree Planted R 135 Muktavarcha Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Dadaro Herb Wild MC 136 Mulaka Raphanus sativus Cruciferae Muli Herb Cultivated MC 137 Mundi Sphearanthus indicus Compositeae Bodio Kalar Herb Wild R 138 Murva Marsedenia volubulis Asclepiadaceae --- Climber Wild R 139 Musta Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Nagaramotha Herb Wild MC 140 Narikela Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Nariyel Tree Planted O 141 Neela Chitraka Plumbago capensis Plumbaginaceae Kalo Chitraka Herb Planted LC 142 Nili Indigofera tinctoria Papilionaceae Gali Herb Wild L 143 Nilini Bheda Indigofera linifolia Papilionaceae Jhini Gali Herb Wild L 144 Nimba Azadirechta indica Meliaceae Limbado Tree Wild C 145 Nimbooka Citrus acida Rutaceae Limboo Shrub Planted LC 146 Nirgundi Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Nagod Shrub Wild C 147 Nishpava Dolichos lablab Papilionaceae Val Climber Wild C 148 Palash Butea monosperma Papilionaceae Khakharo Tree Wild C 149 Panasa Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Fanasa Tree Wild LC 150 Pareejatak Nyctanthus arborstristis Oleaceae Harashanagar Tree Planted LC

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151 Parnabeeja Bryphyllum pinnatum Crassulaceae Khatkhatumbo Herb Planted L 152 Parpata Bheda Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Pitpapado Herb Wild LC 153 Parushaka asiatica Tiliaceae Falasa Shrub Planted L 154 Patalagarudi Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Jalajamani Climber Wild MC 155 Patha Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae Kali pata Climber Wild MC 156 Patola Trichosanthes dioica Cucurbitaceae Kadava paravar Climber Wild MC 157 Peruka Psidium guyava Myrtaceae Jamphal Tree Wild L 158 Pippali Piper longum Piperaceae Lindipipar Climber Planted L 159 Plaksha Ficus infectoria Moraceae Pipari Tree Wild C 160 Prushniparni Uraria picta Papilionaceae Pithavan Herb Planted R 161 Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa Nyctanginaceae Satodi Herb Wild C 162 Punarnava Boerhavia chinensis Nyctanginaceae Satodi Herb Wild R Bheda 163 Putrajeevaka Putrajiva roxburghii Euphorbiaceae Putrajiv Tree Planted L 164 Rajadani Mimusops hexandra Sapotaceae Rayan Tree Wild L 165 Rakta Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpiniaceae Champakati Tree Wild C Kanchanara 166 Ramphala Annona reticulata Annonaceae - Tree Planted R 167 Ramtulasi Ocimum gratissimus Labiateae - Herb Wild R 168 Rasna Pluchea lanceolata Compositeae Rasana Herb Planted R 169 Rohish Cymbopogon martini Poaceae Rosado Herb Wild R 170 Sadapushpi Vinca rosea Apocynaceae Baramasi Herb Planted C 171 Sagoun Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Sag Tree Planted C 172 Sahachara Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae - Herb Wild C 173 Sahadevi Vernonia cineria Compositeae Sahadevi Herb Wild A 174 Saptaparna Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Satvan Tree Planted C 175 Sareeva Hemidesmus1 indicus Asclepiadaceae Upalsari Climber Planted R 176 Sarpagandha Rauwolfia tetraphylla Apocynaceae Sarpagandha Herb Planted L 177 Sarshapa Brassica nigra Cruciferae Sarasava Herb Cultivated C 178 Satyanashi Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Darudi Herb Wild C 179 Shakhotaka Streblus asper Moraceae Sarero Tree Wild A 180 Shakshrestha Lycopersicum esculentum Solanaceae Tometa Herb Cultivated C 181 Shalaparni Desmodium gangeticum Papilionaceae Salvan Herb Planted LC 182 Shalaparni Alicecarpus longifolius Papilionaceae Sameravo Herb Planted MC Bheda 183 Shalmali Shalmalia malbarica Bombacaceae Simaro Tree Wild O 184 Shami Prosopis specigera Mimosaceae Samadi Tree Wild R 185 Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis Convolvulaceae Shankhavali Herb Wild C 186 Sharapunkha Tephrosia purpurea Papilionaceae Sharpankho Herb Wild A 187 Shatala Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Dandalio Thor Herb Wild LC 188 Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Shatavari Climber Wild LC 189 Shigru Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Sargavo Tree Wild LC 190 Shikakai Acassia concinna Leguminoceae Chikakhai Shrub Planted R 191 Shimshapa Dalbergia sissoo Papilionaceae Sisam Tree Wild L 192 Shirish Albizzia lebbek Mimosaceae Sarasado Tree Wild L 193 Shivalingi Bryonia Lacinosa Cucurbitaceae Shivalingi Climber Wild C 194 Shleshmantaka Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Gundo Tree Wild LC 195 Shwashaghni Tylophora asthmatica Asclepiadaceae Damvel Climber Wild R 196 Shweta Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Safed Chitro Herb Wild MC Chitraka 197 Shyonak Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Tentu Tree Planted L 198 Sinduri Bixa orellana Flacourtiaceae Sinduri Tree Planted L 199 Sitaphal Anona squamosa Anonaceae Seetaphal Tree Wild C 200 Snuhi Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbiaceae Kantalo Thor Shrub Wild C 201 Sonamukhi Cassia angustifolia Caesalpinaceae Aval Herb Planted R 202 Souvarchala Cleome icosandra Capparidaceae Pili-Talavani Herb Wild A 203 Sprikka Anesomelos indicus Labiateae Chodharo Herb Wild C 204 Sukshma Euphorbia microphyla Euphorbiaceae Zini Dudheli Herb Wild C

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Dugdhika 205 Suryamukhi Helianthum annuus Compositeae Suaraj Mukhi Herb Wild R 206 Tailaparni Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Nilgiri Tree Wild MC 207 Tandooliya Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthaceae Tandalaji Herb Wild A 208 Taruni Rosa centifolia Rosaceae Gulab Herb Planted C 209 Til Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae Tal Herb Cultivated L 210 Tilaparni Gynandropsis gynandra Capparidaceae Talavani Herb Wild MC Kanphodi 211 Tindooka Diospirous cordifolia . Ebanaceaea Dheki Shrub Wild MC Bheda 212 Trivrutta Operculina turpethum Convolvulaceae Nasotara Climber Wild C 213 Tuta Morus indica Moraceae Shetura Shrub Wild R 214 Udumbara Ficus glomerata Moraceae Umarado Tree Wild C 215 Upodika Basella rubra Chenopodiaceae Poi Pothini Vel Climber Wild LC 216 Usheera Vettiveria zizanioides Poaceae Valo Herb Planted L 217 Vacha Acorus calamus Araceae Ghodavach Herb Planted R 218 Vajradanti Indigofera oblongifolia Papilionaceae Zil Herb Wild L 219 Vamsha Bambusa araundinacea Poaceae Vamsha Tree Wild LC 220 Vanya Bhendi Hibiscus sp. Malvaceae Jangali Bhendi Herb Wild R 221 Vanya Draksha Cayratia carnosa Vitaceae Khatakhatumbo Climber Wild C 222 Vanya Karpasa Urena lobata Malvaceae Jangali Kapas Herb Wild C 223 Vanya Methika Melilotus alba Papilionaceae Jangadi Methi Herb Wild L 224 Vanya Tulasi Ocumum canum Labiateae Takamaria Herb Wild C 225 Varshabhu Trianthema portulacastrum Ficoidaceae Satodo Herb Wild MC 226 Varuna Crataeva religiosa Capparidaceae Vaivarno Tree Wild L 227 Vasa Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Ardusi Herb Planted MC 228 Vasanti Ixora coccinea. Rubiaceae Rati- Nevari Shrub Wild L 229 Vata Ficus bengalensis Moraceae Vadalo Tree Wild C 230 Vishnukranta Evolvulus alsinoides Convulaceaeae Bhuri Herb Wild C Shakhavali 231 Vruddhadaru Argyreia speciosa Convolvulaceae Vardharo Climber Planted LC 232 Vruntak Solanum melongena Solanaceae Ringana Herb Cultivated C 233 Vyaghra Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Teti Shrub Wild C Eranda 234 Vyaghranakhi Martynia annua Martynaceae Vinchhudo Herb Wild C 235 Yastimadhu Glycyrrhiza glabra Papilionaceae Jethimadh Herb Planted R 236 Yugmaphala Pergularia daemia Asclepiadaceae Chamar Climber Wild C Dudheli 237 Zandu Tagetus erecta Compositeae - Herb Planted C

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